BOREAS AFM-06 NOAA/ETL 35-GHz Cloud/Turbulence Radar GIF Images

Summary

The BOREAS AFM-06 team from NOAA/ETL operated a 35-GHz cloud-sensing
radar in the NSA near the OJP tower from 16-Jul-1994 to 08-Aug-1994.
This data set contains a time series of GIF images that show the
structure of the lower atmosphere.

Table of Contents

\* 1 Data Set Overview

\* 2 Investigator(s)

\* 3 Theory of Measurements

\* 4 Equipment

\* 5 Data Acquisition Methods

\* 6 Observations

\* 7 Data Description

\* 8 Data Organization

\* 9 Data Manipulations

\* 10 Errors

\* 11 Notes

\* 12 Application of the Data Set

\* 13 Future Modifications and Plans

\* 14 Software

\* 15 Data Access

\* 16 Output Products and Availability

\* 17 References

\* 18 Glossary of Terms

\* 19 List of Acronyms

\* 20 Document Information

1\. Data Set Overview

1.1 Data Set Identification

BOREAS AFM-06 NOAA/ETL 35-GHz Cloud/Turbulence Radar GIF Images

1.2 Data Set Introduction

This data set contains Graphical Interchange Format (GIF) images derived
from radar data. The data were collected during July and August in the
BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) Northern Study Area (NSA)
approximately 1 km northeast of the Old Jack Pine (OJP) tower. The
images provide a visual depiction of the atmospheric structure during
the data collection periods. Each .gif file contains two panels. The top
panel is radar reflectivity in dBZ units (which are commonly used in
radar meteorology). This is the intensity of the backscattered signal,
and for water droplets it is related to the size and concentration of
the drops. The hotter the color the, stronger the returned signal. The
lower panel is the measured Doppler vertical velocity in units of m/s.
Warm colors represent upward motion and cool colors signify downward
motion. Often, the cloud image covers more area on the velocity image
than on the reflectivity image because the radar\'s velocity
measurements can detect weaker targets.

1.3 Objective/Purpose

The field work objective was to measure turbulence characteristics of
the outer boundary layer (above 100 m above ground level (AGL)) and the
structure and kinematics of tropospheric clouds, including multiple
cloud layer heights and thicknesses. The scientific analysis goal is to
use these radar measurements, in combination with tower and aircraft
flux measurements, to examine how clouds and outer boundary layer
motions affect surface layer fluxes. The data may also be useful for
extending the height-limited momentum flux measurements.

1.4 Summary of Parameters

Parameters measured by the radar at every range gate include:

radar reflectivity factor (dBZ)

radial Doppler velocity (m/s)

variance of the Doppler velocity spectrum (m2/s2)

depolarization ratio (dB)

Various other parameters, such as momentum fluxes, may be derived from
these basic measurements.

1.5 Discussion

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Environmental
Technology Laboratory (ETL) personnel operated a 35-GHz cloud-sensing
radar in the BOREAS Northern Study Area throughout Intensive Field
Campaign (IFC)-2 during midsummer of 1994. This work is one aspect of
the research by the Airborne Fluxes and Meteorology (AFM)-06 team. The
other aspect was the data collection by a 915-MHz wind profiler/Radio
Acoustic Sounding System (RASS) in the Southern Study Area (SSA), as
documented in a separate data set.

The .gif files are time-height images of the structure and kinematics of

clouds and other particulate scatters (such as insects) over the radar
site

for periods when the radar was pointing at the zenith. Thus, the images

provide a history of the clouds, etc., as they passed over the radar.

Insect echoes are limited to the boundary layer, usually less than 2 km

above ground. Stratus clouds sometimes also occupied those low
altitudes.

1.6 Related Data Sets

BOREAS AFM-05 Level-1 Upper Air Network Data

BOREAS AFM-05 Level-2 Upper Air Network Standard Pressure Level Data

BOREAS AFM-06 Boundary Layer Height Data

BOREAS AFM-07 SRC Surface Meteorological Data

BOREAS TF-08 NSA-OJP Tower Flux, Meteorological, and Soil Temperature
Data

2\. Investigator(s)

2.1 Investigator(s) Name and Title

Robert Banta, Brooks Martner, James Wilczak

NOAA/ETL

2.2 Title of Investigation

Outer Boundary Layer Effects on Surface Fluxes of Momentum, Heat,
Moisture, and Greenhouse Gases from the Boreal Forest

