Hot Springs National Park

A Brief History of the Park

![](media/image1.jpeg){width="3.857638888888889in"
height="5.6194444444444445in"}

and Its Bathhouses

by Sharon Shugart

November 2003

**HOT SPRINGS NATIONAL PARK: A BRIEF HISTORY**

> The area now known as \"Hot Springs National Park\" first became
> United States territory in 1803 as part of the Louisiana Purchase. The
> first permanent settlers to reach the Hot Springs area in 1807 were
> quick to realize the springs\' potential as a health resort. By the
> 1830s, log cabins and a store had been built to meet the needs (albeit
> in a rudimentary way) of visitors to the
> springs.![](media/image2.jpeg){width="6.21875in"
> height="4.1715277777777775in"}
>
> To protect this unique national resource and preserve it for the use
> of the public, the Arkansas Territorial Legislature had requested in
> 1820 that the springs and adjoining mountains be set aside as a
> federal reservation (not to be confused with the Indian reservations
> being established around the same time). On April 20, 1832, President
> Andrew Jackson signed legislation to set aside \"\...four sections of
> land including said (hot) springs, reserved for the future disposal of
> the United States (which) shall not be entered, located, or
> appropriated, for any other purpose whatsoever.\" This makes Hot
> Springs National Park the oldest national [park]{.underline} among
> current N. P. S. parks, predating Yellowstone National Park by forty
> years. Unfortunately, Congress failed to pass any legislation for
> administering the site. As a result, no controls were exerted in the
> area, and people continued to settle there, building businesses around
> and over the
> springs.![](media/image3.jpeg){width="6.174305555555556in"
> height="6.620833333333334in"}
>
> Upon the establishment of the Department of the Interior in 1849, the
> reservation (as a property originally administered under the General
> Land Survey) was placed under the control of the Secretary of the
> Interior. By the mid-1800s, the springs were being claimed by several
> private citizens. The claimants and other would-be owners were
> insistent that the ownership disputes be settled. Eventually the
> conflicting claims led to a series of lawsuits, and in 1877 the court
> ruled against the all of the original claimants, reestablishing
> government control over the area. Also in 1877 the Hot Springs
> Commission was authorized to reconfirm the boundaries of the
> reservation, and the first reservation superintendent, General
> Benjamin F. Kelly, was placed in charge of the site. Surveys were made
> in order to lay out blocks and lots, and by 1878 the springs and the
> mountains around them were permanently set aside as Hot Springs
> Reservation. The lots not included within the Reservation were put up
> for sale. Just as Hot Springs Reservation was reestablished as
> government property, a devastating fire swept up the valley,
> destroying most of the south and central downtown area but leaving the
> Arlington and Grand Central Hotels, the Hale, Rector, and Big Iron
> Bathhouses, and the buildings to their north. The structures were in
> general rough, utilitarian, and in poor repair. Many townspeople
> considered the great fire of 1878 to be more a blessing than a
> tragedy, since it cleared the way for new construction that was more
> substantial and
> attractive.![](media/image4.jpeg){width="6.163888888888889in"
> height="5.319444444444445in"}![](media/image5.png){width="4.884722222222222in"
> height="4.447222222222222in"}
>
> In the short period after the fire, the government established
> stringent standards for bathhouse construction, and the area rapidly
> changed from a rough frontier town to an elegant spa city. Building,
> landscaping, and engineering projects proceeded apace. In 1882-83 the
> government enclosed Hot Springs creek in an underground arch for flood
> and sewerage control. The arch was then covered with earth, and the
> area above it was landscaped to create a pleasing park bounded with
> Lombardy poplars. The new Victorian bathhouses built between 1880 and
> 1888 were larger and more luxurious than could have been dreamed of
