+-------+------------------------------------------------------+------+
| # La  | # Surge Protection Anthology                         | #    |
| st up |                                                      |  Sur |
| dated | # Citations -- Part 5                                | ges  |
|  Sept |                                                      | Happ |
| ember | ## Monitoring instruments,                           | en ! |
|  2003 |                                                      |      |
|       | ## Laboratory measurements, and Test methods         |      |
+-------+------------------------------------------------------+------+

ALLEN, G.W., "Design of Power-Line Monitoring Equipment," *IEEE
Transactions, PAS-90,* May 1971.

            ‒   Description of the instrumentation used by Allen and
Segall in \[53\].

            ‒   5 references

 

BULL, J.H., "Impedance of the Supply Mains at Radio Frequencies,"
*Proceedings, 2^nd^ Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility*,
Montreux, 1975.

            ‒   Reports measurements and 50 Ω/50 μH equivalent circuit.

            ‒   6 references

 

BUSCHKE, H.A., "A Practical Approach to Testing Electronic Equipment for
Susceptibility to AC Line Transients," *IEEE Transactions on
Reliability, vol. 37*, No. 4, Oct. 1988.

            ‒   Describes test methods and test circuits developed
independently from standard approaches.

            ‒   3 references

 

CUMMINS, K.L., KRIDER, E.P., and MALONE, M.D., "The U.S. National
Lightning Detection Network ™ and Applications of Cloud-to-Ground
Lightning Data by Electric Power Utilities," *IEEE Transactions EM-40*
No.4, November 1998.

            ‒   Discusses the principle of lightning detection.

            ‒   Provides guidelines on the uncertainties of lightning
parameters that are acceptable in the industry.

            ‒   75 references

 

CROUCH, K.E. and MARTZLOFF, F.D., "Lightning Protection of Residential
AC Wiring," Declassified *GE Memo Report MOR-78-095*, 1978.

***Accessible as*** [Propagation
1978](http://www.eeel.nist.gov/811/spd-anthology/Propagation 1978.pdf)

            ‒  Effect of large currents flowing in the neutral/grounding
conductor of the service drop to a building.

            ‒  A unidirectional 8/20 s current flowing only in the
grounding conductors induces oscillatory transients in the differential
mode. (Test results contributed to the data base of IEEE Std C62.41.)

            ‒  5 references

FISHER, F.A. and MARTZLOFF, F.D., "Transient Control Level Philosophy
and Implementation, Part II: Techniques and Equipment for Making TCL
Tests," *Proceedings, 2^nd^ Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility*,
Montreux, 1977.

***Accessible as*** [TCL
testing](http://www.eeel.nist.gov/811/spd-anthology/TCL testing.pdf)

            ‒  Second part of a paper proposing a test protocol based on
concepts derived from high-voltage BIL testing.

            ‒  General discussion of circuits for surge generators.

FOUST, C.M., "Instruments for lightning measurements," General Electric
Review, Vol 34, No.4, April 1931

***Accessible as*** [Foust
1931](http://www.eeel.nist.gov/811/spd-anthology/Foust 1931.pdf)

            ‒  This rare archival paper is included as an annex to this
part of the SPD Anthology to illustrate the progress made in
instrumentation since the earliest cathode-ray oscillograph.

            ‒  The "Surge Voltage Recorder" based on Lichtenberg Figures
is also described in this article -- a photograph of the only known
survivor in existence (70 years later) of these instruments appears in
the 2002 article "PQ Monitoring: Where do we go from here?" \--
***Accessible as*** [PQ
Monitoring](http://www.eeel.nist.gov/811/spd-anthology/PQ Monitoring.pdf)
).

 

GAUPER, H.A. and MARTZLOFF, F.D., Discussion of Allen & Segall paper
"Monitoring of Computer Installations for Power Line Disturbances," IEEE
Conference Paper C 74-199-6, IEEE PES Winter Meeting, New York, 1974.

