Scheduled Report - public distribution

**Date:** 11/21/2008

**GAIN Report Number:** TU8049

TU8049

**Turkey**

**Exporter Guide**

**Annual**

**2008**

**Approved by:**

![](media/image1.wmf)Rachel Nelson, Agricultural Attache

U.S. Embassy, Ankara

**Prepared by:**

Osman Cakiroglu, Agricultural Marketing Assistant

**Report Highlights:**

The Turkish market offers both rewards and challenges to the U.S.
exporter. It has a large and growing population that is rapidly changing
its consumption patterns. Historically, export opportunities have been
better for U.S. bulk commodities than for high-value consumer products.
High tariffs, numerous non-tariff barriers and competition from both
domestic industries and Europe have limited U.S. access to this market.
However, significant U.S. processed food exports to Turkey include
condiments, snack foods and Tex-Mex products. A majority of the
population lives in urban areas and half are under the age of 28.

Includes PSD Changes: No

Includes Trade Matrix: No

Annual Report

Ankara \[TU1\]

\[TU\]

Table of Contents

[SECTION I. Market Overview 3](#section-i.-market-overview)

[I.1. Economic Situation 3](#i.1.-economic-situation)

[I.2. Demographic Developments and Market Developments
4](#i.2.-demographic-developments-and-market-developments)

[I.3. Consumer Buying Habits 4](#i.3.-consumer-buying-habits)

[I.4. The Market for U.S. products
5](#i.4.-the-market-for-u.s.-products-in-turkey)

[Advantages and Challenges 5](#advantages)

[SECTION II: Exporter Business Tips
5](#section-ii-exporter-business-tips)

[II.1. Local Business Customs/Practices
5](#ii.1.-local-business-customspractices)

[II.2. Consumer Tastes and Preferences
6](#ii.2.-consumer-tastes-and-preferences)

[II.3. Food Standards & Regulations
6](#ii.3.-food-standards-regulations)

[II.4. Trade Policy Review 8](#ii.4.-trade-policy-review)

[II.5. Import Process 9](#ii.5.-import-process)

[II.6. Customs Process 10](#ii.6.-customs-process)

[Section III: Market Sector Structure and Trends
10](#section-iii-market-sector-structure-and-trends)

[III.1. Retail Food Sector 10](#iii.1.-retail-food-sector)

[III.2. Food Processing Sector 12](#iii.2.-food-processing-sector)

[III.3. HRI Food Service 13](#iii.3.-hri-food-service)

[Section IV: Best High-Value Product Prospects
15](#section-iv-best-high-value-product-prospects)

[Section V: Key Contacts and Further Information
16](#section-v-key-contacts-and-further-information)

[V. 1. Important Regulatory and Governmental Contacts
19](#v.1.-important-regulatory-and-governmental-contacts)

[Note on Trade Data and Tables A to F:
21](#note-on-trade-data-and-tables-a-to-f)

[Table A. Key Trade and Demographic Information
21](#table-a.-key-trade-and-demographic-information)

[Table B: Food and Agricultural Imports
21](#__RefHeading___Toc213832251)

[Table C. Consumer--Oriented Agricultural Imports
22](#table-c.-turkeys-consumeroriented-agricultural-imports-usd-1000)

[Table D. Top 15 Suppliers of Fish & Seafood Products
22](#table-d.-top-15-suppliers-of-fish-seafood-products-usd-1000)

[Table E. U.S. Exports of Agricultural, Fish and Forestry Products to
Turkey
23](#table-e.-us-exports-of-agricultural-fish-and-forestry-products-to-turkey)

[Table F: Consumer Food and Edible Fishery Products
24](#table-f-consumer-food-and-edible-fishery-products)

# SECTION I. Market Overview

## I.1. Economic Situation

The Turkish economy has been steadily improving since the 2001 financial
crisis. Earlier in 2008 GDP was forecasted to grow by 4%, however given
the sharp decline in sales in the 2^nd^ quarter of 2008 and the recent
financial crisis, this level of growth will probably not be reached. The
global financial turmoil has already affected Government projections for
2009 GDP as well. Before the crisis, 2009 GDP was projected to grow by
5%, however the most recent growth projections were 3.4%.

The government has attempted to keep up the confidence level in the
Turkish economy by making announcements about the strength of the
economy and by taking a hard line approach to a new deal with IMF.
However the economic and industrial powerhouses in the private sector
are critical of the Government attitude about the possible effects of
the global financial crisis on Turkey, calling it unrealistic and overly
optimistic. Immediately following the global crisis, the Turkish New
Lira (YTL) lost a third of its value against the dollar and interest
rates have been steadily increasing. There is concern that the
decreasing value of the YTL might cause increasing inflation.

In 2006 Turkey ranked 16^th^ in terms of amount of total FDI received
and in 2007 imports were up 21.8% from 2006. However the recent global
financial crisis, the power struggle between secularists and the ruling
party, and the rekindled political instability in the eastern part of
Turkey caused by the terrorist organization PKK have all negatively
effected foreign investment in the Turkish economy.

[]{.mark}

Unemployment hovers around 9-10 percent and the inflation rate at the
end of 2007 was 8.39 percent. This was higher then government target
rates but still a major improvement from the 2002 level of 29.7.
According to official statistics, the highest price increases were seen
in housing (27.1%), food and non-alcoholic beverages (both 11.6%). It
should be noted that the basket used by the government for calculating
the inflation rate is widely contested. There was also a large increase
in natural gas prices (22.5%).

Agriculture remains a key part of Turkey's economy, employing about a
third of the workforce and generating most of the rural income. While
still important, the agricultural sector has been declining relative to
the industrial and service sectors. In 2007, the agriculture sector
accounted for only 10 percent of GDP. Agriculture accounted for
approximately 5.8 percent of exports in 2007, not including textiles.
Total exports have increased from \$47 billion five years ago to just
over \$97 billion in 2007. This represents a 12 percent increase from
2006. Total imports increased to \$154 billion from \$140 billion in
2006, mostly because of rising energy costs. This resulted in a \$57
billion trade deficit. In 2007, bilateral trade with the United States
was about \$11 billion: U.S. exports to Turkey of \$6.5 billion slightly
exceeded U.S. imports from Turkey of \$4.6 billion. The largest
export-driven sector is textiles and clothing, which accounts for 8
percent of GDP. Although Turkey remains a major market for bulk and
intermediate agricultural products from the United States, it also has
potential as a market for consumer products: it is expected that by
2020, 14 million households could be classified as middle class, up from
just 5.9 million in 2000. This change will transform the Turkish food
market and boost import demand, which should create new export
opportunities for U.S. producers

. Changing demographics including more working women and a more urban
population along with growth in tourism also favor increases in demand
for more quality and variety.

[]{.mark}

Turkey forged a customs union with the EU in 1996 and is currently an
associate member of the European Union. In October 2005, EU accession
negotiations were started however the road to EU accession has been a
rocky one and in 2007 the negotiations were temporarily put on hold.
Thus far negotiations have been completed on only one chapter out of 35.
The agricultural portion of Turkey's EU membership negotiations began in
early 2006. Given the sensitivity of the agriculture sector, these
negotiations have been both comprehensive and controversial. Eight
chapters have been blocked since the end of 2006 due to tensions about
Turkey's strained relations with Greek Cyprus.

Turkey's economy ---like its culture\-- is a blend of both the modern
and traditional. Turkey has a vibrant private sector and government
involvement is diminishing, as shown by the recent privatization of the
oil and communications industries. The agricultural share of GNP
continues to decline, while the industrial and service sector shares
increase. The textile and apparel sector continues to be one of Turkey's
most important sectors overall. The food processing sector is well
developed, although it suffers from high input prices due to domestic
production and import policies. However the food processing sector also
enjoys significant tariff and non-tariff protection from import
competition.

## I.2. Demographic Developments and Market Developments

## 

Turkey has a population of about 70.5 million. 70.5 percent of the
population lives in urban areas and 17.8 percent lives in Istanbul.
About 50 percent of Turkey's population is under the age of 28. Over the
past 30 years, about a third of the population has shifted from rural to
urban areas, although about a third of all Turks still live in rural
settings. Unemployment continues to be a serious problem, running around
nine percent. Women constitute a significant and increasing share of the
workforce, which is also driving consumer trends towards convenience
foods. []{.mark}

[]{.mark}

**Urbanization and smaller household size-** The share of the urban
population increased from 44 to 70.5 percent over the past few decades.
In Istanbul (population 12.5 million), Ankara (population 4.5 million),
and Izmir (population 3.7 million) there was a decrease in household
size from 5.5 to 4.5 individuals per household between 1978 and 2000.
Family size is predicted to continue to decrease.

[]{.mark}

**Growing number of working women-** The share of working women has
increased from 15 to 28 percent of the workforce during the last two
decades. Also the percentage of families with a female head of household
increase from 8.7 percent in 1990 to 12.8 percent in 2006. As a result,
home cooking decreased and recreational and social dining increased.

**Growth in tourism-** Turkey has a strong and rapidly growing tourism
industry. The number of foreign tourists (mostly European) increased by
18.6 percent from 19.8 million tourists in 2006 to 23.5 million tourists
in 2007. Tourism revenues followed the same trend with a 10 percent
increase from 16.8 billion in 2006 to 18.4 billion in 2007. However in
the same period, spending per tourist decreased from USD 728 in 2006 to
USD 679 in 2007.

## 

## I.3. Consumer Buying Habits

[]{.mark}

Major changes in the lifestyles, incomes and consumption patterns of
Turks in the last decade, in spite of sporadic down-turns in the
economy, means they are now increasingly prone to eat meals and
socialize over food outside of the home. A new and faster pace of life
has also led people to find quicker meal solutions for their shortened
lunch hours.

