**CALIFORNIA WHEAT**

This scenario is intended to represent wheat production (including
barley and oats) in the San Joaquin Valley of California. The area of
interest (AOI) examined for this scenario includes Fresno, Kern, Kings,
Madera, Merced, and Tulare Counties which comprise approximately 42% of
wheat, barley, and oats acreages in the state (USDA, 2002) (Figure 1).
Wheat is grown predominately in the San Joaquin Valley (50%). The
scenario nominally represents Kings/Fresno Counties, which comprise the
largest acreage of wheat/barley/oats in the state and are located
approximately in the center of the AOI (USDA, 2002a, NOAA, 2006). The
city of Fresno, CA is located in this region at an elevation of 333 feet
above sea level (NOAA, 2006). This area has distinct climatic
differences, crop rotation patterns, and wheat varieties than other
wheat production regions of California (USDA, 2002a). However, the
Kings/Fresno area is characteristic of wheat production in the San
Joaquin valley region in which Durum-type wheat is produced in this
southern area of California (USDA, 2002a). In 2000 Durum™ accounted for
16% of the total acres planted with California producing an average of
1.3 million tons of wheat per year. The state ranks 19 in U.S. wheat
production providing 2% of the national production (USDA, 2002a).

Wheat is a grass that is cultivated as a food grain and is ranked second
in grain production with Common wheat and Durum wheat being the most
common type grown. Wheat crops are planted in the fall months from
October to December and harvested from May 20 to September 1 with the
majority of this type of small grain acreage is irrigated (USDA, 2002a).

Wheat is grown on a variety of soils in California. The San Joaquin
series is the most common soil found in wheat producing areas of Fresno,
Kern, Kings, Madera, Merced, and Tulare Counties, accounting for
approximately 6% of wheat bearing soils acreage (Table 5; USDA, 2006).
San Joaquin soils are found on the Eastern side of the Sacramento and
San Joaquin Valleys. The soils are extensive in MLRA-17 (USDA, 1999).
They are fine, mixed, active, thermic Abruptic Durixeralfs soil found on
slopes of 0 to 9% (USDA, 1999; Table 5). San Joaquin soils are used for
cropland and livestock grazing; small grains, irrigated pasture and
rice; vineyards, fruit and nut crops (USDA, 1999) and and are among the
top soils for expected irrigated and non-irigated yields (Table 5).
Location and metfile selections are often the most important
developments affecting scenario vulnerability and protectiveness. The
San Joaquin series was selected for this scenario because it is both
representative of wheat bearing soils, is predominant in the main
production area of the San Joaquin Valley, is a hydrologic group D soil
(representing 40% of soils by drainage), and includes the 90% of soils
in erodibility (Table 5).

[]{.mark}

San Joaquin is a benchmark soil in Hydrologic Group D, which includes
40% of wheat bearing soils in drainage (Table 5). San Joaquin soils have
a USLE K factor ranging from 0.32 to 0.37, which is common to
approximately 60% of wheat bearing soils and includes the 90th
percentile of these soils in erodibility. Only 8 percent of wheat
bearing soils in the AOI have a USLEK greater than 0.37, however they
are generally of minor extent, are group B or C soils, and/or are less
steep than San Joaquin soils. Approximately 2% of wheat bearing soils
have a pH lower than San Joaquin wheat bearing soils (6.1 to 7.2)
although pH is not currently a PRZM input parameter and is not expected
to often affect chemical fate in the acidic range. San Joaquin soils
have an A horizon from 0 to 6 inches (0-15 cm) deep and a B horizon from
6 to 60 inches (15-152 cm) deep (USDA, 1999). San Joaquin loam 3-9
percent slopes was used to parameterize this scenario (USDA 2006). The
subsoil rests abruptly on a mainly silica-cemented hardpan at depths
ranging from 20 to 40 inches, therefore this scenario models fate and
transport between the surface and hardpan.

Metfile W93193 is the meteorological data set representative of
Kings/Fresno Counties, CA. Its data were collected at the Yosemite
International Airport (WBAN 93193) in Fresno, CA, which receives an
average annual rainfall of around 11.23 inches (NOAA, 2005) where nearly
90 percent of the annual precipitation occurs in the winter months from
November to April (NOAA, 2006). The wettest months are January,
February, and March (TWCII, 2006).

