**August 22, 2006 FEMA Emergency Management Higher Education Project
Activity Report**

\(1\) CLASH OF CIVILIZATIONS?

Slackman, Michael. \"And Now Islamism Trumps Arabism.\" New York Times,
August 20, 2006. Accessed at:
<http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/20/weekinreview/20slackman.html?_r=1&ref=weekinreview&oref=slogin>

Sowell, Thomas. \"Point Of No Return?\" Jewish World Review, August 22,
2006. Accessed at:
[[http://jewishworldreview.com/cols/sowell082306.php3]{.underline}](http://jewishworldreview.com/cols/sowell082306.php3)

\[Excerpt: \"It is hard to think of a time when a nation - and a whole
civilization - has drifted more futilely toward a bigger catastrophe
than that looming over the United States and western civilization
today\.... Fanatics filled with hate cannot be either deterred or bought
off, whether Hezbollah, Hamas or the government of Iran\.... Hate and
humiliation are key forces that cannot be bought off\.... Humiliation
and hate go together. Why humiliation? Because a once-proud, dynamic
culture in the forefront of world civilizations, and still carrying a
message of their own superiority to \"infidels\" today, is painfully
visible to the whole world as a poverty-stricken and backward region,
lagging far behind in virtually every field of human endeavor.\"\]

\(2\) GLOBAL WARMING:

Bueckert, Dennis. \"Climate Change Could Cause Earthquakes and Volcanic
Eruptions, Scientists Say.\" Canadian Press, July 4, 2006. Accessed at:
<http://climateemergency.org/joomla/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=44&Itemid=104>

Hansen, James. \"The Threat To The Planet.\" New York Review of Books,
July 13, 2006. Accessed at:
[[http://climateemergency.org/joomla/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=45&Itemid=104]{.underline}](http://climateemergency.org/joomla/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=45&Itemid=104)

\(3\) HOMELAND SECURITY:

Posner, Richard A. \"The Constitution vs. Counterterrorism.\" Wall
Street Journal, August 22, 2006.

\[Summary from DHS News Briefing: Richard A. Posner, a federal circuit
judge and a senior lecturer at the University of Chicago Law School,
writes in the Wall Street Journal (8/22, A12, 2.03M) that \"the
institutional structure of US counterterrorism is in disarray. The
Department of Homeland Security remains a work in progress \-- slow and
painful progress \-- and likewise for the restructuring of the
intelligence community decreed by Congress in the Intelligence Reform
and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004. And now, in the wake of Hamdan and
the Detroit case, we learn that we do not have a coherent judicial
dimension to our efforts to combat terrorism. (One reason may be that
there is no official with overall responsibility for counterterrorism
policy.)\" Posner continues, \"The dilemma of defeating terrorism while
respecting essential civil liberties can perhaps be resolved by a change
of focus from the adjudicative process to executive and congressional
oversight. This would mean less effort at trying to prevent terrorism by
means of criminal prosecutions, whether in regular courts or in ad hoc
military tribunals, and less use of devices, such as the warrant, that
are used mainly in criminal-law enforcement.\"\]

\(4\) KATRINA:

Glazer, Gwen and Jane Roh. \"A Year Later, Katrina Survivors Give
Government Low Marks.\" National Journal, August 21, 2006. Accessed at:
[[http://www.govexec.com/story_page.cfm?articleid=34831&dcn=e_gvet]{.underline}](http://www.govexec.com/story_page.cfm?articleid=34831&dcn=e_gvet)

\[Excerpt: \"Sixty-nine percent of respondents polled by Gallup/USA
Today gave the federal government a thumbs down, while 66 percent were
disappointed in the state government and 59 percent had a negative
assessment of their city government\'s performance.\"\]

Goldstein, Patrick. \"Eye of Hurricane Spike.\" Los Angeles Times,
August 21, 2006. Accessed at:
[[http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-et-goldstein21aug21,1,2567669.story]{.underline}](http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-et-goldstein21aug21,1,2567669.story)

\[Excerpt: There were some key figures Lee couldn\'t get to talk,
notably Homeland Security chief Michael Chertoff and Rice, who both said
no. Ousted FEMA chief Michael D. Brown agreed to talk, but Lee said, \'I
decided to not go after him - I thought Chertoff was the real
culprit\'.\"\]

