# ![](media/image1.wmf)Appendix B -- Selected Costs of Alternative Disinfection Systems

## B.1 Technologies and Costs for Control of Disinfection By-Products

Costs were developed for modifying a "base" or "typical" treatment plant
to add disinfection and other technologies. The base plant is described
as a conventional treatment plant using chlorine/chlorine disinfection
consisting of rapid mixing, flocculation, sedimentation, chlorination,
filtration, contact basin, chemical feed systems and finished water
storage. This appendix contains figures and tables from *Technologies
and Costs for Control of Disinfection By-Products* (USEPA, 1998),
retaining the report's original figure and table numbers. Incremental
costs are shown, determined by calculating the cost for the modified
treatment plant and subtracting the base treatment plant cost.

The base treatment plant shown in Figure 7-1, is a basic alum
coagulation and filtration plant, with chlorine disinfection. This plant
was modified to meet disinfection requirements. The bases for the cost
estimates are shown in Tables 7-3, 7-4, 7-5, and 7-6. The 12 flow
categories for which the costs were determined are shown in Table 7-2.

Schematics and costs to add the following schemes are shown in the
attached figures and tables.

-   Base treatment plant - Figure 7-1 and Table 7-7.

-   Move point of chlorination. This modification assumes no cost for
    moving the chlorine addition point, but costs for an added contact
    basin are shown in Table 7-8.

-   Change to Chlorine/Chloramine - Figure 7-2 and Table 7-9.

-   Change to Ozone/Chloramine - Figure 7-3 and Table 7-12.

-   Change to Chlorine Dioxide -- Table 7-13.

    See USEPA, 1998 for more details and information upon the costs of
    other technologies.

FIGURE 7-1. ALUM COAGULATION / FILTRATION BASE PLANT

![](media/image2.png){width="6.493055555555555in"
height="2.109722222222222in"}

**TABLE 7-2. EPA FLOW CATEGORIES**

+------------------+-----------------+------------------+--------------+
| **EPA FLOW**     | **MEDIAN        | **AVERAGE FLOW** | **DESIGN     |
|                  | POPULATION**    |                  | CAPACITY**   |
| **CATEGORIES**   |                 | **(mgd)**        |              |
|                  | **SERVED**      |                  | **(mgd)**    |
+------------------+-----------------+------------------+--------------+
| **SMALL          |                 |                  |              |
| SYSTEMS - DESIGN |                 |                  |              |
| FLOW \< 1 MGD**  |                 |                  |              |
+------------------+-----------------+------------------+--------------+
| 1                | 57              | 0.0056           | 0.024        |
+------------------+-----------------+------------------+--------------+
| 2                | 225             | 0.024            | 0.087        |
+------------------+-----------------+------------------+--------------+
| 3                | 750             | 0.086            | 0.27         |
+------------------+-----------------+------------------+--------------+
| 4                | 1,910           | 0.23             | 0.65         |
+------------------+-----------------+------------------+--------------+
| **LARGE          |                 |                  |              |
| SYSTEMS - DESIGN |                 |                  |              |
| FLOW \> 1 MGD**  |                 |                  |              |
+------------------+-----------------+------------------+--------------+
| 5                | 5,500           | 0.70             | 1.8          |
+------------------+-----------------+------------------+--------------+
| 6                | 15,000          | 2.1              | 4.8          |
+------------------+-----------------+------------------+--------------+
| 7                | 35,000          | 5.0              | 11           |
+------------------+-----------------+------------------+--------------+
| 8                | 60,000          | 8.8              | 18           |
+------------------+-----------------+------------------+--------------+
| 9                | 88,000          | 13               | 26           |
+------------------+-----------------+------------------+--------------+
| 10               | 175,000         | 27               | 51           |
+------------------+-----------------+------------------+--------------+
| 11               | 730,000         | 120              | 210          |
+------------------+-----------------+------------------+--------------+
| 12               | 1,550,000       | 270              | 430          |
+------------------+-----------------+------------------+--------------+
| 12a              | N/A             | 350              | 520          |
+------------------+-----------------+------------------+--------------+

+-----------+---------------------------------------+-----------------+
| **TABLE   |                                       |                 |
| 7-3.      |                                       |                 |
| SMALL     |                                       |                 |
| SYSTEMS   |                                       |                 |
| BASIS FOR |                                       |                 |
| COST      |                                       |                 |
| ESTIMATES |                                       |                 |
| FOR DBP   |                                       |                 |
| CONTROL** |                                       |                 |
+===========+=======================================+=================+
| **        | **WATER Model**                       | **Engineering** |
| Process** |                                       |                 |
|           | **Assumptions**                       | **Assumption**  |
+-----------+---------------------------------------+-----------------+
| Package   | Premanufactured packaged pumping      |                 |
| Raw Water | station using submersible pump        |                 |
| Pumping   | contained in a 20 ft deep steel pump  |                 |
|           | sump.                                 |                 |
|           |                                       |                 |
|           | Manifold piping, sump intake valve,   |                 |
|           | pump check valves, and electrical     |                 |
|           | controls.                             |                 |
|           |                                       |                 |
|           | Total dynamic head is 50 ft.          |                 |
|           |                                       |                 |
|           | Pump and motor efficiencies are 80    |                 |
|           | and 90%, respectively.                |                 |
+-----------+---------------------------------------+-----------------+
| Package   | Coagulation, flocculation,            |                 |
| Complete  | sedimentation, and filtration         |                 |
| Treatment | equipment provided including tube     |                 |
| Plant     | settlers rated at 1,500 gpd/sf, mixed |                 |
|           | media filters with application rates  |                 |
|           | of 2 to 5 gpm/sf and media depth of   |                 |
|           | 30 in.                                |                 |
|           |                                       |                 |
|           | Chemical feed facilities include      |                 |
|           | storage tanks and feed pumps.         |                 |
|           |                                       |                 |
|           | Filter backwash pumps and, where      |                 |
|           | applicable, surface wash water pumps. |                 |
|           |                                       |                 |
|           | Flow measurement and control devices, |                 |
|           | pneumatic air supply (for 200 gpm or  |                 |
|           | larger plants), effluent pumps, and   |                 |
|           | building.                             |                 |
+-----------+---------------------------------------+-----------------+
| Hyp       | Solution tanks, mixers, and metering  | Sodium          |
| ochlorite | pumps                                 | hypochlorite    |
| Solution  |                                       | dose of 2.4     |
|           |                                       | mg/L determined |
|           |                                       | by WTP model.   |
+-----------+---------------------------------------+-----------------+
| Chl       | Metering pumps, PVC pipes, valves and |                 |
| orination | controls are included.                |                 |
| System    |                                       |                 |
+-----------+---------------------------------------+-----------------+
| Sodium    | Storage tanks, heater, manual         |                 |
| Hydroxide | transfer pump, mixers, feed tanks and |                 |
| Feed      | metering pumps are included.          |                 |
| System    |                                       |                 |
|           | PVC pipes, valves and control are     |                 |
|           | also included.                        |                 |
+-----------+---------------------------------------+-----------------+
| Alum Feed | Solution tanks, mixers, and           | Alum dose is    |
| System    | calibrated metering pumps are         | determined by   |
|           | included.                             | DBP control     |
|           |                                       | alternatives.   |
|           | PVC pipes, valves and controls are    |                 |
|           | also included.                        |                 |
+-----------+---------------------------------------+-----------------+
| Package   | Includes 2 or 3 centrifugal pumps,    |                 |
| High      | pressure sensing, flow control        |                 |
| Service   | valves, instrumentation and           |                 |
| Pump      | equipment.                            |                 |
| Station   |                                       |                 |
|           | Pumps provide a maximum output of 70  |                 |
|           | psi.                                  |                 |
+-----------+---------------------------------------+-----------------+
| Clearwell | Above ground, steel tanks including   | Clearwell size  |
| Storage   | instrumentation and control of        | is based on     |
| Above     | clearwell water level and             | storage of 25%  |
| Ground    | instrumentation for turbidity and     | of the daily    |
|           | residual monitoring is provided.      | operating flow. |
+-----------+---------------------------------------+-----------------+
| Sludge    | Unlined lagoon and inlet, outlet      | Sizing of       |
| D         | structures are provided.              | lagoons is      |
| ewatering |                                       | based on solids |
| Lagoons   | 2 ft freeboard, 3:1 side slopes, 5 ft | content of 5%.  |
|           | depth are also provided.              |                 |
|           |                                       | Sludge is       |
|           |                                       | thickened to a  |
|           |                                       | solids          |
|           |                                       | concentration   |
|           |                                       | of 30%.         |
+-----------+---------------------------------------+-----------------+
| Dewatered | Loading facilities including sludge   |                 |
| Sludge    | conveyer, hopper, and hopper          |                 |
| Hauling   | enclosure are provided.               |                 |
|           |                                       |                 |
|           | Length of haul is 20 miles one-way.   |                 |
+-----------+---------------------------------------+-----------------+
| Contact   |                                       | Below ground    |
| Basin     |                                       | tanks without   |
|           |                                       | repumping are   |
|           |                                       | assumed.        |
|           |                                       |                 |
|           |                                       | Size of basin   |
|           |                                       | is 60 minutes,  |
|           |                                       | as determined   |
|           |                                       | by the WTP      |
|           |                                       | model.          |
|           |                                       |                 |
|           |                                       | The well        |
|           |                                       | baffled tanks   |
|           |                                       | are assumed to  |
|           |                                       | provide actual  |
|           |                                       | contact time of |
|           |                                       | 0.7 times the   |
|           |                                       | theoretical     |
|           |                                       | according to    |
|           |                                       | the SWTR        |
|           |                                       | Guidance        |
|           |                                       | Manual.         |
|           |                                       |                 |
|           |                                       | O&M costs were  |
|           |                                       | unpredictable   |
|           |                                       | and were        |
|           |                                       | assumed to be   |
|           |                                       | negligible.     |
+-----------+---------------------------------------+-----------------+