Turkey's total retail grocery market for 2007 is estimated by
Euromonitor to be USD \$67 billion per year, and this sector continues
to grow and modernize. Although supermarket and hypermarket outlets are
expanding, small, specialized neighborhood outlets still play an
important role in the Turkish retail market. The vast majority of
available products are produced locally using local ingredients, and
while lower-income Turkish consumers spend close to 50 percent of their
income on food, much of it is non-processed.

## I.4. The Market for U.S. Products in Turkey 

Historically, export opportunities to Turkey have been better for U.S.
bulk commodities such as soybeans, soybean meal, vegetable oils, corn
and cotton than for high-value consumer products. High tariffs,
non-tariff and competition from domestic industries and Europe have
limited U.S. access to this market. However, significant U.S. processed
food exports to Turkey include condiments, snack foods and Tex-Mex
products.

The following is a summary of the advantages and challenges facing U.S.
exporters in Turkey.

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **Advantages**                      **Challenges**
  ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------
  Change in retailing structure has   It is hard to compete with locally
  opened new areas for branded import produced items. The Customs Union
  items.                              with the European Union creates an
                                      advantage for EU exports to Turkey.

  Some U.S. products (mainly bulk and There is significant tariff and
  intermediate commodities) are       non-tariff protection for locally
  better priced than local products.  produced foods and agricultural
                                      products.

  U.S. products have a good image in  There are some very high import
  Turkey and Turkish consumers        duties on both bulk and processed
  welcome U.S. style products.        products.

  International retailers that market There is a well‑developed local
  a wide range of imported products   food‑processing sector supplying
  in the sector have great influence  most product segments in the
  on purchasing patterns.             marketplace.

  There is a growing demand for       U.S. food products are weakly
  specialized products such as        promoted in Turkey. Competition for
  diabetic and diet foods,            shelf space has led to high costs
  ready‑to‑eat foods and frozen       for introducing new products.
  foods, which are mostly imported.   
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

# SECTION II: Exporter Business Tips

## II.1. Local Business Customs/Practices

A visitor to Turkey can see the "modern," the "ancient" and the
"traditional" all wrapped into one as East, literally, meets West.
Business practices in Turkey can appear "Western" or "European" on the
surface, but important cultural complexities exist. For those who plan
on working in, or supplying to this market, it is advisable to read up
on modern Turkish culture and business practices.

Personal contact is still very important for most if not all business
transactions. In addition to building trust in relationships,
establishing a personal relationship with the importer can assist the
exporter in meeting the sometimes-daunting documentation requirements.
Many importers and distributors prefer direct contacts with suppliers
and exporters as there is a feeling that agents and middlemen complicate
transactions and lower profits.

In general, Turks are usually not as direct as Americans. They generally
avoid confrontation.

Criticism is often approached in an indirect manner.

Many importers and distributors also like to identify and import unique
products that are not currently available on the market. Non-responsive
agents who have been assigned to the region by large foreign food
manufacturers have frustrated a number of importers in Turkey.

## II.2. Consumer Tastes and Preferences

On the one hand, Turkish tastes and preferences are very conservative.
Fast-food restaurants, as well as most Turkish restaurants, specialize
in traditional dishes, the most common of which is kebabs (of which
there are several varieties) served with fries and bulgur or rice.
Outside of Istanbul and Ankara, or the tourist destinations of Izmir,
Antalya and the Aegean resorts, it is hard to find any foreign influence
in the cuisine. On the other hand, the demographics in Turkey are
driving many changes. Turkey has a large and young population with
rising income levels (especially in urban areas). Increased foreign
travel by Turks and by tourists to Turkey is also stimulating
significant changes in attitudes and consumption patterns. Moreover,
rapid urbanization and the growing number of two-income families are
increasing the demand for processed foods. Istanbul and Ankara have not
only multinational fast food chains, but also support some independent
ethic restaurants such as Tex-Mex restaurants, Thai restaurants,
Japanese restaurants, etc.

Consumer expectations have also changed significantly. Faced with an
increasingly diverse range of products, quality and price, consumers
have become more demanding. In response to changing consumer
expectations, large food retailers, especially international companies,
are demanding higher quality standards from Turkish food manufacturers.
This has led to new investments and improvements within the processing
sector. Consumers in larger cities are more aware of international
trends, have higher disposable incomes, and have automobiles to reach
large warehouse‑sized stores. Middle- and upper‑middle income shoppers
are drawn to larger stores, especially if they provide imported and
specialty items.

The rapid change in consumption patterns has led Turkish food processors
to invest in ready-to-eat meals and frozen food products as well. There
are currently about twenty companies in turkey that are in the frozen
food and ready-to-eat meal market with many diverse products.

## II.3. Food Standards & Regulations 

Turkish regulations on food and agricultural products are generally
prepared and published by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs
(MARA). However, there are also relevant regulations published by other
Ministries, such as the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Health.
Most Turkish agriculture-related regulations, laws, communiqués,
directives, and notifications are available on the website of the
Protection and Control General Directorate (GDPC) of MARA:
[www.kkgm.gov.tr](http://www.kkgm.gov.tr/). A few of the regulations
have an English translation available on the same website. The legal
infrastructure of agriculture is mainly based on communiqués rather than
on laws. The reason for this is that the Turkish constitutional system
does not allow laws to be adopted, amended or abolished easily.
Therefore governments have traditionally preferred to publish
communiqués. Currently, the main goal of Turkish food and agriculture
policy is to harmonize the related laws and regulations with the EU
*Acquis Communitaire*. Sometimes it appears that this concern overwhelms
other concerns such as national interest and farmers' interests.
Moreover, the Turkish government often does not inform the public or
international bodies such as the WTO about possible or actual regulation
changes. In addition, the same regulations can often be inconsistently
applied in different provincial directorates and at different times.

[]{.mark}

Turkey's principle law on governing food is the, "Production,
Consumption and Inspection of Food" law, number 5179. This law has been
in force since May 27, 2004, when it replaced the June 24, 1995
regulation number 22327. The purpose of the current law, as outlined in
its first Article, is to provide food safety, to assure the hygienic
production of all food products and food packaging materials, to protect
public health, to establish the minimum technical and hygienic criteria
for food producers, and to set forth the principles for monitoring
production and distribution. The law amends the framework of the Turkish
Food Codex which covers the analysis methods of monitoring the quality
and hygiene standards of foods, additives, flavorings, and pesticides
and the rules for packaging, storing, and transporting food in a way
that promotes adaptation to the European Union regulations. This law has
resulted in the creation of the National Food Codex Commission whose
responsibility is to prepare, review and approve all changes to the
Turkish Food Codex, including those changes that take place through EU
harmonization. There are currently 25 sub-committees working on specific
revisions to various aspects of the Turkish Food Codex.

[]{.mark}

In addition to the 2004 Food Law, the Turkish food industry and food
imports are primarily regulated by several other related laws and
regulations: the November 16, 1997 Turkish Food Codex, the June 8, 1998
Food Regulation and a September 1, 2003 Notification related to the
control processes during the import phase and the approval of the
Control Document (import license) of the packaging materials that are in
contact with food and food materials. The current Turkish Food Codex and
all amendments, new regulations and notifications are available at the
GDPC website. In addition, bulk or semi-processed plant materials and
meat and dairy products are subject to Plant Quarantine Law (Law No:
6968) and Animal Health Law (Law No: 3285). The Plant Quarantine Law has
been in force since 1957, and in 2003 it was amended by regulation to
further EU harmonization. The most recent version of the law can be
found at: <http://www.kkgm.gov.tr/regulation/regulations.html> and an
explanation can also be found in GAIN TU7007.

The majority of food and non-food imports require what Turkey calls a
"control certificate". A control certificate is in essence an import
license. It is granted to the importer at the discretion of the import
officials. As per the "Standardization in Foreign Trade Communiqué" of
January 17 2007, the import process for each product begins with an
application for issuance of a control certificate. The process is
described in Communiqué No. 2003/31, which is posted online, in English,
at: http://www.kkgm.gov.tr/regulation/com/Com_Approval.html

All food products for which a control certificate is required are listed
with the HS customs codes in the second and the third Article of
Communiqué 2007/21 and in Annex-IVA of the Communiqué on Standardization
in Foreign Trade. These products include cereals, milling industry
products, oilseeds, animal and vegetable fats, residues, dairy and fish
products, live trees and other plants. A few food products such as
coffee, natural gums, vegetable saps and extracts, vegetable waxes, and
cocoa are not required to have a control certificate prior to import,
but should have the necessary documents to be cleared from customs.
Products that don't need a control certificate are listed in Annex-IVB
of the same Communiqué. For processed products, these certificates are
required for each shipment. They expire, depending on the specific
product, after 2 to 12 months. If the validity is not specified, it is 2
months for animal products and 12 months for other products, as of the
date of issuance. Control certificates are sometimes used as a political
instrument to deny or delay the importation of some products.

While many U.S. foods are imported into Turkey without problems, some
U.S. companies have encountered difficulty complying with demands from
import officials for certificates that are not normally issued in the
United States. For example, sometimes port officials ask for
certificates with the wording "safe for human consumption" or "freely
sold in the United States" but the U.S. FDA will not normally write
these statements on their export certificates. Sometimes exporters can
get Certificates of Free Sale at their state level department of
agriculture, department of health, or other local offices. Requirements
and standards for some imported foods may be stricter than both those
currently applied in the EU and those applied to domestically produced
products. Pet foods are one example. The Turkish food law requires that
products be inspected at the point of entry as well as at wholesale and
retail levels.

[]{.mark}

Turkey previously had domestic purchase requirements for rice imports,
however these domestic purchase requirements have been removed.