***Accessible as*** [Discuss
A&S](http://www.eeel.nist.gov/811/spd-anthology/Discuss A&S.pdf)

            ‒   The original conference paper is no longer available as
it was not published in the Transactions -- nor was the discussion. The
file included in the Anthology was scanned from archival files.

            ‒   The discussion offers some comments on instrumentation
limitations and the importance of sensitivity settings threshold
selection

HASSE, P. and BIRKL, J., "EMV-Testverfahren zur Ableiterkoordination"
\[EMC Test Procedures for Coordination of Surge Protective Devices\],
*EMC Kompendium 1998*, pp 112-115.

            ‒   Proposes to define a "steepness factor" to characterize
the initial rate of rise of current.

 

HOWELL, E.K. and MARTZLOFF, F.D., "High-Voltage Impulse Testers,"
Unclassified GE TIS Report 75 CRD039, March 1975

***Accessible as*** [Impulse
testers](http://www.eeel.nist.gov/811/spd-anthology/Impulse testers.pdf)

            ‒   Describes three possible approaches toward obtaining an
oscillatory transient of the tuype that became the IEEE "Ring Wave"

            ‒   4 references

KEY, T.S. and MARTZLOFF, F.D. "Surging the Upside-Down House: Looking
into Upsetting Reference Voltages," *Proceedings, EPRI-PQA'94
Conference*, Amsterdam, October 1994.

***Accessible as*** [Upsdwn
surging](http://www.eeel.nist.gov/811/spd-anthology/Upsdown surging.pdf)

            ‒   Describes a test bed for the propagation and mitigation
of surges.

            ‒   Illustrates the differences of voltage references
developed across multiple ports of appliances.

            ‒   8 references

 

KEY, T.S., MANSOOR, A. and MARTZLOFF, F.D., "No Joules for Surges:
Relevant and Realistic Assessment of Surge Stress Threats,"
*Proceedings, IEEE International Conference on Harmonics and Power
Quality*, Las Vegas NV, Oct. 1996.

***Accessible as*** [No
joules](http://www.eeel.nist.gov/811/spd-anthology/No joules.pdf)

            ‒   Challenges the erroneous concept of characterizing
"energy in the surge" from a simple voltage measurement.

            ‒   Lists surge parameters leading to failure of specific
equipment.

            ‒   15 references

 

KREISS, D.G., *The Dranetz Field Handbook for Power Quality Analysis*,
Dranetz Technologies, Inc., Edison NJ.

            ‒   One chapter on planning and performing a power quality
survey includes the topic of 'impulses'.

            ‒   One chapter on waveforms shows examples of recorded
surges.

 

LINDES, G., MANSOOR, A., MARTZLOFF, F.D., and VANNOY, D., "Surge
Recordings That Make Sense: Joules Deposition: Yes! - 'Joule Content':
Never!," *Proceedings, PQA'97 USA*, 1997

***Accessible as*** [Joules
Yes-No](http://www.eeel.nist.gov/811/spd-anthology/Joules Yes-No.pdf)

            ‒   Challenges the erroneous concept of "energy in the
surge" based on a simple voltage measurement.

            ‒   Lists surge parameters leading to failure of specific
equipment.

            ‒   Proposes the approach for using existing power quality
monitors to record available surge currents.

            ‒   24 references

 

MANSOOR, A., MARTZLOFF, F.D., and PHIPPS, K. "The Fallacy of Monitoring
Surge Voltages: SPDs and PCs Galore!," *Proceedings, EPRI PQA'99
Conference*, May 1999.

***Accessible as***
[Galore](http://www.eeel.nist.gov/811/spd-anthology/Galore.pdf)

            ‒   Experimental measurements of effective mitigation by
multiple SPDs.

            ‒   Numerical simulation of the effect of proliferating SPDs
and PCs.

            ‒   Calls for an industry-wide reassessment of surge
monitoring parameters.

            ‒   18 references

 

MARKEL, L.C., MELHORN, C.J., WILLIAMS, S.R., and MEHTA, H., "Design of a
Measurement Program to Characterize Distribution System Power Quality,"
*CIRED 12^th^ International Conference on Electricity Distribution*,
1993.