+---------+--------------------------------------------+---------------+
| **TABLE |                                            |               |
| 7-4.    |                                            |               |
| LARGE   |                                            |               |
| SYSTEMS |                                            |               |
| BASIS   |                                            |               |
| FOR     |                                            |               |
| COST    |                                            |               |
| ES      |                                            |               |
| TIMATES |                                            |               |
| FOR DBP |                                            |               |
| CO      |                                            |               |
| NTROL** |                                            |               |
+=========+============================================+===============+
| **Pr    | **WATER Model**                            | **            |
| ocess** |                                            | Engineering** |
|         | **Assumptions**                            |               |
|         |                                            | *             |
|         |                                            | *Assumption** |
+---------+--------------------------------------------+---------------+
| Raw     | Total dynamic head 100 ft                  |               |
| Water   |                                            |               |
| Pumping | Manifold piping velocity                   |               |
|         |                                            |               |
|         | Standby pump, manifold piping, and         |               |
|         | instrumentation are provided               |               |
+---------+--------------------------------------------+---------------+
| Alum    | Diaphragm metering pumps, steel storage    | Alum dose is  |
| Feed    | hoppers with dust collector, and           | determined by |
| System  | mechanical weight belt feeders             | DBP control   |
|         |                                            | alternatives  |
|         | Commercial alum density 60 lb/cu ft        |               |
|         |                                            |               |
|         | Dissolving tank detention time 5 min with  |               |
|         | 2 gal of water per lb of dry alum added    |               |
|         |                                            |               |
|         | Maximum hopper volume 6,000 cu ft with     |               |
|         | fifteen days of storage                    |               |
+---------+--------------------------------------------+---------------+
| Rapid   | Vertical shaft, variable speed turbine     | G = 900/sec   |
| Mix     | mixers with stainless steel shafts and     |               |
|         | paddles and TEFC motors                    | Detention     |
|         |                                            | time is 1 min |
|         | Maximum basin capacity 2,500 cu ft         | at design     |
|         |                                            | flow          |
|         | Water temperature 15^\"^ C                 |               |
|         |                                            |               |
|         | Overall mechanism efficiency 70%           |               |
+---------+--------------------------------------------+---------------+
| Flocc   | Rectangular-shaped, reinforced concrete    | G = 50/sec    |
| ulation | basins with 12 ft depth, 4:1 length to     |               |
| (Hor    | width ratio, and 12,500 cu ft individual   | Detention     |
| izontal | maximum basin size                         | time is 30    |
| Paddle) |                                            | min at design |
|         | Variable speed drive units requiring 15    | flow          |
|         | min/day routine O&M and an oil change      |               |
|         | every 6 months requiring 4 hrs of labor    |               |
|         |                                            |               |
|         | Overall mechanism efficiency 60%           |               |
+---------+--------------------------------------------+---------------+
| Rect    | Chain and flight collector with drive      | Overflow rate |
| angular | mechanism, sludge pumps, reinforced        | = 1,000       |
| Cla     | concrete structure, and withdraw pumps are | gpd/sq ft     |
| rifiers | included                                   |               |
|         |                                            | Maximum       |
|         | Side wall depth = 12 ft                    | number of     |
|         |                                            | units is 2    |
|         |                                            |               |
|         |                                            | Maximum basin |
|         |                                            | area = 20,000 |
|         |                                            | sq ft         |
+---------+--------------------------------------------+---------------+
| Gravity | Filter structure, underdrains, wash water  | Minimum 4     |
| Fil     | troughs, pipe gallery piping and valves,   | filters per   |
| tration | instrumentation, control panel, and filter | plant         |
| Systems | housing are provided                       |               |
|         |                                            | Filter        |
|         | Filter box depth = 16 ft                   | loading rate  |
|         |                                            | = 4 gpm/sq ft |
|         | Maximum filter size = 1,275 sq ft          |               |
+---------+--------------------------------------------+---------------+
| Fil     | 20 in of 1.0 to 1.2 mm effective size      |               |
| tration | anthracite coal (UC = 1.7)                 |               |
| Dual    |                                            |               |
| Media   | 10 in of 0.42 to 0.52 mm effective size    |               |
|         | silica sand (UC = 1.6)                     |               |
|         |                                            |               |
|         | 12 in underdrains. Media consisting of 4   |               |
|         | sizes of silica gravel                     |               |
+---------+--------------------------------------------+---------------+
| B       | All required pumps and motors, flow        | Backwash rate |
| ackwash | control, sequencing control, valves and    | = 18 gpm/sq   |
| Pumping | backwash headers are included              | ft            |
| Fac     |                                            |               |
| ilities | Pumping head = 50 ft                       | One filter is |
|         |                                            | backwashed at |
|         | Overall mechanism efficiency 70%           | a time with   |
|         |                                            | each filter   |
|         |                                            | backwashed    |
|         |                                            | approximately |
|         |                                            | every two     |
|         |                                            | days          |
+---------+--------------------------------------------+---------------+
| Wash    | Below ground, reinforced concrete basins   | Sized to      |
| Water   | and level control instrumentation provided | store a 20    |
| Surge   |                                            | min volume of |
| Basins  |                                            | backwash      |
|         |                                            | water at      |
|         |                                            | design flow   |
+---------+--------------------------------------------+---------------+
| Unth    | Variable speed, centrifugal pumps, piping  | Unthickened   |
| ickened | and valves, electrical equipment housing,  | sludge solids |
| Sludge  | dry well, and a wet well are included      | concentration |
| Pumping |                                            | = 1%          |
|         | Pipe velocity = 5 ft/sec                   |               |
|         |                                            | 12 hr/day of  |
|         | Total dynamic head = 30 ft                 | sludge        |
|         |                                            | pumping       |
|         | Overall pump-motor efficiency = 65%        |               |
+---------+--------------------------------------------+---------------+
| Sludge  | Unlined lagoon and inlet and outlet        | Solids        |
| Dew     | structures are provided                    | production is |
| atering |                                            | determined by |
| Lagoons | 2 ft freeboard, 3:1 side slopes, and 10 ft | WTP model     |
|         | depth are also provided                    |               |
|         |                                            | Sludge is     |
|         |                                            | thickened to  |
|         |                                            | a solids      |
|         |                                            | concentration |
|         |                                            | of 30%        |
|         |                                            |               |
|         |                                            | Sizing of     |
|         |                                            | lagoons is    |
|         |                                            | based on a    |
|         |                                            | solids        |
|         |                                            | content of 5% |
+---------+--------------------------------------------+---------------+
| De      | Loading facilities including sludge        | Dewatered     |
| watered | conveyor, hopper, and hopper enclosure are | sludge has a  |
| Sludge  | provided                                   | solids        |
| Hauling |                                            | content of    |
|         | Length of haul is 20 miles one-way         | 30%           |
+---------+--------------------------------------------+---------------+
| I       | Constant speed, vertical turbine pumps,    | Total dynamic |
| n-plant | pump motor, wet well, and piping and       | head = 50 ft  |
| Pumping | valves are included                        |               |
|         |                                            |               |
|         | Pipe velocity = 5 ft/sec                   |               |
+---------+--------------------------------------------+---------------+
| C       | Chlorinator, standby chlorinator, cylinder | Chlorine dose |
| hlorine | scales, evaporators, residual analyzers    | is 2.4 mg/L   |
| Feed    | with flow proportioning device injector    | as determined |
| Fac     | pumps, and housing to include 30 days of   | by WTP model  |
| ilities | cylinder storage are provided              |               |
|         |                                            |               |
|         | Injector pumps deliver water at 25 psi to  |               |
|         | allow production of 3,500 mg/L solution    |               |
+---------+--------------------------------------------+---------------+
| Sodium  | Storage tanks, heater, manual transfer     | Sodium        |
| Hy      | pump mixers, feed tanks and metering pumps | hydroxide     |
| droxide | are included                               | dose is 16    |
| Feed    |                                            | mg/L as       |
| System  | PVC pipes, valves and controls are also    | determined by |
|         | included                                   | WTP model     |
+---------+--------------------------------------------+---------------+
| F       | Vertical turbine pumps powered by constant |               |
| inished | speed motors, electrical equipment         |               |
| Water   | instrumentation, valves, and manifolds are |               |
| Pumping | provided                                   |               |
|         |                                            |               |
|         | Total dynamic head is 300 ft               |               |
|         |                                            |               |
|         | Standby pump is also included              |               |
+---------+--------------------------------------------+---------------+