> ten years earlier. The haphazardly placed wooden troughs carrying the
> thermal water down the mountainside were replaced with underground
> pipes. Roads and paths were improved for the convenience of visitors
> who wished to enjoy the
> scenery.![](media/image6.jpeg){width="6.135416666666667in"
> height="5.641666666666667in"}
>
> The Secretary of the Interior appointed U.S. Army Captain John R.
> Stevens to oversee a number of ambitious landscaping and building
> projects in the 1890s. The Secretary originally planned to retain
> Frederick Law Olmsted's personal landscaping services, but after a
> series of misunderstandings and mutual dissatisfaction, the Olmsted
> firm withdrew. The Secretary then authorized Stevens to salvage what
> he could from the Olmsted firm's designs and complete other
> enhancements as he saw fit. The resulting improvements included a
> formal entrance, mountain drives, a lake park on Whittington Avenue,
> fountains, and a brick bathhouse for the
> indigent.![](media/image7.png){width="6.040277777777778in"
> height="4.618055555555555in"}
>
> By 1901 all of the springs had been walled up and covered to protect
> them. Between 1912 and 1923 the wooden Victorian bathhouses built in
> the 1880s were gradually replaced with fire-resistant brick and stucco
> bathhouses, several of which featured marble walls, billiard rooms,
> gymnasiums, and stained glass windows. The final metamorphosis of
> Bathhouse Row was completed when the Lamar Bathhouse opened its doors
> for business in 1923. The bathhouses, all of which are still standing
> today, ushered in a new age of spa luxury.
>
> On August 25, 1916, Congress established the National Park Service (39
> Stat. 535), and Hot Springs Reservation came under its administration.
> Stephen T. Mather, head of the new organiza­tion, took a serious
> interest in the development of the site. His enthusiasm for Hot
> Springs apparently led to its designation as the eighteenth national
> park on March 4, 1921 (41 Stat. 1407). At the same time, the
> townspeople decided to call their city Hot Springs National Park as
> well.
>
> The designation of the reservation as a national park ushered in the
> final phase of construction culminating in the Bathhouse Row of today.
> In 1922 the old Government Free Bathhouse was demolished, and a new
> state-of-the-art bathhouse opened on Reserve and Spring Streets. In
> 1933 a central thermal water collection and distribution system was
> completed, and grading began on the Grand Promenade behind Bathhouse
> Row. In 1936 the new administration building on the corner of Reserve
> and Central opened, replacing the park headquarters earlier converted
> from the reservation's pump house. The Imperial Bathhouse next to the
> administration building was razed in 1937 to make way for the Grand
> Promenade entrance on Reserve, although it was to be 1958 before this
> ambitious project was completely finished. In the final phase of
> construction, the Fountain Street superintendent's residence was
> razed, and the promenade was extended to Fountain
> Street.![](media/image8.jpeg){width="5.797916666666667in"
> height="4.079861111111111in"}
>
> By the 1960s the bathing industry in the park and in the city had
> declined considerably. On Bathhouse Row, the eight grand bath­houses
> that had been thriving since their construc­tion in the first three
> decades of the century suffered from the decline. The elegant Fordyce
> Bathhouse was the first to close, in 1962, followed by the Maurice,
> the Ozark, and the Hale in the 1970s. In 1984 the Quapaw (briefly
> reincarnated as Health Services, Inc.) and the Superior closed. When
> the Lamar closed in 1985, it left only the Buckstaff still operating
> on Bathhouse Row.
>
> Bathhouse Row and its environs were placed on the National Register of
> Historic Places on November 13, 1974. The desire to revitalize
> Bathhouse Row also led citi­zens to campaign for adaptive uses of the
> vacant buildings. The strongest concern was to save the most elegant
> bathhouse, the Fordyce, which was consequently adapted for use as a
> visitor center and museum. Today, nearly all the empty bathhouses are
> under consideration for adaptive renovation.