For a more detailed description of Turkey's food regulatory system,
please refer to FAS Food and Agricultural Import Regulations Report
(FAIRS) TU5043 and FAIRS Certificates Report TU 5031 available on the
FAS website [www.fas.usda.gov](http://www.fas.usda.gov/)[.]{.underline}

## II.4. Trade Policy Review

Despite significant tariff and non-tariff barriers, U.S. agricultural
exports to Turkey reached a record \$1.5 billion in 2007. Cotton sales
of \$767 million provided more than one-half of the total U.S. export
value. In addition to cotton, exports of soymeal, feed ingredients,
other vegetable oils, animal fats, fruit and vegetable juices, tree
nuts, and panel products (including plywood) all reached record highs in
2007. Of these, the most notable increases were in exports of cotton,
which doubled; tree nuts, which also nearly doubled; and feed
ingredients such as corn gluten feed, which more than tripled. Notably,
the market for live cattle, closed for the past four years, opened in
mid-July; the first shipment was valued at \$6 million. U.S. imports of
Turkish agricultural products reached a record high \$510 million in
2007.

A portion of U.S. agricultural exports; especially meat, poultry and
high-value items; are transshipped to other destinations such as Iraq
and Azerbaijan via Turkey's free trade zones. In 2006, these exports
accounted for approximately US \$65 million, 23 percent less than in
2005. There are 20 Free Trade Zones in Turkey. Imports to these areas
are exempt from duties, taxes and many domestic regulations if they are
to be transshipped.

[]{.mark}

Turkey joined the WTO with developing country status and signed the
Agricultural Agreement in 1995. This enabled Turkey to establish very
high bound-tariff rates. Turkey committed to reducing food and
agricultural tariffs by a simple average of 24 percent over ten years.
According to the Under Secretariat of Foreign Trade, this commitment was
met by the end of 2004 and Turkey has no further commitments to reduce
tariffs. In addition to excessively high tariffs, Turkey stifles trade
with non-tariff barriers including import licensing, import quotas,
absorption schemes, seasonal bans on imports and the implementation of
restrictive phytosanitary regulations. Some restrictions are
well-calculated, intentional efforts to protect domestic producers by
limiting trade; other restrictions seem to be accidental \--the result
of poor regulations, poor infrastructure and poor implementation. In the
current WTO negotiations on agriculture, it is fair to say that Turkey's
position resembles that of other developing countries who insist that
tariff reductions cannot be granted without large reductions in export
subsidies and support in developed countries.

[]{.mark}

Systemic government involvement in the agricultural sector substantially
restricts and distorts markets, shields producers from price signals,
and denies private sector participants the ability to effectively plan
business and trade decisions. Turkey is taking steps to harmonize its
agricultural policies and trade regulations with the European Union;
however many revised regulations are not, in fact, harmonized with EU
regulations. In addition, most changes in regulations become effective
immediately with little or no notification to trading partners. This
often results in unnecessary disruptions in trade. Turkey has a very
poor track record on notifying new regulations to the WTO SPS and TBT
bodies.

Turkey has a mixed record when it comes to liberalization of its
agricultural sector. Government support programs, many of them a result
of political forces unconnected to supply and demand, often shield
producers from market signals, making policy tools ineffective. The IMF
and World Bank have been pressuring Turkey to decrease its crop-specific
production support as part of an overall effort to reform and liberalize
the agricultural sector and in 2006, Turkey adopted a new Agriculture
Law in order to implement its \"Agricultural Strategy Paper 2006-2010\".
In the past, agricultural policy prioritized competitiveness and support
was linked to production. However the new law emphasizes increasing
productivity and has begun to move away from direct income support
programs. It also focuses less on food safety and consumer related
matters. The government introduced a premium system for grains for the
first time in MY 2005. Its aim was to allow producers to sell their
crops not only to TMO, but also to any trader or miller in the market,
and still receive this premium as long as they could document the sale.
Thus, it was anticipated that TMO would not have to buy large quantities
of grains. However, this policy did not work well and TMO bought the
largest quantities it has ever bought in recent years due to larger
supply. The amount of the premium in MY 2005 was YTL 30 per MT for
wheat, corn and paddy rice and YTL 20 per MT for barley, rye, and oats.
The Minister of Agriculture announced that the direct income system will
be eliminated and replaced by premium payments to producers in 2008. The
government also announced that the various specific support programs to
livestock producers will be cancelled and replaced by one general
program which will apply per head (please refer to TU7049 for details).
Turkey also provides export subsidies for a number of agricultural
products, such as vegetables, honey and eggs (see TU8028 for a full
list). Turkey is also in the process of developing a veterinary law in
accordance with EU regulations that should clarify various regulations
regarding certification and other procedures.

For a more detailed description of Turkey's trade policy, please refer
to the FAS Trade Policy Monitoring Report, TU8029, available on the FAS
website [www.fas.usda.gov](http://www.fas.usda.gov/)[.]{.underline}

## II.5. Import Process

## 

In order to import any food product to Turkey, an importer must first
submit a written application to the Turkish Ministry of Agriculture
(MARA)'s General Directorate of Protection and Control. Attached to the
application letter must be the following documents:

1\. A completed import permit form obtained from MARA/Protection and
Control;

2\. A Proforma Invoice.

3\. An Analysis Report providing physical, chemical, microbiological and
heavy metal specifications of the product. Frozen seafood is exempt from
this requirement. A statement about dioxin is also required in some
cases.

4\. For consumer-ready products, a sanitary or phytosanitary certificate
from a government food inspection agency of the country of origin
stating that the product meets the phytosanitary requirements of the
importing country, is fit for human consumption and/or is freely
marketed in the country of origin.

5\. A sample of the Turkish label for the product.

6\. For alcoholic beverages, a "distribution certificate" provided by
the producer's company to the importer and/or distributor indicating
that the Turkish company is authorized to market and deliver the product
in Turkey.

7\. For "special" foods such as diet foods, foods for diabetics,
vitamins, baby foods, etc. the importer must provide a written
declaration that he will not advertise the foodstuff in such a way as to
mislead the consumer.

The importer will normally receive written approval along with an import
permit from the Ministry of Agriculture within one or two weeks.

## II.6. Customs Process

Importers need to present an approved import license, bill of lading,
certificate of origin, sanitary or phytosanitary certificate, analysis
report (physical, chemical, etc.) and other standard import documents to
Customs upon entry of the product. Note: Port officials sometimes reject
copies, even notarized copies, of documentation, and insist on
originals. If an original document cannot be submitted, problems will be
minimized if the notarial seal on a copy is on the copied original, not
on a separate page. The Ministry of Agriculture officials take samples
for testing to confirm the analysis report, and test results are
generally available in two to three days. Bulk or semi-processed
commodities are subject to further inspections for compliance with
either the Plant Quarantine Law or the Animal Health Law.

# Section III: Market Sector Structure and Trends

## III.1. Retail Food Sector 

Turkey's total retail grocery market for 2007 is estimated by the
Euromonitor to be worth USD \$67 billion per year and the sector
continues to grow and modernize. Consumer-oriented agricultural exports
from the United States to Turkey have increased from USD 65.2 million in
2003 to USD 122.9 million in 2007.

The number of modern retail outlets and discount stores has been
steadily increasing and is expected to grow for many years to come.
Large supermarket chains are increasing their penetration into smaller
cities and discount chains are increasing their number of stores in the
major cities. The retail market sector is very dynamic, as mergers and
acquisitions are taking place constantly as larger companies buy smaller
chains in order to increase their market shares. For example in 2005 the
number one chain in Turkey, Migros, bought the number three chain,
Tansas. In addition the number two chain, Carrefour, bought the number
four chain, Gima. In February 2008 another major acquisition took place
when Migros -which had a 20 percent market share and was owned by one of
the most prominent families in Turkey- was sold to a London based firm.

Economic development in recent years has helped these modern market
chains to increase their number of stores, number of customers and total
amount of sales while the number of traditional grocery stores has
declined. Traditional food sellers, mainly open-air bazaars and
*bakkal*s, are estimated to control 58 percent of the market, while
organized modern markets compose 42 percent. It is expected that by the
year 2010 modern stores will dominate the market. The unregistered
economy is a long standing tradition for open-air bazaars and small
stores called *bakkal*s throughout the country. The still very high
share of traditional businesses has resulted in unreliable data for the
sector.

By the end of 2007 the total area of western style shopping malls
reached 1.5 million square meters. There has been a significant amount
of construction in this sector and the area is expected to soon reach 3
million square meters. In Istanbul alone there are 59 operational
shopping malls and 46 more are currently being built. In addition, 37
are in the project development phase. While the food courts in the
shopping malls usually attract both domestic and foreign fast food
restaurants, recently built upscale malls such as Canyon and Cities also
include full service restaurants, which serve foreign dishes.

[]{.mark}

Positive economic conditions since 2001 have increased the number of car
owners, which has increased mobility and contributed to the increase in
sales at modern retain chains. In the same period, a decline in credit
card interest rates stimulated the utilization of credit cards in the
modern food markets. Moreover, member discount cards at modern retailers
became very popular since their introduction in 1998 and have both
improved customer loyalty and boosted sales. Some of the products that
show growth potential include alcoholic beverages (especially beer and
wine) and functional foods.

[]{.mark}

Although there has been improvement in the Turkish economy, various
obstacles remain that hinder growth in the retail sector. These include
high prices for processed food, high import taxes on food, and unequal
income distribution.

# 

The classification of food retail outlets in this report is based on
outlet size:

Hypermarkets : Over 2,500 m2

Large Supermarkets : 1000 to 2,500 m2

Supermarkets : 400 to 1000 m2

Small Supermarkets : Less than 400 m2

Markets : 100 to 50 m2

*Bakkal*s : less than 50 m2.

Convenience & gas station stores : Similar in size to *bakkals* and
markets

The following is a summary of the advantages and challenges facing U.S.
exporters in the Turkish retail food sector:

[]{.mark}

  ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------
  **Advantages**                      **Challenges**

  Growth of modern retail stores      Customs Union with the EU and
  leads consumers to discover new     harmonization of regulations
  products, and to become more aware  creates price and logistical
  of imported brands.                 advantage for European products.