2.3 Contact Information

Contact 1

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

Brooks E. Martner

NOAA/ETL

Boulder, CO

\(303\) 497-6375

bmartner@etl.noaa.gov

Contact 2

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

Jeffrey A. Newcomer

Raytheon ITSS

NASA GSFC

Greenbelt, MD

\(301\) 286-7858

\(301\) 286-0239 (fax)

Jeffrey.Newcomer@gsfc.nasa.gov

3\. Theory of Measurements

The radar is an active remote sensor that transmits pulses of microwave
energy and receives signals backscattered from targets in the beam. The
Doppler shift caused by the targets\' motions is determined by measuring
and comparing the phase of the transmitted and received signals. In the
BOREAS data set, the targets are primarily cloud hydrometeors and/or
insects. Both are treated as tracers of the atmospheric motions.

4\. Equipment

4.1 Sensor/Instrument Description

The cloud-sensing radar is a 35 GHz (8-mm wavelength, Ka-band) Doppler,
dual-polarization system developed at NOAA/ETL. Its Doppler capability
allows the velocity of the backscattering targets to be measured, and
its short wavelength (compared to storm-monitoring radars) gives it the
ability to detect clouds as well as precipitation. It can also obtain
measurements in the cloudless boundary layer from backscatter off of
insects, bits of vegetation, seeds, and perhaps giant aerosols that are
prevalent in warm seasons over continental locations.

Two scanning modes were used in BOREAS:

1\. Vertical. The antenna pointed continuously at the zenith. In this
mode, high-resolution measurements were obtained of vertical velocity
fluctuations in the boundary layer as a function of time and height. It
also provided uninterrupted monitoring of cloud conditions over the
site.

2\. Conical. The antenna repeated a series of four elevation sweeps (35,
51, 69, and 90 degrees above the horizon) every 6 minutes. This mode
allowed the horizontal components of the wind to be measured in addition
to the vertical wind. Post-processing with velocity azimuth display
(VAD) software computes profiles of the mean wind, momentum fluxes
(u\'w\', v\'w\'), and higher order turbulence statistics for a large
volume of air over the radar.

NOAA/ETL 35-GHz Cloud/Turbulence Radar

Range resolution = 37.5 m

Range limits = 0.15-12.4

Temporal resolution = 3.33 Hz (vertical mode)

(Complete hardware and operating characteristics table can be obtained
from B. Martner, NOAA/ETL.)

4.1.1 Collection Environment

Data were collected during a variety of weather conditions, as described
in Section 7.2.

4.1.2 Source/Platform

The radar was ground-based and mounted on two trailers.

4.1.3 Source/Platform Mission Objectives

The purpose of the trailers was to contain and support the radar
measurement equipment.

4.1.4 Key Variables

Radar reflectivity factor (dBZ)

Radial Doppler velocity (m/s)

Variance of the Doppler velocity spectrum (m2/s2)

Circular Depolarizaton Ratio (dB)

4.1.5 Principles of Operation

Standard Doppler radar techniques

4.1.6 Sensor/Instrument Measurement Geometry

Continuous, fixed-beam vertical scanning or continuous conical scanning
(See Section 1.5).

4.1.7 Manufacturer of Sensor/Instrument

NOAA/ETL

325 Broadway

Boulder, CO 80303

4.2 Calibration

Antenna gain and power patterns have been range-tested. Receiver
calibrations are conducted before each field project. Typical
measurement accuracies are +/- 1 dB for reflectivity and +/- 5-10 cm/s
for radial velocity.

4.2.1 Specifications

None given.

4.2.1.1 Tolerance

None given.

4.2.2 Frequency of Calibration

None given.

4.2.3 Other Calibration Information

None given.

5\. Data Acquisition Methods

Two scanning modes were used in BOREAS:

1\. Vertical. The antenna pointed continuously at the zenith for long
periods (several hours). In this mode, high-resolution measurements were
obtained of the vertical velocity fluctuations in the boundary layer as
a function of time and height. This mode also provided uninterrupted
monitoring of cloud conditions over the radar site.

2\. Conical. The antenna repeated a series of four elevation angle
sweeps (35, 51, 69, and 90 degrees above the horizon) every 6 minutes.
This mode allowed horizontal components of the wind to be measured in
addition to the vertical wind. Post-processing with VAD software
computes profiles of the mean wind, momentum fluxes, and higher order
turbulence statistics for a large volume over the radar.