HALE BATHHOUSE

The present Hale Bathhouse is at least the fourth building to use this
name, although the first Hale Bathhouse, built in 1854, was on a site
south of the present building. It more than likely burned, along with
most of the rest of the town, during the civil war. After the war ended,
the second Hale House was constructed on the present site, with its
bathhouse situated on the opposite side of the creek. Sometime before
1882 a Victorian style bathhouse was built on the site by William
Nelson, who signed a water lease for the site in 1879 effective 16
December 1878 to 15 December 1883. Construction costs were only \$5,000.
Excavation for this bathhouse was accomplished by blasting. According to
Henry Hecox, a local citizen during that time, Nelson said, \"there is
no doubt about \[there being danger of losing the springs by blasting\]
but as I have commenced I will finish\". Supt. Hamblen apparently also
thought the blasting was a danger but nevertheless did nothing to stop
it. Hecox and others believed the blasting had decreased the flow of
some springs and made others disappear entirely.

![](media/image9.jpeg){width="6.259722222222222in"
height="4.704861111111111in"}

The present Hale Bathhouse is the oldest visible structure on Bathhouse
Row. Most of the present structure was completed in 1892. A major 1914
remodel by the Little Rock architectural firm of George Mann and Eugene
Stern significantly enlarged the red-brick building and modified its
style to Classical Revival. It cost over \$50,000.

The present building has 12,000 square feet on the two main floors. The
lobby arcade was used as a sunroom where guests could relax in rocking
chairs. In 1917 one of the hot springs was captured in a tiled enclosure
in the basement, which is still in place. This bathhouse also was
connected with a thermal cave carved out of the mountainside and used as
a "hot room" in the 1890s (it was rediscovered during a 1990s drainage
project and is now a federally protected archeological site). In 1939
the building was redesigned in the Spanish-Revival style, and the brick
was covered in stucco to look as it does today. The Hale closed on
October 31, 1978.

![](media/image10.png){width="4.322222222222222in"
height="3.3430555555555554in"}

![](media/image11.jpeg){width="5.389583333333333in"
height="3.332638888888889in"}

MAURICE BATHHOUSE

Designed by architect George Gleim, Jr., the present Maurice Bathhouse
was built by William (Billy) Maurice to replace an existing
Victorian-style building, the Independent Bathhouse, later renamed the
Maurice Bathhouse after owner Charles
Maurice.![](media/image12.png){width="4.027083333333334in"
height="4.348611111111111in"}

The present building opened for business on January 1, 1912 and ushered
in a new, more luxurious bathhouse milieu. The Maurice Bathhouse's
architectural style is eclectic, but its major stylistic features are
California Modern, as seen in the works of Louis Mullgardt and others in
the Bay Region School.

When Sam W. Fordyce completed his bathhouse in 1915, Maurice hired the
architects of the Fordyce Bathhouse, Mann and Stern of Little Rock, to
renovate the Maurice. He purchased large stained glass skylights from
the Rossbach Art Glass Company in Columbus, Ohio (later of Chicago),
along with hand-painted canvas wall coverings. To the third floor he
added a striking Craftsman style den complete with stained glass ceiling
and a frieze entitled "Dutch Life" hand-painted by artist Frederick
Wernicke. The room was dubbed the "Roycroft Den" to commemorate
Maurice's friend Elbart Hubbard, founder of the Roycrofters craftsman
design studio, who died when the *Lusitania* was torpedoed in 1914.
Hubbard published a booklet from his "Little Journey" series on the
Maurice Bathhouse.![](media/image13.jpeg){width="3.2625in"
height="2.9854166666666666in"}

With a total floor space of 23,000 square feet, the three-story
bathhouse had ample room for a complete range of services and amenities.
The interior boasted a lobby lined with gilded oak pilasters with ionic
capitals, large stained glass skylights in both bath halls and the men's
pack room, private staterooms furnished with Mission Style oak pieces,
and of course

the Roycroft Den with its a stone hearth, stained glass clerestory, and
plaster Bacchus mascarons. The Maurice also had a gymnasium, staterooms,
a roof garden, and in the 1930s a therapeutic pool, situated in the
basement. It was the only bathhouse on the Row to have such a pool. The
Maurice closed in November
1974.![](media/image14.jpeg){width="2.609027777777778in"
height="4.256944444444445in"}

![](media/image15.jpeg){width="6.686805555555556in"
height="3.998611111111111in"}![](media/image16.jpeg){width="1.9395833333333334in"
height="2.0694444444444446in"}

Maurice Bathhouse Art Glass Skylights

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height="3.4in"}![](media/image18.jpeg){width="2.986111111111111in"
height="1.6479166666666667in"}

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height="2.6486111111111112in"}

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height="2.6666666666666665in"}

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height="2.6465277777777776in"}![](media/image22.jpeg){width="2.6638888888888888in"
height="2.36875in"}![](media/image23.jpeg){width="6.996527777777778in"
height="3.7625in"}![](media/image24.jpeg){width="3.1708333333333334in"
height="1.2631944444444445in"}

![](media/image25.jpeg){width="6.853472222222222in"
height="3.686111111111111in"}![](media/image26.jpeg){width="3.3333333333333335in"
height="2.952777777777778in"}![](media/image27.jpeg){width="3.1125in"
height="2.9194444444444443in"}

