+-----------+-----------------------------------------------+----------+
| # Last    | # Surge Protection Anthology                  | # Surges |
|  updated  |                                               |  Happen! |
|           | # Part 2 -- Annex A -- Citations              |          |
| # A       |                                               |          |
| pril 2003 | #                                             |          |
|           | ## Development of Standards -- Reality Checks |          |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------------+----------+

ANDERSON, L.M. and BOWES, K.B., "The Effects of Power-line Disturbances
on Consumer Electronic Equipment," *IEEE Transactions PWRD-5*, No.2,
April 1990.

-   Experimental study of the immunity of typical electronic equipment
    to sags and surges.

-   Surges applied were not the ANSI C62.41, but a 100 or 300 s pulse,
    presumably open-circuit voltage.

-   Surges of 1000 V (open-circuit voltage of generator) did not cause
    any failure of PCs.

BACHL, H., MARTZLOFF, F.D. and NASTASI, D., "Using Incandescent Lamp
Failure Levels for Assessment of the Surge Environment," *Proceedings,
12^th^ International Zürich Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility*,
1997.

***Accessible as*** [Lamp
failure](http://www.eeel.nist.gov/811/spd-anthology/Lamp Fail.pdf)

-   Shows failure mechanisms and levels by electrical measurements and
    with high-speed video recording.

-   120-V lamps can fail in the range of 800 V to 1200 V, depending on
    waveshape and phase angle.

-   Makes the point that surges are unlikely to occur frequently at
    levels above the failure level of lamps.

-   5 references

BARTKOWIAK, M., COMBER, M.G., and MAHAN, G.D., "Failure Modes and Energy
Absorption Capability of ZnO Varistors," IEEE Transactions PWRD-14,
January 1999.

-   Simulation of varistor behavior under current pulses of various
    magnitudes and duration.

-   Comparison with experimental results.

-   Demonstrates that energy-handling capability is not a constant, but
    depends on intensity and duration.

-   14 references, 1 discussion

FENIMORE, C. and MARTZLOFF, F.D., "Incompatibility Between the 100/1300
Surge Test and Varistor Failure Rates." *Proceedings, 9^th^
International Zürich Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 1991*

***Accessible as***
[Incompatibility](http://www.eeel.nist.gov/811/spd-anthology/Incompatibility.pdf)

-   Numerical computations of the energy deposition associated with a
    proposed IEC standard indicate that massive failure of ubiquitous
    metal-oxide varistors should occur -- but they do not.

-   The proposed test was eventually removed from the menu of IEC EMC
    test methods.

-   10 references

FENIMORE, C. and MARTZLOFF, F.D., "Validating Surge Test Standards by
Field Experience: High-Energy Tests and Varistor Performance," *IEEE
Transactions IA-28* No.6, December 1992. *(First publication in
Conference Record, IEEE/IAS Annual Meeting*, Oct. 1990).

***Accessible as***
[Validating](http://www.eeel.nist.gov/811/spd-anthology/Validating.pdf)

-   Computer modeling of the resulting current and energy deposition
    into typical varistors subjected to the C62.41 10/1000 μs waveform
    and proposed IEC 100/1300 s waveform.

-   Yields a prediction of failure for the small varistors and survival
    for the larger varistors.

-   Because small varistors do not fail in the field at the rate that is
    predicted by the model of the IEC waveform, the conclusion is that
    stresses associated with this proposed waveform make it unrealistic.

-   15 references

FISHER, F.A. and MARTZLOFF, F.D., "Transient Control Levels: A Proposal
for Insulation Coordination in Low-Voltage Systems," *IEEE Transactions
PAS-95*, No. 1, Jan/Feb 1976.

***Accessible as*** [TCL
Proposal](http://www.eeel.nist.gov/811/spd-anthology/TCL proposal.pdf)

-   Proposes an approach parallel to that of the BIL concept for
    high-voltage system.

-   First published version of a test circuit for 100 kHz Ring Wave.

