# ![](media/image1.png){width="1.5222222222222221in" height="1.4208333333333334in"}In

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#  The Arab Science and Technology Foundation

Is pleased to present the attached

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**Research Proposal**

Entitled

***Integrated Water Resources Management of Diyala River Basin in
Central Iraq Using System Dynamics Modeling***

The proposal is submitted by

***Sadik B. Jawad***

*Expert Hydrogeology/Director of Groundwater Studies Center*

*Ministry of water Resources*

*Iraq*

This effort is one of the outcomes of

**THE INTERNATIONAL INITIATIVE TO**

**ENGAGE IRAQ\'S SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COMMUNITY**

**IN DEVELOPING THEIR COUNTRY**

Organized by the

**Arab Science and Technology Foundation**

And

**Sandia National Laboratories**

In collaboration with

**United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization**

(UNESCO)

**Table of Contents**

Abstract

1.  Introduction

2.  Literature review

2.1 Hydrogeological regime and reservoirs operation .....

2.2 Groundwater resources assessment and abstraction ....

> 2.3 Evaluation and expansion of water requirement for agriculture and
> other uses

2.4 System dynamics modeling

3- Objectives

4- General Statement of work

> 4.1 Diyala River water resources and its reservoirs optimum operation

4.1.1 Required data

4.1.2 Optimum operation rule curves

4.1.3 Monthly operating procedure

4.2 Groundwater resources evaluation

4.2.1 The state of the present data

> 4.2.2 Requirement for reasonable groundwater resources assessment

4.2.2.1 Required field data

> 4.2.2.2 Application of new methodologies for data analysis and
> assessment
>
> 4.2.3 Expected outcome of the groundwater work plan
>
> 4.3 Water demands assessment
>
> 4.3.1 Irrigation requirements
>
> 4.3.1.1 Data required
>
> 4.3.1.2 Work plan for irrigation water requirement
>
> 4.3.2 Municipal water requirement
>
> 4.3.3 Industrial water demands
>
> 4.4 Building of a system dynamics model for the Diyala River basin
>
> 5- Experimental design and procedure
>
> 5.1 Work activities
>
> 5.2 Procedure and implementation of activities
>
> 5.2.1 Data records collection
>
> 5.2.2 Field surveys
>
> 5.2.3 Simulation and model building
>
> 5.2.4 Training on system dynamics modeling
>
> 5.2.5 Building and operation of system dynamic model
>
> 6- Work plan timing
>
> 7- Project personnel
>
> 7.1 Sadik B. Jawad
>
> 7.2 Ahmed Abdul Saheb Mohammed Ali
>
> 7.3 Wasfi Abdul Amir
>
> 7.4 Ibrahim Jafar Mohammad
>
> 8- Deliverables
>
> 9- References
>
> 10- Budget

###### Abstract

The shortage in fresh water resources is a problem that will be faced
world wide in the near future. Countries in the arid and semi-arid
regions like Iraq are expected to encounter this problem soon.
Apparently, Iraq is a fortunate country in water resources compared to
other countries of the Middle East, but there are at least three reasons
that put this fortune at risk: the increase in national water demand due
to population growth and development, the unsettled dispute with
riparian countries (Turkey in particular) over the issue of sharing
Tigris and Euphrates water resources, and the present traditional
methods of water resources uses and management.

Water quality deterioration in Tigris and Euphrates reaches in the
southern parts of Iraq has been the sign of alert to the future problem.
Increasing numbers of southern cities that lie at the proximity of the
rivers lose the benefit of obtaining drinkable water from these rivers.
It is believed that the water quality deterioration could be helped by
better management of water resources in the watersheds upstream,
especially in the Tigris River basin which includes several smaller
watersheds of its tributaries. Diyala River basin is one of these
watersheds that covers important areas in central Iraq and is thought to
have some influence on Tigris water quality at its reach south of
Baghdad.

The present work is an attempt to test alternative management measures
of Diyala River water resources (surface and groundwater) in order to
achieve an improvement in the quality of Diyala River water that joins
Tigris River in the reach south of Baghdad. The method proposed is an
integrated water resources management by which water resources and water
demands are evaluated and aided by numerical models that can consider
policy decisions. Data collection and analysis, field work (water
sampling and surveying in particular), and modeling in special fields
will be carried out by Iraqi experts, while aid will be required from
Sandia National Laboratories of New Mexico for the training and
implementation of the system dynamics modeling. A positive achievement
of this application could encourage the implementation of the same
modeling approach on other tributaries of Tigris which may cause further
impact on Tigris River water quality.