**TABLE 7-5. COST ALLOWANCE FACTORS**

+------------------------+------------------+--------------------------+
| **Item**               | **Small Systems  | **Large Systems          |
|                        | Water Model      | WATERCO\$T Model(%)**    |
|                        | (%)**            |                          |
+========================+==================+==========================+
| Site work and          | 10               | 15                       |
| Interface Piping       |                  |                          |
|                        | 10               | 10                       |
| Subsurface             |                  |                          |
| Considerations         | 5                | 5                        |
|                        |                  |                          |
| Standby Power          | 12               | 12                       |
|                        |                  |                          |
| General Contractors    |                  |                          |
| Overhead and Profit    |                  |                          |
+------------------------+------------------+--------------------------+
| Engineering            | 15^(1)^          | 15^(2)^                  |
|                        |                  |                          |
| Legal, Fiscal and      | 5 to 6^(1)^      | 9 to 11^(2)^             |
|                        |                  |                          |
| Administration fees    |                  |                          |
+------------------------+------------------+--------------------------+
| Notes:                 |                  |                          |
|                        |                  |                          |
| ^(1)^Percentages added |                  |                          |
| to estimated           |                  |                          |
| construction cost plus |                  |                          |
| estimated cost for     |                  |                          |
| other allowances       |                  |                          |
| factors.               |                  |                          |
|                        |                  |                          |
| ^(2)^Percentages added |                  |                          |
| to estimated           |                  |                          |
| construction cost      |                  |                          |
| only.                  |                  |                          |
+------------------------+------------------+--------------------------+

**TABLE 7-6. INDICES USED IN THE ESCALATION OF COSTS**

+---------------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
| **DESCRIPTION**     | **INDEX**     | **NUMERICAL** | **ESCALATION  |
|                     |               |               | VALUE**       |
|                     | **REFERENCE** | **VALUE**     |               |
+---------------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
| **Building Cost     | ENR ^1^       | 3391.86       | 1.23          |
| Index**             |               |               |               |
+---------------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
| **Chemical & Allied | BLS ^2^       | 147.2         | 1.19          |
| Products**          |               |               |               |
+---------------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
| **Skilled Labor**   | ENR ^1^       | 5231.35       | 1.178         |
+---------------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
| **Materials**       | ENR ^1^       | 2268.57       | 1.328         |
+---------------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
| **Utility Natural   | BLS 055 ^2^   | 111.3         | 1.679         |
| Gas**               |               |               |               |
+---------------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+

^1^ Engineering News Record (July, 1997)

^2^ Bureau of Labor Statistics (March, 1997)

**TABLE 7-7. ESTIMATED BASE PLANT COSTS**

**SMALL SYSTEMS**

+------------+------------+------------+---------+---------+---------+
| **Design** | *          | **O & M**  | **      | **      | **      |
|            | *Capital** |            | Total** | Total** | Total** |
| **Flow**   |            | *          |         |         |         |
|            | *          | *Cost^2^** | **Cost  | **Cost  | **Cost  |
| **(mgd)**  | *Cost^1^** |            | @ 3%**  | @ 7%**  | @ 10%** |
|            |            | **(4/1000  |         |         |         |
|            | **(\$M)**  | gal)**     | **      | **      | **      |
|            |            |            | (4/1000 | (4/1000 | (4/1000 |
|            |            |            | gal)**  | gal)**  | gal)**  |
+------------+------------+------------+---------+---------+---------+
| 0.024      | 0.63       | 600        | 2672    | 3509    | 4233    |
+------------+------------+------------+---------+---------+---------+
| 0.087      | 0.86       | 188        | 848     | 1115    | 1343    |
+------------+------------+------------+---------+---------+---------+
| 0.27       | 1.4        | 90         | 390     | 496     | 605     |
+------------+------------+------------+---------+---------+---------+
| 0.65       | 2.0        | 56         | 216     | 277     | 330     |
+------------+------------+------------+---------+---------+---------+

**LARGE SYSTEMS**

+------------+------------+------------+---------+---------+---------+
| **Design** | *          | **O & M**  | **      | **      | **      |
|            | *Capital** |            | Total** | Total** | Total** |
| **Flow**   |            | *          |         |         |         |
|            | *          | *Cost^2^** | **Cost  | **Cost  | **Cost  |
| **(mgd)**  | *Cost^1^** |            | @ 3%**  | @ 7%**  | @ 10%** |
|            |            | **(4/1000  |         |         |         |
|            | **(\$M)**  | gal)**     | **      | **      | **      |
|            |            |            | (4/1000 | (4/1000 | (4/1000 |
|            |            |            | gal)**  | gal)**  | gal)**  |
+------------+------------+------------+---------+---------+---------+
| 1.8        | 4.3        | 74         | 187     | 233     | 272     |
+------------+------------+------------+---------+---------+---------+
| 4.8        | 7.3        | 47         | 111     | 137     | 159     |
+------------+------------+------------+---------+---------+---------+
| 11         | 12         | 39         | 83      | 102     | 118     |
+------------+------------+------------+---------+---------+---------+
| 18         | 17         | 36         | 72      | 86      | 98      |
+------------+------------+------------+---------+---------+---------+
| 26         | 22         | 35         | 66      | 78      | 89      |
+------------+------------+------------+---------+---------+---------+
| 51         | 36         | 33         | 58      | 68      | 76      |
+------------+------------+------------+---------+---------+---------+
| 210        | 120        | 32         | 50      | 58      | 65      |
+------------+------------+------------+---------+---------+---------+
| 430        | 230        | 31         | 47      | 53      | 59      |
+------------+------------+------------+---------+---------+---------+
| 520        | 380        | 26         | 46      | 54      | 61      |
+------------+------------+------------+---------+---------+---------+

^1^ 1991 Cost escalated based upon a factor of 1.23 derived from the ENR
BCI

^2^ 1991 Cost escalated based upon a factor of 1.19 derived from the BLS
Chemical and

Allied Products Index

+--------+-------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| *      |       |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| *TABLE |       |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| 7-8.   |       |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| EST    |       |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| IMATED |       |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| U      |       |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| PGRADE |       |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| COSTS  |       |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| FOR    |       |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| ADDI   |       |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| TIONAL |       |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| C      |       |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| ONTACT |       |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| BASIN  |       |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| SIZE   |       |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| (x     |       |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| \      |       |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| $1000) |       |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| ^1^**  |       |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+-------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| **DE   | **Chl |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| SIGN** | orine |        |        |        |        |        |        |
|        | Co    |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| **     | ntact |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| FLOW** | Basin |        |        |        |        |        |        |
|        | T     |        |        |        |        |        |        |
|        | ime** |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+-------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
|        | **30  | **60   | **120  | **180  | **240  | **300  | **360  |
|        | min** | min**  | min**  | min**  | min**  | min**  | min**  |
+--------+-------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| 0.024  | 14    | 21     | 26     | 28     | 38     | 46     | 55     |
+--------+-------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| 0.087  | 25    | 34     | 66     | 76     | 82     | 84     | 100    |
+--------+-------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| 0.27   | 52    | 80     | 103    | 140    | 180    | 220    | 234    |
+--------+-------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| 0.65   | 77    | 112    | 218    | 251    | 284    | 317    | 351    |
+--------+-------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| 1.8    | 197   | 244    | 335    | 427    | 519    | 611    | 702    |
+--------+-------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| 4.8    | 274   | 396    | 642    | 887    | 1,132  | 1,376  | 1622   |
+--------+-------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| 11     | 432   | 713    | 1,274  | 1,836  | 2,399  | 2,961  | 3521   |
+--------+-------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| 18     | 611   | 1,070  | 1,990  | 2,909  | 3,828  | 4,748  | 5667   |
+--------+-------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| 26     | 815   | 1,478  | 2,807  | 4,135  | 5,462  | 6,791  | 8118   |
+--------+-------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| 51     | 1,454 | 2,755  | 5,360  | 7,965  | 10,569 | 13,175 | 15,778 |
+--------+-------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| 210    | 5514  | 10,876 | 21,600 | 32,324 | 43,050 | 53,774 | 64,499 |
+--------+-------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| 430    | 1     | 22,112 | 44,071 | 66,031 | 87,991 | 1      | 1      |
|        | 1,132 |        |        |        |        | 09,951 | 31,910 |
+--------+-------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| 520    | 1     | 26,639 | 53,224 | 79,785 | 1      | 1      | 1      |
|        | 3,374 |        |        |        | 06,352 | 32,193 | 59,456 |
+--------+-------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+

^1^ 1991 Cost escalated based upon a factor of 1.23 derived from the ENR
BCI

**FIGURE 7-2. ALUM COAGULATION / FILTRATION SYSTEM UPGRADED WITH
CHLORINE / CHLORAMINE DISINFECTION**

![](media/image3.png){width="6.495138888888889in"
height="2.9784722222222224in"}

**TABLE 7-9. ESTIMATED UPGRADE COSTS FOR CHLORAMINES AS SECONDARY
DISINFECTANT**

**SMALL SYSTEMS**

+-------------+-----------+------------+---------+---------+----------+
| **Design**  | **        | **O & M**  | **      | **      | *        |
|             | Capital** |            | Total** | Total** | *Total** |
| **Flow**    |           | *          |         |         |          |
|             | **        | *Cost^2^** | **Cost  | **Cost  | **Cost @ |
| **(mgd)**   | Cost^1^** |            | @ 3%**  | @ 7%**  | 10%**    |
|             |           | **(4/1000  |         |         |          |
|             | **(\$M)** | gal)**     | **      | **      | *        |
|             |           |            | (4/1000 | (4/1000 | *(4/1000 |
|             |           |            | gal)**  | gal)**  | gal)**   |
+-------------+-----------+------------+---------+---------+----------+
| 0.024       | 0.011     | 21         | 57      | 71      | 83       |
+-------------+-----------+------------+---------+---------+----------+
| 0.087       | 0.012     | 5.5        | 15      | 19      | 22       |
+-------------+-----------+------------+---------+---------+----------+
| 0.27        | 0.015     | 1.9        | 5.1     | 6.3     | 7.4      |
+-------------+-----------+------------+---------+---------+----------+
| 0.65        | 0.016     | 0.98       | 2.3     | 2.8     | 3.2      |
+-------------+-----------+------------+---------+---------+----------+