![](media/image28.jpeg){width="2.720138888888889in"
height="1.3451388888888889in"}![](media/image29.jpeg){width="6.783333333333333in"
height="4.242361111111111in"}![](media/image30.jpeg){width="3.488888888888889in"
height="3.4652777777777777in"}![](media/image31.jpeg){width="2.1875in"
height="1.6041666666666667in"}

FORDYCE BATHHOUSE

The site of Fordyce Bathhouse was home to several bathhouses and shops.
Staat's Bathhouse, also known as Bush and Fannin's Bathhouse, was
typical of the wood frame bathhouses built in the years following the
Civil War. A storefront on the west side of the creek but facing Valley
Street offered geological samples and other goods for sale. The
bathhouse was on the east side of the creek, accessible via footbridge.
The buildings burned in 1878, and the site was subsequently awarded to
Sam W. Fordyce et al for a new bathhouse. The Palace Hotel was erected
on the site in 1880, and razed in 1914 to make way for yet another new
bathhouse, the
Fordyce.![](media/image32.jpeg){width="4.198611111111111in"
height="2.986111111111111in"}

The Fordyce opened March 1, 1915. Designed by Little Rock architects
Mann and Stern and constructed under the supervision of owner Sam
Fordyce\'s son John, the building eventually cost over \$220,000 to
build, equip, and furnish. Sam Fordyce deliberately waited until
Maurice's bathhouse was complete to build his own, determined to improve
on whatever amenities the Maurice offered. Totaling approximately 28,000
square feet, the Fordyce is the largest bathhouse on the Row. It has
three main floors, two courtyards, and a basement under most of the
building. The building\'s second and third floor windows have ornate
ivory-glazed window surrounds of sculpted terra cotta with the bust of
Neptune centered atop each of the second floor windows in the front. The
interior features marble walls, benches, and stairs; terra-cotta
fountains; stained glass skylights and windows; a wood-paneled coed
gymnasium (at the time said to be the largest of its kind in the
country); and private staterooms. Even the basement was bustling with
activity, with its bowling alley and its quartz-crystal ornamented
spring display. The bathhouse provided more services than any other
bathhouse on the Row. In addition to the standard hydrotherapy,
electrotherapy, massage, and mercury treatments, the management offered
a full range of chiropody services, a beauty parlor, a shoe shine stand,
an elegant assembly room complete with grand piano, a pool table in the
men's parlor, iced thermal water, Zander exercise machines, a roof
garden, and many other amenities. The Fordyce became the first bathhouse
on the Row to go out of business when it suspended operations on June
30, 1962, but it was restored in 1989 and is now enjoying a renaissance
as a historically furnished museum. It also functions as the park's
visitor center.![](media/image33.jpeg){width="3.8375in"
height="2.466666666666667in"}![](media/image34.jpeg){width="4.608333333333333in"
height="3.7159722222222222in"}

![](media/image35.jpeg){width="5.097916666666666in"
height="3.2604166666666665in"}

SUPERIOR BATHHOUSE

The present Superior Bathhouse replaced a nineteenth century brick
Victorian structure of the same name and opened on February 1, 1916. It
was built by L. C. Young and Robert Proctor in the Classical Revival
style, contained 11,000 square feet, and cost \$68,000 to build. Brick
pilasters lend architectural interest to both the forward projecting sun
porch and to the second story portion of the main building. The vaguely
Doric pilaster capitals are inset with a center medallion of green tile,
as are the paterna over the pilasters. Both the sun porch and the second
story portion of this bathhouse are topped with brick parapets. The
smallest bathhouse on the Row, the Superior also had the lowest rates;
it offered only the basic hydrotherapy, mercury, and massage services.
The Superior closed in November of
1983.![](media/image36.png){width="6.394444444444445in"
height="4.811111111111111in"}![](media/image37.jpeg){width="4.183333333333334in"
height="2.7888888888888888in"}

![](media/image38.jpeg){width="2.7958333333333334in"
height="4.194444444444445in"}

![](media/image39.jpeg){width="6.448611111111111in"
height="4.298611111111111in"}

QUAPAW BATHHOUSE

The Quapaw Bathhouse was built in 1922 on two lots that were previously
used for two Victorian style bathhouses (the Horseshoe and the
Magnesia). Also designed by Mann and Stern, the building was originally
to be named the Platt Bathhouse after one of the owners. However, when a
tufa cavity was discovered during excavation, the owners decided to
promote the cavity as an Indian cave, and the bathhouse was reamed
Quapaw Bathhouse in honor of a local Native American tribe that briefly
held the surrounding territory after the Louisiana Purchase was made.