            ‒   Simplification of a system-wide survey through
stratified random sampling.

 

MARTZLOFF, F.D., "Surge Suppression in a Typical Home Wiring System,"
*Declassified GE TIS Report 63GL97*, 1963.

***Accessible as*** [Typical
home](http://www.eeel.nist.gov/811/spd-anthology/Typical home.pdf)

            ‒   Injection of surges and their mitigation in a
residential power system.

            ‒   Examples of suppression achieved by selenium cells
before the advent of metal-oxide varistors.

            ‒   2 references

 

MARTZLOFF, F.D., "Effect of Rate of Voltage Rise on Reverse Breakdown of
Silicon Diodes." *Declassified GE TIS Report 63GL132*, 1963.

***Accessible as*** [Rate of
rise](http://www.eeel.nist.gov/811/spd-anthology/Rate of rise.pdf)

            ‒   Steep front surges tend to increase the level at which
1960\'s diodes failed under surge conditions.

            ‒   Higher peak inverse voltage (PIV) do not result in
higher levels for the surges that cause failure.

 

MARTZLOFF, F.D., "Low Cost Surge Counter," *Declassified GE TIS Report
64GL166*, 1964.

***Accessible as*** [Surge
counter](http://www.eeel.nist.gov/811/spd-anthology/Surge counter.pdf)

            ‒   Design of the surge counters used for the surge
monitoring reported in Martzloff & Hahn, 1970.

 

MARTZLOFF, F.D., "Semiconductor Performance under Reverse Transient
Over-voltages," *Declassified GE TIS Report 67C-066*, 1966.

***Accessible as*** [Reverse
semicon](http://www.eeel.nist.gov/811/spd-anthology/Reverse semicon.pdf)

            ‒   For semiconductors of the late sixties vintage, there is
no correlation between their peak inverse voltage rating (PIV) and the
surge level at which failure occurs -- most likely by edge flashover.

            ‒   Ageing by storage at elevated temperature changed the
PIV but not the surge failure level.

            ‒   8 references

MARTZLOFF, F.D., "High Speed Transient Recording System," Declassified
GE TIS Report 68-C-019, January 1968.

***Accessible as*** [Hi-speed
recorder](http://www.eeel.nist.gov/811/spd-anthology/Hi-speed recorder.pdf)

            ‒   Description of a now-obsolete system for recording
transients with nanosecond rise time and kilovolts peaks, with effective
protection against spurious signals

            ‒   5 references            

MARTZLOFF, F.D., "Transient Control Level Test Generators."
*Unclassified GE TIS Report 77CRD241*, 1977.

***Accessible as*** [TCL
generator](http://www.eeel.nist.gov/811/spd-anthology/TCL generators.pdf)

            ‒   Development of a home-made Ring Wave generator used in
the seventies and eighties.

            ‒   Two examples of circuits with identical open-circuit
voltage waveforms, but different short-circuit current waveforms.

            ‒   8 references

  

MARTZLOFF, F.D. and FISHER, F.A., "Transient Control Level Philosophy
and Implementation, Part 1: The Reasoning Behind the Philosophy,"
*Proceedings, 2^nd^ Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility,*
Montreux, 1977.

***Accessible as*** TCL Philosophy

            ‒   Techniques and equipment for making TCL tests.

            ‒   10 references

MARTZLOFF, F.D., Discussion of IEEE paper by Aspnes, J.D., Evans, B.W.,
and Merritt, R.P., \"Rural Alaska Power Quality," *IEEE Transactions
PAS-104*, No. 4, March 1985.

***Accessible as*** [Discuss
A&E&M](http://www.eeel.nist.gov/811/spd-anthology/Discuss A&E&M.pdf)

            ‒   Signals the fallacy of surge recordings from a
monitoring instrument that included an internal SPD to protect its own
power supply, inadvertently mitigating surges on the receptacle also
used as power source to be monitored.