-   12 references, 3 discussions

GOEDDE, G.L., KOJOVIC, Lj.A., and WOODWORTH, J.J., "Surge Arrester
Characteristics that Provide Reliable Overvoltage Protection in
Distribution and Low-Voltage Systems," *Proceedings, IEEE-PSE Summer
Meeting, Seattle WA, July 2000*.

-   Describes field experience of arresters designed in accordance with
    IEEE Std C62.11-1999.

-   Concludes that tests with a 10/350 s waveform are not necessary.

-   11 references

KEY, T.S., MARTZLOFF, F.D., WITT, R., MAY, J., and BLACK, S.,
"Developing a Consumer-Oriented Guide on Surge Protection,"
*Proceedings, PQA'97 North America*, 1997.

***Accessible as*** [Develop
guideline](http://www.eeel.nist.gov/811/spd-anthology/Develop Guide.pdf)

-   Progress report on the development of a tutorial on surge
    protection.

```{=html}
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-   Presents the need for "intersystem bonding" at the entrance of power
    and communications utilities.

-   Brief discussion of the need for surge reference equalizers.

-   6 references

MACIELA, F., "Energetic Design and EDF Distribution Network Experience
of MV Metal Oxide Surge Arresters," *CIGRE SC33.95* (1995 Colloquium).

-   Field experience of EDF on 700 000 arresters.

-   Failure rate lower (1/4) than calculated in Rousseau, 1989 (CIRED).

MANSOOR, A., MARTZLOFF, F.D., and NASTASI, D., "Applying Reality Checks
to Standards on the Surge Environment," *Proceedings, 23^rd^
International Conference on Lightning Protection*, Florence, 1996.

***Accessible as*** [Reality
Checks](http://www.eeel.nist.gov/811/spd-anthology/Reality Check.pdf)

-   Shrinking surge recording occurrences explained by proliferation of
    SPDs.

-   Applying equipment failure rates to assess the surge environment.

-   Limits to pushing surges into branch circuits.

-   19 references

MANSOOR, A. and MARTZLOFF, F.D., "Driving High Surge Currents into Long
Cables: More Begets Less," *IEEE Transactions PWRD-12*, No.3, July 1997.

***Accessible as*** [More begets
Less](http://www.eeel.nist.gov/811/spd-anthology/More begets Less.pdf)

-   Measurements and modeling, validating each other, show the physical
    impossibility for large surge currents to propagate very far into
    the branch circuits of a building, because flashover will occur at
    the service entrance.

-   Demonstrates the importance of considering the maximum rate of rise
    (early in the surge) rather than an average derived from the peak
    value and overall rise time.

-   13 references

MANSOOR, A. and MARTZLOFF, F.D., "The Effect of Neutral Earthing
Practices on Lightning Current Dispersion in a Low-Voltage
Installation," *IEEE Transactions PWRD-13*, July 1998.

***Accessible as*** [Neutral
earthing](http://www.eeel.nist.gov/811/spd-anthology/Neutral earthing.pdf)

-   Compares the TN and TT for dispersion of lightning current in
    several scenarios.

-   Shows the need for careful review of grounding practices in effect
    at service entrances.

-   Questions the applicability of high amplitude, long duration
    requirement for service entrance SPDs.

-   20 references

MANSOOR, A. and MARTZLOFF, F.D., \"The Dilemma of Surge Protection vs.
Overvoltage Scenarios: Implications for Low-Voltage Surge-Protective
Devices,\" *Proceedings, 8th International Conference on Harmonics and
Power Quality*, Oct 14-16, 1998, Athens, Greece.

***Accessible as***
[Dilemma](http://www.eeel.nist.gov/811/spd-anthology/Dilemma.pdf)

-   Three examples of temporary overvoltage conditions that can produce
    failure of SPDs.

-   The significance of available fault current and the need for more
    explicit standards.

-   17 references

MANSOOR, A., MARTZLOFF, F.D., and PHIPPS, K., "The Fallacy of Monitoring
Surge Voltages: SPDs and PCs Galore!" *Proceedings, EPRI PQA'99
Conference*, May 1999.

***Accessible as***
[Galore](http://www.eeel.nist.gov/811/spd-anthology/Galore.pdf)

-   Experimental measurements of effective mitigation by multiple SPDs.

-   Numerical simulation of the effect of proliferating SPDs and PCs.

-   Calls for an industry-wide reassessment of surge monitoring
    parameters.

-   20 references

MARTZLOFF, F.D. and FISHER, F.A., "Transient Control Level Philosophy
and Implementation," Part 1: The Reasoning Behind the Philosophy,"
*Proceedings, 2^nd^ Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility,*
Montreux, 1977.

***Accessible as*** [TCL
Philosophy](http://www.eeel.nist.gov/811/spd-anthology/TCL Philosophy.pdf)

-   Presents the concept of testing low-voltage equipment patterned on
    the high-voltage BIL concept.

-   Techniques and equipment for making TCL tests.