The work is planned to continue for three years with an estimated budget
of about \$483,000.

**1- Introduction**

Iraq may be considered a fortunate country in water resources compared
to other countries of the arid and semi-arid Middle East. Two important
rivers, the Tigris and the Euphrates, though they originate in the
heights of neighboring Turkey and Iran, flow ultimately through Iraqi
territory before joining and discharging in the Gulf. Moreover, Iraq
possesses groundwater resources of some potential which are not yet
totally accounted for. Nevertheless, with the steady increase of Iraq
water demand, the unsettled dispute among the riparian countries on the
sharing of the resources of the two rivers, and the ongoing traditional
methods of water resources management, Iraq may face a shortage in
usable water resources in the near future unless an agreement is reached
with its neighbors and a more advanced method of water resources
management is practiced.

Tigris River system is a priority in Iraq, because it supplies the
northern and the eastern part of the country including the capital,
Baghdad. Tigris is joined inside Iraq by five main tributaries, one of
which is the Diyala River. This tributary originates in the Iranian
heights, passes just south of the provisional town of Sulaymania in
Kurdstan and joins the Tigris just south of Baghdad (Fig.(1)). The total
area of the Diyala River basin inside Iraq is nearly 17,000 km^2^. It
can be divided into three zones: upper, middle, and lower. The river
flow is controlled at present by two dams: the Derbendi-Khan Dam located
at the boundary between the upper and the middle zones, and the Hamrin
Dam located at the boundary between the middle and the lower zones. It
is part of a national scheme that operates the country\'s water
resources (Fig. (2)).

The middle zone of the Diyala River basin has potential groundwater
resources that can play an important role in water management. Several
cities and towns benefit from the river water resources as well as 14
agricultural projects that cover an area of 693,000 hectares,
particularly in the middle and lower zones (Fig. (3)).

![](media/image2.jpeg){width="6.30984251968504in"
height="8.571653543307086in"}

**Fig**

**Fig. (1) Diyala River Catchments Area**

![](media/image3.jpeg){width="7.081944444444445in"
height="8.875in"}**Fig. (2) Water Resources Scheme of Iraq Including
Diyala River basin**

![](media/image4.jpeg){width="5.968055555555556in"
height="8.42361111111111in"}**Fig. (3) Agricultural Projects in the
Diyala River basin**

**2-Literature review**

Integrated water resources management usually includes the integration
of several systems that are interconnected. The dynamics of these
systems may be simulated by conceptual models capable of producing
output elements that could serve as inputs to a more complex systems
model, which could be used to solve not only the physical behavior of
water and (medium) relationship but also the integration of social,
economical, and even political issues.

The basic components of the Diyala River basin management problem are:
the hydrological regime of the Diyala River, the optimum operation of
Diyala storing reservoirs, the effect of controlled groundwater
abstraction on aquifers storage, the evaluation and expansion of water
requirements for agricultural projects and other water demands, and the
effects of using alternative water resources management measures on
water quality of the river basin system.

**2.1-Hydrological regime and reservoirs operation**

The natural flow regime of Diyala River before the construction of
Derbendi-Khan Dam appears in the feasibility study of the dam carried
out by Harsa in 1963. Another feasibility study was produced later
before Hamrin Dam construction in 1975. The Iraqi national water
resources master plan prepared by the Russians (Selkhozpromexport) in
1982 contains a conclusion of hydrological background information and
analysis of all Iraqi rivers. Other hydrological studies on the Diyala
River catchments (including its upper part inside Iran) were fully
exposed in a PhD thesis by T. Aljibory at Baghdad University in 1991.
The study concentrated on water quality and sediment transport in the
river system. Further, a PhD thesis at the same university by G.
Alsunawi in 1985 exposed detailed water quality analyses of the lower
Diyala region.