**LARGE SYSTEMS**

+-------------+-----------+------------+---------+---------+---------+
| **Design**  | **        | **O & M**  | **      | **      | **      |
|             | Capital** |            | Total** | Total** | Total** |
| **Flow**    |           | *          |         |         |         |
|             | **        | *Cost^2^** | **Cost  | **Cost  | **Cost  |
| **(mgd)**   | Cost^1^** |            | @ 3%**  | @ 7%**  | @ 10%** |
|             |           | **(4/1000  |         |         |         |
|             | **(\$M)** | gal)**     | **      | **      | **      |
|             |           |            | (4/1000 | (4/1000 | (4/1000 |
|             |           |            | gal)**  | gal)**  | gal)**  |
+-------------+-----------+------------+---------+---------+---------+
| 1.8         | 0.04      | 1.4        | 2.5     | 3.0     | 3.4     |
+-------------+-----------+------------+---------+---------+---------+
| 4.8         | 0.07      | 0.70       | 1.3     | 1.5     | 1.8     |
+-------------+-----------+------------+---------+---------+---------+
| 11          | 0.11      | 0.49       | 0.9     | 1.1     | 1.2     |
+-------------+-----------+------------+---------+---------+---------+
| 18          | 0.16      | 0.40       | 0.73    | 0.87    | 0.99    |
+-------------+-----------+------------+---------+---------+---------+
| 26          | 0.21      | 0.37       | 0.67    | 0.79    | 0.89    |
+-------------+-----------+------------+---------+---------+---------+
| 51          | 0.28      | 0.33       | 0.52    | 0.60    | 0.67    |
+-------------+-----------+------------+---------+---------+---------+
| 210         | 0.47      | 0.29       | 0.36    | 0.39    | 0.41    |
+-------------+-----------+------------+---------+---------+---------+
| 430         | 0.85      | 0.26       | 0.32    | 0.34    | 0.36    |
+-------------+-----------+------------+---------+---------+---------+
| 520         | 0.91      | 0.20       | 0.25    | 0.27    | 0.28    |
+-------------+-----------+------------+---------+---------+---------+

^1^ 1991 Cost escalated based upon a factor of 1.23 derived from the ENR
BCI

^2^ 1991 Cost escalated based upon a factor of 1.19 derived from the BLS
Chemical and

Allied Products Index

**FIGURE 7-3. ALUM COAGULATION / FILTRATION SYSTEMS UPGRADED WITH OZONE
/ CHLORAMINE DISINFECTION**

![](media/image4.png){width="6.49375in" height="3.4604166666666667in"}

TABLE 7- 12. ESTIMATED INSTALLATION AND UPGRADE COSTS FOR OZONE AS
PRIMARY DISINFECTANT - SMALL SYSTEMS

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 11%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 11%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="2"><strong>Design Flow (mgd)</strong></td>
<td colspan="3"><strong>Log Inactivation = 1</strong></td>
<td colspan="3"><strong>Log Inactivation = 3</strong></td>
<td colspan="3"><strong>Log Inactivation = 5</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p><strong>Upgrade Capital Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>($M)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade O&amp;M</strong></p>
<p><strong>Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>(4/1000 gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Total Upgrade Cost @ 3%</strong></p>
<p><strong>(4/1000 gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade Capital Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>($M)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade O&amp;M</strong></p>
<p><strong>Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>(4/1000 gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Total Upgrade Cost @ 3%</strong></p>
<p><strong>(4/1000 gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade Capital Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>($M)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade O&amp;M</strong></p>
<p><strong>Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>(4/1000 gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Total Upgrade Cost @ 3%</strong></p>
<p><strong>(4/1000 gal)</strong></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>0.024</td>
<td>0.22</td>
<td>161</td>
<td>885</td>
<td>0.23</td>
<td>322</td>
<td>1078</td>
<td>0.24</td>
<td>644</td>
<td>1433</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>0.086</td>
<td>0.24</td>
<td>38</td>
<td>222</td>
<td>0.28</td>
<td>75</td>
<td>290</td>
<td>0.30</td>
<td>150</td>
<td>380</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>0.27</td>
<td>0.29</td>
<td>10</td>
<td>72</td>
<td>0.40</td>
<td>21</td>
<td>107</td>
<td>0.47</td>
<td>42</td>
<td>143</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>0.65</td>
<td>0.39</td>
<td>3.9</td>
<td>35</td>
<td>0.64</td>
<td>7.8</td>
<td>59</td>
<td>0.80</td>
<td>16</td>
<td>80</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 11%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 11%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="2"><strong>Design Flow (mgd)</strong></td>
<td colspan="3"><strong>Log Inactivation = 1</strong></td>
<td colspan="3"><strong>Log Inactivation = 3</strong></td>
<td colspan="3"><strong>Log Inactivation = 5</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p><strong>Upgrade Capital Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>($M)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade O&amp;M</strong></p>
<p><strong>Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>(4/1000 gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Total Upgrade Cost @ 7%</strong></p>
<p><strong>(4/1000 gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade Capital Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>($M)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade O&amp;M</strong></p>
<p><strong>Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>(4/1000 gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Total Upgrade Cost @ 7%</strong></p>
<p><strong>(4/1000 gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade Capital Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>($M)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade O&amp;M</strong></p>
<p><strong>Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>(4/1000 gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Total Upgrade Cost @ 7%</strong></p>
<p><strong>(4/1000 gal)</strong></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>0.024</td>
<td>0.22</td>
<td>161</td>
<td>1177</td>
<td>0.23</td>
<td>322</td>
<td>1384</td>
<td>0.24</td>
<td>644</td>
<td>1752</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>0.086</td>
<td>0.24</td>
<td>38</td>
<td>297</td>
<td>0.28</td>
<td>75</td>
<td>377</td>
<td>0.30</td>
<td>150</td>
<td>473</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>0.27</td>
<td>0.29</td>
<td>10</td>
<td>97</td>
<td>0.40</td>
<td>21</td>
<td>145</td>
<td>0.47</td>
<td>42</td>
<td>183</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>0.65</td>
<td>0.39</td>
<td>3.9</td>
<td>48</td>
<td>0.64</td>
<td>7.8</td>
<td>81</td>
<td>0.80</td>
<td>16</td>
<td>106</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

**TABLE 7- 12 (cont)**

**ESTIMATED INSTALLATION AND UPGRADE COSTS FOR OZONE AS PRIMARY
DISINFECTANT - SMALL SYSTEMS**

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 11%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 11%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="2"><strong>Design Flow (mgd)</strong></td>
<td colspan="3"><strong>Log Inactivation = 1</strong></td>
<td colspan="3"><strong>Log Inactivation = 3</strong></td>
<td colspan="3"><strong>Log Inactivation = 5</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p><strong>Upgrade Capital Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>($M)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade O&amp;M</strong></p>
<p><strong>Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>(4/1000 gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Total Upgrade Cost @ 10%</strong></p>
<p><strong>(4/1000 gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade Capital Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>($M)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade O&amp;M</strong></p>
<p><strong>Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>(4/1000 gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Total Upgrade Cost @ 10%</strong></p>
<p><strong>(4/1000 gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade Capital Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>($M)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade O&amp;M</strong></p>
<p><strong>Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>(4/1000 gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Total Upgrade Cost @ 10%</strong></p>
<p><strong>(4/1000 gal)</strong></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>0.024</td>
<td>0.22</td>
<td>161</td>
<td>1442</td>
<td>0.23</td>
<td>322</td>
<td>1661</td>
<td>0.24</td>
<td>644</td>
<td>2023</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>0.086</td>
<td>0.24</td>
<td>38</td>
<td>361</td>
<td>0.28</td>
<td>75</td>
<td>445</td>
<td>0.30</td>
<td>150</td>
<td>551</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>0.27</td>
<td>0.29</td>
<td>10</td>
<td>119</td>
<td>0.40</td>
<td>21</td>
<td>170</td>
<td>0.47</td>
<td>42</td>
<td>217</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>0.65</td>
<td>0.39</td>
<td>3.9</td>
<td>59</td>
<td>0.64</td>
<td>7.8</td>
<td>98</td>
<td>0.80</td>
<td>16</td>
<td>128</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

**TABLE 7- 12 (cont.)**

**ESTIMATED INSTALLATION AND UPGRADE COSTS FOR OZONE AS PRIMARY
DISINFECTANT -**

**LARGE SYSTEMS**

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 11%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 11%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="2"><strong>Design Flow (mgd)</strong></td>
<td colspan="3"><strong>Log Inactivation = 1</strong></td>
<td colspan="3"><strong>Log Inactivation = 3</strong></td>
<td colspan="3"><strong>Log Inactivation = 5</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p><strong>Upgrade Capital Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>($M)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade O&amp;M</strong></p>
<p><strong>Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>(4/1000 gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Total Upgrade Cost @3%</strong></p>
<p><strong>(4/1000 gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade Capital Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>($M)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade O&amp;M</strong></p>
<p><strong>Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>(4/1000 gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Total Upgrade Cost @ 3%</strong></p>
<p><strong>(4/1000 gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade Capital Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>($M)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade O&amp;M</strong></p>
<p><strong>Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>(4/1000 gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Total Upgrade Cost @ 3%</strong></p>
<p><strong>(4/1000 gal)</strong></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>1.8</td>
<td>0.89</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>25</td>
<td>1.5</td>
<td>4.4</td>
<td>44</td>
<td>1.4</td>
<td>6.3</td>
<td>43</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>4.8</td>
<td>1.5</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>15</td>
<td>1.9</td>
<td>4.4</td>
<td>21</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>6.3</td>
<td>24</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>11</td>
<td>1.9</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>9.0</td>
<td>2.6</td>
<td>4.4</td>
<td>14</td>
<td>2.8</td>
<td>6.3</td>
<td>17</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>18</td>
<td>2.4</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>7.0</td>
<td>3.0</td>
<td>4.4</td>
<td>11</td>
<td>3.7</td>
<td>6.3</td>
<td>14</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>26</td>
<td>2.6</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>5.5</td>
<td>3.9</td>
<td>4.4</td>
<td>9.9</td>
<td>4.8</td>
<td>6.3</td>
<td>13</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>51</td>
<td>3.8</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>4.4</td>
<td>6.2</td>
<td>4.4</td>
<td>8.6</td>
<td>7.4</td>
<td>6.3</td>
<td>11</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>210</td>
<td>9.2</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>3.2</td>
<td>18</td>
<td>4.4</td>
<td>7.2</td>
<td>24</td>
<td>6.3</td>
<td>10</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>430</td>
<td>16.5</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>2.9</td>
<td>35</td>
<td>4.4</td>
<td>6.8</td>
<td>47</td>
<td>6.3</td>
<td>9.5</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>520</td>
<td>20</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>2.9</td>
<td>42</td>
<td>4.4</td>
<td>6.6</td>
<td>57</td>
<td>6.3</td>
<td>9.3</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