6\. Observations

6.1 Data Notes

The vertical data in this part of the cloud radar data set (Part I) are
provided only in the form of images. The images are in GIF format, which
can be displayed with various graphics packages. The image files are
provided to give investigators a visual impression of the cloudiness
(layer heights, thicknesses, intensities) and the strength of vertical
motion fluctuations in the boundary layer as a function of time and
height near the NSA-OJP site.

Because the radar collects huge amounts of data (typically 100 megabytes
per hour), a greatly reduced processed set of data is provided for
distribution by the BOREAS Information System (BORIS). The original data
are archived at NOAA/ETL on 46 8-mm digital video tapes in the Common
Doppler Radar Data Exchange Format (also called \"universal format\")
that is used by many radar meteorology research groups.

6.2 Field Notes

Extensive field notes were recorded in an electronic log book by the
radar crew. These notes contain comments about weather conditions,
experimental events, equipment problems, etc. Each entry was
automatically tagged with the time in Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), date,
and topic category. The notes were recorded in WordPerfect format. The
hardcopy printout totals about 100 pages. Notes for specific dates are
available, upon request, from Brooks Martner (See Section 2.3).

7\. Data Description

7.1 Spatial Characteristics

7.1.1 Spatial Coverage

The North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83) coordinates of the site are:

Lat. = 55 deg. 56 min. 00 sec.

Long. = 98 deg. 36 min. 52 sec.

Alt. = 290 m ASL

This location is within the NSA, about 60 km west-northwest of Thompson
and approximately 1 km northeast of the NSA-OJP flux tower.

7.1.2 Spatial Coverage Map

Not applicable.

7.1.3 Spatial Resolution

Beamwidth = 0.5 degrees

Range resolution = 37.5 m

Range limits = 0.15-12.45 km (= 328 range gates)

7.1.4 Projection

Not applicable.

7.1.5 Grid Description

Not applicable.

7.2 Temporal Characteristics

7.2.1 Temporal Coverage

The radar operated in one of two modes, almost continuously, day and
night, during IFC-2 and a few days earlier.

The dates of radar operation and some general notes are included in the
following table.

