Tropical Cyclone Report

Tropical Storm Olga

(AL172007)

11 -- 12 December 2007

Michelle Mainelli

National Hurricane Center

24 January 2008

Olga was a short-lived out of season tropical storm that produced
torrential rains, flooding, and loss of life across portions of the
Dominican Republic, Haiti, and Puerto Rico. Olga's remnants continued
across the northwestern Caribbean Sea and into the eastern Gulf of
Mexico before being absorbed by a cold front over central Florida.

a.  Synoptic History

    Olga's genesis resulted from the interaction of an upper-level low
    with a low-level trough over the central Atlantic Ocean. Early on 6
    December, a broad upper-level low developed over the east-central
    Atlantic along with an associated low-level trough that stretched
    along 35^o^W between 20^o^N and 30^o^N. These features moved
    westward, in tandem, at 15-20 kt uneventfully during the next couple
    of days. Late on 8 December, shower and thunderstorm activity
    developed in the vicinity of the upper-level low and surface trough.
    By 10 December, a broad area of surface low pressure formed about
    350 n mi east of Puerto Rico, and although thunderstorm activity
    remained disorganized at that time, the low produced gale force
    winds to the north of the center. Around 0000 UTC 11 December,
    satellite imagery and radar data from San Juan, Puerto Rico WSR-88D
    and surface observations over the Virgin Islands indicated that the
    system developed a well-defined surface circulation and sufficiently
    organized convection relatively close to the center for the system
    to be designated as a subtropical storm about 50 n mi east of San
    Juan, Puerto Rico. Because the surface low was still associated with
    a cold low aloft, the system is considered to be subtropical at this
    time. In addition, the cyclone had radius of maximum winds of about
    175 n mi, which is typical of subtropical cyclones. The "best track"
    chart of the tropical cyclone's path is given in Fig. 1, with the
    wind and pressure histories shown in Figs. 2 and 3, respectively.
    The best track positions and intensities are listed in Table 1.

    Under the influence of a low- to mid-level ridge to the north, Olga
    moved westward along the northern coast of Puerto Rico on 11
    December and made landfall along the north central coast of Puerto
    Rico around 0700 UTC. Later that day, satellite imagery indicated
    that shower and thunderstorm activity increased near the center, and
    surface observations along with surface wind data from the Advanced
    Scatterometer (ASCAT) suggested that the radius of maximum winds had
    decreased. By 1800 UTC 11 December, Olga became a tropical storm by
    the time it made landfall just south of Punta Cana in the Dominican
    Republic with a peak intensity of 50 kt. Despite the mountainous
    terrain, Olga maintained its peak intensity for about 12 h while
    moving across eastern Hispaniola, with the strongest winds remaining
    offshore in the area of deepest convection. Olga finally weakened
    over central Hispaniola, and by the time the cyclone emerged over
    the Windward Passage around 1200 UTC 12 December the intensity had
    decreased to 35 kt. Olga became a tropical depression six hours
    later and degenerated into a remnant low the next day just north of
    Jamaica.

    The remnant low continued westward across the northwestern Caribbean
    Sea during the next couple of days. By 15 December, the
    non-convective low moved northwestward and northward around the
    western periphery of a low- to mid-level ridge. Later that day and
    early on 16 December, the remnants of Olga accelerated northeastward
    over the eastern Gulf of Mexico ahead of an approaching cold front,
    producing somewhat organized thunderstorm activity. Satellite
    imagery and radar data from Tampa, Florida suggested that a small
    circulation crossed the west-central coast of Florida just north of
    Tampa around 1000 UTC 16 December. During that time, Olga's remnants
    interacted with an intense squall line that stretched across north
    central Florida. While post-analysis does not indicate that
    redevelopment into a tropical cyclone occurred, the remnants of Olga
    in conjunction with the cold front and pre-frontal squall line
    produced sustained winds of tropical storm force with gusts to
    hurricane force in Clearwater Beach, Florida. Within two hours of
    Olga's remnants reaching the west central coast of Florida, the
    remnants were absorbed by the cold front.

b.  Meteorological Statistics

    Observations in Olga (Figs. 2 and 3) include satellite-based
    Hebert-Poteat and Dvorak technique intensity estimates from the
    Tropical Analysis and Forecast Branch (TAFB) and the Satellite
    Analysis Branch (SAB), as well as flight-level and Stepped Frequency
    Microwave Radiometer (SFMR) surface observations from one mission of
    the 53^rd^ Weather Reconnaissance Squadron of the U.S. Air Force
    Reserve Command. Microwave satellite imagery from NOAA
    polar-orbiting satellites, the NASA Tropical Rainfall Measuring
    Mission (TRMM), the NASA Aqua, the NASA QuikSCAT, the Department of
    Defense WindSat, ASCAT, and Defense Meteorological Satellite Program
    (DMSP) satellites were also useful in tracking Olga. Conventional
    land-based surface observations, buoys, and National Weather Service
    Doppler radar data were helpful in tracking the path of Olga.