  Some U.S. products are better       European and other neighbouring
  priced than local products, such as countries enjoy lower freight costs
  pulses. The lower value of the U.S. and shorter shipping times compared
  dollar against the Turkish lira in  to the United States.
  recent months has made some U.S.    
  products more attractive.           

  The significant increase in         There are high import duties on
  purchasing power of the Turkish     many agricultural products. (Up to
  consumer combined with the good     135 percent on bulk agricultural
  reputation of U.S. food products    commodities 170 percent on
  help increase demand for high       processed food products)
  quality U.S. products.              

  International retailers that market The local food processing sector is
  a wide range of imported products   well developed and high quality
  have positive influence on          goods are sold at competitive
  purchasing patterns.                prices. The rich diversity in
                                      agricultural production provides
                                      ingredients for most sub-sectors.

  There is a growing demand for       U.S. food products are weakly
  specialized products such as        promoted in Turkey. High shelf fees
  Tex-Mex, diabetic and diet food,    charged by the large chains lead to
  ready-to-eat food and frozen food.  high costs for introducing new
                                      products.
  ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------

For a more detailed description of Turkey's retail food market, please
refer to FAS Ankara Report TU4005, available on the FAS website
[www.fas.usda.gov.]{.underline}

## III.2. Food Processing Sector

> Large food processors have direct access to domestic ingredient
> suppliers, and they are generally direct importers. On the other hand,
> small- and medium-sized food processors do source ingredients from
> importers, international company representatives and wholesalers.
>
> ![](media/image2.wmf){width="4.660416666666666in"
> height="2.2715277777777776in"}

[]{.mark}

The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA), [General
Directorate of Protection and Control](http://www.kkgm.gov.tr/) (GDPC),
has primary responsibility for regulating imports of food and beverages
and their packaging materials. The nutritional and dietary supplements
are also regulated by GDPC.

Before importation of any food product to Turkey, written applications
should be submitted to GDPC. All packaged products are required to
obtain a license number from GDPC after laboratory testing of the
product. In addition to this laboratory analysis, Turkish regulations
require that products be inspected at customs before clearance.

[]{.mark}

Turkey has a developed food processing industry and a rich agricultural
base with diversified agricultural production, however some structural
problems related to quality, sustainability and efficiency in
agricultural production negatively affect the food-processing sector.

[]{.mark}

The value of packaged food sales in 2007 is estimated at USD 32 billion
by *Euromonitor*, and per capita annual consumption is USD 438. As the
economy has recovered from the 2001 crisis, demand for better quality
and branded packaged food has increased continuously every year. A high
level of competition and reluctance of the leading manufacturers to
increase prices has enabled consumers to obtain better quality food at
competitive prices.

Turkey has a population of about 70.5 million and fifty percent of it is
under the age of 28. The increasingly urban and young population is an
important stimulus for the processed food sector, and represents a good
potential for growth as the economy improves.

The following is a summary of the advantages and challenges facing U.S.
exporters in the Turkish food processing sector:

[]{.mark}

[]{.mark}

[]{.mark}

  --------------------------------- -------------------------------------
  **Advantages**                    **Challenges**

  High export potential due to      EU exporters enjoy lower
  geographic proximity both to EU,  transportation costs.
  Russian and Middle East markets.  

  The legislative framework needed  Turkey\'s presence in the EU customs
  to combat the unregistered        union and continuing accession talks
  economy is nearly complete.       usually give EU suppliers a price
  Implementation will ultimately    advantage due to lower import duties
  enforce fair competition.         and a regulatory advantage due to
                                    harmonization of regulations within
                                    the member/candidate states.

  Being a candidate for EU          Turkey places high import duties on
  membership coupled with the       many bulk agricultural commodities,
  latest economic improvements      processed food products and alcoholic
  makes Turkey a favored            beverages.
  destination for FDI in the        
  region.                           

  Additional demand for food        Recent trends in the tourism sector
  products comes from the strong    for low priced all-inclusive deals
  and growing tourism sector.       favors domestic food consumption by
                                    tourists.

  The excellent reputation of U.S.  Turkey has a well-developed
  food products leads to increasing food-processing sector with quality
  demand as economic conditions and products and competitive pricing.
  purchasing power improve.         There is a rich base of agricultural
                                    production, providing ingredients for
                                    this sector.
  --------------------------------- -------------------------------------

For a more detailed description of Turkey's food processing sector,
please refer to FAS Ankara Report TU 2047 available on the FAS website
[www.fas.usda.gov.]{.underline}

## III.3. HRI Food Service

## 

In Turkey about 40 percent of income is spent on food, compared to 10
percent in developed countries. Socialization over food is an important
aspect of Turkish culture. This combined with the young population,
increasing number of working women, and increased out of home
socialization has led the fast food industry to become a USD 3.5 billion
market.

[]{.mark}

One growing trend is to go out for breakfast or brunch at pastry shops,
cafes, and restaurants. This developing part of the restaurant market
usually offers open buffets and all inclusive fixed prices. This being
the case, most of the menu items are domestically procured. Small
amounts of imported food items are served in 5 star hotel's brunch
menus, but the share is negligible.

Major changes in the lifestyles, incomes and consumption patterns of
Turks in the last decade, in spite of sporadic down turns in the
economy, means they are increasingly prone to eat meals and socialize
over food outside of the home. A new and faster pace of life has also
led people to find quicker meal solutions for their shortened lunch
hours. An increasing number of fast food chains and restaurants in newly
established shopping centers and hypermarket complexes are growing
evidence of this newly emerging demand.

[]{.mark}

This has led to the rapid development of two niche sectors; fast food
and institutional food service.

[]{.mark}

One of the major problems in Turkey's HRI industry is the volume of
unregistered establishments. For example, according to official figures
of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, as of 2006 there were 3344
hotels and resorts. However according to information from the Turkish
Hotel Federation this number is around 6000 establishments.

Total food service revenue in 2007 is estimated to be about USD 19.5
billion. There is a trend in the HRI food service of shifting away from
the traditional type of restaurants towards catered meals and fast food.
The institutional catering sector has shown rapid growth in recent
years, reaching USD 6.5 billion in 2007.

Though there is promising growth in the HRI sector as a whole,
opportunities for U.S. food imports in large quantities remain limited,
since it is possible to supply most food ingredients through domestic
sources and import costs are exaggerated by high duties and complicated
import procedures. For example, meat imports are banned and import and
consumption taxes on wine are over 200 percent.

As a result, imported food and food ingredient consumption remains low
-- about 10 percent in hotels and restaurants that feature foreign
cuisine, and only 3 percent in local HRI food service institutions.
Imported items include rice, corn, pulses, chickpeas, vegetable oil
(corn oil, soy oil), beans and other items used for catering such as
specialty imported cheeses, hams, sauces, pastries, tropical fruits,
seafood and alcoholic beverages.

The following is a summary of the advantages and challenges facing U.S.
food products in the HRI Sector in Turkey:

+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| ## Advantages                    | **Challenges**                    |
+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| The number of western fast food  | The Customs Union with the EU     |
| outlets is continuing to         | created a privileged position for |
| increase.                        | EU country imports to Turkey.     |
+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Some U.S. products are more      | Transportation costs are less for |
| competitively priced than local  | products from neighboring         |
| products.                        | countries.                        |
+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| The young and urban segments of  | There is a well-developed local   |
| Turkish society are receptive to | food-processing sector providing  |
| new products and western tastes. | most needed items.                |
+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| The number of foreign cuisine    | European (French & Italian) and   |
| restaurants (Asian, Fusion,      | Far Eastern cuisine are still     |
| Italian etc.) and international  | dominant in the foreign themed    |
| hotel chains is increasing.      | restaurants and hotels. High      |
|                                  | tariffs prevent the import of     |
|                                  | many specialty ingredients.       |
+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

# Section IV: Best High-Value Product Prospects

The best high-valued products for the imported food market (retail) are
internationally recognized branded food products. These types of
products in general account for 30 percent of overall imported food
products. These include cocoa and instant coffee, chocolate and
confectionary goods, cookies and crackers, breakfast cereal, cheese,
alcoholic beverages, sauces, seafood and pet foods. The change in wine
and beer import and distribution regulations now allows imported
products to be sold in the retail market. This created new opportunities
for U.S. wine and beer to be sold in the Turkish market, although taxes
are high. Functional food items such as food supplements and "sports
drinks" also represent a new opportunity for U.S. exports since it is a
new sub-sector seeing rapid growth.