Start End

Date Time Date Time

(GMT) (GMT) Weather; Scan mode

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

07/16 22:21 07/17 14:21 mostly clear; vertical

07/17 16:40 07/17 22:10 clear skies; vertical

07/17 22:10 07/18 14:38 clear skies; vertical

07/18 15:50 07/19 00:01 mostly clear; conical

07/19 00:02 07/19 15:08 layer clouds, light rain; conical

07/19 15:14 07/19 21:40 rain; vertical and conical

07/19 21:50 07/20 15:00 rain then overcast; conical

07/20 15:14 07/20 23:15 clearing, cirrus & cumuli; vertical

07/20 23:16 07/21 14:54 cumuli then clear; vertical

07/21 15:15 07/21 22:28 clear; conical

07/21 22:29 07/22 14:33 clouds & showers; vertical

07/22 15:09 07/22 21:33 post-front clear & cloud; conical

07/22 21:33 07/23 15:03 variable cloudiness; conical

07/23 16:02 07/23 22:29 windy, cumuli then clear; vertical

07/23 22:29 07/24 14:33 cloud layers move in; vertical

07/24 14:45 07/24 21:54 stratus; vertical

07/24 21:54 07/25 15:25 cumuli, clear, layers; conical

07/25 15:35 07/25 22:39 showers, deep layer; conical

07/25 22:39 07/26 09:21 clearing; conical

07/26 14:48 07/26 22:47 clear, cloudy, clear; vertical

07/27 15:15 07/27 22:21 cirrus; conical

07/27 22:21 07/28 14:52 cirrus then clear; vertical

07/28 15:01 07/28 22:18 clear; conical

07/28 22:18 07/29 14:11 clear, brief cirrus; vertical

07/29 15:05 07/29 22:16 clear, a few cirrus; conical

07/29 22:16 07/30 14:47 cirrus then clear; vertical

07/30 15:21 07/30 22:20 clear; conical

07/30 22:24 07/31 14:24 clear; vertical

07/31 14:40 07/31 21:15 clear; conical

07/31 21:15 08/01 14:45 clear then cirrus; vertical

08/01 14:56 08/01 22:25 cirrus; conical

08/01 22:25 08/02 14:56 layer clouds, virga; vertical

08/02 15:04 08/02 22:33 cold front clouds; conical

08/02 22:34 08/03 11:03 altostratus, stratus, clear; conical

08/03 15:37 08/03 22:07 cloud layers; vertical

08/03 22:08 08/04 14:08 stratus, clear, cirrus; vertical

08/04 14:19 08/04 22:31 clear; conical

08/04 22:31 08/05 00:54 clear; conical

08/05 15:06 08/05 22:18 cirrus, altostratus; mostly vertical

08/05 22:18 08/06 14:38 increasing clouds, rain; vertical

08/06 15:00 08/06 22:31 stratus; vertical

08/06 22:31 08/07 14:34 thin stratus; vertical

08/07 14:47 08/07 22:01 thin stratus; mostly vertical

08/07 22:01 08/08 10:14 thin stratus, clearing; vertical

08/08 14:38 08/08 18:39 clear, fair weather cumuli; conical

08/08 18:58 08/08 22:57 fair weather cumuli; conical

7.2.2 Temporal Coverage Map

Not available.

7.2.3 Temporal Resolution

Vertical mode: 20 beams/minute for routine averaged data

(200 beams/minute for raw data)

30-minute volumes (= 600 beams/volume)

Conical mode: 291 beams/sweep

1 sweep/90 seconds

4 sweeps/volume (= 1 volume every 6 minutes)

7.3 Data Characteristics

7.3.1 Parameter/Variable

CLOUD HEIGHT

DOPPLER VERTICAL VELOCITY

RADAR REFLECTIVITY

7.3.2 Variable Description/Definition

CLOUD HEIGHT Height of the clouds in km.

DOPPLER VERTICAL VELOCITY Warm colors represent upward motion and cool
colors signify downward motion. Often, the cloud image covers more area
on the velocity image than on the reflectivity image because the

> radar\'s velocity measurements can detect weaker targets.

RADAR REFLECTIVITY The intensity of the backscattered signal, and for
water droplets it is related to the size and concentration of the drops.
The hotter the color the stronger the returned signal.

7.3.3 Unit of Measurement

CLOUD HEIGHT km

DOPPLER VERTICAL VELOCITY m/sec

RADAR REFLECTIVITY dbZ

7.3.4 Data Source

Analysis of raw radar data.

7.3.5 Data Range

CLOUD HEIGHT 0-12 km agl

DOPPLER VERTICAL VELOCITY -40 to 17.5

RADAR REFLECTIVITY -40 to 17.5

7.4 Sample Data Record

Not applicable.

8\. Data Organization

8.1 Data Granularity

The smallest unit of data tracked by BORIS is the entire set of GIF
images.

8.2 Data Format(s)

The entire set of GIF images is stored in a single Unix tar file. Within
the Tar file are 603 GIF images. Each image shows a time series profile
of the atmosphere as it passed over the radar site.

9\. Data Manipulations

9.1 Formulae

None given.

9.1.1 Derivation Techniques and Algorithms

The image data contain direct measurements of radar reflectivity and
vertical Doppler velocity as recorded by the instrument. The only
processing of the measurements is temporal averaging of data. The
displayed data have 3-sec resolution, which represents an average of 10
individual raw data beams that are recorded at the rate of one raw beam
every 3/10 sec.

9.2 Data Processing Sequence

9.2.1 Processing Steps

See Section 9.1.1.

9.2.2 Processing Changes

None given.

9.3 Calculations

9.3.1 Special Corrections/Adjustments

See Section 9.1.1.

9.3.2 Calculated Variables

See Section 9.1.1.

9.4 Graphs and Plots

The vertical data were provided to BORIS in the form of time-height
plots.

10\. Errors

10.1 Sources of Error

One known source of error is the strong attenuation of the radar\'s
microwave energy by rainfall. Rain or water on the antenna\'s waveguide
feed window will usually invalidate the reflectivity measurements,
although the velocity measurements remain accurate. Very strong targets
may also cause saturation of the receiver used for the reflectivity data
shown in these images. Range-aliasing (2nd-trip echoes) and velocity
aliasing (folding) are not factors for these vertical data.

10.2 Quality Assessment

10.2.1 Data Validation by Source

None given.

10.2.2 Confidence Level/Accuracy Judgment

None given

10.2.3 Measurement Error for Parameters

For typical conditions the reflectivity measurements are accurate within
+/- 1 dBZ, and the vertical Doppler velocity measurements are accurate
to within +/- 5-10 cm/s.