    The estimated 50 kt peak intensity of Olga while it was making
    landfall over the Dominican Republic early on 12 December is based
    on a blend of the surface-adjusted flight-level winds and SFMR data
    from U.S. Air Force aircraft. Peak flight-level winds measured by
    the plane were 55 kt, corresponding to 44 kt at the surface. There
    was an SFMR surface report of 54 kt, but this measurement was
    determined to be too high due to shoaling along the coast. A couple
    of SFMR measurements, however, indicated surface winds around 47 kt
    prior to the aircraft reaching the shallow waters just north of the
    Dominican Republic.

    The primary impact of Olga was the heavy rainfall that affected
    portions of Puerto Rico and the island of Hispaniola. Maximum
    rainfall totals across the region ranged from around 11 inches in
    central Puerto Rico to over 15 inches in the Dominican Republic.
    Figure 4 shows the rainfall distribution across Puerto Rico.
    Tropical storm force winds were present north of the center during
    both the subtropical and tropical stages of Olga. While several ship
    reports from 11 -- 12 December across the Southwestern Atlantic
    Ocean measured tropical storm force winds, these winds were due to a
    strong environmental pressure gradient and were not directly
    associated with the circulation of Olga. Table 2 provides a summary
    of selected ship observations that reported sustained winds of
    tropical storm force directly associated with Olga, and Table 3
    provides a summary of rainfall totals.

c.  Casualty and Damage Statistics

    Due primarily to torrential rainfall, mudslides, and flooding of the
    Yaque River in the Dominican Republic, at least 22 deaths are
    directly associated with Olga in that country, according to the
    Dominican Republic Meteorological Office. In addition, 2 deaths in
    Haiti and 1 death in Puerto Rico were reported in association with
    Olga. Olga's impact was unusually severe due to the grounds having
    been previously saturated from the passage of Tropical Storm Noel at
    the end of October. News reports indicate that almost 12,000 homes
    were damaged, including 370 that were completely destroyed, which
    caused more than 60,000 people to be displaced. During the time when
    Olga's remnants moved rapidly across Florida, a tornado touched down
    in central Florida in Pasco County causing damage to several
    buildings including a County Fire Station and the Pasco County Jail.

d.  Forecast and Warning Critique

    Olga developed outside of the official hurricane season and Tropical
    Weather Outlook (TWO) statements were not being routinely generated;
    however, Special Tropical Disturbance Statements (DSA) were issued
    beginning at 2200 UTC 9 December, about 26 hours prior to genesis.
    In total, six DSAs were disseminated by NHC prior to the first
    advisory issuance and all statements indicated that tropical or
    subtropical cyclone formation could occur.

    A verification of NHC official and guidance model track forecasts
    can be found in Table 4. Since Olga was a short-lived cyclone, very
    few forecasts verified. The number of forecasts ranged from six at
    12 h to two at 36 h. The average official track errors for Olga were
    47, 61, and 52 n mi for the 12, 24, and 36 h forecasts,
    respectively. These errors are close to the average long-term
    official track errors.

    Average NHC official intensity errors were 7, 9, and 5 kt for the
    12, 24, and 36 h forecasts, respectively (Table 5). For comparison,
    the average long-term official intensity errors are 6, 10, and 12
    kt, respectively. The official intensity forecast errors were below
    or near the average long-term errors at each forecast time.