# Section V: Key Contacts and Further Information

+-------------------+------------+-----------------+--------+---------+
| **Organization**  | **Contact  | **Address**     | **P    | **Fax** |
|                   | Name**     |                 | hone** |         |
+===================+============+=================+========+=========+
| The Union of      | Mr. Rifat  | Ataturk Bulvari | (9     | (       |
| Chambers of       | Hisa       | 149             | 0-312) | 90-312) |
| Commerce,         | rciklioglu |                 |        |         |
| Industry,         |            | Bakanliklar     | 41     | 4       |
| Maritime Trade    | Chairman   |                 | 3-8000 | 18-3268 |
| And Commodity     |            | Ankara, Turkey  |        |         |
| Exchanges of      |            |                 |        |         |
| Turkey/ *Turkiye  |            |                 |        |         |
| Odalar ve         |            |                 |        |         |
| Borsalar Birligi  |            |                 |        |         |
| (TOBB)*           |            |                 |        |         |
+-------------------+------------+-----------------+--------+---------+
| Ankara Chamber of | Mr. Sinan  | Eskisehir Yolu  | (9     | (       |
| Commerce /        | Aygun      | Uzeri, II.      | 0-312) | 90-312) |
| *Ankara Ticaret   |            | Cadde No.5      |        |         |
| Odasi*            | Chairman   |                 | 28     | 2       |
|                   |            | 06530 Sogutozu  | 5-7951 | 86-2764 |
|                   |            |                 |        |         |
|                   |            | Ankara, Turkey  |        |         |
+-------------------+------------+-----------------+--------+---------+
| Ankara Chamber of | Mr.        | Ataturk Bulvari | (9     | (       |
| Industry/ *Ankara | Nurettin   | 193             | 0-312) | 90-312) |
| Sanayi Odasi*     | Ozdebir    |                 |        |         |
|                   |            | 06680           | 41     | 4       |
|                   | Chairman   | Kavaklidere     | 7-1200 | 17-5205 |
|                   |            |                 |        |         |
|                   |            | Ankara, Turkey  |        |         |
+-------------------+------------+-----------------+--------+---------+
| Chamber of Marine | Mr. Metin  | Meclisi Mebusan | (9     | (       |
| Trade/ *Deniz     | Kalkavan   | Cad. No: 22     | 0-212) | 90-212) |
| Ticaret Odasi*    |            |                 |        |         |
|                   | Chairman   | 34427 Findikli  | 25     | 2       |
|                   |            |                 | 2-0130 | 93-7935 |
|                   |            | Istanbul,       |        |         |
|                   |            | Turkey          |        |         |
+-------------------+------------+-----------------+--------+---------+
| Istanbul Chamber  | Mr. Tanil  | Mesrutiyet Cad. | (9     | (       |
| of Industry /     | Kucuk      | No.:62, 34430   | 0-212) | 90-212) |
| *Istanbul Sanayi  |            |                 |        |         |
| Odasi*            | Chairman   | Tepebasi        | 25     | 2       |
|                   |            |                 | 2-2900 | 49-5084 |
|                   |            | Istanbul,       |        |         |
|                   |            | Turkey          |        |         |
+-------------------+------------+-----------------+--------+---------+
| Istanbul Chamber  | Mr. Murat  | Resadiye Cad.   | (9     | (       |
| of Commerce /     | Yalcintas  |                 | 0-212) | 90-212) |
| *Istanbul Ticaret |            | 34112, Eminonu  |        |         |
| Odasi*            | Chairman   |                 | 45     | 5       |
|                   |            | Istanbul,       | 5-6000 | 13-1565 |
|                   |            | Turkey          |        |         |
+-------------------+------------+-----------------+--------+---------+
| Aegean Chamber of | Mr. Tamer  | Cumhuriyet      | (9     | (       |
| Industry / *Ege   | Taskin     | Bulvari 63      | 0-232) | 90-232) |
| Bolgesi Sanayi    |            |                 |        |         |
| Odasi*            | Chairman   | 35210 Pasaport  | 45     | 4       |
|                   |            |                 | 5-2900 | 83-9937 |
|                   |            | Izmir, Turkey   |        |         |
+-------------------+------------+-----------------+--------+---------+
| SET-BIR (Union Of | Mr. Erdal  | Sehit Ersan     | (9     | (       |
| Dairy Producers)  | Bahcivan,  | Caddesi, Coban  | 0-312) | 90-312) |
|                   | Chairman   | Yildizi Sok.    |        |         |
|                   |            | No:1/ 14        | 42     | 4       |
|                   |            | Cankaya,        | 8-4774 | 28-4746 |
|                   |            |                 |        |         |
|                   |            | Ankara, Turkey  |        |         |
+-------------------+------------+-----------------+--------+---------+
| BESD-BIR (Union   | Mr. Zuhal  | 8\. Cadde,      | (9     | (       |
| of Poultry        | Dasdan,    | Cetin Emec      | 0-312) | 90-312) |
| Producers)        | Chairman   | Blv.,           |        |         |
|                   |            |                 | 47     | 4       |
|                   |            | 86 Sok. No.5A,  | 2-7788 | 72-7789 |
|                   |            | Ovecler, Ankara |        |         |
+-------------------+------------+-----------------+--------+---------+
| Turkish Flour     | Mr. Erhan  | Konrad Adenauer | (9     | (       |
| Millers           | Ozmen,     | Cad. 248 No1/2, | 0-312) | 90-312) |
| Federation/       | Chairman   | Yildiz, Ankara  |        |         |
| *Turkiye Un       |            |                 | 44     | 4       |
| Sanayicileri      |            |                 | 0-0454 | 40-0364 |
| Federasyonui*     |            |                 |        |         |
+-------------------+------------+-----------------+--------+---------+
| Turkish Feed      | Mr. Ulku   | Cetin Emec      | (9     | (       |
| Millers           | Karakus,   | Blv.,           | 0-312) | 90-312) |
| Association/      | President  |                 |        |         |
| *Turkiye Yem      |            | 2\. Cad.,       | 47     | 4       |
| Sanayicileri      |            | No.38/7,        | 2-8320 | 72-8323 |
| Birligi*          |            | Ovecler,        |        |         |
|                   |            |                 |        |         |
|                   |            | Dikmen-Ankara   |        |         |
+-------------------+------------+-----------------+--------+---------+
| Turkish Seed      | Dr. Mete   | Mithatpasa Cad. | (9     | (       |
| Industry          | Komeagac,  | 50/4            | 0-312) | 90-312) |
| Association/      | Chairman   |                 |        |         |
| *Turkiye          |            | Fazilet Apt.    | 43     | 4       |
| Tohumcular        |            | 06420           | 2-0050 | 32-0050 |
| Birligi*          |            | Yenisehir,      |        |         |
|                   |            | Ankara          |        |         |
|                   |            |                 |        |         |
|                   |            | Turkey          |        |         |
+-------------------+------------+-----------------+--------+---------+
| Union of Pasta    | Mr. Murat  | Cinnah Cad. No. | (9     | (       |
| Producers/        | Bozkurt,   | 59/5, Cankaya,  | 0-312) | 90-312) |
| *Makarna          | Secretary  | Ankara          |        |         |
| Sanayicileri      | General    |                 | 44     | 4       |
| Dernegi*          |            |                 | 1-5548 | 38-3433 |
+-------------------+------------+-----------------+--------+---------+
| Foreign Economic  | Mr. Ufuk   | TOBB Plaza      | (9     | (       |
| Relations Board / | Yilnaz     | Talatpasa Cad., | 0-212) | 90-212) |
| *Dis Ekonomik     |            | No.3, Kat:5 ,   |        |         |
| Iliskiler         | Chairman   | 34394           | 33     | 2       |
| Kurulu - DEIK*    |            |                 | 9-5000 | 70-3092 |
|                   |            | Gultepe -       |        |         |
|                   |            | Levent          |        |         |
|                   |            |                 |        |         |
|                   |            | Istanbul,       |        |         |
|                   |            | Turkey          |        |         |
+-------------------+------------+-----------------+--------+---------+
| Turkish-American  | Mr. Ugur   | Buyukdere Cad., | (9     | (       |
| Business          | Terzioglu, | Tankaya Apt.,   | 0-212) | 90-212) |
| Association /     |            | No.18, Kat:7,   |        |         |
| *Turk-Amerikan    | Chairman   | Daire:20,       | 29     | 2       |
| Isadamlari        |            |                 | 1-0916 | 91-0647 |
| Dernegi*          |            | Sisli, 34360    |        |         |
|                   |            |                 |        |         |
|                   |            | Istanbul,Turkey |        |         |
+-------------------+------------+-----------------+--------+---------+
| Turkish           | Ms.        | Mesrutiyet      | (9     | (       |
| Industrialists    | Arzuhan    | Cad., No.74     | 0-212) | 90-212) |
| and Businessmen   | Yalcindag  |                 |        |         |
| Assn./ *Turk      |            | 80050 Tepebasi  | 24     | 2       |
| Sanayicileri ve   | Chairman   |                 | 9-1929 | 49-1350 |
| Isadamlari        |            | Istanbul,       |        |         |
| Dernegi- TUSIAD*  |            | Turkey          |        |         |
+-------------------+------------+-----------------+--------+---------+
| Assn. of Bursa    | Mr. Mehmet | Kultur Park Ici | (9     | (       |
| Industrialists &  | Arif Ozer  |                 | 0-224) | 90-224) |