Kulish, Nicholas. \"Spike Lee Films the New Orleans Disaster His Way.\"
New York Times, August 21, 2006. Accessed at:
[[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/21/opinion/21mon4.html?hp]{.underline}](http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/21/opinion/21mon4.html?hp)

\[Excerpt: \"There are two Spike Lees. One is an artist capable of
directing exceptional films, the other a public personality who suffers
from flare-ups of foot-in-mouth disease and a fondness for conspiracy
theories. Both sides of Mr. Lee\'s personality express themselves in his
new HBO documentary about Hurricane Katrina and the destruction of New
Orleans, \'When the Levees Broke: A Requiem in Four Acts.\' As a result
it is by turns powerful and frustrating\.... There are several reasons
to make a documentary like \'When the Levees Broke.\' One is to create a
historical record. A more important goal is to draw attention to the
continued misery of the victims and, one would hope, encourage a new
rush of aid and assistance for those struggling to rebuild. But Mr. Lee
undermines the latter goal whenever his film reduces Katrina to a black
problem.\"

Samuels, Allison. \"Spike\'s Katrina - After Watching the City Get
Ravaged by the Storm, Lee Spent a Year Filming a Wrenching Four-Hour
\'Requiem\' for New Orleans.\" Newsweek, August 21-28, 2006. Accessed
at:
[[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/14325041/site/newsweek/]{.underline}](http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/14325041/site/newsweek/)

\[Excerpt: \"\'When the Levees Broke\' features a fair amount of
cussing, especially if you agree with most Gulf Coast residents that
FEMA is a four-letter word. But heartbreak, not fury, is the dominant
emotion of Lee\'s \$2 million documentary, which will premiere in two
parts on Aug. 21 and 22, and then air in its entirety on Aug. 29, the
anniversary of Katrina\'s landfall.\"\]

\(5\) MATERIALS RECEIVED:

McEntire, David A. Disaster Response and Recovery: Strategies and
Tactics for Resilience. Wiley Publishers, 2007, 498 pages.

\[Note: This is the first in a series of college textbooks to support
collegiate emergency management programs to be published by Wiley
Publishers. This first offering has been written by Dr. David McEntire
with the Emergency Administration and Planning Program, Department of
Public Administration, University of North Texas. There are 13 chapters:

1\. Knowing What to Expect: Hazards and Disasters 2. Understanding the
Actors: Role and Responsibilities of Disaster Participants 3.
Anticipating Human Behavior in Disasters: Myths, Exaggerations and
Realities 4. Approaching Response and Recovery Operations: Alternative
Management Theories 5. Responding With Initial Measures: Hazard
Detection, Warning, Evacuation, and Sheltering 6. Caring for the
Injured, Dead and Distraught: Overcoming Physical and Emotional Impacts
7. Managing Public Relations, Donations and Volunteers 8. Moving Beyond
Immediate Needs: Damage Assessment, Disaster Declarations, Debris
Removal 9. Promoting Recovery and Mitigation 10.Overcoming Typical
Challenges: Other Anticipated Problems After Disaster 11.Harnessing
Technology and Organization: Tools for Local, State and Federal
Government 12.Dealing with Future Disasters: Prior Lessons, New Threats
and Rising Vulnerability 13.Promoting Disaster Resilience: Preparedness,
Improvisation, Professionalism, Leadership

It should be noted that Dr. McEntire is the author of the recently
completed FEMA EM Higher Education Project college course \"Disaster
Response Operations and Management,\" available, free-of-charge, at:
[[http://training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/edu/collegecrsbooks.asp]{.underline}](http://training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/edu/collegecrsbooks.asp)
\-- Click on \"Completed Courses\" and then scroll down until coming to
the course title and click \-- all the course materials can then be
accessed. Dr. McEntire\'s book would thus serve as a useful textbook to
support this free college course.