[]{.mark}

[]{.mark}

+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| **Table 1. PRZM 3.12 |           |                                   |
| Climate and Time     |           |                                   |
| Parameters for Kings |           |                                   |
| County, California   |           |                                   |
| -- Wheat.**          |           |                                   |
+======================+===========+===================================+
| **Parameter**        | **Value** | **Source/Comments**               |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| Starting Date        | Jan. 1,   | Meteorological File from Fresno,  |
|                      | 1961      | CA (W93193)                       |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| Ending Date          | Dec. 31,  | Meteorological File from Fresno,  |
|                      | 1990      | CA (W93193)                       |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| Pan Evaporation      | 0.70      | PRZM Manual, Figure 5.1 (EPA,     |
| Factor (PFAC)        |           | 1998). Value represents midway    |
|                      |           | and toward the eastern edge of    |
|                      |           | the San Joaquin Valley.           |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| Snowmelt Factor      | 0         | The Weather Channel Interactive,  |
| (SFAC)               |           | Inc. ([TWCII,                     |
|                      |           | 2006](http://www.weather.com/     |
|                      |           | outlook/recreation/outdoors/wxcli |
|                      |           | matology/monthly/graph/USCA0406)) |
|                      |           | and PRZM Manual, Table 5.1 (EPA,  |
|                      |           | 1998)                             |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| Minimum Depth of     | 32.5 cm   | PRZM Manual, Figure 5.2 (EPA,     |
|                      |           | 1998)                             |
| Evaporation (ANETD)  |           |                                   |
|                      |           | Set to the midpoint of the        |
|                      |           | reported range for Kings County   |
|                      |           | area (30-35)                      |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+

+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| **Table 2. PRZM 3.12 |           |                                   |
| Erosion and          |           |                                   |
| Landscape Parameters |           |                                   |
| for Kings County,    |           |                                   |
| California --        |           |                                   |
| Wheat.**             |           |                                   |
+======================+===========+===================================+
| **Parameter**        | **Value** | **Source/Comments**               |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| Method to Calculate  | 4 (MUSS)  | Guidance for Selecting Field Crop |
| Erosion (ERFLAG)     |           | and Orchard Scenario Input        |
|                      |           | Parameters (EPA, 2004)            |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| USLE K Factor        | 0.37 tons | USDA NRCS Soil Data Mart          |
| (USLEK)              | EI^-1\*^  | (<htt                             |
|                      |           | p://soildatamart.nrcs.usda.gov/>) |
|                      |           |                                   |
|                      |           | Value listed for the soil series  |
|                      |           | San Joaquin                       |
|                      |           |                                   |
|                      |           | Approximate values are listed in  |
|                      |           | PRZM Manual,                      |
|                      |           | [Table 5‑3](../../../M            |
|                      |           | etadata%20Support%20Documents/Tab |
|                      |           | le%205-3_USLEK_PRZM%20Manual.pdf) |
|                      |           | (EPA, 1998).                      |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| USLE LS Factor       | 0.79      | PRZM Manual, Table 5-5 (EPA,      |
| (USLELS)             |           | 1998); LS equation (Haan and      |
|                      |           | Barfield, 1978)                   |
|                      |           |                                   |
|                      |           | LS value for 400' slope length    |
|                      |           | and 4.5% slope                    |
|                      |           |                                   |
|                      |           | Steve Wright, Farm Advisor,       |
|                      |           | University of California          |
|                      |           | Cooperative Extension             |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| USLE P Factor        | 1.0       | PRZM Manual, Table 5-6 (EPA,      |
| (USLEP)              |           | 1998). Default for wheat with no  |
|                      |           | contour practices. Steve Wright,  |
|                      |           | Farm Advisor, University of       |
|                      |           | California Cooperative Extension. |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| Field Area (AFIELD)  | 172 ha    | Area of Shipman Reservoir         |
|                      |           | watershed (EPA, 1999)             |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| NRCS Hyetograph      | 1         | PRZM Manual, Figure 5.12 (EPA,    |
| (IREG)               |           | 1998)                             |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| Slope (SLP)          | 4.5%      | Set to the midpoint of the        |
|                      |           | reported range based on soils;    |
|                      |           | Guidance for Selecting Field Crop |
|                      |           | and Orchard Scenario Input        |
|                      |           | Parameters (EPA, 2004)            |
|                      |           |                                   |
|                      |           | Steve Wright, Farm Advisor,       |
|                      |           | University of California          |
|                      |           | Cooperative Extension.            |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| Hydraulic Length     | 600 m     | Shipman Reservoir (EPA, 1999)     |
| (HL)                 |           |                                   |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| Irrigation Flag      | 1         | Steve Wright, Farm Advisor,       |
| (IRFLAG)             |           | University of California          |
|                      |           | Cooperative Extension             |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| Irrigation Type      | 3         | Steve Wright, Farm Advisor,       |
| (IRTYPE)             | (S        | University of California          |
|                      | prinkler) | Cooperative Extension             |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| Leaching Factor      | 0.1       | Irrigation Guidance for           |
| (FLEACH)             |           | developing PRZM Scenario, Table   |
|                      |           | 3; (June 15, 2005).               |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| Fraction of Water    | 0.5       | Set to default as per Irrigation  |
| Capacity when        |           | Guidance for developing PRZM      |
| Irrigation is        |           | Scenario, Table 3; (EPA 2005).    |
| Applied (PCDEPL)     |           |                                   |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| Maximum Rate at      | 0.1 cm    | Set to default as per Irrigation  |
| which Irrigation is  | hr^-1^    | Guidance for developing PRZM      |
| Applied (RATEAP)     |           | Scenario, Table 3; (EPA 2005).    |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+