Reservoir operation has been the interest of many investigators of the
Diyala River basin with emphasis on optimization techniques. One of the
techniques most widely used in operation and management of water
resources systems is dynamic programming. This technique has the
advantage of being able to deal with discrete dynamic models. It is
called Discrete Differential Dynamic Programming or (DDDP), with the
objective of finding the optimal rule curves of a reservoir. The
technique was applied in studying the reservoirs of the Diyala River
(Derbndi-khan and Hamrin) by Hameed 1985 and Naji 1989. From his part,
Hameed found that the system is safe against flood but it is inadequate
during drought period. Naji moreover found that to improve Diyala River
water quality by maintaining a fixed monthly discharge ends with a
reduction in water supplies during the next period. In 1995, Al-Delewy
developed a DDDP model for the Diyala River reservoirs in order to solve
the monthly operation problem of a multi-reservoirs system for
multi-purpose operation. The objective was flood and pollution control
while maintaining irrigation and electric power generation requirements.
Finally in 2002, Muhsun applied the DDDP model in order to determine the
optimum operation policy of all Tigris reservoirs including those under
construction (Bekhma and Mkhool). The optimum operation rule curve
derived from the result of the optimization solution was used to develop
a monthly simulation model in order to determine the real time monthly
operation plan for the system with and without the dams under
construction.

**2.2-Groundwater resources assessment and abstraction**

The first general groundwater resources assessment of Iraq was
accomplished by The Ralph Parsons Engineering Company in 1957. Aquifers
identification was based on the geological setting, some bore holing,
and water point inventory. Due to lack of local basic data for renewable
groundwater resources assessment, a rough estimate was made by relating
the local water balance components to the components of an area
elsewhere that was similar in physiographic features and where data are
available. This study as well as the General Scheme of Water Resources
and Land Development in Iraq accomplished by SELKHOZPROMEXPORT in 1982
did not refer to Diyala River basin as one unit. In the later study
moreover, different reaches of the river fall within the different so
called hydrogeological modulus that represent specific aquifer
productivity and water quality. Studies that contain additional local
field data were produced separately by several authors on parts of the
basin. Part of the lower basin zone to the east and south of Hamrin
Reservoir was the focus of a study carried out by Khalil and Rida in
1993. Potential groundwater utilization for agriculture and the
influence of Hamrin Reservoir on the local groundwater regime was
assessed. The upper zone around the lake of Derbendi-Khan is included in
a study prepared by the FAO on the hydrogeology of the northern states
published in 2004. Finally, the middle part and the most promising zone
as far as groundwater resources are concerned were thoroughly
investigated by Ahmed et al. in 2005.

Groundwater abstraction from the different zones of the basin is not
developed to the point where improved management has become necessary.
The present total abstraction from the middle zone was estimated by the
latest mentioned study to be in the order of 13% of the zone's renewable
resources. References do not indicate that there was an attempt to
simulate numerically or analytically the effect of abstraction on
groundwater or the river regimes. This could become the focus of the
present or future studies if water management should set a more
important role to groundwater in the water resources exploitation scheme
of the river basin.

**2.3 Evaluation and expansion of water requirement for agriculture and
other uses**

Water requirements and water demand were part of the General Scheme of
Water Resources and Land Development in Iraq mentioned above. The scheme
which evaluated the national water demands in year 1982 presented a
projection till the year 2000. An attempt to estimate the demands to the
year 2050 was later made by Kharoofa in year 2002 (unpublished).
According to official records in the early 1990\'s, agriculture is the
biggest water user soaking up nearly 39.4 billion cubic meters in order
to irrigate nearly 3.5 million hectares (some references put it at 3
million hectares) with only 220,000 hectares of groundwater use. The
expected demand in year 2040 from both Tigris and Euphrates will reach
the figure of 56 billion cubic meters. Domestic and industrial domains
presently use amounts of nearly 1.5 and 3.0 billion cubic meters
respectively, expected to increase to 2.5 and 3.6 in year 2040. Finally,
the total water withdrawal which stands currently at 50 billion cubic
meters will jump to 62 in year 2040. On the contrary the two rivers
resources are expected to drop because of Turkish and Syrian projects
especially on the river Euphrates which will create a water deficit of
over 20 billion cubic meters in year 2040, MacQuarrie 2004 (see Figure
(4)).

The Diyala River basin is part of the Tigris river system. Estimates of
water demands are based on the agricultural projects that benefit from
the river and groundwater resources.

**2.4 System dynamics modeling**

The use of models that can simulate the physical behavior of a system in
water resources planning is not new. More recently built models take in
account the trend of involving diverse group of stakeholders in the
planning and decision making. The model becomes a tool that can simulate
not only the natural conditions but also the alternative desires of
policy makers and stakeholders. Models like that of Wallace et al.
(1988), Palmer et al. (1993), Ford (1996), Stave (2003), Cartwright and
Conner (2003), and Tidwell et al. (2004) are but a few examples that
fall in this category. The last of those, which is an application of a
system dynamics model to the middle Rio Grande in New Mexico, will be
the focus of our interest in the management of Diyala River basin water
resources.