Due to the close proximity of Olga's genesis to Hispaniola, tropical
storm warnings and watches were issued in the first advisory early on 11
December. Even though the center of Olga moved across northwestern
Puerto Rico, watches and warnings were not necessary for the island as
the tropical storm force winds were confined to the north of the center
and rainfall was the primary threat. Table 6 provides a summary of the
watches and warnings issued in association with Olga.

e\. Acknowledgements:

Observations from the Dominican Republic were provided by the Dominican
Republic Meteorological Office. Lixion Avila and Daniel Brown from NHC,
Roham Abtahi from WFO/SJU, and David Roth from HPC assisted in the
compilation of the observation table. Colin McAdie (NHC) provided access
to and analysis of archived WSR-88D radar data from the WFO in Tampa,
Florida. Roger Edwards (SPC) and Jiann-Gwo Jiing (NHC) provided valuable
insight of the remnants of Olga as it moved across the eastern Gulf of
Mexico and across Florida. I would also like to thank my colleagues at
NHC for their valuable suggestions to this report.

Number range CHAPTERTable 1. Best track for Tropical Storm Olga, 11-12
December 2007.

+-----------+---+--------+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+
| Date/Time | L |        | Lon    | P       | Wind     | Stage           |
|           | a |        | gitude | ressure | Speed    |                 |
| (UTC)     | t |        |        |         |          |                 |
|           | i |        | (°W)   | (mb)    | (kt)     |                 |
|           | t |        |        |         |          |                 |
|           | u |        |        |         |          |                 |
|           | d |        |        |         |          |                 |
|           | e |        |        |         |          |                 |
|           |   |        |        |         |          |                 |
|           | ( |        |        |         |          |                 |
|           | ° |        |        |         |          |                 |
|           | N |        |        |         |          |                 |
|           | ) |        |        |         |          |                 |
+-----------+---+--------+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+
| 10 / 1200 |   | 18.3   | 61.8   | 1009    | 35       | low             |
+-----------+---+--------+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+
| 10 / 1800 |   | 18.3   | 63.2   | 1008    | 35       | \"              |
+-----------+---+--------+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+
| 11 / 0000 |   | 18.4   | 64.7   | 1007    | 35       | subtropical     |
|           |   |        |        |         |          | storm           |
+-----------+---+--------+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+
| 11 / 0600 |   | 18.5   | 66.3   | 1005    | 40       | \"              |
+-----------+---+--------+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+
| 11 / 1200 |   | 18.3   | 67.4   | 1004    | 45       | \"              |
+-----------+---+--------+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+
| 11 / 1800 |   | 18.5   | 68.4   | 1003    | 50       | tropical storm  |
+-----------+---+--------+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+
| 12 / 0000 |   | 19.0   | 70.0   | 1003    | 50       | \"              |
+-----------+---+--------+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+
| 12 / 0600 |   | 19.1   | 71.9   | 1005    | 40       | \"              |
+-----------+---+--------+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+
| 12 / 1200 |   | 19.1   | 73.8   | 1008    | 35       | \"              |
+-----------+---+--------+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+
| 12 / 1800 |   | 19.0   | 75.7   | 1008    | 30       | tropical        |
|           |   |        |        |         |          | depression      |
+-----------+---+--------+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+
| 13 / 0000 |   | 18.9   | 77.2   | 1008    | 30       | remnant low     |
+-----------+---+--------+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+
| 13 / 0600 |   | 19.0   | 78.7   | 1007    | 30       | \"              |
+-----------+---+--------+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+
| 13 / 1200 |   | 19.4   | 80.1   | 1007    | 30       | \"              |
+-----------+---+--------+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+
| 13 / 1800 |   | 19.6   | 81.3   | 1007    | 30       | \"              |
+-----------+---+--------+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+
| 14 / 0000 |   | 19.7   | 82.3   | 1007    | 30       | \"              |
+-----------+---+--------+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+
| 14 / 0600 |   | 19.7   | 83.3   | 1007    | 30       | \"              |
+-----------+---+--------+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+
| 14 / 1200 |   | 19.6   | 84.2   | 1007    | 30       | \"              |
+-----------+---+--------+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+
| 14 / 1800 |   | 19.5   | 85.1   | 1007    | 30       | \"              |
+-----------+---+--------+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+
| 15 / 0000 |   | 20.0   | 85.8   | 1006    | 30       | \"              |
+-----------+---+--------+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+
| 15 / 0600 |   | 20.6   | 86.5   | 1006    | 30       | \"              |
+-----------+---+--------+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+
| 15 / 1200 |   | 21.7   | 87.4   | 1007    | 30       | \"              |
+-----------+---+--------+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+
| 15 / 1800 |   | 23.3   | 88.2   | 1007    | 30       | \"              |
+-----------+---+--------+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+
| 16 / 0000 |   | 25.0   | 87.2   | 1005    | 30       | \"              |
+-----------+---+--------+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+
| 16 / 0600 |   | 26.3   | 85.2   | 1006    | 25       | \"              |
+-----------+---+--------+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+
| 16 / 1000 |   | 28.2   | 82.7   | 1003    | 30       | remnant low     |
|           |   |        |        |         |          | crossed Florida |
|           |   |        |        |         |          | west coast just |
|           |   |        |        |         |          | north of Tampa  |
+-----------+---+--------+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+
| 16 / 1200 |   |        |        |         |          | merged with     |
|           |   |        |        |         |          |                 |
|           |   |        |        |         |          | frontal system  |
+-----------+---+--------+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+
| 11 / 1800 |   | 18.5   | 68.4   | 1003    | 50       | minimum         |
|           |   |        |        |         |          | pressure        |
+-----------+---+--------+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+
| 11 / 0700 |   | 18.4   | 66.5   | 1005    | 40       | landfall north  |
|           |   |        |        |         |          | central Puerto  |
|           |   |        |        |         |          | Rico just west  |
|           |   |        |        |         |          | of Vega Baha    |
+-----------+---+--------+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+
| 11 / 1800 |   | 18.5   | 68.4   | 1003    | 50       | landfall just   |
|           |   |        |        |         |          | south of Punta  |
|           |   |        |        |         |          | Cana, Dominican |
|           |   |        |        |         |          | Republic        |
+-----------+---+--------+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+