-   10 references

MARTZLOFF, F.D., "Varistor Versus Environment: Winning the Rematch,"
*IEEE Transactions PWRD-1*, No. 2, April 1986.

***Accessible as*** [Winning
Rematch](http://www.eeel.nist.gov/811/spd-anthology/Winning Rematch.pdf)

-   Staged test of capacitor switching on remote MV side produces ring
    waves on low-voltage load.

-   Coordination between 3 kV and 480 V varistor-based SPDs.

-   5 references, 1 discussion

MARTZLOFF, F.D., "Testing Varistors Against the VDE 0160 Standard,"
*Proceedings, Open Forum on Surge Protection Application, NISTIR-4654*,
August 1991.

***Accessible as*** [MOV -
VDE](http://www.eeel.nist.gov/811/spd-anthology/MOV - VDE.pdf)

-   Reports tests performed with a prototype 100/1300 surge generator,
    resulting in failure of the ubiquitous

-   20-mm diameter varistors, hence demonstrating that the proposed
    standard is unrealistic.

-   9 references

MARTZLOFF, F.D. AND MENDES, A., "Standards: Transnational Aspects,"
*Proceedings, EPRI PQA'91*, Gif-sur-Yvette, France , 1991.

***Accessible as***
[Transnational](http://www.eeel.nist.gov/811/spd-anthology/Transnational.pdf)

-   Describes the various types of standards: national, regional,
    transnational, and international.

-   Tutorial review of the process of development of standards in the
    power quality area , presented at an international conference.

-   4 references .

MARTZLOFF, F.D. and PELLEGRINI, G., "Real, Realistic Ring Waves for
Surge Testing," *Proceedings, 9^th^ International Zürich Symposium on
Electromagnetic Compatibility*, 1991.

***Accessible as*** [Real
Waves](http://www.eeel.nist.gov/811/spd-anthology/Real Waves.pdf)

-   Reports measurements on the propagation of oscillatory waves in
    typical low-voltage circuits, as opposed to the unidirectional waves
    initially defines for high-voltage power systems.

-   Shows how impinging unidirectional surges can produce oscillatory
    waves responses.

-   17 references

MARTZLOFF, F. D., "On the Dispersion of Lightning Current after a Direct
Flash to a Building," *Proceedings, 25^th^ International Conference on
Lightning Protection,* Rhodes, 2000.

***Accessible as***
[Dispersion](http://www.eeel.nist.gov/811/spd-anthology/Dispersion.pdf)

-   Computer modeling of the current dispersion among available paths to
    ground.

-   Comparison between proposed SPD ratings based on computer modeling
    and field experience.

-   9 references

MARTZLOFF, F.D., "The Trilogy update of IEEE C62.41," *Proceedings,
25^th^ International Conference on Lightning Protection,* Rhodes, 2000.

***Accessible as*** [Trilogy
Update](http://www.eeel.nist.gov/811/spd-anthology/Trilogy update.pdf)

-   Progress report on the development of the SPD Trilogy to a European
    forum

-   Comparison between proposed SPD ratings based on computer modeling
    and field experience.

-   9 references

MARTZLOFF, F.D., "New IEEE standards foster next-generation system
compatibility," EPRI Signature Newsletter, Winter 2002.

#### Accessible as [***New IEEE Stds***](http://www.eeel.nist.gov/811/spd-anthology/New IEEE Stds.pdf) 

-   Brief progress report on the development of the SPD Trilogy in an
    EPRI newsletter

-   No references

MEISSEN, W., "Überspannungen in Niederspannungsnetzen" \[Overvoltages in
low-voltage networks\], *ETZ Bd. 104,* 1983.

-   The seminal paper proposing a long waveform with extremely high
    energy-deposition capability, leading to the development of German
    Standard DIN 0160.

RICHMAN, P., "New Fast-Transient Test Standards Inadvertently Permit
Overstressing by as much as 600 Percent," *EMC Test and Design,* Vol.2,
No.5, Sept/Oct 1991.

-   Points out ambiguities in the test procedures described in IEC EFT
    standard.

ROUSSEAU, A., *"Requirements for Rating of MV Zinc Oxide Surge Arresters
on EDF Distribution Networks*," CIRED 1989.

-   Design of ZnO MV arresters based on statistics of lightning current
    magnitude and tail.

-   Sharing of current between many arresters as well as the number of
    lightning strike per year and per km of overhead line are used in
    calculations.

-   Design based on an energy requirement converted in lab into a 4/10
    standard waveshape.

-   13 references

SMITH, S.B. and STANDLER, R.B., "The Effects of Surges on Electronic
Appliances," *IEEE Transactions PWRD-7*, No.3, July 1992.

-   Clocks, TV receivers, and switching power supplies were subjected to
    surges from 0.5 kV to 6 kV.

-   The switching power supplies and television receivers were damaged
    with surges from 4 kV to 6 kV.

-   Three of five models of digital clocks were upset with surges from
    1.6 kV to 6 kV.