| Businessmen /     |            | Arkeoloji       |        |         |
| *Bursa Sanayici   | Chairman   | Muzesi Yani,    | 23     | 2       |
| ve Isadamlari     |            | 16050           | 3-5018 | 35-2350 |
| Dernegi- BUSIAD*  |            |                 |        |         |
|                   |            | Bursa, Turkey   |        |         |
+-------------------+------------+-----------------+--------+---------+
| Assn. of Foreign  | Mr. Tahir  | Barbaros        | (9     | (       |
| Capital           | Uysal      | Bulvari         | 0-212) | 90-212) |
| Coordination /    |            | Murbasan Sok.,  |        |         |
| *Yabanci Sermaye  | Chairman   | Koza Is Merkezi | 27     | 2       |
| Koordinasyon      |            |                 | 2-5094 | 74-6664 |
| Dernegi-YASED*    |            | B-Blok, Kat:1   |        |         |
|                   |            |                 |        |         |
|                   |            | 34349 Besiktas, |        |         |
|                   |            | Istanbul,       |        |         |
|                   |            | Turkey          |        |         |
+-------------------+------------+-----------------+--------+---------+
| Independent       | Dr. Omer   | Sutluce Mah.    | (90-   | (       |
| Industrialists    | Cihad      | Imrahor         | 212)22 | 90-212) |
| and Businessmen's | Vardan     | Caddesi, No.    | 2-0406 |         |
| Assn./ *Mustakil  |            | 28, Beyoglu,    |        | 2       |
| Sanayici ve       | Chairman   | Istanbul        |        | 10-5082 |
| Isadamlari        |            |                 |        |         |
| Dernegi -MUSIAD*  |            |                 |        |         |
+-------------------+------------+-----------------+--------+---------+
| The Banks         | Mr. Ersin  | Nispetiye Cad., | (9     | (       |
| Association of    | Ozince     | Akmerkez B3     | 0-212) | 90-212) |
| Turkey / *Turkiye |            | Blok, Kat:13-14 |        |         |
| Bankalar Birligi* | Chairman   |                 | 28     | 2       |
|                   |            | 80630 Etiler    | 2-0973 | 82-0946 |
|                   |            |                 |        |         |
|                   |            | Istanbul,       |        |         |
|                   |            | Turkey          |        |         |
+-------------------+------------+-----------------+--------+---------+
| Turkish           | Mr. Halil  | Meclisi Mebusan | (9     | (       |
| Industrial        | Eroglu     | Cad., No.:161   | 0-212) | 90-212) |
| Development Bank  |            |                 |        |         |
| / *Turkiye Sinai  | Chairman   | 34427 Findikli  | 33     | 3       |
| Kalkinma Bankasi  |            |                 | 4-5050 | 34-5234 |
| A.S.i-TSKB*       |            | Istanbul,       |        |         |
|                   |            | Turkey          |        |         |
+-------------------+------------+-----------------+--------+---------+
| Union of Turkish  | Mr. Semsi  | GMK Bulvari     | (9     | (       |
| Agricultural      | Bayraktar  |                 | 0-312) | 90-312) |
| Chambers /        |            | No:25           |        |         |
| *Turkiye Ziraat   | Chairman   |                 | 23     | 2       |
| Odalari Birligi*  |            | Demirtepe       | 1-6300 | 31-7627 |
|                   |            |                 |        |         |
|                   |            | Ankara, Turkey  |        |         |
+-------------------+------------+-----------------+--------+---------+
| Chamber of        | Mr. Gokhan | Karanfil Sok.,  | (9     | (       |
| Agricultural      | Gunaydin   | 28/12 Kizilay   | 0-312) | 90-312) |
| Engineers /       |            |                 |        |         |
| *Ziraat           | President  | Ankara, Turkey  | 44     | 4       |
| Muhendisleri      |            |                 | 4-1966 | 18-5198 |
| Odasi*            |            |                 |        |         |
+-------------------+------------+-----------------+--------+---------+
| Chamber of Forest | Mr.Ali     | Necatibey Cad., | (9     | (       |
| Engineers /       | K          |                 | 0-312) | 90-312) |
| *Orman            | ucukaydin, | 16/13, Sihhiye  |        |         |
| Muhendisleri      |            |                 | 22     | 2       |
| Odasi*            | Chairman   | Ankara, Turkey  | 9-2009 | 29-8633 |
+-------------------+------------+-----------------+--------+---------+
| Market and Public | Mr. Temel  | Istiklal Cad.,  | (9     | (       |
| Opinion           | Aksoy,     | Imam Adnan      | 0-212) | 90-212) |
| Researchers Assn. |            | Sok., No 1,     |        |         |
| / *Pazarlama ve   | Chairman   | Kat:3, 34435    | 24     | 2       |
| Kamuoyu           |            | Beyoglu         | 9-2319 | 49-9956 |
| Arastirmacilari   |            |                 |        |         |
| Dernegi*          |            | Istanbul,       |        |         |
|                   |            | Turkey          |        |         |
+-------------------+------------+-----------------+--------+---------+
| Advertising Firms | Mr. Jeffi  | Istiklal Cad.,  | (9     | (       |
| Association /     | Medina     | No.407, Kat;4,  | 0-212) | 90-212) |
| Reklamcilar       |            | Beyoglu         |        |         |
| Dernegi           | President  |                 | 24     | 2       |
|                   |            | Istanbul,       | 3-9363 | 43-9370 |
|                   |            | Turkey          |        |         |
+-------------------+------------+-----------------+--------+---------+
| Advertisers       | Mr. Hakan  | Nispetiye Cad.  | (9     | (       |
| Association /     | Uyanik,    | Yanarsu Sok.    | 0-212) | 90-212) |
| *Reklam Verenler  |            | Mustafa Celik   |        |         |
| Dernegi*          | President  | Apt. No: 58     | 35     | 3       |
|                   |            | D2,Etiler,      | 1-5548 | 51-5748 |
|                   |            | IStanbul        |        |         |
+-------------------+------------+-----------------+--------+---------+
| Food Importers    | Mr.        | Buyukdere Cad.  | (9     | (       |
| Association /     | Mustafa    | No:64/13 Somer  | 0-212) | 90-212) |
| *Tum Gida         | Manav      | Apt. Kat:5      |        |         |
| Ithalatcilari     | President  | Mecidiyekoy,    | 34     | 3       |
| Dernegi-TUGIDER*  |            | Istanbul        | 7-2560 | 47-2570 |
|                   |            |                 |        |         |
|                   |            | Turkey          |        |         |
+-------------------+------------+-----------------+--------+---------+
| Beverage          | Mr.        | Bedri Rahmi     | (9     | (       |
| Producers         | Nizamettin | Ataturk         | 0-312) | 90-312) |
| Association /     | Senturk    | Bulvari, Ata    |        | 4       |
| *Mesrubatcilar    | Secretary  | Apt. No: 231/16 | 42     | 26-0638 |
| Dernegi*          | General    | Kavaklidere     | 6-6151 |         |
|                   |            | Ankara          |        |         |
| *MEDER*           |            |                 |        |         |
+-------------------+------------+-----------------+--------+---------+
| Turkish           | Dr.        | 5\. Yol         | (9     | (       |
| Franchising       | Mustafa    | Mahallesi Inonu | 0-212) | 90-212) |
| Association /     | Aydin      | caddesi No 40   |        |         |
| *Ulusal           | President  | Sefakoy         | 42     | 4       |
| Franchising       |            | Kucukcekmece    | 5-6151 | 25-5759 |
| Dernegi*-*UFRAD*  |            | Istanbul        |        |         |
+-------------------+------------+-----------------+--------+---------+
| Paper and Paper   | Mr. Erdal  | Buyukdere Cad., | (9     | (       |
| Pulp              | Sukan      | Cinar Apt.,     | 0-212) | 90-212) |
| Industrialists    |            | No95, Kat:3,    |        |         |
| Foundation /      | Chairman   | D:11-12         | 27     | 2       |
| *Seluloz ve Kagit |            |                 | 5-1389 | 17-8888 |
| Sanayicileri      |            | Mecidiyekoy     |        |         |
| Vakfi*            |            |                 |        |         |
|                   |            | Istanbul,       |        |         |
|                   |            | Turkey          |        |         |
+-------------------+------------+-----------------+--------+---------+
| Turkish Clothing  | Mr. Ahmet  | Mehmet Akif     | (9     | (       |
| Manufacturers     | Nakkas     | Cad., Haydar    | 0-212) | 90-212) |
| Assn. / *Turkiye  |            | Akin Is Merkezi |        |         |
| Giyim             | Chairman   | No.: 2, 1.      | 63     | 4       |
| Sanayicileri      |            | Sok., No.23,    | 9-7656 | 51-6113 |
| Dernegi*          |            | Kat:5           |        |         |
|                   |            |                 |        |         |
|                   |            | Sirinevler      |        |         |
|                   |            |                 |        |         |
|                   |            | Istanbul,       |        |         |
|                   |            | Turkey          |        |         |
+-------------------+------------+-----------------+--------+---------+
| International     | Mr. Tamer  | Nispetiye Cad., | (9     | (       |
| Overland          | Dincsahin, | Seheryildizi    | 0-212) | 90-212) |
| Transporters      |            | Sok., No.10,    |        |         |
| Assn. /           | Chairman   | Etiler          | 35     | 3       |
| *Uluslararasi     |            |                 | 9-2600 | 59-2626 |
| Nakliyeciler      |            | Istanbul,       |        |         |
| Dernegii*         |            | Turkey          |        |         |
+-------------------+------------+-----------------+--------+---------+