Table 2. Selected ship reports with winds of at least 34 kt for Tropical
Storm Olga, 11-12 December, 2007.

+----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| D        | Ship call | Latitude  | Longitude | Wind      | Pressure  |
| ate/Time | sign      |           |           |           |           |
| (UTC)    |           | (°N)      | (°W)      | Dir/speed | (mb)      |
|          |           |           |           | (kt)      |           |
+==========+===========+===========+===========+===========+===========+
| 11/0000  | PFRO      | 19.1      | 67.8      | 090 / 35  | 1013.0    |
+----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 11/0300  | PBIG      | 19.9      | 67.8      | 030 / 37  | 1010.0    |
+----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 11/0600  | A8EG8     | 19.2      | 66.3      | 040 / 41  | 1012.3    |
+----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 11/1200  | PBIG      | 19.3      | 65.9      | 080 / 45  | 1008.0    |
+----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 11/1300  | PFRO      | 20.8      | 68.4      | 080 / 45  | 1012.6    |
+----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 11/1500  | WJBJ      | 20.8      | 66.5      | 090 / 35  | 1014.9    |
+----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 11/1900  | PFRO      | 20.3      | 68.3      | 070 / 51  | 1010.5    |
+----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 11/2300  | ZCDG8     | 21.2      | 68.3      | 090 / 40  | 1015.9    |
+----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 12/0000  | PINX      | 19.7      | 69.0      | 060 / 51  | 1014.0    |
+----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 12/0000  | C6FV9     | 20.9      | 69.0      | 090 / 36  | 1016.0    |
+----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+

Table 3. Selected surface observations for Tropical Storm Olga, 11-12
December 2007.