System dynamics models are computer simulation tools that broadly
integrate mathematical, multi-system models (hydrology, ecology,
economy) with user-friendly interfaces. Virtual slider bars and switches
in the interface allow users to experiment with different water
management scenarios and to view the consequences projected decades into
the future. Model runs take seconds, allowing users to experiment with
many different alternative management approaches and to see results in
real time. The models allow many different strategies to be compared,
and they help educate users on associated tradeoffs and
interconnections. They provide a unique vehicle for community-wide
discussions on water management and for building consensus on water
management strategies.

**3- Objectives**

In the last two decades or so, river water salinity has reached record
high in the lower reaches of Tigris River south of Baghdad and
especially on approaching the port city of Basra, causing local drinking
water shortages. This has been mainly caused by the reduction of Tigris
River flow rate reaching Iraq due to conditions of water storage and
utilization in neighboring countries (especially Turkey). It is
partially attributed however to the conditions and practices inside the
catchments of Tigris main tributaries, among which is the Diyala River
basin, which is the furthest of these catchments downstream of the main
river. Often, during summer season in particular, the high water needs
for agriculture in the middle and southern zones of the Diyala river
catchment leaves only the Diyala River base and return agricultural
water flows to mix with the water flowing in the main course of Tigris.
With the dominant traditional method of furrow irrigation, the direct
discharge of drainage water in the Diyala River, and the absence of a
groundwater utilization plan, the Diyala River basin resources are
actually far from well managed. The impact of better water resources
management using an integrated approach with some alternative operation
policies may well improve the condition of water availability and
suitability for use in the Tigris further south. It is to be noted that
alternative policies and management measures will focus on the
activation of groundwater role in agriculture, rationalization of
irrigation water demand, and reducing the discharge of drainage water
into the Diyala River. The impact of these measures on Diyala River
water quality just before it joins Tigris will be evaluated using a
system dynamics model developed in collaboration with Sandia National
Laboratories (New Mexico/USA).

A positive outcome of this application will encourage the use of a
similar approach on the other catchments of Tigris River tributaries.
Ultimately, the effect of integrated water resources management upstream
on Tigris on the water quality downstream the river could virtually be
assessed.

**4-General statement of work**

The principle objective of this work is to achieve a fruitful
application of a system dynamics model that could identify alternative
schemes for a successful management of the water resources of a vital
river basin in central Iraq. This application requires systematic field
data collection, office data analysis, model development, and data
feeding to the applied model system. Important portions of the required
data are already available in past records and in references; however
new field surveys, especially with regard to water quality, will be
needed.

The work plan is composed of four components, three of which are data
collection and analysis in the various input-output elements of the
water system, while the fourth is numerical\\model building and
operation. Work on the four components could go almost parallel, since
training on model feeding and operation will be necessary in the early
stages of the work plan.

**4.1-Diyala River water resources and its reservoirs' optimum
operation**

The basic hydrological data are those which account for the amount of
surface water available within the river catchment\'s area. This
implicitly includes several elements such as the river inflow rate from
the exterior boundaries, the precipitation over the defined catchment\'s
area inside Iraq, and the evaporation from the reservoirs and the
river\'s studied reach. The hydraulic data however are represented by
the information that describe the characteristics of the reservoirs such
as the maximum and minimum capacities and the maximum capacity of the
river reach. For an application of a discrete differential dynamic
programming model (DDDP), both the hydrologic and the hydraulic data are
required.

The objective of the work plan of this component will be:

-To optimize the operation of Diyala River reservoirs system
(Derbendi-Khan and Hamrin) using historical monthly flow data for an
application of (DDDP) optimization technique.

-To use the resulting data from the above application in deriving a set
of release rules useful in actual operation of the Diyala river system.

\- To integrate DDDP model output and release rules in development of
system dynamics model.

**4.1.1- Required data**

To achieve the above objectives, the following data are required:

1-Precipitation and evaporation

Direct precipitation over the reservoirs and evaporation from them are
basic elements in any water budgeting. The importance of precipitation
varies successively with the real extent of the reservoir\'s water
surface and wetness of the district. The importance of evaporation for
the operation of any reservoir in arid and semi-arid regions is
self-evident, since evaporation losses represent a major factor of lost
water from the reservoir.

2-Elevation-area-storage relationship

This kind of information is usually derived from topographic maps and
historical records. Sedimentation rates may be needed to account for the
loss of reservoir storage with time. They are indispensable for the
estimation of storage variation including the effects of both
precipitation and evaporation.