+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| **Table 3. PRZM 3.12 |           |                                   |
| Crop Parameters for  |           |                                   |
| Kings County,        |           |                                   |
| California --        |           |                                   |
| Wheat.**             |           |                                   |
+======================+===========+===================================+
| **Parameter**        | **Value** | **Source/Comments**               |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| Initial Crop         | 1         | Set to one for all crops          |
| (INICRP)             |           |                                   |
|                      |           | Guidance for Selecting Field Crop |
|                      |           | and Orchard Scenario Input        |
|                      |           | Parameters (EPA, 2004).           |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| Initial Surface      | 3         | Steve Wright, Farm Advisor,       |
| Condition            |           | University of California          |
|                      |           | Cooperative Extension             |
| (ISCOND)             |           |                                   |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| Number of Different  | 1         | Set to number of crops in         |
| Crops (NDC)          |           | simulation.                       |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| Number of Cropping   | 30        | Set to weather data in            |
| Periods (NCPDS)      |           | meteorological file Fresno, CA    |
|                      |           | (W93193).                         |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| Maximum rainfall     | 0.15      | Recommended value for wheat. PRZM |
| interception storage |           | Manual, Table 5-4 (EPA, 1998)     |
| of crop (CINTCP)     |           |                                   |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| Maximum Active Root  | 30 cm     | PRZM Manual, Table 5-9 (EPA,      |
| Depth (AMXDR)        |           | 1998) and Steve Wright, Farm      |
|                      |           | Advisor, University of California |
|                      |           | Cooperative Extension             |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| Maximum Canopy       | 100%      | Steve Wright, Farm Advisor,       |
| Coverage (COVMAX)    |           | University of California          |
|                      |           | Cooperative Extension             |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| Soil Surface         | 3         | Steve Wright, Farm Advisor,       |
| Condition After      |           | University of California          |
| Harvest (ICNAH)      |           | Cooperative Extension             |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| Date of Crop         | 1/1       | Steve Wright, Farm Advisor,       |
| Emergence            |           | University of California          |
|                      |           | Cooperative Extension. Set to     |
| (EMD, EMM, IYREM)    |           | first of calendar year.           |
|                      |           |                                   |
|                      |           | PRZM Manual, Table 5-9 (EPA,      |
|                      |           | 1998) and USDA, 1997 (not used)   |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| Date of Crop         | 31/03     | Steve Wright, Farm Advisor,       |
| Maturity             |           | University of California          |
|                      |           | Cooperative Extension             |
| (MAD, MAM, IYRMAT)   |           |                                   |
|                      |           | PRZM Manual, Table 5-9 (EPA,      |
|                      |           | 1998)                             |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| Date of Crop Harvest | 15/06     | Steve Wright, Farm Advisor,       |
| (HAD, HAM, IYRHAR)   | (grain)   | University of California          |
|                      |           | Cooperative Extension             |
|                      |           |                                   |
|                      |           | PRZM Manual, Table 5-9 (EPA,      |
|                      |           | 1998)                             |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| Maximum Dry Weight   | 0         | Not used in scenario (EPA, 2004)  |
| (WFMAX)              |           |                                   |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| Maximum Canopy       | 153 cm    | Steve Wright, Farm Advisor,       |
| Height (HTMAX)       |           | University of California          |
|                      |           | Cooperative Extension             |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| SCS Curve Number     | 92, 89,   | Gleams Manual Table H-4, Fallow = |
| (CN)                 | 90        | SR/CT poor; Cropping = Row Crop   |
|                      |           | SR/CT poor (second number; Fallow |
|                      |           | = row crop SR/CT poor (3rd        |
|                      |           | number) (USDA, 1990)              |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| Manning's N Value    | 0.023     | C23WWBDC RUSLE Project (USDA,     |
| (MNGN)               |           | 2000). Winter wheat, conventional |
|                      |           | till, Fresno CA.                  |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| USLE C Factor        | 0.027 -   | C23WWBDC RUSLE Project (USDA,     |
| (USLEC)              | 0.604     | 2000). Winter wheat, conventional |
|                      |           | till, Fresno CA.                  |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+