+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Location         | M   |     | M   |       |     | St  | St  | To  |
|                  | ini |     | axi |       |     | orm | orm | tal |
|                  | mum |     | mum |       |     | su  |     |     |
|                  | Sea |     | S   |       |     | rge | t   | r   |
|                  | Le  |     | urf |       |     |     | ide | ain |
|                  | vel |     | ace |       |     | (   |     |     |
|                  | Pr  |     |     |       |     | ft) | (   | (   |
|                  | ess |     | W   |       |     | ^c^ | ft) | in) |
|                  | ure |     | ind |       |     |     | ^d^ |     |
|                  |     |     | Sp  |       |     |     |     |     |
|                  |     |     | eed |       |     |     |     |     |
+==================+=====+=====+=====+=======+=====+=====+=====+=====+
|                  | Da  | Pre | Da  | Sust  | G   |     |     |     |
|                  | te/ | ss. | te/ | ained | ust |     |     |     |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
|                  | t   | (   | t   | (k    | (   |     |     |     |
|                  | ime | mb) | ime | t)^b^ | kt) |     |     |     |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
|                  | (U  |     | (U  |       |     |     |     |     |
|                  | TC) |     | TC) |       |     |     |     |     |
|                  |     |     | ^a^ |       |     |     |     |     |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| **Dominican      |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
| Republic**^e^    |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Altamira         |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 6   |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .52 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Angelina         |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Arroyo Barril    |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 3   |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .70 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Azua             |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 6   |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .66 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Bani             |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 6   |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .73 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Barahona         |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 4   |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .87 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Bayaguana        | 1   | 100 |     |       |     |     |     | 2   |
| (78473)          | 2/0 | 7.6 |     |       |     |     |     | .63 |
|                  | 000 |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Bohechio         |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 2   |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .36 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Bonao            |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 7   |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .44 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Cabrera          |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 3   |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .37 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Catey Airport    |     |     | 1   |       | 55  |     |     | 4   |
|                  |     |     | 1/2 |       |     |     |     | .65 |
|                  |     |     | 300 |       |     |     |     |     |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Constanza        |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 4   |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .94 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Cotui            |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 6   |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .94 |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | ^f^ |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Dajabon          |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 2   |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .37 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Duverge          |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 4   |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .17 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| El Cercado       |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 1   |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .95 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Elias Pina       |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 0   |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .89 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Gaspar Hdez      |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 3   |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .20 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Hato Mayor       |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 1   |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .45 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Herrera (78484)  | 1   | 100 |     |       |     |     |     |     |
|                  | 1/2 | 6.0 |     |       |     |     |     |     |
|                  | 300 |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Higuey           |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 4   |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .25 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Jarabacoa        |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 8   |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .92 |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | ^f^ |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Joaquin Balaguer |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 4   |
| Airport          |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .96 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Juma Bonao       |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 7   |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .35 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| La Descubierta   |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 0   |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .98 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| La Romana        | 1   | 100 |     |       |     |     |     | 1   |
|                  | 1/2 | 4.7 |     |       |     |     |     | .94 |
|                  | 100 |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| La Union         |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 7   |
| (Airport)        |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .18 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| La Vega          |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 6   |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .30 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Las Americas     | 1   | 100 |     |       |     |     |     | 3   |
| (78485)          | 2/0 | 7.0 |     |       |     |     |     | .50 |
|                  | 000 |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Las Matas de     |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 2   |
| Cruz             |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .38 |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | ^f^ |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Limon del Yuna   |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 4   |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .78 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Loma Cabrera     |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 1   |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .50 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Los Llanos       |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 0   |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .99 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Luperon          |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 3   |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .12 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Mao              |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 2   |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .38 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Miches           |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 1   |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .20 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Moca             |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 8   |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .32 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Moncion          |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 2   |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .84 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Monte Cristi     |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 1   |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .58 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Monte Plata      |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 5   |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .11 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Nagua            |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 2   |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .93 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Neyba            |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 3   |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .89 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Oviedo           |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 2   |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .18 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Padre Las Casas  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 3   |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .03 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Pimentel         |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 2   |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .50 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Polo             |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 15  |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .32 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Puerto Plata     | 1   | 101 | 1   |       | 35  |     |     |     |