## V.1. Important Regulatory and Governmental Contacts

## 

+------------------+------------+-----------------+---------+---------+
| Ministry of      | Mr. Mehmet | Eskisehir Yolu, | (       | (       |
| Agriculture and  | Mehdi      | 9. Km.,         | 90-312) | 90-312) |
| Rural Affairs/   | Eker,      | Lodumlu, Ankara |         |         |
| *Tarim ve        |            |                 | 2       | 2       |
| Koyisleri        | Minister   |                 | 87-3360 | 86-3964 |
| Bakanligi*       |            |                 |         |         |
+------------------+------------+-----------------+---------+---------+
| Ministry of      | Mr. Vedat  | Eskisehir Yolu, | (       | (       |
| Agriculture and  | Mirmahmu   | 9. Km.,         | 90-312) | 90-312) |
| Rural Affairs/   | togullari, | Lodumlu, Ankara |         |         |
| *Tarim ve        | Under      |                 | 2       | 2       |
| Koyisleri        |            |                 | 87-3360 | 86-3964 |
| Bakanligi*       | Secretary  |                 |         |         |
+------------------+------------+-----------------+---------+---------+
| General          | Dr.        | Akay Cad.       | (       | (       |
| Directorate of   | Muzaffer   |                 | 90-312) | 90-312) |
| Protection and   | Aydemir,   | No. 3,          |         |         |
| Control/ *Koruma |            | Bakanliklar,    | 4       | 4       |
| ve Kontrol Genel | Director   | Ankara          | 17-4176 | 18-6318 |
| Mudurlugu*       | General    |                 |         |         |
+------------------+------------+-----------------+---------+---------+
| General          | Ali        | Eskisehir Yolu, | (       | (       |
| Directorate of   | Karaca,    | 10. km Eski Koy | 90-312) | 90-312) |
| Production and   | Director   | Hizmetleri      |         |         |
| Development/     | General    | Binasi,         | 2       | 2       |
| *Uretim ve       |            | Lodumlu, Ankara | 87-3360 | 87-0041 |
| Gelistirme Genel |            |                 |         |         |
| Mudurlugu*       |            |                 |         |         |
+------------------+------------+-----------------+---------+---------+
| Turkish Grain    | Mesut      | Milli Mudafa    | (       | (       |
| Board/ *Toprak   | Kose,      | Cad. No.18,     | 90-312) | 90-312) |
| Mahsulleri       | Acting     | Kizilay, Ankara |         |         |
| Ofisi*           | Director   |                 | 4       | 4       |
|                  | General    |                 | 16-3000 | 16-3400 |
+------------------+------------+-----------------+---------+---------+
| Ministry of      | Mr. Zafer  | Eskisehir Yolu  | (       | (       |
| Industry/ Sanayi | Caglayan,  | 7.Km., No. 154, | 90-312) | 90-312) |
| Bakanligi        | Minister   | Sogutozu,       |         |         |
|                  |            | Ankara          | 2       | 2       |
|                  |            |                 | 19-6500 | 19-6738 |
+------------------+------------+-----------------+---------+---------+
| Undersecretariat | Tuncer     | Eskisehir Yolu, | (       | (       |
| of Foreign       | Kayalar,   |                 | 90-312) | 90-312) |
| Trade/ *Dis      | Under      | Inonu Bulvari   |         |         |
| Ticaret          | Secretary  | No: 36, Emek,   | 2       | 2       |
| Mustesarligi*    |            | Ankara          | 04-7500 | 15-7018 |
+------------------+------------+-----------------+---------+---------+
| U                | Mr.        | Inonu Bulvari   | (       | (       |
| ndersecretariate | Ibrahim    | No:36, Emek,    | 90-312) | 90-312) |
| of Treasury/     | Halil      | Ankara          |         |         |
| *Hazine          | Canakci,   |                 | 2       | 2       |
| Mustesarligi*    | Under      |                 | 04-6000 | 12-2297 |
|                  | Secretary  |                 |         |         |
+------------------+------------+-----------------+---------+---------+
| Ministry of      | Prof Dr.   | Sogutozu Cad.   | (       | (       |
| Environment &    | Veysel     | No 14/E, Ankara | 90-312) | 90-312) |
| Forestry/ Cevre  | Eroglu,    |                 |         |         |
| ve *Orman        | Minister   |                 | 2       | 2       |
| Bakanligi*       |            |                 | 07-5000 | 07-6299 |
+------------------+------------+-----------------+---------+---------+
| Ministry of      | Prof. Dr.  | Mithat PAsa     | (       | (       |
| Health/ *Saglik  | Recep      | Cad. No:3       | 90-312) | 90-312) |
| Bakanligi*       | Akdag,     | Sihhiye,        |         |         |
|                  | Minister   |                 | 5       | 4       |
|                  |            | Ankara          | 85-1000 | 31-4879 |
+------------------+------------+-----------------+---------+---------+
| Ministry of      | Mr. Kemal  | Dikmen Cad. No. | (       | (       |
| Finance/ *Maliye | Unakitan,  | 2, Bakanliklar, | 90-312) | 90-312) |
| Bakanligi*       | Minister   | Ankara          |         |         |
|                  |            |                 | 4       | 4       |
|                  |            |                 | 15-2900 | 25-0058 |
+------------------+------------+-----------------+---------+---------+

# Note on Trade Data and Tables A to F:

[]{.mark}

On June 2006 the Turkish government stopped publishing complete import
and export data. Accord to the policy, if a given item is traded by
three or fewer companies in any month, trade figures are shown as zero.
Consequently it has become impossible to supply accurate import numbers.
For the following tables we used various databases and cited the sources
below each table.

# Table A. Key Trade and Demographic Information

+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------+
| Agricultural, Fish & Forestry Total Imports   | 5.575 billion        |
| From All Countries in 2007, USD and % U.S.    |                      |
| Market Share                                  | (25 percent)         |
+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------+
| Total Consumer--Oriented Agricultural Total   | 551.102 million      |
| Imports From All Countries USD U.S. Market    |                      |
| Share (%): 2007                               | (7 percent)          |
+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------+
| Cotton Imports From All Countries             | \$1.203 billion      |
|                                               |                      |
| U.S. Market Share (%)                         | (68 percent)         |
+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------+
| Total Population                              | 70.5 Million         |
+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------+
| Number of Major Metropolitan Areas            | 7                    |
+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------+
| Percentage of woman in the work force         | 28%                  |
+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------+
| Unemployment Rate                             | 9.4%                 |
+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------+
| 2007 Per Capita GDP (USD)                     | \$9,333              |
+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------+
| Current Exchange Rate (US\$ 1 = Turkish Lira) | YTL 1.5              |
|                                               |                      |
|                                               | (as of November 4,   |
|                                               | 2008)                |
+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------+

Source: Global Trade Atlas, Turkish Statistical Institute, Central Bank
of the Republic of Turke[]{#__RefHeading___Toc213832251 .anchor}y

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# []{.mark}

# Table B: Food and Agricultural Imports 

+-------------+--------+--------+------+--------+---------+--------+
| ######      |        |        |      |        |         |        |
| Food and Ag |        |        |      |        |         |        |
| ricultural  |        |        |      |        |         |        |
| Imports to  |        |        |      |        |         |        |
| Turkey (USD |        |        |      |        |         |        |
|  1,000,000) |        |        |      |        |         |        |
+-------------+--------+--------+------+--------+---------+--------+
| *           | **     | **     | **20 | **     | *       | **     |
| *Products** | 2005** | 2005** | 06** | 2006** | *2007** | 2007** |
|             |        |        |      |        |         |        |
|             | **U.   | **W    | **   | **W    | **U     | **W    |
|             | S.A.** | orld** | U.S. | orld** | .S.A.** | orld** |
|             |        |        | A.** |        |         |        |
+-------------+--------+--------+------+--------+---------+--------+
| Live        | 0.381  | 13.164 | 0.0  | 1.966  | 0.0     | 1.325  |
| animals     |        |        |      |        |         |        |
+-------------+--------+--------+------+--------+---------+--------+
| **Coarse    | 1.903  | 53.174 | 0.0  | 2.880  | 65.238  | 1      |
| Grains**    |        |        |      |        |         | 93.556 |
+-------------+--------+--------+------+--------+---------+--------+
| **Fresh     | 0.153  | 89.899 | 0.0  | 80.028 | 0.0     | 1      |
| fruits**    |        |        |      |        |         | 16.604 |
+-------------+--------+--------+------+--------+---------+--------+
| **Soybean   | 75.012 | 1      | 4    | 10.665 | 20.743  | 27.194 |
| Meal**      |        | 33.645 | .085 |        |         |        |
+-------------+--------+--------+------+--------+---------+--------+
| **Fruit and | 0.153  | 11.667 | 0.0  | 2.511  | 0.0     | 6.237  |
| Vegetable   |        |        |      |        |         |        |
| Juices**    |        |        |      |        |         |        |
+-------------+--------+--------+------+--------+---------+--------+
| **Wine and  | 0.045  | 4.429  | 0.0  | 0.604  | 0.0     | 0.582  |
| Beer**      |        |        |      |        |         |        |
+-------------+--------+--------+------+--------+---------+--------+
| **Tobacco** | 32.079 | 1      | 7    | 75.353 | 0.0     | 95.954 |
|             |        | 81.596 | .775 |        |         |        |
+-------------+--------+--------+------+--------+---------+--------+
| **Vegetable | 63.851 | 5      | 54   | 5      | 71.956  | 4      |
| oils**      |        | 38.448 | .875 | 09.225 |         | 14.302 |
+-------------+--------+--------+------+--------+---------+--------+
| *           | 1      | 3      | 148  | 1      | 122.134 | 3      |
| *Soybeans** | 51.372 | 27.667 | .147 | 84.540 |         | 16.352 |
+-------------+--------+--------+------+--------+---------+--------+
| **Hides and | 14.665 | 2      | 10   | 2      | 10.102  | 2      |
| skins**     |        | 92.694 | .112 | 50.697 |         | 37.593 |
+-------------+--------+--------+------+--------+---------+--------+
| **Logs &    | 2.474  | 2      | 1    | 2      | 2.783   | 2      |
| Chips**     |        | 28.959 | .513 | 29.690 |         | 28.133 |
+-------------+--------+--------+------+--------+---------+--------+
| **Cotton**  | 5      | 9      | 530  | 9      | 818.718 | 1,2    |
|             | 59.280 | 06.852 | .951 | 12.567 |         | 03.550 |
+-------------+--------+--------+------+--------+---------+--------+
| **A         | 1,0    | 4,9    | 917  | 3,2    | 1,      | 4,8    |
| gricultural | 92.639 | 23.388 | .652 | 67.908 | 391.754 | 99.126 |
| Product     |        |        |      |        |         |        |
| Total**     |        |        |      |        |         |        |
+-------------+--------+--------+------+--------+---------+--------+
| **Ag        | 1,1    | 5,7    | 919  | 3,7    | 1,      | 5,5    |
| ricultural, | 03.715 | 86.092 | .767 | 90.409 | 401.020 | 75.242 |
| Fish &      |        |        |      |        |         |        |
| Forestry    |        |        |      |        |         |        |
| Total**     |        |        |      |        |         |        |
+-------------+--------+--------+------+--------+---------+--------+

Source: Global Trade Atlas

# Table C. Turkey's Consumer--Oriented Agricultural Imports (USD 1,000)

  ------------------------------------------------- ---------- ---------- ----------
  **Turkish Imports- Top 15 Suppliers**             **2005**   **2006**   **2007**

  **Ecuador**                                       44,918     54,313     88,114

  **Germany**                                       132,858    70,966     87,421

  **Netherlands**                                   84,177     62,493     62,651

  **United States**                                 43,839     35,206     38,718

  **Ukraine**                                       12,173     18,433     33,033

  **Italy**                                         48,837     28,257     31,997

  **Tur. Rep. of N. Cyprus**                        30,938     18,469     29,278

  **Denmark**                                       31,201     25,849     28,297

  **Uzbekistan**                                    6,409      8,353      15,979

  **United Kingdom**                                25,312     7,027      12,034

  **France**                                        37,982     9,238      10,373

  **China**                                         6,577      3,362      9,989

  **Finland**                                       9,028      5,814      9,892

  **Kyrgyzstan**                                    3,082      4,125      8,705

  **Spain**                                         31,722     3,836      8,081

  **World**                                         886,027    418,476    551,102
  ------------------------------------------------- ---------- ---------- ----------