 

MARTZLOFF, F.D., "Surge Testing: Don't Kid Yourself, Don't Kill Yourself
!" *EMC Technology and Interference Control News*, August 1988.

***Accessible as*** [Don't
kid-kill](http://www.eeel.nist.gov/811/spd-anthology/Dont kid-kill.pdf)

            ‒   Overview of the just-then-published IEEE Guide on Surge
Testing, C62.45-1987.

 

MARTZLOFF, F.D. and GRUZS, T.M., "Power Quality Site Surveys: Facts,
Fiction and Fallacies." IEEE Transactions IA-24, No.6, November/December
1988.

***Accessible as*** [PQ surveys
FFF](http://www.eeel.nist.gov/811/spd-anthology/PQ surveys FFF.pdf)

            ‒   Review of surveys conducted in the 1960-1990 period and
discussion of limitations

            ‒   Introduces the new term of "swell" to designate
temporary overvoltages as opposed to surges

            ‒   33 references

MARTZLOFF, F.D. and GRUZS, T.M., "Monitoring Power Quality,"
*Powertechnics Magazine*, February 1990.

***Accessible as*** [Monitoring
PQ](http://www.eeel.nist.gov/811/spd-anthology/Monitoring PQ.pdf)

            ‒   First part of a two-part trade magazine article based on
the IEEE paper "Power Quality Site Surveys: Facts, Fiction and
Fallacies."

            ‒   11 references

MARTZLOFF, F.D. and PELLEGRINI, G., "Real, Realistic Ring Waves for
Surge Testing," *Proceedings, 9^th^ International Zürich Symposium on
Electromagnetic Compatibility*, 1991.

***Accessible as*** [Real
waves](http://www.eeel.nist.gov/811/spd-anthology/Real Waves.pdf)

            ‒   Reports measurements on the propagation of oscillatory
waves in typical low-voltage circuits, as opposed to the unidirectional
waves initially defines for high-voltage power systems.

            ‒   Shows how impinging unidirectional surges can produce
oscillatory waves responses.

            ‒   17 references

 

MARTZLOFF, F.D., "Keeping up with the Reality of Today's Surge
Environment," Proceedings, Power Quality '95 Conference, 1995.

***Accessible as*** [Keeping
up](http://www.eeel.nist.gov/811/spd-anthology/Keeping up.pdf)

            ‒   Explains that monitoring voltage surges no longer makes
sense because of the proliferation of SPDs.

            ‒   Rebuts the misconception of characterizing surges by
their "energy content."

            ‒   Proposes an IEEE-sponsored sharing of field failure data
as an assessment of the surge environment.

            ‒   15 references

 

MARTZLOFF, F.D., "Surge Recordings That Make Sense: Shifting Focus from
Voltage to Current measurements," *Proceedings, EMC ROMA 96 Symposium*,
1996.

***Accessible as*** [Make
sense](http://www.eeel.nist.gov/811/spd-anthology/Making sense.pdf)

            ‒   Makes the case that the proliferation of SPDs makes
monitoring surge voltages debatable.

            ‒   Proposes an approach for using existing power quality
monitors to record available surge currents.

            ‒   18 references

MARTZLOFF, F.D., MANSOOR, A., PHIPPS, K.O., and GRADY, W.W., "Surging
the Upside-Down House: Measurement and Modeling Techniques,"
*Proceedings, PQA'95 Conference*, New York, NY, 1995.

***Accessible as*** [Upsdown
measure](http://www.eeel.nist.gov/811/spd-anthology/Upsdown measure.pdf)

            ‒   Describes a test bed for studying the propagation of
surges in low-voltage installations.

            ‒   Test and computer modeling on appliances connected to
different systems show reference voltage shifts.

            ‒   4 references

MARTZLOFF, F.D. and PHIPPS, K.O., "A novel transducer for monitoring
surge currents in AC mains," *Proceedings,* *EMC Europe 2000 Symposium,*
Bruges, 2000.