| (78458)          | 2/0 | 0.0 | 2/0 |       |     |     |     |     |
|                  | 300 |     | 300 |       |     |     |     |     |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Punta Cana       | 1   | 100 | 1   | 35    |     |     |     | 5   |
| (78479)          | 1/1 | 3.0 | 1/1 |       |     |     |     | .65 |
|                  | 300 |     | 300 |       |     |     |     |     |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Rancho Arriba    |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 10  |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .05 |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | ^f^ |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Restauracion     |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 1   |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .89 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Rio San Juan     |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 7   |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .40 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| S.G. Boya        |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 5   |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .35 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Sabana De La Mar | 1   | 100 |     |       |     |     |     | 3   |
| (78467)          | 1/2 | 6.7 |     |       |     |     |     | .01 |
|                  | 100 |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Salcedo          |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 4   |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .61 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Samana           |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 3   |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .04 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| San Cristobal    |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 5   |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .79 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| San Jose Ocoa    |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 7   |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .48 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| San Juan de la   |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 1   |
| Maguana          |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .66 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| San Rafael Del   |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 4   |
| Yuma             |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .13 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Sanchez          |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 3   |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .28 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Santiago (78460) | 1   | 100 | 1   | 20    | 25  |     |     | 7   |
|                  | 2/0 | 8.0 | 2/0 |       |     |     |     | .48 |
|                  | 300 |     | 300 |       |     |     |     |     |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Santo Domingo    | 1   | 100 |     |       |     |     |     | 4   |
| (78488)          | 1/2 | 7.6 |     |       |     |     |     | .92 |
|                  | 100 |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| STGO. Rodriguez  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 1   |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .93 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Villa Altagracia |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 1   |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .91 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Villa Riva       |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 6   |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .72 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Villa Vasquez    |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 2   |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .91 |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | ^f^ |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Yamasa           |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 7   |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .19 |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | ^f^ |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| **Puerto Rico    |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
| and Virgin       |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
| Islands**        |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| St. Thomas       |     |     | 1   |       | 42  |     |     |     |
| Airport (78543)  |     |     | 0/1 |       |     |     |     |     |
|                  |     |     | 153 |       |     |     |     |     |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| San Juan Airport |     |     | 1   |       | 32  |     |     |     |
| (78526)          |     |     | 1/0 |       |     |     |     |     |
|                  |     |     | 426 |       |     |     |     |     |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Ponce, Rio       |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 11  |
| Cerrillos above  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .13 |
| Lago Cerrillos   |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Villalba         |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 9   |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .54 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Rio Matrullas    |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 7   |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .80 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Rio Toa Vaca     |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 7   |
| above Dam        |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .26 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Rio Grande de    |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 6   |
| Loiza,           |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .93 |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
| San Lorenzo      |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Rio              |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 6   |
| J                |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .72 |
| acaquas-Villalba |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Vaqueria el      |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 6   |
| Nimo, Caguas     |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .26 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Canaboncito,     |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 6   |
| Caguas/Aguas     |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .23 |
| Buenas           |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Bairoa Arriba,   |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 6   |
| Aguas Buenas     |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .06 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Rio Bayamon @    |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 5   |
| Arenas, Cidra    |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .92 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Queb Blanco, San |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 5   |
| Lorenzo          |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .35 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Lago Toa Vaca    |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 5   |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .24 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Rio Bayamon,     |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 5   |
| Cidra            |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .23 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Rio Bauta,       |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 5   |
| Orocovis         |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .15 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Lago Carite,     |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 5   |
| Guayama          |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .05 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Rio Saliente,    |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 4   |
| Jayuya           |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .87 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Ponce North      |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 4   |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .62 |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Rio              |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 4   |
| Guanajibo-Sabana |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .26 |
| Grande           |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| **Bahamas**      |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Turks Island     |     |     | 1   | 34    |     |     |     |     |
| (78118)          |     |     | 2/0 |       |     |     |     |     |
|                  |     |     | 316 |       |     |     |     |     |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| **Buoys**        |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| 41043 --         | 1   | 101 | 0   | 37^g^ | 49  |     |     |     |
|                  | 1/0 | 2.3 | 2/0 |       |     |     |     |     |
| Southwestern     | 350 |     | 616 |       |     |     |     |     |
| Atlantic         |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
|                  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
| (21.0°N 65.1°W)  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+