**TABLE 7- 12 (cont.)**

**ESTIMATED INSTALLATION AND UPGRADE COSTS FOR OZONE AS PRIMARY
DISINFECTANT -**

**LARGE SYSTEMS**

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 11%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 11%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="2"><strong>Design Flow (mgd)</strong></td>
<td colspan="3"><strong>Log Inactivation = 1</strong></td>
<td colspan="3"><strong>Log Inactivation = 3</strong></td>
<td colspan="3"><strong>Log Inactivation = 5</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p><strong>Upgrade Capital Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>($M)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade O&amp;M</strong></p>
<p><strong>Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>(4/1000 gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Total Upgrade Cost @ 7%</strong></p>
<p><strong>(4/1000 gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade Capital Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>($M)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade O&amp;M</strong></p>
<p><strong>Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>(4/1000 gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Total Upgrade Cost @ 7%</strong></p>
<p><strong>(4/1000 gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade Capital Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>($M)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade O&amp;M</strong></p>
<p><strong>Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>(4/1000 gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Total Upgrade Cost @ 7%</strong></p>
<p><strong>(4/1000 gal)</strong></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>1.8</td>
<td>0.89</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>35</td>
<td>1.5</td>
<td>4.4</td>
<td>58</td>
<td>1.4</td>
<td>6.3</td>
<td>56</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>4.8</td>
<td>1.5</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>21</td>
<td>1.9</td>
<td>4.4</td>
<td>28</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>6.3</td>
<td>31</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>11</td>
<td>1.9</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>12</td>
<td>2.6</td>
<td>4.4</td>
<td>17</td>
<td>2.8</td>
<td>6.3</td>
<td>21</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>18</td>
<td>2.4</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>8.9</td>
<td>3.0</td>
<td>4.4</td>
<td>13</td>
<td>3.7</td>
<td>6.3</td>
<td>17</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>26</td>
<td>2.6</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>7.2</td>
<td>3.9</td>
<td>4.4</td>
<td>12</td>
<td>4.8</td>
<td>6.3</td>
<td>15</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>51</td>
<td>3.8</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>5.6</td>
<td>6.2</td>
<td>4.4</td>
<td>10</td>
<td>7.4</td>
<td>6.3</td>
<td>13</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>210</td>
<td>9.2</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>4.0</td>
<td>18</td>
<td>4.4</td>
<td>7.8</td>
<td>24</td>
<td>6.3</td>
<td>11</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>430</td>
<td>16.5</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>3.6</td>
<td>35</td>
<td>4.4</td>
<td>7.4</td>
<td>47</td>
<td>6.3</td>
<td>11</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>520</td>
<td>20</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>3.4</td>
<td>42</td>
<td>4.4</td>
<td>6.1</td>
<td>57</td>
<td>6.3</td>
<td>10</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

**TABLE 7- 12 (cont.)**

**ESTIMATED INSTALLATION AND UPGRADE COSTS**

**FOR OZONE AS PRIMARY DISINFECTANT**

**LARGE SYSTEMS**

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 11%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 11%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="2"><strong>Design Flow (mgd)</strong></td>
<td colspan="3"><strong>Log Inactivation = 1</strong></td>
<td colspan="3"><strong>Log Inactivation = 3</strong></td>
<td colspan="3"><strong>Log Inactivation = 5</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p><strong>Upgrade Capital Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>($M)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade O&amp;M</strong></p>
<p><strong>Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>(4/1000 gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Total Upgrade Cost @ 10%</strong></p>
<p><strong>(4/1000 gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade Capital Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>($M)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade O&amp;M</strong></p>
<p><strong>Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>(4/1000 gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Total Upgrade Cost @ 10%</strong></p>
<p><strong>(4/1000 gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade Capital Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>($M)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade O&amp;M</strong></p>
<p><strong>Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>(4/1000 gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Total Upgrade Cost @ 10%</strong></p>
<p><strong>(4/1000 gal)</strong></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>1.8</td>
<td>0.89</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>43</td>
<td>1.5</td>
<td>4.4</td>
<td>72</td>
<td>1.4</td>
<td>6.3</td>
<td>69</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>4.8</td>
<td>1.5</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>26</td>
<td>1.9</td>
<td>4.4</td>
<td>34</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>6.3</td>
<td>37</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>11</td>
<td>1.9</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>14</td>
<td>2.6</td>
<td>4.4</td>
<td>21</td>
<td>2.8</td>
<td>6.3</td>
<td>24</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>18</td>
<td>2.4</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>11</td>
<td>3.0</td>
<td>4.4</td>
<td>15</td>
<td>3.7</td>
<td>6.3</td>
<td>20</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>26</td>
<td>2.6</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>8.4</td>
<td>3.9</td>
<td>4.4</td>
<td>14</td>
<td>4.8</td>
<td>6.3</td>
<td>18</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>51</td>
<td>3.8</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>6.5</td>
<td>6.2</td>
<td>4.4</td>
<td>11</td>
<td>7.4</td>
<td>6.3</td>
<td>15</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>210</td>
<td>9.2</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>4.5</td>
<td>18</td>
<td>4.4</td>
<td>8.7</td>
<td>24</td>
<td>6.3</td>
<td>12</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>430</td>
<td>16</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>4.0</td>
<td>35</td>
<td>4.4</td>
<td>8.2</td>
<td>47</td>
<td>6.3</td>
<td>12</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>520</td>
<td>20</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>3.6</td>
<td>42</td>
<td>4.4</td>
<td>8.2</td>
<td>57</td>
<td>6.3</td>
<td>10</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

**TABLE 7-13 ESTIMATED INSTALLATION AND UPGRADE COSTS**

**FOR CHLORINE DIOXIDE AS PRIMARY DISINFECTANT**

**(MANUAL GENERATOR)**

**SMALL SYSTEMS**

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 11%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td colspan="3"><strong>Log Inactivation = 1</strong></td>
<td colspan="3"><strong>Log Inactivation = 3</strong></td>
<td colspan="3"><strong>Log Inactivation = 5</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p><strong>Design</strong></p>
<p><strong>Flow</strong></p>
<p><strong>(mgd)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade Capital Cost<sup>(1)</sup></strong></p>
<p><strong>($M)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade O&amp;M</strong></p>
<p><strong>Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Total Upgrade Cost @ 3%</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade Capital Cost<sup>(1)</sup></strong></p>
<p><strong>($M)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade O&amp;M</strong></p>
<p><strong>Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Total Upgrade Cost @ 3%</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade Capital Cost<sup>(1)</sup></strong></p>
<p><strong>($M)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade O&amp;M</strong></p>
<p><strong>Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Total Upgrade Cost @ 3%</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>0.024</td>
<td>0.10</td>
<td>1929</td>
<td>2258</td>
<td>0.10</td>
<td>1934</td>
<td>2263</td>
<td>0.13</td>
<td>1934</td>
<td>2362</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>0.087</td>
<td>0.10</td>
<td>452</td>
<td>529</td>
<td>0.10</td>
<td>456</td>
<td>533</td>
<td>0.15</td>
<td>456</td>
<td>571</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>0.27</td>
<td>0.10</td>
<td>128</td>
<td>149</td>
<td>0.10</td>
<td>132</td>
<td>153</td>
<td>0.22</td>
<td>132</td>
<td>179</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>0.65</td>
<td>0.10</td>
<td>49</td>
<td>57</td>
<td>0.10</td>
<td>52</td>
<td>60</td>
<td>0.28</td>
<td>52</td>
<td>74</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td colspan="3"><strong>Log Inactivation = 1</strong></td>
<td colspan="3"><strong>Log Inactivation = 3</strong></td>
<td colspan="3"><strong>Log Inactivation = 5</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p><strong>Design</strong></p>
<p><strong>Flow</strong></p>
<p><strong>(mgd)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade Capital Cost<sup>(1)</sup></strong></p>
<p><strong>($M)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade O&amp;M</strong></p>
<p><strong>Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Total Upgrade Cost @ 7%</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade Capital Cost<sup>(1)</sup></strong></p>
<p><strong>($M)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade O&amp;M</strong></p>
<p><strong>Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Total Upgrade Cost @ 7%</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade Capital Cost<sup>(1)</sup></strong></p>
<p><strong>($M)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade O&amp;M</strong></p>
<p><strong>Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Total Upgrade Cost @ 7%</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>0.024</td>
<td>0.10</td>
<td>1929</td>
<td>2391</td>
<td>0.10</td>
<td>1934</td>
<td>2396</td>
<td>0.13</td>
<td>1934</td>
<td>2534</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>0.087</td>
<td>0.10</td>
<td>452</td>
<td>560</td>
<td>0.10</td>
<td>456</td>
<td>564</td>
<td>0.15</td>
<td>456</td>
<td>618</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>0.27</td>
<td>0.10</td>
<td>128</td>
<td>158</td>
<td>0.10</td>
<td>132</td>
<td>162</td>
<td>0.22</td>
<td>132</td>
<td>198</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>0.65</td>
<td>0.10</td>
<td>49</td>
<td>60</td>
<td>0.10</td>
<td>52</td>
<td>63</td>
<td>0.28</td>
<td>52</td>
<td>63</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