+------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------+
| **Table 4. PRZM  |                   |                               |
| 3.12 San Joaquin |                   |                               |
| Loam, Shallow, 3 |                   |                               |
| To 9 Percent     |                   |                               |
| Slopes, Soil     |                   |                               |
| Parameters for   |                   |                               |
| Eastern Fresno   |                   |                               |
| County,          |                   |                               |
| California --    |                   |                               |
| Wheat.**         |                   |                               |
+==================+===================+===============================+
| **Parameter**    | **Value**         | **Source/Comments**           |
+------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------+
| Total Soil Depth | 56 cm             | NRCS Official Soil Series     |
| (CORED)          |                   | Descriptions (OSD)            |
|                  |                   | (<http:                       |
|                  |                   | //soils.usda.gov/technical/cl |
|                  |                   | assification/osd/index.html>) |
|                  |                   | (USDA, 2005). The subsoil     |
|                  |                   | rests abruptly on a mainly    |
|                  |                   | silica-cemented hardpan at    |
|                  |                   | depths ranging from 20 to 40  |
|                  |                   | inches, therefore this        |
|                  |                   | scenario models fate and      |
|                  |                   | transport between the surface |
|                  |                   | and hardpan (56cm) (NRCS Soil |
|                  |                   | Data Mart (SDM)               |
|                  |                   | ([http://soilda               |
|                  |                   | tamart.nrcs.usda.gov](http:// |
|                  |                   | soildatamart.nrcs.usda.gov/)) |
+------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------+
| Number of        | 4                 | NRCS OSD (USDA, 2005); soil   |
| Horizons         |                   | consists of two horizons: A   |
| (NHORIZ)         |                   | and B. The A horizon spans    |
|                  |                   | scenario horizons 1 and 2 in  |
|                  |                   | order to conform to PRZM      |
|                  |                   | input requirements.           |
+------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------+
| Horizon          | 10 cm (HORIZN =   | NRCS Soil Data Mart (SDM)     |
| Thickness        | 1)                | ([http://soilda               |
| (THKNS)          |                   | tamart.nrcs.usda.gov](http:// |
|                  | 10 cm (HORIZN =   | soildatamart.nrcs.usda.gov/)) |
|                  | 2)                | and NRCS OSD. The A horizon   |
|                  |                   | spans scenario horizons 1 and |
|                  | 26 cm (HORIZN =   | 2 in order to conform to PRZM |
|                  | 3)                | input requirements.           |
|                  |                   |                               |
|                  | 10 cm (HORIZN =   |                               |
|                  | 4)                |                               |
+------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------+
| Bulk Density     | 1.55 g/cm^3^      | NRCS Soil Characterization    |
| (BD)             | (HORIZN = 1)      | Database (SCD)                |
|                  |                   | (<htt                         |
|                  | 1.55 g/cm^3^      | p://ssldata.nrcs.usda.gov/>); |
|                  | (HORIZN = 2)      | values are mean 1/3-bar moist |
|                  |                   | bulk densities.               |
|                  | 1.55 g/cm^3^      |                               |
|                  | (HORIZN = 3)      |                               |
|                  |                   |                               |
|                  | 1.58 g/cm^3^      |                               |
|                  | (HORIZN = 4)      |                               |
+------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------+
| Initial Water    | 0.282 cm^3^/cm^3^ | NRCS SCD; values are mean     |
| Content (THETO)  | (HORIZN =1)       | 1/3-bar water contents.       |
|                  |                   |                               |
|                  | 0.282 cm^3^/cm^3^ |                               |
|                  | (HORIZN =2)       |                               |
|                  |                   |                               |
|                  | 0.232 cm^3^/cm^3^ |                               |
|                  | (HORIZN =3)       |                               |
|                  |                   |                               |
|                  | 0.332 cm^3^/cm^3^ |                               |
|                  | (HORIZN =4)       |                               |
+------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------+
| Compartment      | 0.1 cm (HORIZN =  | NRCS SDM and OSD              |
| Thickness (DPN)  | 1)                |                               |
|                  |                   |                               |
|                  | 5.0 cm (HORIZN =  |                               |
|                  | 2)                |                               |
|                  |                   |                               |
|                  | 2.0 cm (HORIZN =  |                               |
|                  | 3)                |                               |
|                  |                   |                               |
|                  | 5.0 cm (HORIZN =  |                               |
|                  | 4)                |                               |
+------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------+
| Field Capacity   | 0.282 cm^3^/cm^3^ | NRCS SCD; values are mean     |
| (THEFC)          | (HORIZN =1)       | 1/3-bar water contents.       |
|                  |                   |                               |
|                  | 0.282 cm^3^/cm^3^ |                               |
|                  | (HORIZN =2)       |                               |
|                  |                   |                               |
|                  | 0.232 cm^3^/cm^3^ |                               |
|                  | (HORIZN =3)       |                               |
|                  |                   |                               |
|                  | 0.332 cm^3^/cm^3^ |                               |
|                  | (HORIZN =4)       |                               |
+------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------+
| Wilting Point    | 0.133 cm^3^/cm^3^ | NRCS SCD and SDM; value is    |
| (THEWP)          | (HORIZN =1)       | the THEFC value minus the     |
|                  |                   | available water capacity      |
|                  | 0.133 cm^3^/cm^3^ | midpoint value in the Soil    |
|                  | (HORIZN =2)       | Data Mart reports for San     |
|                  |                   | Joaquin Loam soils.           |
|                  | 0.148 cm^3^/cm^3^ |                               |
|                  | (HORIZN =3)       |                               |
|                  |                   |                               |
|                  | 0.236 cm^3^/cm^3^ |                               |
|                  | (HORIZN =4)       |                               |
+------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------+
| Organic Carbon   | 0.44% (HORIZN =   | NRCS SDM; values for horizons |
| Content (OC)     | 1)                | 1 to 3 = mean %OM / 1.724.    |
|                  |                   |                               |
|                  | 0.44% (HORIZN =   |                               |
|                  | 2)                |                               |
|                  |                   |                               |
|                  | 0.15% (HORIZN =   |                               |
|                  | 3)                |                               |
|                  |                   |                               |
|                  | 0.15 % (HORIZN =  |                               |
|                  | 4)                |                               |
+------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------+