3-Reservoir characteristics

Reservoir characteristics are the physical properties of the reservoir
which determine its minimum and maximum capacities under which the
reservoir is operated. They may include the following elements:

\- Maximum capacity level or storage

-Maximum design operation level or storage

-Minimum design level or storage

-Minimum capacity level or dead storage

-Maximum and minimum permissible flow

The maximum permissible flow is that value which if exceeded will cause
flood or subsequent damage downstream the river basin. The minimum
permissible flow, however, is a river flow rate below which
environmental degradation may appear in the river basin.

**4.1.2 -Optimum operation** **rule curves**

The continuity equation is one of several physical constraints of
dynamic programming. It represents the relationship between the inflow,
outflow, evaporation, precipitation and the storage at each stage. The
formulated dynamic programming model has been solved by the DDDP
approach to determine an optimal operation of the Derbendi-Khan and
Hamrin Reservoirs using historical stream flow records.

Taking into consideration that the rule curves (upper, average and
lower) should fall between the minimum and design operation storage, a
computer program is used to determine these rule curves. The average
rule curve has been obtained by averaging the values of the storage
obtained by the model over the considered historical period; upper and
lower rule curves have been derived depending on the non-exceeding
probability values (90%, 10%) of the probability distribution of the
optimal storage to represent the upper and lower rule curves. The normal
probability distribution approach is used to determine these rule
curves.

**4.1.3- Monthly operating procedure**

The real time monthly operation of the Derbendi-Khan and Hamrin
Reservoirs will be studied by using the rule curve. The outputs of the
Derbendi-Khan and Hamrin Reservoirs simulation model is:

-   Reservoir storage and water level;

-   Outflow from power outlet and spillway;

-   Output of power generation.

The real time monthly operation of the Derbendi-Khan and Hamrin
Reservoirs has been obtained by using historical monthly inflow data.The
monthly operation procedure depends on the monthly rule curve, as well
as on the water demand, evaporation and precipitation data.

The following procedures are used for planning the monthly operating
schedule:

> 1- Prepare the input data, which should include the inflow,
> evaporation, precipitation, demands, and storage rule curve of the
> Derbendi-Khan and Hamrin Reservoirs. The initial storage and the water
> level of the reservoir at the first month are assumed.
>
> 2- Release from the reservoir an amount of water equal to the water
> requirement.
>
> 3- Calculate the water losses due to evaporation from the reservoir at
> that month.
>
> 4-Determine the amount of storage and reservoir water level at the end
> of that month.
>
> 5-Compare the reservoir water level with the rule curves. If it is
> found that the reservoir water level exceeds the rule curves, then the
> computed storage and water level are readjusted.