For more information and material one can go to:
[[http://www.wiley.com/college/mcentire]{.underline}](http://www.wiley.com/college/mcentire)
There is a sample chapter and ordering information. The student copies,
paperback, will go, I am told, for \$51.95.

Tomorrow I plan on writing a note about forthcoming books in the Wiley
Pathways series in Emergency Management based on a conversation today
with Jennifer Slomack, Wiley Pathways, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken
NJ, <jslomack@wiley.com>.\]

\(6\) MILLERSVILLE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA \-- MEETING WITH DR. HENRY
FISCHER AND INTERN:

Arranged today to meet next week, on Friday, September 1st, with Dr.
Henry Fischer, Director of the Center for Disaster Research and
Education at Millersville University, and with one of his students,
Jessica Shueing, who is planning on participating in an internship here
in the FEMA EM HiEd Project during the soon-to-arrive Fall Semester
2006. A get-acquainted type meeting.

\(7\) NATIONAL INCIDENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (NIMS):

Received following message from NIMS Integration Center related to
questions concerning NIMS, that might be of interest:

\"Over the past month we have transitioned to a new system for our
NIMS-In-Box. Our NIMS Support Center at Eastern Kentucky University is
managing the NIMS-In-Box at our direction. They are doing an excellent
job. As you are out and about talking NIMS, urge people to direct NIMS
inquiries to the following email address:
NIMS-Integration-Center@dhs.gov
\<[[mailto:NIMS-Integration-Center%40dhs.gov]{.underline}](mailto:NIMS-Integration-Center@dhs.gov)\>.
Share email as appropriate. Al.\"

Albert H Fluman, Acting Director, NIMS Integration Center, FEMA/DHS
Headquarters: (202) 646-4605 EMI: (301) 447-1299, Email:
al.fluman@dhs.gov
\<[[mailto:al.fluman%40dhs.gov]{.underline}](mailto:al.fluman@dhs.gov)\>

\(8\) PREPAREDNESS:

Associated Press. \"B.R. Mayor Says He Needs More Input on Hurricane
Evacuation Plans.\" August 21, 2006. Accessed at:
[[http://www.katc.com/Global/story.asp?S=5308251]{.underline}](http://www.katc.com/Global/story.asp?S=5308251)

\[Excerpt: Federal officials expect Baton Rouge to be a major player in
any future hurricane evacuations, just as it was for Hurricane Katrina,
but the city\'s mayor said Monday he\'s left out of the planning loop.
Mayor Kip Holden said federal officials, particularly Homeland Security
Secretary Michael Chertoff, are mandating evacuation policy rather than
considering the effects of adding thousands more people to a region
already bursting with Katrina evacuees. \'We are being dictated to
without having any involvement in the process whatsoever,\' Holden told
the Press Club of Baton Rouge. \'I think democracy has gone out the
window. There is monologue instead of dialogue\'\.... Holden said
Chertoff intervened on shelter plans and implied that if Baton Rouge
officials refused to open their convention center, known as the River
Center, to evacuees when a hurricane is approaching, federal officials
might commandeer the facility\.... The Baton Rouge mayor also said FEMA
worked on plans to evacuate people from the New Orleans area by train,
if needed, to Baton Rouge and Hammond but was unclear on where they
would house the as many as 5,000 evacuees once they arrived\.... Holden
said city resources are being drained and Baton Rouge can\'t handle a
second influx of thousands of evacuees from any upcoming storms. He said
federal and state officials need to look at the consequences of Baton
Rouge being expected to absorb further evacuees and should try to ensure
they are spread out more.\" Note: Connect the dots.\]

Associated Press. \"Nursing Home Disaster Plans Found Lacking.\" August
21, 2006. Accessed at:
[[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/20/AR2006082000502.html]{.underline}](http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/20/AR2006082000502.html)

\[Read an interesting view on this HHS report on the emergency
management list serve operated by the International Association of
Emergency Managers \-- along the lines of \-- \"How many reports saying
plans need to be improved does this make?\" \-- and critical of the
drafters of such reports \-- either know-nothing Federal types \-- or
too-divorced from reality academic types (paraphrasing from one
\"offering\") \-- Going on to criticize \"astute\" report drafters for
not dishing up enough in the way of planning solutions for the
rubber-hits-the-road worker. Note: Inclusion of this thread of discourse
herein should not be taken to imply agreement.\]