![](media/image40.jpeg){width="4.497916666666667in"
height="2.9027777777777777in"}

The most impressive exterior detail of this Spanish Revival bath-house
is its dome, inset with colored tile and topped with a decorative
cupola. Its 24,000 square foot area mostly covers the first floor, but a
second floor had addi-tional dressing rooms and a lounge room in the
center. Construction costs for the building totaled \$214,837. Its lease
provided water for forty tubs, making it the largest business for
bathing, its main service. Although other services were not stressed at
the Quapaw, it did offer mas-sages and some electro-therapy. The Quapaw
closed in 1968, but shortly afterward other bathhouse owners reopened it
as Health Services, Inc. It was the only bathhouse on the Row to make
services available on evenings and weekends when the other businesses
were closed. Shortly before its final closure in 1984, the bathhouse
reclaimed its current and historic
name.![](media/image41.jpeg){width="4.295138888888889in"
height="2.863888888888889in"}

![](media/image42.jpeg){width="3.8555555555555556in"
height="3.198611111111111in"}![](media/image43.jpeg){width="4.854861111111111in"
height="3.7222222222222223in"}

OZARK BATHHOUSE

From the early 1870s to the great fire of 1878, the Weir and George
Bathhouse occupied the site of the Ozark Bathhouse. This frame house,
typical of the early bathhouses, probably would have fallen down due to
decay if the fire hadn't destroyed it first.

The first Ozark Bathhouse derived its name from the surrounding mountain
range then considered to be a part of the Ozark range but now known as
the Ouachita Mountains. This elegant Victorian structure was roomy and
comfortable, but it was also built of wood and subject to rotting and
fire just as the earlier primitive bathhouses were. The present
fire-resistant brick and stucco Ozark Bathhouse replaced the Victorian
structure. Designed by architects Mann and Stern of Little Rock, the
bathhouse was completed in the summer of 1922, just a few months after
the Quapaw opened for business. Built at a cost of \$93,000 in the
Spanish Revival style, the building is set between low towers whose
receding windows suggest the nascent Art Deco movement. The prominence
of the towers was lessened during the 1942 renovation that brought the
building's wings forward in line with the front porch, which was
enclosed at the same time. The plaster-cast window boxes are unique on
Bathhouse Row. The cartouches on both sides of the front are of the
scroll and shield type with the center symbol described as The Tree of
Health or The Tree of Life. Like the Quapaw, the Ozark was more
impressive in its exterior facade than in its interior appointments,
with only 14,000 square feet and twenty-seven tubs. It catered to a
middle economic class of bathers unwilling to pay for frills. The Ozark
closed in 1977. A painted wooden porch enclosure was removed in the late
1990s to return the building to its original
appearance.![](media/image44.jpeg){width="3.73125in"
height="4.179166666666666in"}![](media/image45.jpeg){width="4.435416666666667in"
height="2.85625in"}

![](media/image46.jpeg){width="5.825in" height="3.6881944444444446in"}

BUCKSTAFF BATHHOUSE![](media/image47.jpeg){width="6.4743055555555555in"
height="4.18125in"}

The Buckstaff Bathhouse replaced the former Rammelsberg Bathhouse, a
brick Victorian structure. The Rammelsberg replaced another brick
bathhouse destroyed in the 1878 fire.

Designed by Frank W. Gibb and Company, Architects, the present bathhouse
cost \$125,000 to build and contains 27,000 square feet on three main
floors. Classical in design, with imposing Doric columns and urns
gracing the front of the building, the building is of taupe brick with
white stucco and wood trim. It epitomizes the Edwardian style of
classically designed buildings popular during the first decade of the
20th century. Because it has been in continuous operation since it
opened on February 1, 1912, it is one of the best preserved of all of
the bathhouses on Bathhouse Row. Colorado marble is used throughout the
interior, particularly in the bath halls. The floors are of white and
colored hexagonal tile in varying patterns. All levels may be accessed
by way of stairs or the building's original elevator, with an ornate
interior reminiscent of the Golden Age of Bathing. The capacity of the
building is 1,000 bathers per day.
![](media/image48.jpeg){width="2.3715277777777777in"
height="3.1597222222222223in"}