***Accessible as*** [Novel
transducer](http://www.eeel.nist.gov/811/spd-anthology/Novel transducer.pdf)

            ‒   Proliferation of SPDs makes monitoring surge voltage
debatable, hence a need for an easy-to-deploy current transducer

            ‒   Reports an a breadboard trial and limitations of the
approach.

            ‒   12 references

MARTZLOFF, F.D., "A New IEC Standard on the Measurement of Power Quality
Parameters," *Proceedings, EMC Europe 2000 Symposium,* Bruges, 2000.

***Accessible as*** [PQ IEC
Standard](http://www.eeel.nist.gov/811/spd-anthology/PQ IEC Standard.pdf)

            ‒   Progress report on the development of IEC 61000-4-30
"Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) -- Part 4‑30: Testing and
measurement techniques -- Power quality measurement methods."

            ‒   Provides some historical perspective on the chartering
of this activity in IEC SC77A.

            ‒   15 references

MARTZLOFF, F.D. and PHIPPS, K., Lingering Lead Length Legacies.' *IEEE
paper TPWRD-00331-2002* (Scheduled for Transactions PWRD Jan 2004)

***Accessible as*** [Lingering
legacies](http://www.eeel.nist.gov/811/spd-anthology/Lingering legacies.pdf)

            ‒   Presents corrections to some misconceptions about the
significance of lead length and proposed designs alleged to overcome the
problem

            ‒   Provides, by laboratory measurements, quantitative
information on the magnitude of lead length effects

            ‒   16 references

 

McEACHERN, A., *Handbook of Power Signatures*, Basic Measuring
Instruments, Foster City CA, 1989.

            ‒   Reports generic types of disturbances with non-standard
terminology.

            ‒   Calls a surge as defined by IEEE an 'impulse'. Calls a
swell as defined by IEEE a 'surge'.

            ‒   Describes procedures on conducting a site survey.

            ‒   267 pages

 

MILLANTA, L.M. and FORTI, M.M., "A Notch-Filter Network for Wide-Band
Measurements of Transient Voltages on the Power Line," *IEEE
Transactions on EMC,* Aug. 1988.

            ‒   Describes the design and characteristics of a probe that
filters out the power-frequency component.

            ‒   20 references

 

MILLANTA, L.M., FORTI, M.M., and MACI, S.S., "A Broad-Band Network for
Power-Line Disturbance Voltage Measurements," *IEEE Transactions
EMC*-30, No.3, Aug. 1988.

            ‒   Filter network removing the power-frequency voltage from
the record.

            ‒   5 references

 

MILLANTA, L.M. and FORTI, M.M., "A Classification of the Power-Line
Voltage Disturbances for an Exhaustive Description and Measurement,"
*Proceedings, IEEE EMC Symposium*, 1989.

            ‒   Proposal for systematic classification of disturbances.

            ‒   17 references

 

NAVE, M.J., "A Novel Differential Mode Rejection Network for Conducted
Emissions Diagnostics," *Proceedings, IEEE EMC Symposium*, 1989.

            ‒   Discussion of common mode and differential mode from the
point of view of frequency domain measurements.

            ‒   5 references

 

RICHMAN, P., "Precision Coil Impulse Testing with 0.3 A, Micro-Breakdown
Sensitivity," *Power Conversion International, vol. 8*, No. 5, May 1982.

            ‒   General review of surge generator technology.

            ‒   Detection of breakdown by monitoring both voltage and
current waveforms in EUT.

            ‒   11 references

 

RICHMAN, P., "Single-Output, Voltage and Current Generation for Testing
Electronic Systems," *Proceedings, IEEE 1983 EMC Symposium,* 1983.

            ‒   Presents the case for the Combination Wave rather than
separate 1.2/50 μs and 8/20 μs impulses.

            ‒   4 references

 

RICHMAN, P., "Changes to Classic Surge-Test Waves Required by
Back-Filters Used for Testing Powered Equipment," *Proceedings, 6^th^
Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility Zürich,* 1985.