\(9\) USGS NATURAL HAZARDS SUPPORT SYSTEM \-- EIIP FORUM, WEDNESDAY,
AUGUST 23, 2006:

\"The EIIP is pleased to host a \'live chat\' presentation and
interactive Q&A session on August 23, 2006, beginning at 12:00 Noon
Eastern\... Our topic will be the U.S. Geological Survey\'s Natural
Hazards Support System (NHSS)\.... NHSS provides a web-based portal to
current natural hazard information, geospatial data, and detailed
information directly from expert sources. This web-based synthesis of
information provides decision makers and the public with a tool to track
and analysis numerous natural hazard events across the country and
around the world.

\"Our guest will be Susan E. Goplen, Information Technology Specialist
and Lead Developer at RMGSC. She has worked on several natural hazards
support applications including Natural Hazards Support System (NHSS),
Fire Data Ordering (FDO), NORTHCOM\'s Interagency Operating Picture
(IOP) and DOI Watch. She has been with the USGS for 20 years, during
which time she has been involved with systems administration, hardware
and software support and systems development.\"

\"Please make plans to join us in the EIIP Virtual Forum
[[http://www.emforum.org]{.underline}](http://www.emforum.org/) next
Wednesday. If this will be your first time to participate, please review
the instructions on the Background Page, and check your connection at
least a day in advance by clicking on the Chat Login link at the top
left of the EIIP Virtual Forum homepage. This educational opportunity is
brought to you by the Emergency Information Infrastructure Partnership
(EIIP). If interested in partnering with the EIIP, please see the
\"Partnership for You\" link on our homepage.\"

\(10\) WAR ON TERROR:

Al-Zawahiri, Ayman. \"English Translation of Ayman al-Zawahiri\'s Letter
to Abu Musab al-Zarqawi\" (July 9, 2005). The Weekly Standard, October
12, 2005. Accessed at:
[[http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/006/203gpuul.asp]{.underline}](http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/006/203gpuul.asp)

Beckner, Christian. \"Is There Stall A Terrorist Threat? (Yes).\"
Homeland Security Watch, August 21, 2006. Accessed at:
[[http://www.hlswatch.com/2006/08/21/is-there-still-a-terrorist-threat-yes/]{.underline}](http://www.hlswatch.com/2006/08/21/is-there-still-a-terrorist-threat-yes/)

\[This is a response to John Mueller\'s article \"Is There Still a
Terrorist Threat? The Myth of the Omnipresent Enemy,\" found in the
September issue of \"Foreign Affairs,\" (published version is out, but
electronic version not up on web yet). Dr. Mueller, a professor at Ohio
State University, believes that the terrorism threat to the U.S. has
been over-sold or over-rated. In response, Beckner writes: \"This entire
chain of logic in the piece, as briefly summarized above, is flawed in
its failure to note these three real phenomena:

\* Deterrence: Mueller fails to consider or acknowledge that new
protective and/or intelligence measures by the United States and other
countries have had a deterrent effect on the movement, entry, and
activities of potential terrorists for U.S.-based plots, above and
beyond their protective and interdictive functions.

\* Layered Security: In Mueller\'s identification of gaps in homeland
security, he writes as if these weaknesses are single points of failure
that should lead directly to an attack, not considering the fact that
there are multiple layers of security in our system, none of them
flawless, but that together make it more difficult to plan and execute
an attack.