**4.2- Groundwater resources evaluation**

> **4.2.1-The state of the present data**
>
> Information concerning groundwater resources in the Diyala River basin
> is found in two reference materials:
>
> 1- Data on water wells drilled or dug in the past throughout the river
> basin. These types of data normally include information regarding the
> geological nature of water-bearing horizons and their hydraulic type,
> wells' specific capacities, groundwater type and salinity, and
> occasionally aquifer hydraulic characteristics. At present, the
> reference of these data is the hydrogeological data bank at the
> Ministry of Water Resources. It is believed that the records of 380
> wells drilled inside the Diyala River basin are available.
>
> 2- Data on the hydrogeological conditions of selected areas within the
> basin. These data appear in studies, reports, and theses which
> normally include some analysis of field data tests, monitoring, and
> sampling. Occasionally, some studies make an attempt to evaluate the
> renewable groundwater resources and their utilization. The following
> recent references may be used as references to the present proposal:
>
> -The hydrogeological study conducted by the FAO on the northern part
> of Iraq and published in year 2004. The aerial coverage of this study
> includes the upper zone of the Diyala River basin.
>
> -The hydrogeological study published in 2005 by a team at the General
> Directory of Water Resources Management on the middle zone of the
> Diyala River basin.
>
> -A third study is an ongoing PhD thesis at the College of Earth
> Sciences/The University of Baghdad on the combined use of surface and
> groundwater resources of Diyala River basin.
>
> -Another PhD thesis is being prepared at the University of Sulymania
> on the groundwater resources evaluation of the upper Diyala River
> basin zone which extends around the Derbendi-Khan Reservoir.
>
> **4.2.2- Requirement for reasonable groundwater resources assessment**
>
> To improve the present state of available hydrogeological information,
> there is a need to implement a work plan of two components:
>
> -Collection of additional field data
>
> -Application of new methodologies for hydrogeological data analysis
> and groundwater assessment.
>
> **4.2.2.1- Required field data**
>
> 1- A new survey of existing exploitable wells and a reasonable
> estimate of groundwater amount at use presently.
>
> 2- Sampling of at least 100 locations (wells and springs) with random
> distribution
>
> 3- Monthly piezometric level fluctuations during a period of two years
> in some 20 randomly distributed wells within the river basin.
>
> 4.2.2.2- Application of new methodologies for data analysis and
> assessment
>
> Renewable groundwater resources need a new assessment based on recent
> meteorological data and piezometric level fluctuation. Water balance
> between input and output to the aquifer system should be determined
> using new water points surveys. Groundwater suitability for human,
> industrial, and agricultural purposes at the different reaches of
> Diyala River should be evaluated. Numerical groundwater flow modeling
> using MODFLOW (software) will have to be applied to simulate the
> groundwater flow system and the impact of exploitation on the
> piezometric level and groundwater quality.
>
> **4.2.3- Expected outcome of the groundwater work plan**
>
> \- The spatial distribution of exploitable amount of groundwater and
> its suitability for the various types of uses (municipal, industrial,
> and agricultural) will be produced.
>
> -A numerical model that can simulate groundwater piezometric level and
> salinity impacts under different abstraction scenarios will be
> developed.
>
> -A document that includes the above mentioned outcomes including
> software that could produce the desired maps under different simulated
> conditions will be generated.
>
> **4.3 - Water demands assessment**
>
> Water demands normally fall in three categories: agricultural or
> irrigation requirement, public or municipal needs, and industrial
> water demands. Presently these three components of water demands have
> sharp rising trends with time in a country like Iraq which is still in
> the path of development. The most important water user in Iraq is
> agriculture which consumes nearly 90% of the water resources of the
> country. Growing population and urbanization are boosting the
> municipal water needs as well.
>
> The Diyala River basin is one of the most important agricultural
> regions in the country. There are 14 agricultural projects already
> running within the river basin inside Iraq having an estimated total
> area of 693,000 hectares (Fig. (4)). More suitable lands are available
> but not cultivated yet. Expansion is therefore expected upon water
> availability for the utilization of the remaining suitable lands.
>
> The task to be achieved by the work in this category is to compute the
> present and future water requirements for each of the three components
> based on actual field data and future needs using reasonable
> projection.
>
> ![](media/image5.wmf){width="6.458333333333333in"
> height="6.080555555555556in"}

**Fig. (4) Iraqi Water Balance 1990, 2040 (bcm)**

> **4.3.1- Irrigation requirements**
>
> Irrigation requirements are the quantities of water needed to irrigate
> agricultural lands including both crops requirements (water
> consumptive use) and the conveyance losses.
>
> **4.3.1.1** **- Data required**
>
> Data required for the computation of irrigation requirements are:

1.  Water consumptive use

> The essential step in these computations is the determination of crop
> potential evapotranspiration or (ETo). The data needed for these kind
> of computations are basically weather data on a daily basis
> (temperature, net radiation, wind speed, and vapor pressure), and crop
> coefficient.

2- Extension of cultivated lands and crop types

> Soil maps of scale 1/250000 are needed with proper soil
> classification. Potential land capability maps are preferred in order
> to delimit future possible agricultural expansion. Actual spatial
> field cropping and type are to be surveyed.

3-Conveyance losses

> Method and extension of irrigation system used in each project is to
> be defined. Type of conveyance canals (earthy, lined) and lengths in
> each agricultural project should be provided.
>
> **4.3.1.2 - Work plan for irrigation water requirement**
>
> The following steps will be followed:

1.  Modified Penman equation is to be used to compute (ETo) using data
    from at least three main meteorological stations in the Diyala River
    basin.