![](media/image1.png){width="8.989583333333334in"
height="5.429861111111111in"}

**Figure 1. 2002 harvested acres for wheat, oats, and barley based on
USDA Census of Agriculture for California and conterminous United States
(inset) Estimates do not include data for individual farms which NASS
has excluded to protect the identify of individual farms.**

  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  **Table 5. Wheat Bearing Soils of Fresno, Kern, Kings, Madera, Merced, and                                                                                                                                              
  Tulare Counties, California -- Ranked by Area.**                                                                                                                                                                        
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------- -------- -------------- ----------------- ---------- --------- ----------- ----------- ----------- --------------- ------- --------------
  **Soil**                                                                         **Total     **%      **Drainage**   **Erodibility**   **Slopes   **pH**    **OM (%)**  **% Sand**  **% Silt**  **Wheat                 
                                                                                   Acreage**   Area**                                    (%)**                                                    (bushels)**             

                                                                                                                                                                                                  **Irrigated**           **Non-Irr.**

  [San_Joaquin](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/S/SAN_JOAQUIN.html)         137,186     5.69%    D              0.32-0.37         0-9        6.1-7.2   0.75-1.5    42-66       19-38       50-90           20-25   

  [Exeter](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/E/EXETER.html)                   128,019     5.31%    C              0.24-0.37         0-9        6.7-7.3   0.5-1.5     44-66       19-41       90              15      

  [Tulare](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/T/TULARE.html)                   118,377     4.91%    D              0.28              0-1        8.2       2.5         22.1        27.9        100             \-      

  [Tranquillity](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/T/TRANQUILLITY.html)       111,500     4.62%    D              0.28              0-1        8.1-8.2   1.3         6-20        30-39       2.8-2.9         \-      

  [Garces](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/G/GARCES.html)                   108,362     4.49%    D              0.49              0-2        7.8-8.5   0.25-0.75   30.4-44.8   41.2-55.6   70-80           \-      

  [Delhi](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/D/DELHI.html)                     98,283      4.07%    A              0.2-0.24          0-15       6.7-7     0.75        80-96       1.5-17.5    83-90           \-      

  [Nord](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/N/NORD.html)                       87,970      3.65%    B              0.28              0-1        7.5       1.5         69.6        16.4        100             \-      

  [Colpien](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/C/COLPIEN.html)                 87,886      3.64%    B              0.37              0-2        7.5       2           39.8-39.8   37.7        100             \-      

  [Cerini](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/C/CERINI.html)                   80,820      3.35%    C              0.37              0-5        7.7       0.8         32          40          3-3.7           \-      

  [Grangeville](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/G/GRANGEVILLE.html)         72,564      3.01%    A/B            0.32-0.37         0-2        7.3-9.8   1.5-3.5     30.4-70.5   16.5-55.6   80-83           \-      

  [Westhaven](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/W/WESTHAVEN.html)             68,099      2.82%    C/B            0.37-0.43         0-5        7.6-7.9   1.2-1.25    30-68       16-45       3-100           \-      

  [Centerville](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/C/CENTERVILLE.html)         63,663      2.64%    D              0.2-0.24          0-30       7.3-7.5   1.5         22-22.1     27.9-28     75-85           15      

  [Calflax](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/C/CALFLAX.html)                 57,824      2.40%    C              0.37              0-2        7.4-8     0.8         28          40          2.8-3.1         \-      

  [Akers](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/A/AKERS.html)                     57,796      2.40%    B              0.32              0-2        7.9       0.75        70.5        16.5        100             \-      

  [Cometa](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/C/COMETA.html)                   56,725      2.35%    D              0.32-0.37         0-30       6.1       0.75        42.1-66     19-37.9     60              25      

  [Hanford](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/H/HANFORD.html)                 50,820      2.11%    B              0.32              0-2        6.7       0.75        67.9        19.6        100             \-      

  [Panoche](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/P/PANOCHE.html)                 48,060      1.99%    B              0.32-0.37         0-5        7.8       0.7         35-60       25-40       3.5             \-      

  [Cibo](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/C/CIBO.html)                       45,843      1.90%    D              0.24-0.37         15-50      7.3-7.5   1.5         26-26.1     28.9-29     \-              20      

  [Ciervo](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/C/CIERVO.html)                   41,880      1.74%    D              0.28              0-1        8.2       0.9         32          28          2.5             \-      

  [Gambogy](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/G/GAMBOGY.html)                 41,870      1.74%    B              0.32              0-2        7.9       2           39.8        37.7        90              \-      