\* Desire to Surpass 9/11: Mueller doesn\'t even mention the solid
hypothesis that al-Qaeda is biding its time in terms of attacking the
United States so that its next attack will be equal to or more
\"spectacular\" than 9/11. For example, the revelations in Ron
Suskind\'s recent book \"The One Percent Doctrine\" about the
\'mubtakkar\' subway plot support this theory.\"\]

Caldwell, Christopher. \"The Post-8/10 World.\" New York Times, August
20, 2006. Accessed at:
[[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/20/magazine/20wwln_essay.html]{.underline}](http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/20/magazine/20wwln_essay.html)

\[Excerpt: \"Just hours before the police arrested 24 British-born
Muslims suspected of plotting to blow up as many as 10 airliners over
the Atlantic, the British home secretary, John Reid, gave a
comprehensive description of how Tony Blair\'s government saw the war on
terror. Reid, who probably knew the raids were coming, called
international terrorism the gravest threat to Britain since World War II
and attacked civil libertarians as people who \'just don\'t get it.\' He
highlighted a speech that Blair had made little more than a week
earlier. Global terrorism, Blair said then, \'means traditional civil
liberty arguments are not so much wrong as just made for another
age.\'\.... Maybe there was something like an Age of Civil Liberties,
Blair was telling us, but it is over.\"\]

CNN \-- Tomorrow night CNN will run \"In The Footsteps of Bin Laden\" at
9:00 Eastern Standard time. There is already a fair amount of material
on this 2-hour CNN Special on the website devoted to the show \--
accessible at:
[[http://www.cnn.com/CNN/Programs/presents/bin.laden/]{.underline}](http://www.cnn.com/CNN/Programs/presents/bin.laden/)

CNN.com. \"Amanpour: Bin Laden Still Hugely Significant.\" August 16,
2006. Accessed at:
[[http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/08/15/amanpour.answers/index.html]{.underline}](http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/08/15/amanpour.answers/index.html)

CNN.com. \"Bergen: Bin Laden, CIA Links Hogwash.\" August 15, 2006.
Accessed at:
[[http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/08/15/bergen.answers/index.html]{.underline}](http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/08/15/bergen.answers/index.html)

CNN.com. \"Your E-mails: Bin Laden\'s Relevance.\" August 15, 2006.
Accessed at:
[[http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/08/08/feedback.binladen/index.html]{.underline}](http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/08/08/feedback.binladen/index.html)

Combating Terrorism Center at West Point. Website:
[[http://www.ctc.usma.edu/default.asp]{.underline}](http://www.ctc.usma.edu/default.asp)

Combating Terrorism Center. Biodefense Report, Vol. 1, No. 1, June 2006,
United States Military Academy. Accessed at:
[[http://www.ctc.usma.edu/default.asp]{.underline}](http://www.ctc.usma.edu/default.asp)

Cruickshank, Paul. \"Suicide Bomber\'s Widow Soldiers On - Wife of
Assassin Professes Undying Affection for Bin Laden.\" CNN.com, August
15, 2006. Accessed at:
[[http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/08/15/elaroud/index.html]{.underline}](http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/08/15/elaroud/index.html)

Gaffney, Frank J. Jr. \"War on the Home Front.\" Jewish World Review,
August 22, 2006. Accessed at:
[[http://jewishworldreview.com/cols/gaffney082206.php3]{.underline}](http://jewishworldreview.com/cols/gaffney082206.php3)

\[Excerpt: \"As President Bush put it recently, \"We are at war with
Islamic fascists.\" To be sure, the mounting evidence does not preclude
some from denying this reality. The facts are sufficiently clear,
however, that we must begin to question the judgment, if not the
motivations, of those at home who persist in trying to obscure the
central threat we face from the totalitarian political ideology known as
Islamofascism\.... While it is true that Western societies are
increasingly arresting individuals suspected of involvement with terror
who are native-born, to call them \"home-grown\" is misleading. This
term understates the role being played by foreign Islamists who have
been allowed to establish elaborate recruitment and indoctrination
operations inside such societies, including the United States\.... For
example, mosques and their associated schools (madrassas), prison and
military chaplain programs, college campus organizations and
increasingly businesses induced to accommodate Islamist demands for
employee prayer rooms, time off for prayers, etc. are being used as
vehicles for inspiring and/or compelling adherence to the radicals\'
ideology. Many of these operations receive generous funding from the
most important promoter of Islamofascism in the world today, Saudi
Arabia.\"\]