^a^ Date/time is for sustained wind when both sustained and gust are
listed.

^b^ Except as noted, sustained wind averaging periods for C-MAN and
land-based ASOS reports are 2 min; buoy averaging periods are 8 min.

^c^ Storm surge is water height above normal astronomical tide level.

^d^ Storm tide is water height above National Geodetic Vertical Datum
(1929 mean sea level).

^e^ Rainfall totals from the Dominican Republic are accumulations
between 11-12 December. All information received from the Dominican
Republic Meteorological Office

^f^ Incomplete.

g 1-min average.

Number range CHAPTERTable 4. Preliminary track forecast evaluation
(heterogeneous sample) for Tropical Storm Olga, 11-12 December 2007.
Forecast errors (n mi) are followed by the number of forecasts in
parentheses. Errors smaller than the NHC official forecast are shown in
bold-face type. Verification includes the depression stage but does not
include the remnant low stage.

+---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+------+
| Number  | Fo     |        |        |        |        |        |      |
| range   | recast |        |        |        |        |        |      |
| C       | Period |        |        |        |        |        |      |
| HAPTERF | (h)    |        |        |        |        |        |      |
| orecast |        |        |        |        |        |        |      |
| Te      |        |        |        |        |        |        |      |
| chnique |        |        |        |        |        |        |      |
+=========+========+========+========+========+========+========+======+
|         | 12     | 24     | 36     | 48     | 72     | 96     | 120  |
+---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+------+
| CLP5    | 64 (6) | 84 (4) | 147    |        |        |        |      |
|         |        |        | (2)    |        |        |        |      |
+---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+------+
| GFNI    | 184    | 359    |        |        |        |        |      |
|         | (3)    | (1)    |        |        |        |        |      |
+---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+------+
| GFDI    | **46   | **48   | **34   |        |        |        |      |
|         | (6)**  | (4)**  | (2)**  |        |        |        |      |
+---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+------+
| HWFI    | **42   | **47   | **48   |        |        |        |      |
|         | (6)**  | (4)**  | (2)**  |        |        |        |      |
+---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+------+
| GFSI    | 49 (5) | 66 (3) | 82 (1) |        |        |        |      |
+---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+------+
| AEMI    | 48 (6) | 64 (4) | 59 (2) |        |        |        |      |
+---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+------+
| NGPI    | 51 (5) | 133    | 181    |        |        |        |      |
|         |        | (3)    | (2)    |        |        |        |      |
+---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+------+
| UKMI    | **40   | **27   | 80 (1) |        |        |        |      |
|         | (4)**  | (2)**  |        |        |        |        |      |
+---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+------+
| BAMD    | 101    | 182    | 269    |        |        |        |      |
|         | (6)    | (4)    | (4)    |        |        |        |      |
+---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+------+
| BAMM    | **43   | **46   | 74 (2) |        |        |        |      |
|         | (6)**  | (4)**  |        |        |        |        |      |
+---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+------+
| BAMS    | **43   | 66 (4) | 91 (2) |        |        |        |      |
|         | (6)**  |        |        |        |        |        |      |
+---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+------+
| CONU    | 53 (6) | 74 (4) | 83 (2) |        |        |        |      |
+---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+------+
| GUNA    | 51 (2) | 72 (1) | **42   |        |        |        |      |
|         |        |        | (1)**  |        |        |        |      |
+---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+------+
| FSSE    | 49 (5) | 61 (3) | 76 (1) |        |        |        |      |
+---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+------+
| OFCL    | 47 (6) | 61 (   | 52 (   |        |        |        |      |
|         |        | 4)     | 2)     |        |        |        |      |
+---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+------+
| NHC     | 35     | 61     | 86     | 112    | 162    | 221    | 290  |
| O       | (1852) | (1686) | (1519) | (1362) | (1100) | (885)  | (    |
| fficial |        |        |        |        |        |        | 723) |
|         |        |        |        |        |        |        |      |
| (20     |        |        |        |        |        |        |      |
| 02-2006 |        |        |        |        |        |        |      |
| mean)   |        |        |        |        |        |        |      |
+---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+------+

Table 5. Preliminary intensity forecast evaluation (heterogeneous
sample) for Tropical Storm Olga, 11-12 December 2007. Forecast errors
(kt) are followed by the number of forecasts in parentheses. Errors
smaller than the NHC official forecast are shown in bold-face type.
Verification includes the depression stage but does not include the
remnant low stage.