**TABLE 7-13 (cont)**

**ESTIMATED INSTALLATION AND UPGRADE COSTS**

**FOR CHLORINE DIOXIDE AS PRIMARY DISINFECTANT**

**(MANUAL GENERATOR)**

**SMALL SYSTEMS**

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 11%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p><strong>Design</strong></p>
<p><strong>Flow</strong></p>
<p><strong>(mgd)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade Capital Cost<sup>(1)</sup></strong></p>
<p><strong>($M)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade O&amp;M</strong></p>
<p><strong>Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Total Upgrade Cost @ 10 %</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade Capital Cost<sup>(1)</sup></strong></p>
<p><strong>($M)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade O&amp;M</strong></p>
<p><strong>Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Total Upgrade Cost @ 10%</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade Capital Cost<sup>(1)</sup></strong></p>
<p><strong>($M)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade O&amp;M</strong></p>
<p><strong>Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Total Upgrade Cost @ 10%</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>0.024</td>
<td>0.10</td>
<td>1929</td>
<td>2455</td>
<td>0.10</td>
<td>1934</td>
<td>2460</td>
<td>0.13</td>
<td>1934</td>
<td>2659</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>0.087</td>
<td>0.10</td>
<td>452</td>
<td>575</td>
<td>0.10</td>
<td>456</td>
<td>579</td>
<td>0.15</td>
<td>456</td>
<td>654</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>0.27</td>
<td>0.10</td>
<td>128</td>
<td>162</td>
<td>0.10</td>
<td>132</td>
<td>166</td>
<td>0.22</td>
<td>132</td>
<td>215</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>0.65</td>
<td>0.10</td>
<td>49</td>
<td>62</td>
<td>0.10</td>
<td>52</td>
<td>65</td>
<td>0.28</td>
<td>52</td>
<td>91</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

**TABLE 7-13 (cont.)**

**ESTIMATED INSTALLATION AND UPGRADE COSTS**

**FOR CHLORINE DIOXIDE AS PRIMARY DISINFECTANT**

**(AUTOMATIC GENERATOR)**

**SMALL SYSTEMS**

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td colspan="3"><strong>Log Inactivation = 1</strong></td>
<td colspan="3"><strong>Log Inactivation = 3</strong></td>
<td colspan="3"><strong>Log Inactivation = 5</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p><strong>Design</strong></p>
<p><strong>Flow</strong></p>
<p><strong>(mgd)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade Capital Cost<sup>(1)</sup></strong></p>
<p><strong>($M)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade O&amp;M</strong></p>
<p><strong>Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Total Upgrade Cost @ 3%</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade Capital Cost<sup>(1)</sup></strong></p>
<p><strong>($M)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade O&amp;M</strong></p>
<p><strong>Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Total Upgrade Cost @ 3%</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade Capital Cost<sup>(1)</sup></strong></p>
<p><strong>($M)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade O&amp;M</strong></p>
<p><strong>Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Total Upgrade Cost @ 3%</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>0.024</td>
<td>0.33</td>
<td>1548</td>
<td>2633</td>
<td>0.33</td>
<td>1552</td>
<td>2637</td>
<td>0.37</td>
<td>1552</td>
<td>2769</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>0.087</td>
<td>0.33</td>
<td>364</td>
<td>617</td>
<td>0.33</td>
<td>367</td>
<td>620</td>
<td>0.39</td>
<td>367</td>
<td>666</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>0.27</td>
<td>0.33</td>
<td>104</td>
<td>175</td>
<td>0.33</td>
<td>107</td>
<td>178</td>
<td>0.47</td>
<td>107</td>
<td>208</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>0.65</td>
<td>0.33</td>
<td>40</td>
<td>66</td>
<td>0.33</td>
<td>43</td>
<td>69</td>
<td>0.52</td>
<td>43</td>
<td>85</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td colspan="3"><strong>Log Inactivation = 1</strong></td>
<td colspan="3"><strong>Log Inactivation = 3</strong></td>
<td colspan="3"><strong>Log Inactivation = 5</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p><strong>Design</strong></p>
<p><strong>Flow</strong></p>
<p><strong>(mgd)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade Capital Cost<sup>(1)</sup></strong></p>
<p><strong>($M)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade O&amp;M</strong></p>
<p><strong>Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Total Upgrade Cost @ 7%</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade Capital Cost<sup>(1)</sup></strong></p>
<p><strong>($M)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade O&amp;M</strong></p>
<p><strong>Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Total Upgrade Cost @ 7%</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade Capital Cost<sup>(1)</sup></strong></p>
<p><strong>($M)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade O&amp;M</strong></p>
<p><strong>Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Total Upgrade Cost @ 7%</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>0.024</td>
<td>0.33</td>
<td>1548</td>
<td>3072</td>
<td>0.33</td>
<td>1552</td>
<td>3076</td>
<td>0.37</td>
<td>1552</td>
<td>3261</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>0.087</td>
<td>0.33</td>
<td>364</td>
<td>720</td>
<td>0.33</td>
<td>367</td>
<td>723</td>
<td>0.39</td>
<td>367</td>
<td>787</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>0.27</td>
<td>0.33</td>
<td>104</td>
<td>203</td>
<td>0.33</td>
<td>107</td>
<td>206</td>
<td>0.47</td>
<td>107</td>
<td>248</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>0.65</td>
<td>0.33</td>
<td>40</td>
<td>77</td>
<td>0.33</td>
<td>43</td>
<td>80</td>
<td>0.52</td>
<td>43</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

**TABLE 7-13 (cont.)**

**ESTIMATED INSTALLATION AND UPGRADE COSTS**

**FOR CHLORINE DIOXIDE AS PRIMARY DISINFECTANT**

**(AUTOMATIC GENERATOR)**

**SMALL SYSTEMS**

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p><strong>Design</strong></p>
<p><strong>Flow</strong></p>
<p><strong>(mgd)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade Capital Cost<sup>(1)</sup></strong></p>
<p><strong>($M)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade O&amp;M</strong></p>
<p><strong>Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Total Upgrade Cost @ 10%</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade Capital Cost<sup>(1)</sup></strong></p>
<p><strong>($M)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade O&amp;M</strong></p>
<p><strong>Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Total Upgrade Cost @ 10%</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade Capital Cost<sup>(1)</sup></strong></p>
<p><strong>($M)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade O&amp;M</strong></p>
<p><strong>Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Total Upgrade Cost @ 10%</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>0.024</td>
<td>0.33</td>
<td>1548</td>
<td>3459</td>
<td>0.33</td>
<td>1552</td>
<td>3462</td>
<td>0.37</td>
<td>1552</td>
<td>3662</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>0.087</td>
<td>0.33</td>
<td>364</td>
<td>810</td>
<td>0.33</td>
<td>367</td>
<td>813</td>
<td>0.39</td>
<td>367</td>
<td>888</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>0.27</td>
<td>0.33</td>
<td>104</td>
<td>228</td>
<td>0.33</td>
<td>107</td>
<td>231</td>
<td>0.47</td>
<td>107</td>
<td>280</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>0.65</td>
<td>0.33</td>
<td>40</td>
<td>87</td>
<td>0.33</td>
<td>43</td>
<td>90</td>
<td>0.52</td>
<td>43</td>
<td>115</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

\(1\) Cost were adjusted to account for an increase in basin contact
time from the information reported in Table 7-10