Source: Global Trade Atlas

# 

# Table D. Top 15 Suppliers of Fish & Seafood Products (USD 1,000)

  -------------------------------------- ---------- ---------- ----------
  **Turkish Imports**                    2005       **2006**   **2007**

                                                               

  **Norway**                             25,783     16,821     23,694

  **Greece**                             3,230      4,278      5,767

  **Morocco**                            3,811      2,950      2,627

  **Singapore**                          879        1,146      1,340

  **Georgia**                            571        741        474

  **Thailand**                           407        276        452

  **Spain**                              6,292      123        425

  **Iceland**                            1,134      0          346

  **Senegal**                            157        168        261

  **Libya**                              3,198      0          121

  **Ukraine**                            229        207        100

  **Oman**                               1,862      0          22

  **Canada**                             75         0          18

  **United States**                      171        16         8

  **World**                              69,248     28,297     35,662
  -------------------------------------- ---------- ---------- ----------

Source: Global Trade Atlas

# Table E. US Exports of Agricultural, Fish and Forestry Products to Turkey 

# (USD 1,000)

  ------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------
  **Product**                                **2005**        **2006**        **2007**

  **BULK AGRICULTURAL TOTAL**                716,240         695,541         1,022,005

  WHEAT                                      3,334           0               11,845

  COARSE GRAINS                              6,887           0               77,476

  RICE                                       38,789          4,115           1,123

  SOYBEANS                                   112,176         139,493         126,102

  COTTON                                     527,200         512,417         767,115

  TOBACCO                                    22,180          23,031          17,828

  PULSES                                     1,956           1,257           1,092

  PEANUTS                                    0               0               51

  OTHER BULK COMMODITIES                     3,719           15,228          19,372

                                                                             

  **INTERMEDIATE AGRICULTURAL TOTAL**        227,530         205,843         350,679

  SOYBEAN MEAL                               48,479          20,650          41,553

  SOYBEAN OIL                                13              2,203           36

  VEGETABLE OILS (EXCL SOYBEAN OIL)          64,508          58,924          79,392

  FEEDS & FODDERS (EXCL PET FOODS)           17,516          27,976          96,444

  LIVE ANIMALS                               673             573             5,785

  HIDES & SKINS                              13,478          14,964          12,808

  ANIMAL FATS                                54,409          61,197          91,629

  PLANTING SEEDS                             14,159          5,603           6,242

  SUGARS, SWEETENERS, & BEVERAGE BASES       523             1,602           521

  OTHER INTERMEDIATE PRODUCTS                13,773          12,150          16,269

                                                                             

  **CONSUMER-ORIENTED AGRICULTURAL TOTAL**   118,600         128,927         122,924

  SNACK FOODS (EXCL NUTS                     909             1,670           825

  BREAKFAST CEREALS & PANCAKE MIX            55              22              62

  RED MEATS, FRESH/CHILLED/FROZEN            205             0               404

  RED MEATS, PREPARED/PRESERVED              4               7               17

  POULTRY MEAT                               79,154          64,711          55,274

  DAIRY PRODUCTS                             1,778           7,062           4,141

  EGGS & PRODUCTS                            1,664           2,161           251

  FRESH FRUIT                                0               15              130

  FRESH VEGETABLES                           0               21              60

  PROCESSED FRUIT & VEGETABLES               385             1,518           907

  FRUIT & VEGETABLE JUICES                   155             136             157

  TREE NUTS                                  15,434          30,116          44,115

  WINE & BEER                                120             254             202

  NURSERY PRODUCTS & CUT FLOWERS             0               1,017           86

  PET FOODS (DOG & CAT FOOD                  4,653           4,774           4,707

  OTHER CONSUMER-ORIENTED PRODUCTS           14,084          15,441          11,586

                                                                             

  **FOREST PRODUCTS (EXCL PULP & PAPER)**    14,634          9,389           16,236

  LOGS AND CHIPS                             3,224           5,233           4,100

  HARDWOOD LUMBER                            1,648           2,010           1,122

  SOFTWOOD AND TREATED LUMBER                93              350             118

  PANEL PRODUCTS (INCL PLYWOOD)              2,432           954             7,782

  OTHER VALUE-ADDED WOOD PRODUCTS            7,237           841             3,115

                                                                             

  **FISH & SEAFOOD PRODUCTS, EDIBLE**        261             1,127           1,313

  SALMON, WHOLE OR EVISCERATED               0               38              0

  CRAB & CRABMEAT                            0               0               0

  ROE & URCHIN (FISH EGGS)                   0               0               84

  OTHER EDIBLE FISH & SEAFOOD                261             1,089           1,229

                                                                             

  **AGRICULTURAL PRODUCT TOTAL**             **1,062,370**   **1,030,311**   **1,495,607**

  **AGRICULTURAL, FISH & FORESTRY TOTAL**    **1,077,265**   **1,040,827**   **1,513,157**
  ------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------

Source: Bico Reports

# 

# []{.mark}

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[]{.mark}

# Table F: Consumer Food and Edible Fishery Products

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 17%" />
<col style="width: 11%" />
<col style="width: 11%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>Turkey Imports</strong></td>
<td colspan="3"><strong>Imports from the World</strong></td>
<td colspan="3"><strong>Imports from the U.S.</strong></td>
<td colspan="3"><strong>U.S. Market Share</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>(USD Million)</strong></td>
<td><strong>2005</strong></td>
<td><strong>2006</strong></td>
<td><strong>2007</strong></td>
<td><strong>2005</strong></td>
<td><strong>2006</strong></td>
<td><strong>2007</strong></td>
<td><strong>2005</strong></td>
<td><strong>2006</strong></td>
<td><strong>2007</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p><strong>CONSUMER-ORIENTED</strong></p>
<p><strong>AGRICULTURAL TOTAL</strong></p></td>
<td><strong>886.027</strong></td>
<td><strong>418.476</strong></td>
<td><strong>551.102</strong></td>
<td><strong>43.839</strong></td>
<td><strong>35.206</strong></td>
<td><strong>38.718</strong></td>
<td><strong>4.95</strong></td>
<td><strong>8.41</strong></td>
<td><strong>7.03</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>Snack Foods (Excl. Nuts)</strong></td>
<td>55.902</td>
<td>3.701</td>
<td>5.058</td>
<td>0.203</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>0.015</td>
<td>0.36</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>0.31</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>Breakfast Cereals &amp; Pancake Mix</strong></td>
<td>16.544</td>
<td>2.074</td>
<td>2.355</td>
<td>0.009</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>0.06</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>0.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>Poultry Meat*</strong></td>
<td>N/A</td>
<td>N/A</td>
<td>N/A</td>
<td>79.154</td>
<td>64.711</td>
<td>55.274</td>
<td>N/A</td>
<td>N/A</td>
<td>N/A</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>Dairy Products (Excl. Cheese)</strong></td>
<td>49.556</td>
<td>19.563</td>
<td>32.419</td>
<td>0.938</td>
<td>3.276</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>1.89</td>
<td>16.75</td>
<td>0.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>Cheese</strong></td>
<td>19.935</td>
<td>12.008</td>
<td>16.461</td>
<td>0.064</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>0.32</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>0.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>Eggs &amp; Products</strong></td>
<td>16.485</td>
<td>0.505</td>
<td>5.702</td>
<td>1.810</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>10.98</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>0.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>Fresh Fruit</strong></td>
<td>89.899</td>
<td>80.028</td>
<td>116.604</td>
<td>0.153</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>0.17</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>0.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>Processed Fruit &amp; Vegetables</strong></td>
<td>55.070</td>
<td>9.365</td>
<td>18.218</td>
<td>0.843</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>1.53</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>0.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>Fruit &amp; Vegetable Juices</strong></td>
<td>11.667</td>
<td>2.511</td>
<td>6.237</td>
<td>0.153</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>1.32</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>0.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>Tree Nuts</strong></td>
<td>57.323</td>
<td>50.931</td>
<td>60.286</td>
<td>8.509</td>
<td>5.182</td>
<td>9.204</td>
<td>14.84</td>
<td>10.17</td>
<td>15.27</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>Wine &amp; Beer</strong></td>
<td>4.429</td>
<td>0.604</td>
<td>0.582</td>
<td>0.045</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>1.02</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>0.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>Nursery Products &amp; Cut Flowers</strong></td>
<td>33.720</td>
<td>34.701</td>
<td>35.597</td>
<td>0.007</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>0.02</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>0.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>Pet Foods (Dog &amp; Cat Food)</strong></td>
<td>15.880</td>
<td>4.553</td>
<td>4.697</td>
<td>6.595</td>
<td>4.465</td>
<td>4.284</td>
<td>41.53</td>
<td>98.05</td>
<td>91.21</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>Other Consumer-Oriented Products</strong></td>
<td>451.011</td>
<td>193.719</td>
<td>239.426</td>
<td>24.504</td>
<td>22.281</td>
<td>25.213</td>
<td>5.43</td>
<td>11.50</td>
<td>10.53</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>FISH &amp; SEAFOOD PRODUCTS</strong></td>
<td>69.248</td>
<td>28.297</td>
<td>35.662</td>
<td>0.171</td>
<td>0.016</td>
<td>0.008</td>
<td>0.25</td>
<td>0.06</td>
<td>0.02</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>Other Fishery Products</strong></td>
<td>48.233</td>
<td>18.601</td>
<td>24.723</td>
<td>0.082</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>0.17</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>0.0</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

Source: Global Trade Atlas, Bico Reports

**\*Note: Poultry meat exports to Turkey are trans-shipped from the
Mersin Free Trade Zone to other countries and are not included in the
country total imports.**