```{=html}
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```
-   The conventional wisdom that electronic appliances are easily
    damaged by surges with a peak voltage of a few kilovolts greatly
    exaggerates the effect of surges on modern consumer appliances.

-   15 references

STANDLER, R.B., "Development of a Performance Standard for Surge
Arresters and Suppressors," *Proceedings, IEEE 1991 International
Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility.*

-   Some critical issues in the development of a performance standard
    for surge arresters and suppressors for use on low-voltage mains are
    discussed.

-   Describes a series of electrical tests to determine the safety and
    adequacy of surge protective devices.

-   4 references

STANDLER, R.B., "Calculation of Energy in Transient Overvoltages,"
*Proceedings, IEEE EMC Symposium*, 1989.

-   Shows that using the integral of *V^2^/50 dt* to compute energy in
    a surge is invalid.

-   A quantitative error analysis is presented that uses an artificial
    AC line network to simulate a long branch circuit and to give the
    impedance of the AC line as a function of frequency.

-   A method for measuring energy dissipated in a varistor is advocated
    for use in future experiments.

-   18 references

STANDLER, R.B., "Standards for Surge-protective Devices for Connection
to the Low-voltage Ac Supply Mains in the USA," *Proceedings, Lightning
Protection 92 - Buildings, Structures and Electronic Equipment
Conference and Exhibition*, 1992.

-   Review of major standards in the USA for low-voltage AC power
    surge-protective devices prepared for a European-based forum.

-   Since it is clear that international standards are greatly
    preferable for both manufacturers and users, the US position \[in
    1992\] on the IEC SC37A drafts is also briefly reviewed.

-   9 references

VANCE, E.F., NANEVICZ, J.E., and GRAF, W., "Unification of
Electromagnetic Specifications and Standards," *Defense Nuclear Agency
Report DNA 5433F*-1, Washington DC, 1980.

-   Describes the need for dual capability of a test generator to adapt
    inherently to the impedance of the EUT, even during the surge event.

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ## François Martzloff                                                 |
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| ##### END OF FILE "Citations Part 2"                                  |
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| ## April 2003                                                         |
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