**TABLE 7-13 (cont.) ESTIMATED INSTALLATION AND UPGRADE COSTS**

**FOR CHLORINE DIOXIDE AS PRIMARY DISINFECTANT**

**(MANUAL GENERATOR)**

**LARGE SYSTEMS**

<table style="width:100%;">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 11%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 0%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 0%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td colspan="4"><strong>Log Inactivation = 1</strong></td>
<td colspan="4"><strong>Log Inactivation = 3</strong></td>
<td colspan="3"><strong>Log Inactivation = 5</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p><strong>Design</strong></p>
<p><strong>Flow</strong></p>
<p><strong>(mgd)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade Capital Cost<sup>(1)</sup></strong></p>
<p><strong>($M)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade O&amp;M</strong></p>
<p><strong>Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Total Upgrade Cost @ 3%</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
<td colspan="2"><p><strong>Upgrade Capital
Cost<sup>(1)</sup></strong></p>
<p><strong>($M)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade O&amp;M</strong></p>
<p><strong>Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Total Upgrade Cost @ 3%</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
<td colspan="2"><p><strong>Upgrade Capital
Cost<sup>(1)</sup></strong></p>
<p><strong>($M)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade O&amp;M</strong></p>
<p><strong>Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Total Upgrade Cost @ 3%</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>1.8</td>
<td>0.10</td>
<td>18</td>
<td>20.6</td>
<td colspan="2">0.10</td>
<td>20</td>
<td>22.6</td>
<td colspan="2">0.50</td>
<td>20</td>
<td>33</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>4.8</td>
<td>0.10</td>
<td>7.4</td>
<td>8.3</td>
<td colspan="2">0.10</td>
<td>9.6</td>
<td>10.5</td>
<td colspan="2">0.75</td>
<td>9.6</td>
<td>16</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>11</td>
<td>0.10</td>
<td>4.3</td>
<td>4.7</td>
<td colspan="2">0.10</td>
<td>6.5</td>
<td>6.9</td>
<td colspan="2">1.3</td>
<td>6.5</td>
<td>11.3</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>18</td>
<td>0.20</td>
<td>3.8</td>
<td>4.2</td>
<td colspan="2">0.20</td>
<td>5.8</td>
<td>6.2</td>
<td colspan="2">3.7</td>
<td>5.8</td>
<td>13.5</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>26</td>
<td>0.20</td>
<td>3.2</td>
<td>3.5</td>
<td colspan="2">0.20</td>
<td>5.1</td>
<td>5.4</td>
<td colspan="2">5.1</td>
<td>5.1</td>
<td>12.3</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>51</td>
<td>0.28</td>
<td>2.4</td>
<td>2.6</td>
<td colspan="2">0.28</td>
<td>4.6</td>
<td>4.8</td>
<td colspan="2">9.4</td>
<td>4.6</td>
<td>11</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>210</td>
<td>0.29</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td colspan="2">0.29</td>
<td>3.6</td>
<td>3.6</td>
<td colspan="2">36</td>
<td>3.6</td>
<td>9.1</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>430</td>
<td>0.35</td>
<td>1.6</td>
<td>1.6</td>
<td colspan="2">0.35</td>
<td>3.2</td>
<td>3.2</td>
<td colspan="2">73</td>
<td>3.2</td>
<td>8.2</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>520</td>
<td>0.35</td>
<td>1.4</td>
<td>1.4</td>
<td colspan="2">0.35</td>
<td>2.4</td>
<td>2.4</td>
<td colspan="2">89</td>
<td>2.</td>
<td>7.1</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

**TABLE 7-13 (cont.)**

**ESTIMATED INSTALLATION AND UPGRADE COSTS**

**FOR CHLORINE DIOXIDE AS PRIMARY DISINFECTANT**

**(MANUAL GENERATOR)**

**LARGE SYSTEMS**

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
<col style="width: 11%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 11%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td colspan="4"><strong>Log Inactivation = 1</strong></td>
<td colspan="4"><strong>Log Inactivation = 3</strong></td>
<td colspan="4"><strong>Log Inactivation = 5</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2"><p><strong>Design</strong></p>
<p><strong>Flow</strong></p>
<p><strong>(mgd)</strong></p></td>
<td colspan="2"><p><strong>Upgrade Capital
Cost<sup>(1)</sup></strong></p>
<p><strong>($M)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade O&amp;M</strong></p>
<p><strong>Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Total Upgrade Cost @ 7%</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
<td colspan="2"><p><strong>Upgrade Capital
Cost<sup>(1)</sup></strong></p>
<p><strong>($M)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade O&amp;M</strong></p>
<p><strong>Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Total Upgrade Cost @ 7%</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
<td colspan="2"><p><strong>Upgrade Capital
Cost<sup>(1)</sup></strong></p>
<p><strong>($M)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade O&amp;M</strong></p>
<p><strong>Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Total Upgrade Cost @ 7%</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2">1.8</td>
<td colspan="2">0.10</td>
<td>18</td>
<td>22</td>
<td colspan="2">0.10</td>
<td>20</td>
<td>24</td>
<td colspan="2">0.50</td>
<td>20</td>
<td>38</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2">4.8</td>
<td colspan="2">0.10</td>
<td>7.4</td>
<td>8.2</td>
<td colspan="2">0.10</td>
<td>9.6</td>
<td>11</td>
<td colspan="2">0.75</td>
<td>9.6</td>
<td>19</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2">11</td>
<td colspan="2">0.10</td>
<td>4.3</td>
<td>4.5</td>
<td colspan="2">0.10</td>
<td>6.5</td>
<td>6.5</td>
<td colspan="2">1.3</td>
<td>6.5</td>
<td>13</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2">18</td>
<td colspan="2">0.20</td>
<td>3.8</td>
<td>4.6</td>
<td colspan="2">0.20</td>
<td>5.8</td>
<td>6.6</td>
<td colspan="2">3.7</td>
<td>5.8</td>
<td>17</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2">26</td>
<td colspan="2">0.20</td>
<td>3.2</td>
<td>3.4</td>
<td colspan="2">0.20</td>
<td>5.1</td>
<td>5.4</td>
<td colspan="2">5.1</td>
<td>5.1</td>
<td>15</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2">51</td>
<td colspan="2">0.28</td>
<td>2.4</td>
<td>2.3</td>
<td colspan="2">0.28</td>
<td>4.6</td>
<td>4.3</td>
<td colspan="2">9.4</td>
<td>4.6</td>
<td>13</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2">210</td>
<td colspan="2">0.29</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>2.1</td>
<td colspan="2">0.29</td>
<td>3.6</td>
<td>4.1</td>
<td colspan="2">36</td>
<td>3.6</td>
<td>12</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2">430</td>
<td colspan="2">0.35</td>
<td>1.6</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td colspan="2">0.35</td>
<td>3.2</td>
<td>3.0</td>
<td colspan="2">73</td>
<td>3.2</td>
<td>10</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2">520</td>
<td colspan="2">0.35</td>
<td>1.4</td>
<td>1.4</td>
<td colspan="2">0.35</td>
<td>2.4</td>
<td>2.5</td>
<td colspan="2">89</td>
<td>2.4</td>
<td>9.0</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

**TABLE 7-13 (cont.)**

**ESTIMATED INSTALLATION AND UPGRADE COSTS**

**FOR CHLORINE DIOXIDE AS PRIMARY DISINFECTANT**

**(MANUAL GENERATOR)**

**LARGE SYSTEMS**

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 11%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td colspan="3"><strong>Log Inactivation = 1</strong></td>
<td colspan="3"><strong>Log Inactivation = 3</strong></td>
<td colspan="3"><strong>Log Inactivation = 5</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p><strong>Design</strong></p>
<p><strong>Flow</strong></p>
<p><strong>(mgd)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade Capital Cost<sup>(1)</sup></strong></p>
<p><strong>($M)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade O&amp;M</strong></p>
<p><strong>Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Total Upgrade Cost @ 10%</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade Capital Cost<sup>(1)</sup></strong></p>
<p><strong>($M)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade O&amp;M</strong></p>
<p><strong>Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Total Upgrade Cost @ 10%</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade Capital Cost<sup>(1)</sup></strong></p>
<p><strong>($M)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade O&amp;M</strong></p>
<p><strong>Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Total Upgrade Cost @ 10%</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>1.8</td>
<td>0.10</td>
<td>18</td>
<td>22</td>
<td>0.10</td>
<td>20</td>
<td>25</td>
<td>0.50</td>
<td>20</td>
<td>43</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>4.8</td>
<td>0.10</td>
<td>7.4</td>
<td>8.8</td>
<td>0.10</td>
<td>10</td>
<td>11</td>
<td>0.75</td>
<td>10</td>
<td>21</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>11</td>
<td>0.10</td>
<td>4.3</td>
<td>4.9</td>
<td>0.10</td>
<td>6.5</td>
<td>7.1</td>
<td>1.3</td>
<td>6.5</td>
<td>15</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>18</td>
<td>0.20</td>
<td>3.8</td>
<td>4.5</td>
<td>0.20</td>
<td>5.8</td>
<td>6.5</td>
<td>3.7</td>
<td>5.8</td>
<td>19</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>26</td>
<td>0.20</td>
<td>3.2</td>
<td>3.7</td>
<td>0.20</td>
<td>5.1</td>
<td>5.6</td>
<td>5.1</td>
<td>5.1</td>
<td>18</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>51</td>
<td>0.28</td>
<td>2.4</td>
<td>2.8</td>
<td>0.28</td>
<td>4.3</td>
<td>4.6</td>
<td>9.4</td>
<td>4.3</td>
<td>15</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>210</td>
<td>0.29</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>1.9</td>
<td>0.29</td>
<td>3.5</td>
<td>3.6</td>
<td>36</td>
<td>3.5</td>
<td>13</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>430</td>
<td>0.35</td>
<td>1.6</td>
<td>1.7</td>
<td>0.35</td>
<td>3.2</td>
<td>3.2</td>
<td>73</td>
<td>3.2</td>
<td>12</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>520</td>
<td>0.35</td>
<td>1.4</td>
<td>1.4</td>
<td>0.35</td>
<td>2.4</td>
<td>2.5</td>
<td>89</td>
<td>2.4</td>
<td>11</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

^(1)^ Cost were adjusted to account for an increase in basin contact
time from the information reported in Table 7-10