  [Redding](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/R/REDDING.html)                 41,692      1.73%    D              0.24-0.37         0-15       5.8       1.25        43-65.9     19.1-39.5   \-              20      

  [Flamen](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/F/FLAMEN.html)                   41,140      1.71%    C              0.37              0-2        6.7       2.5         39.8        37.7        60              \-      

  [Calgro](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/C/CALGRO.html)                   37,008      1.53%    C              0.2               0-2        7.9       0.5         67          20          60              \-      

  [Lokern](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/L/LOKERN.html)                   36,290      1.50%    C/D            0.28-0.32         0-2        8.2-8.5   2           23.3        29.2        80-100          \-      

  [Crosscreek](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/C/CROSSCREEK.html)           36,210      1.50%    B              0.37              0-2        8.3       0.75        39.8        37.7        75              \-      

  [Tagus](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/T/TAGUS.html)                     34,600      1.43%    B              0.32              0-2        7.6       1.5         44.8        41.2        115             \-      

  [Lethent](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/L/LETHENT.html)                 34,379      1.43%    C/D            0.37-0.43         0-1        8-9.5     0.7-2       21.7-35     37-54.8     2.7-75          \-      

  [Tachi](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/T/TACHI.html)                     33,038      1.37%    D              0.2               0-1        8         2           3           29          \-              \-      

  [Madera](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/M/MADERA.html)                   32,577      1.35%    D              0.32-0.37         0-3        6.5-7.9   0.75        34-68.5     21.5-39.5   83              \-      

  [Twisselman](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/T/TWISSELMAN.html)           28,139      1.17%    D/C            0.32              0-5        8.2       0.25-0.75   5.3-22.1    27.9-44.7   80-100          \-      

  [Polvadero](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/P/POLVADERO.html)             27,680      1.15%    B              0.32              0-15       8.4       0.6         65          20          1.6-2           \-      

  [Buttonwillow](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/B/BUTTONWILLOW.html)       27,045      1.12%    C              0.24              0-2        8.2       2           23.3        29.2        100             \-      

  [Posochanet](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/P/POSOCHANET.html)           26,330      1.09%    C              0.32-0.43         0-2        7.9-8.5   0.75-1.4    7.2-32      34-70.3     3.3-80          \-      

  [Hesperia](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/H/HESPERIA.html)               25,967      1.08%    B              0.32              0-2        7         0.75        68          19.5        100             \-      

  [Porterville](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/P/PORTERVILLE.html)         24,707      1.02%    D              0.24-0.37         0-8        7.5       1.5-2       22-22.1     27.9-28     \-              15      

  [Quonal](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/Q/QUONAL.html)                   24,420      1.01%    B              0.32              0-2        8.5       0.75        7.2         47.8        75              \-      

  [Gareck](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/G/GARECK.html)                   23,850      0.99%    B              0.24              0-2        7.5       0.4         65.9        19.1        90              \-      

  [Nahrub](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/N/NAHRUB.html)                   23,530      0.98%    D              0.43              0-1        9.5       0.5         21.7        54.8        75              \-      

  [Millsholm](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/M/MILLSHOLM.html)             18,917      0.78%    D              0.43-0.49         8-50       6.5       0.75-2      34.2-39.2   37.3        \-              25      

  [Biggriz](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/B/BIGGRIZ.html)                 17,070      0.71%    B              0.37              0-2        7.9       0.65        39.8        37.7        100             \-      

  [Yettem](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/Y/YETTEM.html)                   13,646      0.57%    B              0.24              0-2        6.7       1.5         66          22.5        100             \-      

  [Steuber](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/S/STEUBER.html)                 12,720      0.53%    B              0.24              0-5        7.5       0.75        67.4        19.6        \-              20      

  [Yribarren](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/Y/YRIBARREN.html)             11,310      0.47%    C/D            0.37-0.43         0-5        8.2       0.25-0.8    30-39.2     33.6-38     2.6-85          \-      

  [Rosamond](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/R/ROSAMOND.html)               11,292      0.47%    C              0.28              0-2        8.2       0.75        65.9        19.1        50              \-      

  [Deldota](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/D/DELDOTA.html)                 10,950      0.45%    D              0.24              0-1        8         1.5         25          30          2.9             \-      

  [Atesh](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/A/ATESH.html)                     10,550      0.44%    C              0.24              0-2        8.2       0.5         65.9        19.1        75              \-      

  [Lakeside](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/L/LAKESIDE.html)               10,405      0.43%    C              0.37              0-1        7.5       1.5         35.4        33.6        80              \-      

  [Dello](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/D/DELLO.html)                     9,976       0.41%    C              0.1-0.24          0-2        7.5       0.75        67-95       1.5-19      35              \-      

  [Lerdo](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/L/LERDO.html)                     9,355       0.39%    C              0.37              0-2        8.5       2           35.4        33.6        45              \-      

  [Altamont](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/A/ALTAMONT.html)               9,126       0.38%    D              0.24              15-50      7.3       2           23.3        29.2        \-              20      