2.  Crop coefficient (Kc) will be selected after defining the cropping
    patterns and crops intensities with reference to the General Scheme
    for Water and Land Development in Iraq. In this way, a value of
    monthly crop potential evapotranspiration, denoted as Etcrop, can be
    computed by simple multiplication;

> ETcrop=Kc\*ETo

3.  The net irrigation requirement of the crop (In) is calculated using
    field water balance which includes several field variables such as
    ETcrop (as defined above), the effective rainfall (Pe, from
    meteorological data), groundwater contribution (Ge, if any), and the
    stored water in the soil at the beginning of each calculation
    period. The net irrigation requirement will equal to:

> In = ETcrop \_ (Pe + Ge + Wb)
>
> 4-Field efficiency (Ea) should be determined based on the design of
> the project and the expected losses. This will require data on the
> method of irrigation and type of the conveyance system as mentioned
> earlier.
>
> 5-Gross irrigation requirement (Ig) will then be computed by dividing
> the net irrigation requirement by the field efficiency:
>
> Ig = In / Ea .
>
> 6-Actual spatial extension of each crop pattern and intensity in the
> field will be needed. The determination of these variables will have
> to be carried out through field surveys during the execution of this
> work.
>
> 7-Unified soil legend map of scale 1/250,000 will have to be prepared
> for the whole Diyala River basin using former surveys from which a
> land capability map will be produced to project future possible
> expansion of cultivated lands that may implement more irrigation water
> requirements.

**4.3.2- Municipal water requirement**

Water demand for municipal purposes is usually a function of population
and development. There are standards for the per capita consumption in
rural and in urban habitations. The most recent population census for
the Diyala River basin will be used to estimate and then project
domestic present and future water demands.

**4.3.3- Industrial water demands**

Water demands for industrial purposes are highly variable and depend
largely on the presence and the nature of the industries that benefit
from the Diyala River directly or from the groundwater resources of the
basin. Documented records of these industries as well as new field
surveys could be used

In cooperation with Sandia National Laboratories of New Mexico, a system
dynamics model will be built for the Diyala River basin system. The
model will in the first stage quantify the inflow and the outflow to the
system. In the second stage, water quality will be introduced along with
possible sources of water quality degradation. In both stages
alternatives will be proposed with the objective of improving water
quality downstream in the Diyala River before confluence with Tigris
River. The preparation of such a model however will only be possible
upon the following:

> 1-Collaboration with Sandia National Laboratories;
>
> 2-Training of four people on the model building process and operation
> by Sandia\'s experts;
>
> 3-Achieving the work plan models and data computation of all the other
> components of the project.
>
> **5- Experimental design and procedure**
>
> **5.1-Work activities**
>
> Five different activities are involved:
>
> -Data records collection and analysis
>
> -Field surveys for the purpose of acquiring unified database
>
> -Training on system dynamics modeling
>
> Simulation and model building
>
> -Application of system dynamics model (building and operation)

**5.2- Procedure and implementation of activities**

**5.2.1-Data records collection is required by three work components**

> These include Diyala River surface water resources and reservoirs
> operation, groundwater resources evaluation, and water demands
> computations. The team leader of each work component will need an
> assistant in the follow up process of information gathering from the
> references and from the responsible agencies. Analysis of data will be
> carried out using a PC for each component team leader.
>
> **5.2.2-Field surveys will be needed for:**

-Groundwater sampling for water quality distribution

-Surface water sampling

-Groundwater level monitoring in a network of wells

-Actual crop pattern distribution surveys

-Industrial activities survey along the length of Diyala River

> Each of these activity will be performed by responsible component team
> and coordinated by the PI of the project.

**5.2.3-Simulation and model building**

In principle three models will be built:

-   A DDDP model for reservoirs operation in the Diyala River system

-   A MODFLOW with solute transport capability for the groundwater
    system body

-   A system dynamics decision support model

**5.2.4-Training on system dynamics modeling**

> For the implementation of a system dynamics model to the Diyala River
> basin, a training course is needed for four of the team members
> responsible of the activities and two of their assistants for a period
> of two months. This could be carried out by Sandia National
> Laboratories either at Amman/Jordan (in cooperation with the Jordanian
> RSS in Amman) or at the Laboratory in New Mexico. Sandia will be
> requested to make the arrangements and to provide the training and the
> software.

**5.2.5-Building and operation of the model**

> The final stage of the work will be the application of a system
> dynamics model of the Diyala River basin. This will be supervised at
> the first stage by Sandia National Laboratory experts and later
> carried out by the trained Iraqi experts.
>
> The project team is composed of experts from diverse agencies: The
> Water Resources Ministry and Baghdad University. They will work as a
> team on their personnel capacities. Therefore experts as well as
> assistants will be paid from the project budget for their efforts in
> the corresponding tasks.
>
> 6-Work Plan Timing