10.2.4 Additional Quality Assessments

None given.

10.2.5 Data Verification by Data Center

BORIS Personnel visually reviewed several randomly selected images. All
reviewed images appeared to reflect the description found in Section
11.4.

11\. Notes

11.1 Limitations of the Data

None given.

11.2 Known Problems with the Data

None given.

11.3 Usage Guidance

The time-height images are provided to BORIS in order to allow
scientists to obtain a general impression of the evolution of cloudiness
and boundary layer vertical motions near the NSA-OJP site. The principal
investigators should be consulted for a more quantitative use of the
vertical data.

11.4 Other Relevant Information

There is one profile of data every 3 seconds, 600 of which are assembled

side by side in chronological order into these half-hour images. Each
image covers 30 minutes of time (the x-axis) and 0-12 km of height above
ground (the y-axis). A few specific times are shown at periodic
intervals near the

top of each image, with the time mark corresponding to the left-hand
edge of

those time numbers. There is some additional nondata blank space at the

end of the y-axis in each image beyond the 30-minute mark, which
accounts

for the extra pixels. The start time in Universal Time Code (UTC) of
each half-hour is shown in the header strip at the top of each image.
Thus, the file k01aug94.0815.gif contains the radar data for 08:15-08:45
UTC on 01-Aug-1994 and shows all radar echoes that passed over the radar
during that period between the ground and 12-km height.

12\. Application of the Data Set

The data may be useful for extending the height-limited momentum flux
measurements.

13\. Future Modifications and Plans

None given.

14\. Software

14.1 Software Description

None given.

14.2 Software Access

None given.

15\. Data Access

15.1 Contact Information

Ms. Beth Nelson

BOREAS Data Manager

NASA GSFC

Greenbelt, MD

\(301\) 286-4005

\(301\) 286-0239 (fax)

Elizabeth.Nelson@gsfc.nasa.gov

15.2 Data Center Identification

See Section 15.1

15.3 Procedures for Obtaining Data

Users may place request by telephone, electronic mail, or FAX.

15.4 Data Center Status/Plans

The AFM-06 GIF images are available from the EOSDIS ORNL DAAC (Earth
Observing System Data and Information System) (Oak Ridge National
Laboratory) (Distributed Active Archive Center). The BOREAS contact at
ORNL is:

ORNL DAAC User Services

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

\(865\) 241-3952

ornldaac@ornl.gov

ornl@eos.nasa.gov

16\. Output Products and Availability

16.1 Tape Products

The complete data set (approximately 48 gigabytes) is archived at
NOAA/ETL on 46 8-mm digital video (Exabyte-type) tapes. The data are on
tape in the Common Doppler Radar Data Exchange Format used by many radar
meteorology research groups.

16.2 Film Products

None.

16.3 Other Products

None.

17\. References

17.1 Platform/Sensor/Instrument/Data Processing Documentation

Barnes, S.L. 1980. Report on a meeting to establish a common Doppler
radar data exchange format. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 61, 1401-1404.

17.2 Journal Articles and Study Reports

Frisch, A.S., B.E. Martner, and J.S. Gibson. 1989. Measurement of the
vertical flux of turbulent kinetic energy with a single Doppler radar.
Boundary Layer Meteor., 49, 331-337.

Frisch, A.S., B.W. Orr, and B.E. Martner. 1992. Doppler radar
observations of the development of a boundary layer nocturnal jet.
Monthly Weather Rev., 120, 3-16.

Frisch, A.S., B.B. Stankov, B.E. Martner, and J.C. Kaimal. 1990. Doppler
radar measurements of vertical velocity in the convective boundary
layer.

Gibson, J.S. and B.E. Martner. 1995. Interactive auxiliary real-time
display system for NOAA/ETL Radars. Preprints, 11th Intl. Conf. on
Interactive Information Processing (IIPS), Dallas, TX, Amer. Meteor.Soc.

Kropfli, R.A. 1986. Single Doppler radar measurement of turbulence
profiles in the convective boundary layer. J. Atmos. & Ocean. Tech., 3,
305-314.

Kropfli, R.A., B.W. Bartram, and S.Y. Matrosov. 1990. The upgraded WPL
dual-polarization 8.6-mm Doppler radar for microphysical and climate
research. Preprints, Conf. on Cloud Physics, San Francisco, Amer.
Meteor. Soc., 467-472.