LAMAR BATHHOUSE

The Lamar Bathhouse building opened on April 16, 1923, replacing a
wooden Victorian structure named in honor of the former U. S. Supreme
Court Justice Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar who was Secretary of the
Interior when the first bathhouse was built in 1888.
![](media/image49.jpeg){width="5.98125in" height="4.7131944444444445in"}

The present structure cost \$130,000 to build. The architectural design
can best be described as the California School or (San Francisco) Bay
Region School. The stone, brick, and stucco construction is moderately
Spanish in flavor and coordinates well with the five bathhouses with
Spanish motifs. The most distinctive exterior component is the sun porch
with its windows of three sections and a wide center bay. The Lamar was
unique in that it offered a range of tub lengths (5\', 5\'6\", 5\'9\",
6\', 6\'6\") for people of various heights. It also had a small coed
gymnasium with another separate area for women adjacent to the
gymnasium. The lobby, featuring a long counter of Tennessee marble, was
the largest of the eight bathhouses on the Row. Murals and stenciling
were added to the lobby and stairways sometime in the 1920s by Danish
muralist W. L. Zelm for a European aura. In the mid-1940\'s, the
interior halls and stairs were embellished with marble, ornamental iron
balustrades, and silver glass interspersed with red panel wainscots. The
Lamar closed November 30, 1985.

Interior views of Second Lamar Bathhouse

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height="4.6in"}![](media/image51.jpeg){width="4.490972222222222in"
height="2.839583333333333in"}![](media/image52.jpeg){width="3.138888888888889in"
height="2.9430555555555555in"}![](media/image53.jpeg){width="1.98125in"
height="2.5166666666666666in"}

THE GOVERNMENT FREE BATHHOUSES

![](media/image54.jpeg){width="2.420138888888889in"
height="2.5548611111111112in"}

The first free "bathhouses" for indigents were the dugout pools at Ral
Spring, Corn Hole, and Mud Hole that operated at least as early as the
mid 1960s. The first superintendent of Hot Springs Reservation, Benjamin
Kelley, tried to close the popular pools with limited success. When fire
destroyed most of Bathhouse Row in 1878, a new white-washed wood frame
free bathhouse was rebuilt on the site of the former Mud Hole, and
Deputy Marshall James Barns was placed in charge of it. The bathhouse
was behind the north end of the current Quapaw Bathhouse site. This
building was eventually razed to make way for a new two-story brick
Government Free Bathhouse that opened in 1891. This bathhouse was
remodeled in 1898 and 1902, extensively rebuilt in 1893, and again
remodeled in 1908 to replace substandard tubs with pools. It remained in
use until 1921, when the government completed a new free bathhouse
between Spring and Reserve Streets south of the Army-Navy
duplexes![](media/image55.jpeg){width="2.9569444444444444in"
height="4.180555555555555in"}![](media/image56.jpeg){width="3.089583333333333in"
height="2.7777777777777777in"}

The new Government Free Bathhouse was designed by Little Rock architects
Mann and Stern and cost a staggering \$275,000 to build. The handsome
building followed Hot Springs National Park architectural tradition by
incorporating such Spanish features as a red tile roof, stucco exterior,
arched doorways and red tile floors. When the free bathhouse closed on
March 22, 1957, Hot Springs National Park Superintendent Donald Libby
worked diligently with park service and city officials to transform the
vacant building into a modern center for physical therapy and
hydrotherapy. These efforts culminated in the opening of the Hot Springs
Physical Medicine Center on the 15^th^ of January, 1958. After Libby
died suddenly of a heart attack in 1959, the city and Hot Springs
National Park recognized his work in establishing the new center by
renaming it "The Libby Memorial Physical Medicine Center" at a
dedication ceremony on October 2, 1960. The center's corporation was
partially liquidated on December 31, 1977, when the stocks were conveyed
to Leland F. Felix, a local physical therapist, but the Physical
Medicine Center was again rejuvenated when the Hot Springs Health Spa
opened on April 16, 1981. Both are still in operation today in different
portions of the building.

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height="3.5125in"}![](media/image58.jpeg){width="3.4652777777777777in"
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height="2.402083333333333in"}