  [Ayar](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/A/AYAR.html)                       8,620       0.36%    D              0.28              30-50      7.9       2           7.2-26.1    28.9-47.8   \-              20      

  [Avenal](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/A/AVENAL.html)                   8,325       0.35%    C              0.43              0-5        7.2       1.5         39.2        37.3        100             \-      

  [Destazo](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/D/DESTAZO.html)                 7,410       0.31%    B              0.2               0-2        8.2       0.75        67.4        19.6        35              \-      

  [Gepford](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/G/GEPFORD.html)                 7,160       0.30%    D              0.28              0-1        8.2       1.5         3           42          45              \-      

  [Guijarral](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/G/GUIJARRAL.html)             7,120       0.30%    B              0.32              2-5        7.9       0.8         65          25          1.7             \-      

  [Houser](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/H/HOUSER.html)                   6,940       0.29%    D              0.28-0.37         0-1        8.2-8.5   0.75-0.8    5.3-70.9    16.6-44.7   90              \-      

  [Wasco](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/W/WASCO.html)                     6,808       0.28%    B              0.24-0.32         0-5        7-7.2     0.5-0.8     60-67.4     19.6-28     3-100           \-      

  [Corning](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/C/CORNING.html)                 6,765       0.28%    D              0.32-0.37         0-8        5.8       0.5-0.75    43-65.9     19.1-39.5   \-              24      

  [Zerker](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/Z/ZERKER.html)                   6,575       0.27%    B              0.37              0-9        7.9       0.75        41.6-58.2   17.8-37.4   80-95           \-      

  [Tujunga](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/T/TUJUNGA.html)                 5,770       0.24%    A              0.17              0-2        6.7       0.75        80.5        17          85              \-      

  [Armona](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/A/ARMONA.html)                   5,420       0.22%    C              0.24              0-1        8.2       1.5         67.9        19.6        65              \-      

  [Tehachapi](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/T/TEHACHAPI.html)             5,281       0.22%    C              0.28              2-9        7.3       1.5         57          18          \-              25      

  [Alamo](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/A/ALAMO.html)                     5,244       0.22%    D              0.24              0-2        7         2.5         22-22.1     27.9-28     \-              25      

  [Remnoy](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/R/REMNOY.html)                   5,020       0.21%    D              0.43              0-2        9.8       0.5         29.1        53.4        80              \-      

  [Wyman](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/W/WYMAN.html)                     4,953       0.21%    B              0.37              0-3        6.7       1.5         34.2        37.3        80              \-      

  [Pottinger](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/P/POTTINGER.html)             4,470       0.19%    B              0.43              2-15       8.2       2           33.5        36.5        \-              35      

  [Marguerite](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/M/MARGUERITE.html)           4,017       0.17%    B              0.37-0.43         0-3        6.7-7.5   1.5         17.7-43     33.6-53.8   80              \-      

  [Jerryslu](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/J/JERRYSLU.html)               3,590       0.15%    C              0.43              0-2        8.5       0.25        43.8        40.2        80              \-      

  [Honcut](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/H/HONCUT.html)                   3,318       0.14%    B              0.32              2-5        6.7       1.5         67.3        23.2        \-              15      

  [Raynor](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/R/RAYNOR.html)                   3,073       0.13%    D              0.24-0.28         3-15       7.2-7.5   1.5         22.1        27.9        \-              15      

  [Excelsior](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/E/EXCELSIOR.html)             3,020       0.13%    A/B            0.17-0.32         0-1        7.8-8.5   0.6-0.75    67.5-85     6-21        2-90            \-      

  [Digiorgio](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/D/DIGIORGIO.html)             2,982       0.12%    B              0.2               0-2        7.9       0.75        55.1        17.4        85              \-      

  [Capay](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/C/CAPAY.html)                     2,745       0.11%    D              0.24-0.28         0-9        7         1.5         5.3-31.5    27.9-44.7   70              17      

  [Westcamp](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/W/WESTCAMP.html)               2,630       0.11%    C              0.43              0-2        8.5       0.75        11.7        69.8        90              \-      

  [Los_Robles](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/L/LOS_ROBLES.html)           2,392       0.10%    B              0.37              0-3        6.7       1.5         34.2-39     37.3-37.5   80              \-      

  [Montpellier](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/M/MONTPELLIER.html)         2,300       0.10%    C              0.32              3-8        6.5       0.5         67.1        18.9        \-              43      

  [Foster](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/F/FOSTER.html)                   2,238       0.09%    B              0.32-0.37         0-1        7.5       3.5         35.4-70.5   16.5-41.2   83              \-      

  [Rossi](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/R/ROSSI.html)                     1,600       0.07%    D              0.49              0-1        8.5       2.5         26.5        53.5        70              \-      

  [Rocklin](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/R/ROCKLIN.html)                 1,522       0.06%    D              0.37              0-3        6.1       0.75        42.1-65.9   19.1-37.9   66              40      