Jebsen Center for Counter-Terrorism Studies, Fletcher School, Tufts
University. Website:
[[http://fletcher.tufts.edu/jebsencenter/]{.underline}](http://fletcher.tufts.edu/jebsencenter/)

Kondracke, Morton. \"Both Parties \'Play Politics\' Over Terror. And
It\'s Dangerous.\" Jewish World Review, August 22, 2006. Accessed at:
[[http://jewishworldreview.com/cols/kondracke1.asp]{.underline}](http://jewishworldreview.com/cols/kondracke1.asp)

McMahon, Robert. \"The Capital Interview: U.S. Counterterrorism
Coordinator Henry A. Crupton.\" Washington DC: Council on Foreign
Relations, August 21, 2006. Accessed at:
[[http://www.cfr.org/publication/11318/capital_interview.html]{.underline}](http://www.cfr.org/publication/11318/capital_interview.html)

\[Article introduction: \"In the five years since September 11, 2001,
the U.S. government has spent more than \$400 billion on its global war
on terrorism, concentrating on state sponsors of terrorism and terror
groups. Al-Qaeda, the group responsible for the 9/11 attacks, has
receded somewhat from view but it remains the government\'s top
terrorist concern, says the State Department\'s counterterrorism
coordinator, Henry A. Crumpton. Crumpton says al-Qaeda has been
significantly degraded through U.S. and international efforts and its
two leading figures are under \"great stress.\" But it remains a
resilient presence near the Afghan-Pakistani border region, Crumpton
says, and has inspired an increasingly sophisticated group of affiliates
who are still striving to acquire weapons of mass destruction.\"\]

RAND Corp. Terrorism and Homeland Security. Website:
[[http://www.rand.org/research_areas/terrorism/]{.underline}](http://www.rand.org/research_areas/terrorism/)

Schuster, Henry. \"Angry Young Men.\" CNN.com. July 7, 2006. Accessed
at:
[[http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/07/07/schuster.column/index.html]{.underline}](http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/07/07/schuster.column/index.html)

Schuster, Henry. \"Terror Plot Brings Sense of Déjà vu.\" CNN.com,
August 15, 2006. Accessed at:
[[http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/08/14/schuster.deja.vu/index.html]{.underline}](http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/08/14/schuster.deja.vu/index.html)

Thomas, Evan. \"The New Age of Terror.\" Newsweek, August 21-28, 2006.
Accessed at:
[[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/14331298/site/newsweek/]{.underline}](http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/14331298/site/newsweek/)

\[Excerpt: \"Al Qaeda and the Islamic Jihadists spawned by radical Islam
are nothing if not determined and patient. Struggles against the infidel
are never-ending; to them a 12th-century crusade was only
yesterday\....\'They just keep coming at you when they have a good
idea\'\....{in reference to Osama bin Laden and other Jihadists and the
recently foiled London airplane bomb plot} no one can doubt that he, or
his successors and many imitators and acolytes, will try again and keep
on trying until they succeed. Their ideology may date from the seventh
century, but the Jihadists, especially bin Laden\'s sinister No. 2,
Ayman al-Zawahiri, are eager to get control of 21st-century weapons of
mass destruction\.... America\'s sometimes heavy-handed attempt to stomp
out the terrorists with military force has reaped a whirlwind of
anti-American hatred in the Middle East and turned Iraq into a terrorist
training ground.\"\]

B. Wayne Blanchard, Ph.D., CEM

Higher Education Project Manager

Emergency Management Institute

National Emergency Training Center

Federal Emergency Management Agency

Department of Homeland Security

16825 S. Seton, N-430

Emmitsburg, MD 21727

\(301\) 447-1262, voice

\(301\) 447-1598, fax

wayne.blanchard@dhs.gov

[[http://training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/edu]{.underline}](http://training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/edu)

\* To subscribe to the Hi Ed Activity Reports go to the Higher Education
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