**TABLE 7-13 (cont.)**

**ESTIMATED INSTALLATION AND UPGRADE COSTS**

**FOR CHLORINE DIOXIDE AS PRIMARY DISINFECTANT**

**(AUTOMATIC GENERATOR)**

**LARGE SYSTEMS**

<table style="width:100%;">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 11%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 11%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td colspan="3"><strong>Log Inactivation = 1</strong></td>
<td colspan="3"><strong>Log Inactivation = 3</strong></td>
<td colspan="3"><strong>Log Inactivation = 5</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p><strong>Design</strong></p>
<p><strong>Flow</strong></p>
<p><strong>(mgd)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade Capital Cost<sup>(1)</sup></strong></p>
<p><strong>($M)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade O&amp;M</strong></p>
<p><strong>Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Total Upgrade Cost @ 3%</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade Capital Cost<sup>(1)</sup></strong></p>
<p><strong>($M)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade O&amp;M</strong></p>
<p><strong>Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Total Upgrade Cost @ 3%</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade Capital Cost<sup>(1)</sup></strong></p>
<p><strong>($M)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade O&amp;M</strong></p>
<p><strong>Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Total Upgrade Cost @ 3%</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>1.8</td>
<td>0.33</td>
<td>15</td>
<td>24</td>
<td>0.33</td>
<td>17</td>
<td>26</td>
<td>0.74</td>
<td>17</td>
<td>37</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>4.8</td>
<td>0.33</td>
<td>6.3</td>
<td>9.2</td>
<td>0.33</td>
<td>8.6</td>
<td>12</td>
<td>0.99</td>
<td>8.6</td>
<td>17</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>11</td>
<td>0.33</td>
<td>3.9</td>
<td>5.1</td>
<td>0.33</td>
<td>6.0</td>
<td>7.2</td>
<td>1.5</td>
<td>6.0</td>
<td>12</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>18</td>
<td>0.68</td>
<td>3.3</td>
<td>4.7</td>
<td>0.68</td>
<td>5.3</td>
<td>6.7</td>
<td>4.2</td>
<td>5.3</td>
<td>14</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>26</td>
<td>0.68</td>
<td>2.9</td>
<td>3.9</td>
<td>0.68</td>
<td>4.8</td>
<td>5.8</td>
<td>5.6</td>
<td>4.8</td>
<td>13</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>51</td>
<td>0.76</td>
<td>2.3</td>
<td>2.8</td>
<td>0.76</td>
<td>4.1</td>
<td>4.6</td>
<td>10</td>
<td>4.1</td>
<td>11</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>210</td>
<td>0.77</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>1.9</td>
<td>0.77</td>
<td>3.5</td>
<td>3.6</td>
<td>37</td>
<td>3.5</td>
<td>9.2</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>430</td>
<td>0.83</td>
<td>1.6</td>
<td>1.7</td>
<td>0.83</td>
<td>3.1</td>
<td>3.2</td>
<td>74</td>
<td>3.1</td>
<td>8.2</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>520</td>
<td>0.91</td>
<td>1.3</td>
<td>1.4</td>
<td>0.91</td>
<td>2.5</td>
<td>2.6</td>
<td>90</td>
<td>2.5</td>
<td>7.2</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

**TABLE 7-13 (cont.)**

**ESTIMATED INSTALLATION AND UPGRADE COSTS**

**FOR CHLORINE DIOXIDE AS PRIMARY DISINFECTANT**

**(AUTOMATIC GENERATOR)**

**LARGE SYSTEMS**

<table style="width:100%;">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 11%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 11%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td colspan="3"><strong>Log Inactivation = 1</strong></td>
<td colspan="3"><strong>Log Inactivation = 3</strong></td>
<td colspan="3"><strong>Log Inactivation = 5</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p><strong>Design</strong></p>
<p><strong>Flow</strong></p>
<p><strong>(mgd)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade Capital Cost<sup>(1)</sup></strong></p>
<p><strong>($M)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade O&amp;M</strong></p>
<p><strong>Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Total Upgrade Cost @ 7%</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade Capital Cost<sup>(1)</sup></strong></p>
<p><strong>($M)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade O&amp;M</strong></p>
<p><strong>Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Total Upgrade Cost @ 7%</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade Capital Cost<sup>(1)</sup></strong></p>
<p><strong>($M)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade O&amp;M</strong></p>
<p><strong>Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Total Upgrade Cost @ 7%</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>1.8</td>
<td>0.33</td>
<td>15</td>
<td>27</td>
<td>0.33</td>
<td>17</td>
<td>29</td>
<td>0.74</td>
<td>17</td>
<td>44</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>4.8</td>
<td>0.33</td>
<td>6.3</td>
<td>10</td>
<td>0.33</td>
<td>8.6</td>
<td>13</td>
<td>0.99</td>
<td>8.6</td>
<td>21</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>11</td>
<td>0.33</td>
<td>3.9</td>
<td>5.7</td>
<td>0.33</td>
<td>6.0</td>
<td>7.7</td>
<td>1.5</td>
<td>6.0</td>
<td>14</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>18</td>
<td>0.68</td>
<td>3.3</td>
<td>5.0</td>
<td>0.68</td>
<td>5.3</td>
<td>7.0</td>
<td>4.2</td>
<td>5.3</td>
<td>17</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>26</td>
<td>0.68</td>
<td>2.9</td>
<td>4.4</td>
<td>0.68</td>
<td>4.8</td>
<td>6.4</td>
<td>5.6</td>
<td>4.8</td>
<td>16</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>51</td>
<td>0.76</td>
<td>2.3</td>
<td>2.7</td>
<td>0.76</td>
<td>4.1</td>
<td>4.7</td>
<td>10</td>
<td>4.1</td>
<td>13</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>210</td>
<td>0.77</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>2.2</td>
<td>0.77</td>
<td>3.5</td>
<td>4.2</td>
<td>37</td>
<td>3.5</td>
<td>12</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>430</td>
<td>0.83</td>
<td>1.6</td>
<td>2.1</td>
<td>0.83</td>
<td>3.1</td>
<td>3.1</td>
<td>74</td>
<td>3.1</td>
<td>10</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>520</td>
<td>0.91</td>
<td>1.3</td>
<td>1.4</td>
<td>0.91</td>
<td>2.5</td>
<td>2.6</td>
<td>90</td>
<td>2.5</td>
<td>9.1</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

^(1)^ Cost were adjusted to account for an increase in basin contact
time from the information reported in Table 7-10

**TABLE 7-13 (cont.)**

**ESTIMATED INSTALLATION AND UPGRADE COSTS**

**FOR CHLORINE DIOXIDE AS PRIMARY DISINFECTANT**

**(AUTOMATIC GENERATOR)**

**LARGE SYSTEMS**

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td colspan="3"><strong>Log Inactivation = 1</strong></td>
<td colspan="3"><strong>Log Inactivation = 3</strong></td>
<td colspan="3"><strong>Log Inactivation = 5</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p><strong>Design</strong></p>
<p><strong>Flow</strong></p>
<p><strong>(mgd)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade Capital Cost<sup>(1)</sup></strong></p>
<p><strong>($M)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade O&amp;M</strong></p>
<p><strong>Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Total Upgrade Cost @ 10%</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade Capital Cost<sup>(1)</sup></strong></p>
<p><strong>($M)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade O&amp;M</strong></p>
<p><strong>Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Total Upgrade Cost @ 10%</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade Capital Cost<sup>(1)</sup></strong></p>
<p><strong>($M)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Upgrade O&amp;M</strong></p>
<p><strong>Cost</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Total Upgrade Cost @ 10%</strong></p>
<p><strong>(¢/1000gal)</strong></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>1.8</td>
<td>0.33</td>
<td>15</td>
<td>30</td>
<td>0.33</td>
<td>17</td>
<td>32</td>
<td>0.74</td>
<td>17</td>
<td>51</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>4.8</td>
<td>0.33</td>
<td>6.3</td>
<td>11</td>
<td>0.33</td>
<td>8.6</td>
<td>14</td>
<td>0.99</td>
<td>8.6</td>
<td>24</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>11</td>
<td>0.33</td>
<td>3.9</td>
<td>6.1</td>
<td>0.33</td>
<td>6.0</td>
<td>8.1</td>
<td>1.5</td>
<td>6.0</td>
<td>16</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>18</td>
<td>0.68</td>
<td>3.3</td>
<td>5.5</td>
<td>0.68</td>
<td>5.3</td>
<td>7.5</td>
<td>4.2</td>
<td>5.3</td>
<td>21</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>26</td>
<td>0.68</td>
<td>2.9</td>
<td>4.7</td>
<td>0.68</td>
<td>4.8</td>
<td>6.7</td>
<td>5.6</td>
<td>4.8</td>
<td>19</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>51</td>
<td>0.76</td>
<td>2.3</td>
<td>2.9</td>
<td>0.76</td>
<td>4.1</td>
<td>4.9</td>
<td>10</td>
<td>4.1</td>
<td>16</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>210</td>
<td>0.77</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>2.2</td>
<td>0.77</td>
<td>3.5</td>
<td>4.2</td>
<td>37</td>
<td>3.5</td>
<td>13</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>430</td>
<td>0.83</td>
<td>1.6</td>
<td>2.1</td>
<td>0.83</td>
<td>3.1</td>
<td>3.1</td>
<td>74</td>
<td>3.1</td>
<td>12</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>520</td>
<td>0.91</td>
<td>1.3</td>
<td>1.4</td>
<td>0.91</td>
<td>2.5</td>
<td>2.7</td>
<td>90</td>
<td>2.5</td>
<td>11</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

^(1)^ Cost were adjusted to account for an increase in basin contact
time from the information reported in Table 7-10

## B.2 References

1.  USEPA. 1998a. Technologies and Costs for Control of Disinfection
    By-Products. Washington, DC.

2.  USEPA. 1998b. *Regulatory Impact Analysis for the Stage 1
    Disinfectant/Disinfection Byproduct Rule*. Prepared by Science
    Applications International Corporation for the USEPA, Office of
    Ground Water and Drinking Water, Washington, DC.

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