  [Sehorn](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/S/SEHORN.html)                   1,470       0.06%    D              0.28              30-50      6.5       2           26.1        28.9        \-              25      

  [Piper](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/P/PIPER.html)                     1,296       0.05%    C/B            0.28              0-5        7.9       1.25        68-71.3     16.7-20     45              \-      

  [Yokohl](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/Y/YOKOHL.html)                   1,180       0.05%    D              0.37              0-3        6.7       0.75        42          38          83              \-      

  [Atwater](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/A/ATWATER.html)                 798         0.03%    D              0.28              0-3        6.7       0.75        68          23.5        83              30      

  [Delvar](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/D/DELVAR.html)                   770         0.03%    C              0.32              2-9        7.3       2           34.2        32.3        90              \-      

  [Positas](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/P/POSITAS.html)                 671         0.03%    D              0.37              30-45      6.2       1.35        42          38          \-              25      

  [Myers_Variant](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/M/MYERS_VARIANT.html)     410         0.02%    D              0.24              2-9        8.2       0.75        9.8         22.7        \-              40      

  [Dinuba_Variant](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/D/DINUBA_VARIANT.html)   264         0.01%    D              0.37              0-1        8.2       1.5         67.4        19.6        80              \-      

  [Hopeton](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/H/HOPETON.html)                 253         0.01%    D              0.32              0-3        6.5       2           31.5        31          \-              15      
  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

***Works Cited***

EPA. 1998. Carsel, R.F., J.C. Imhoff, P.R. Hummel, J.M. Cheplick, and
A.S. Donigian, Jr. PRZM-3, A Model for Predicting Pesticide and Nitrogen
Fate in the Crop Root and Unsaturated Soil Zones: Users Manual for
Release 3.0. National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research
and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, GA.
Online at: <http://www.epa.gov/ceampubl/gwater/przm3/przm312b.htm>.

EPA. 1999. Jones, R.D., J. Breithaupt, J. Carleton, L. Libelo, J. Lin,
R. Matzner, and R. Parker. Guidance for Use of the Index Reservoir in
Drinking Water Exposure Assessments. Environmental Fate and Effects
Division, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, DC.

EPA. 2004. Abel, S.A. Pesticide Root Zone Model (PRZM) Field and Orchard
Crop Scenarios: Guidance for Selecting Field Crop and Orchard Scenario
Input Parameters. Environmental Fate and Effects Division, Office of
Pesticide Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,
DC. Online at:
[www.epa.gov/oppefed1/models/water/przm_scenario_metadata.wpd](http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/models/water/przm_scenario_metadata.wpd).

EPA. 2005. Irrigation Guidance for developing PRZM Scenarios. June 15,
2005.

Haan, C.T. and B.J. Barfield. 1978. Hydrology and Sedimentology of
Surface Mined Lands. Office of Continuing Education and Extension,
College of Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40506. pp
286. <http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/selectnewpest.small-grains.html>.

NOAA. 2005. Comparative Climatic Data -- Fresno, CA Mean Annual
Precipitation: 1971-2000. National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA), National Weather Service Forecast Office. Online
at: <http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/online/ccd/nrmpcp.txt>; and
<http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/ccd-data/CCD_2005.pdf>.

NOAA. 2006. National Climatic Data Center. Climate Data Inventories --
Fresno, CA Station. Online at:
<http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwDI~StnSrch~StnID~10001177>.

TWCII. 2006. Averages and Records for Fresno, CA. The Weather Channel
Interactive, Inc. Online at:
[http://www.weather.com](http://www.weather.com/) and
<http://www.weather.com/outlook/recreation/outdoors/wxclimatology/monthly/93307>.

University of California Cooperative Extension. Agricultural and Natural
Resources. Small Grain. Online at:

USDA. 1999. Official Series Description --SAN JOAQUIN Series. U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service
(NRCS). Dec. 2006. Online at:
<http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/S/SAN_JOAQUIN.html>

USDA. 1990. Davis, F.M., R.A. Leonard, W.G. Knisel. GLEAMS User Manual,
Version 1.8.55. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research
Service (ARS), Southeast Watershed Research Laboratory, Tifton, GA.
SEWRL-030190FMD.

USDA. 2000. Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) EPA Pesticide
Project. U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Resources Conservation
Service (NRCS) and Agricultural Research Service (ARS).

USDA. 2002a. Crop Profile for Wheat in California. U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Pest Management Centers. Online at:
<http://www.ipmcenters.org/CropProfiles/docs/cawheat.html>.

USDA. 2002b. 2002 Census of Agriculture. U.S. Department of Agriculture,
National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS). Online at:
<http://www.nass.usda.gov/census/census02/preliminary/2002censusdates.htm>.

USDA. 2006. Soil Survey Areas of Fresno, Kern, Kings, Madera, Merced,
and Tulare Counties, California. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural
Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), Soil Data Mart. March 1, 2006.
Online at:
[http://soildatamart.nrcs.usda.gov](http://soildatamart.nrcs.usda.gov/).