            ‒   Undershoot effects on unidirectional waves, the case for
oscillatory waves.

            ‒   5 references

 

SENKO, G., "Probes and Techniques for Measuring Surge Voltage Waves with
Fronts from 10 ns to 1.2 μs and Peaks to 10 kV," *Proceedings, 7^th^
International Zürich Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility,* 1987.

            ‒   Describes a differential probe with 10 kΩ input
impedance, 2 ns rise time, 10 kV rating.

            ‒   5 references

 

SHAKARJIAN, D.R .and STANDLER, R.B., "AC Power Disturbance Detector
Circuit," *IEEE Transactions PWRD-6*, No.2, April 1991.

            ‒   Design, construction, and performance of a circuit that
detects transients on low-voltage AC mains.

            ‒   The disturbance detector circuit can be used to trigger
a digital waveform recorder or to operate a counter circuit to simply
record the occurrence of a disturbance.

            ‒   7 references

 

STANDLER, R.B., "An Experiment to Monitor Disturbances on the Mains,"
*Proceedings, IEEE IAS Annual Meeting,* Oct. 1987.

            ‒   Experiment to collect waveforms of mains disturbances
and determine energy deposited in MOVs.

            ‒   16 references

 

STANDLER, R.B., "An Experiment to Monitor Disturbances on the Mains,"
*Conference Record of the 1987 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual
Meeting*, 1987.

            ‒   Describes the design of an experiment to characterize
disturbances on the mains, including the trigger criteria for waveform
recorders.

            ‒   Definitions of some disturbances are provided.

            ‒   16 references

 

STANDLER, R.B., "Equations for Some Transient Overvoltage Test
Waveforms," *IEEE Transactions EMC-30*, No.1, February 1988.

            ‒   Simple equations are provided that satisfy the
definitions of five of the most common transient overvoltage test
waveforms: the Ring Wave specified in ANSI C62.41-1980, the fast
transient specified in IEC 801, and the 8/20-μs 1.2/50-μs, and
10/1000-μs waveforms.

            ‒   7 references

 

STANDLER, R.B., "Standard Waveforms for Surge Testing: Experimental
Evaluation and Proposed New Criteria for Tolerances," *Proceedings,
8^th^ International Zürich Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility*,
1989.

            ‒   Evaluates several commercial surge generators and
proposes using equations to define nominal waveforms and tolerances of
unipolar waves.

            ‒   11 references

 

STANDLER, R.B., "Calculation of Energy in Transient Overvoltages,"
*Proceedings, IEEE EMC Symposium*, 1989.

            ‒   Shows that using the integral of *V^2^/50Ω.dt* to
compute energy in a surge is invalid.

            ‒   An artificial AC line network simulates a long branch
circuit to give line impedance vs. frequency.

            ‒   18 references

 

STANDLER, R.B., "American Surge Test Methods for Equipment Connected to
the Low-voltage AC Supply Mains," *Proceedings, Lightning Protection
92 - Buildings, Structures and Electronic Equipment Conference* 1992.

            ‒   Describes how electronic equipment and surge protective
devices are surge tested in the USA, with emphasis on differences
between the American and European practices.

            ‒   11 references

 

UMAN, M.A., RAKOV, V.A., RAMBO, K.J., VAUGHT, T.W., FERNANDEZ, M.I.,
BERNSTEIN, R., and GOLDEN, C., "Triggered-lightning Facility for
Studying Lightning Effects on Power Systems," *Proceedings, 23^th^
International Conference on Lightning Protection*, Florence, Italy,
1996.

            ‒   Description of rocket-triggered lightning at Camp
Blanding, with examples of recordings.

            ‒   6 references

 

WIESINGER, J., "Hybrid-Generator für die Isolationskoordination,"
(Hybrid Generators for the Coordination of Insulation) *ETZ-104*, No.
21, 1983.

            ‒   Endorses the concept of the Combination Wave in the
European context.