Kropfli, R.A., S.Y. Matrosov, T. Uttal, A.S. Frisch, B.E. Martner, and
J.B. Snider. 1994. Studies of radiatively important clouds with 8-mm
wavelength Doppler radars. Preprints, Intl. Geosci. & Remote Sensing
Symp., Pasadena, IEEE, 657-659.

Martner, B.E. and R.A. Kropfli. 1993. Observations of multi-layered
clouds using K-band radar. AIAA Paper 93-0394, 31st Aerospace Sciences
Meeting, Amer. Inst. Aero. & Astronautics, Washington, DC, 8 pp.

Martner, B.E., A.S. Frisch, and R.M. Banta. 1995. Diurnal evolution of

boundary layer turbulence over a boreal forest as observed by Doppler
radar.

Preprints, 27th Conf. on Radar Meteorology, Vail, CO, Amer. Meteor.
Soc.,

485-487.

Matrosov, S.Y., T. Uttal, J.B. Snider, and R.A. Kropfli. 1992.
Estimation of ice cloud parameters from ground-based infrared radiometer
and radar measurements. J. Geophys. Res., 97-D11, 11567-11574.

Sellers, P. and F. Hall. 1994. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study:
Experiment Plan. Version 1994-3.0, NASA BOREAS Report (EXPLAN 94).

Sellers, P. and F. Hall. 1996. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study:
Experiment Plan. Version 1996-2.0, NASA BOREAS Report (EXPLAN 96).

Sellers, P., F. Hall, and K.F. Huemmrich. 1996. Boreal
Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: 1994 Operations. NASA BOREAS Report (OPS DOC
94).

Sellers, P., F. Hall, and K.F. Huemmrich. 1997. Boreal
Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: 1996 Operations. NASA BOREAS Report (OPS DOC
96).

Sellers, P., F. Hall, H. Margolis, B. Kelly, D. Baldocchi, G. den
Hartog, J. Cihlar, M.G. Ryan, B. Goodison, P. Crill, K.J. Ranson, D.
Lettenmaier, and D.E. Wickland. 1995. The boreal ecosystem-atmosphere
study (BOREAS): an overview and early results from the 1994 field year.
Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 76(9):1549-1577.

Sellers, P.J., F.G. Hall, R.D. Kelly, A. Black, D. Baldocchi, J. Berry,
M. Ryan, K.J. Ranson, P.M. Crill, D.P. Lettenmaier, H. Margolis, J.
Cihlar, J.

Newcomer, D. Fitzjarrald, P.G. Jarvis, S.T. Gower, D. Halliwell, D.
Williams, B. Goodison, D.E. Wickland, and F.E. Guertin. 1997. BOREAS in
1997: Experiment Overview, Scientific Results and Future Directions.
Journal of Geophysical Research. 102(D24): Dec. 1997, 28,731-28,770.

17.3 Archive/DBMS Usage Documentation

None.

18\. Glossary of Terms

None given.

19\. List of Acronyms

AFM - Airborne Fluxes and Meteorology

AGL - Above Ground Level

ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange

BOREAS - BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study

BORIS - BOREAS Information System

CD-ROM - Compact Disk-Read-Only Memory

DAAC - Distributed Active Archive Center

EOS - Earth Observing System

EOSDIS - EOS Data and Information System

ETL - Environment Technology Laboratory

GIF - Graphical Interchange Format

GMT - Greenwich Mean Time

GSFC - Goddard Space Flight Center

IFC - Intensive Field Campaign

NAD83 - North American Datum of 1983

NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

NSA - Northern Study Area

OJP - Old Jack Pine

ORNL - Oak Ridge National Laboratory

PANP - Prince Albert National Park

RASS - Radio Acoustic Sounding System

SSA - Southern Study Area

TF - Tower Flux

URL - Uniform Resource Locator

UTC - Universal Time Code

VAD - Velocity Azimuth Display

20\. Document Information

20.1 Document Revision Dates

Written: 01-Dec-1994

Last Updated: 17-Feb-1999

20.2 Document Review Date

BORIS Review: 29-Jan-1999

Science Review:

20.3 Document

20.4 Citation

Radar images (and/or data) provided by Brooks Martner NOAA/ETL

20.5 Document Curator

20.6 Document URL

Keywords:

Radar reflectivity

Vertical Doppler velocity