+----------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+-------+-------+
| Number   | For   |        |       |        |       |       |       |
| range    | ecast |        |       |        |       |       |       |
| CHAPTER  | P     |        |       |        |       |       |       |
| Forecast | eriod |        |       |        |       |       |       |
| T        | (h)   |        |       |        |       |       |       |
| echnique |       |        |       |        |       |       |       |
+==========+=======+========+=======+========+=======+=======+=======+
|          | 12    | 24     | 36    | 48     | 72    | 96    | 120   |
+----------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+-------+-------+
| SHF5     | 10.3  | 10.0   | 9.5   |        |       |       |       |
|          | (6)   | (4)    | (2)   |        |       |       |       |
+----------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+-------+-------+
| GHMI     | 6.8   | **8.5  | 15.0  |        |       |       |       |
|          | (6)   | (4)**  | (2)   |        |       |       |       |
+----------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+-------+-------+
| HWFI     | 8.0   | **8.3  | 6.5   |        |       |       |       |
|          | (6)   | (4)**  | (2)   |        |       |       |       |
+----------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+-------+-------+
| SHIP     | 10.2  | **5.5  | **4.5 |        |       |       |       |
|          | (6)   | (4)**  | (2)** |        |       |       |       |
+----------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+-------+-------+
| DSHP     | 10.2  | **7.0  | **4.0 |        |       |       |       |
|          | (6)   | (4)**  | (2)** |        |       |       |       |
+----------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+-------+-------+
| FSSE     | 10.8  | **6.0  | 8.0   |        |       |       |       |
|          | (5)   | (3)**  | (1)   |        |       |       |       |
+----------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+-------+-------+
| ICON     | 8.0   | **7.0  | **4.5 |        |       |       |       |
|          | (6)   | (4)**  | (2)** |        |       |       |       |
+----------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+-------+-------+
| OFCL     | 6.7   | 8.8    | 5.0   |        |       |       |       |
|          | (6)   | (4)    | (2)   |        |       |       |       |
+----------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+-------+-------+
| NHC      | 6.4   | 9.8    | 12.0  | 14.1   | 18.3  | 19.8  | 21.8  |
| Official |       |        | (     |        | (     |       |       |
|          | \(1   | \(     | 1519) | \(     | 1100) | \(    | \(    |
| (2       | 852\) | 1686\) |       | 1362\) |       | 885\) | 723\) |
| 002-2006 |       |        |       |        |       |       |       |
| mean)    |       |        |       |        |       |       |       |
+----------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+-------+-------+

Table 6. Watch and warning summary for Tropical Storm Olga, 11 -- 12
December, 2007.

+--------------+---------------------------+--------------------------+
| Date/Time    | Action                    | Location                 |
| (UTC)        |                           |                          |
+--------------+---------------------------+--------------------------+
| 11 / 0300    | Tropical Storm Warning    | Northern coast of the    |
|              | issued                    | Dominican Republic from  |
|              |                           | Cabo Engano to           |
|              |                           |                          |
|              |                           | Bahio de Manzanillo      |
+--------------+---------------------------+--------------------------+
| 11 / 0300    | Tropical Storm Watch      | Southern coast of the    |
|              | issued                    | Dominican Republic from  |
|              |                           | Cabo Engano to           |
|              |                           |                          |
|              |                           | Punta Palenque           |
+--------------+---------------------------+--------------------------+
| 11 / 1500    | Tropical Storm Warning    | Extended westward to     |
|              | extended                  | include the entire       |
|              |                           | northern coasts of the   |
|              |                           | Dominican Republic       |
|              |                           |                          |
|              |                           | and Haiti                |
+--------------+---------------------------+--------------------------+
| 11 / 1800    | Tropical Storm Warning    | Southeastern Bahamas and |
|              | issued                    | the Turks and Caicos     |
|              |                           | Islands                  |
+--------------+---------------------------+--------------------------+
| 12 / 1500    | Tropical Storm Warnings   | Dominican Republic and   |
|              | discontinued              | Haiti                    |
+--------------+---------------------------+--------------------------+
| 12 / 1500    | Tropical Storm Watch      | Dominican Republic       |
|              | discontinued              |                          |
+--------------+---------------------------+--------------------------+
| 12 / 2100    | Tropical Storm Warning    | Southeastern Bahamas and |
|              | discontinued              | the Turks and Caicos     |
|              |                           | Islands                  |
+--------------+---------------------------+--------------------------+

Number range CHAPTER

![](media/image1.wmf){width="8.752083333333333in"
height="6.622222222222222in"}

> Number range CHAPTERFigure 1. Best track positions for Tropical Storm
> Olga, 11- 12 December 2007.
>
> Number range CHAPTER
>
> ![](media/image2.wmf){width="7.625in" height="5.127777777777778in"}
>
> Figure 2. Selected wind observations and best track maximum sustained
> surface wind speed curve for Tropical Storm Olga, 11-12 December 2007.
>
> Number range CHAPTER
>
> ![](media/image3.wmf){width="7.875in" height="5.488888888888889in"}
>
> Figure 3. Selected pressure observations and best track minimum
> central pressure curve for Tropical Storm Olga, 11-12 December 2007.
>
> ![](media/image4.png){width="6.739583333333333in"
> height="5.632638888888889in"}
>
> Figure 4. Storm total precipitation associated with Olga and its
> pre-formation stage over Puerto Rico. Figure courtesy of David Roth at
> the Hydrometeorological Prediction Center, Camp Springs, MD.Number
> range CHAPTER