1^st^ year second year third year

<table>
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<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Work Component</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>7</td>
<td>8</td>
<td>9</td>
<td>10</td>
<td>11</td>
<td>12</td>
<td>13</td>
<td>14</td>
<td>15</td>
<td>16</td>
<td>17</td>
<td>18</td>
<td>19</td>
<td>20</td>
<td>21</td>
<td>22</td>
<td>23</td>
<td>24</td>
<td>25</td>
<td>26</td>
<td>27</td>
<td>28</td>
<td>29</td>
<td>30</td>
<td>31</td>
<td>32</td>
<td>33</td>
<td>34</td>
<td>35</td>
<td>36</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td rowspan="4"><ol type="1">
<li><p>1- Assessment of Diyala River Resources and Reservoirs
Operation:</p></li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li><p>-Data records</p></li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p>Collection.</p>
</blockquote>
<ul>
<li><p>-Field data</p></li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p>Collection</p>
</blockquote>
<ul>
<li><p>-Building DDDP</p></li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p>model for</p>
<p>Derbendi-Khan</p>
<p>and Hemrin.</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td rowspan="2"></td>
<td rowspan="2"></td>
<td rowspan="2"></td>
<td rowspan="2"></td>
<td rowspan="3"></td>
<td rowspan="3"></td>
<td rowspan="3"></td>
<td rowspan="3"></td>
<td rowspan="3"></td>
<td rowspan="3"></td>
<td rowspan="4"></td>
<td rowspan="4"></td>
<td rowspan="4"></td>
<td rowspan="4"></td>
<td rowspan="4"></td>
<td rowspan="4"></td>
<td rowspan="4"></td>
<td rowspan="4"></td>
<td rowspan="4"></td>
<td rowspan="4"></td>
<td rowspan="4"></td>
<td rowspan="4"></td>
<td rowspan="4"></td>
<td rowspan="4"></td>
<td rowspan="4"></td>
<td rowspan="4"></td>
<td rowspan="4"></td>
<td rowspan="4"></td>
<td rowspan="4"></td>
<td rowspan="4"></td>
<td rowspan="4"></td>
<td rowspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="3"></td>
<td rowspan="3"></td>
<td rowspan="3"></td>
<td rowspan="3"></td>
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<tr class="even">
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<td rowspan="2"></td>
<td rowspan="2"></td>
<td rowspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td rowspan="4"><ol type="1">
<li><p>2-Ground Water</p></li>
</ol>
<blockquote>
<p>Recourses Assessment:</p>
</blockquote>
<ul>
<li><p>-Office Data</p></li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p>analysis.</p>
</blockquote>
<ul>
<li><p>-Field data</p></li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p>Collection.</p>
<p>-Numerical modeling</p>
<p>( MODFLOW) and</p>
<p>application</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td rowspan="2"></td>
<td rowspan="2"></td>
<td rowspan="2"></td>
<td rowspan="2"></td>
<td rowspan="2"></td>
<td rowspan="2"></td>
<td rowspan="2"></td>
<td rowspan="2"></td>
<td rowspan="2"></td>
<td rowspan="2"></td>
<td rowspan="2"></td>
<td rowspan="2"></td>
<td rowspan="2"></td>
<td rowspan="2"></td>
<td rowspan="2"></td>
<td rowspan="2"></td>
<td rowspan="2"></td>
<td rowspan="2"></td>
<td rowspan="2"></td>
<td rowspan="2"></td>
<td rowspan="4"></td>
<td rowspan="4"></td>
<td rowspan="4"></td>
<td rowspan="4"></td>
<td rowspan="4"></td>
<td rowspan="4"></td>
<td rowspan="4"></td>
<td rowspan="4"></td>
<td rowspan="4"></td>
<td rowspan="4"></td>
<td rowspan="4"></td>
<td rowspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td rowspan="2"></td>
<td rowspan="2"></td>
<td rowspan="2"></td>
<td rowspan="2"></td>
<td rowspan="2"></td>
<td rowspan="2"></td>
<td rowspan="2"></td>
<td rowspan="2"></td>
<td rowspan="2"></td>
<td rowspan="2"></td>
<td rowspan="2"></td>
<td rowspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td rowspan="2"></td>
<td rowspan="2"></td>
<td rowspan="2"></td>
<td rowspan="2"></td>
<td rowspan="2"></td>
<td rowspan="2"></td>
<td rowspan="2"></td>
<td rowspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td rowspan="15"><ol start="3" type="1">
<li><p>3- Water Requirements</p></li>
</ol>
<p>and demands:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>-Meteorological data collection and analysis</p></li>
<li><p>-Soil mapping and agricultural projects distribution</p></li>
<li><p>-Field survey and actual cropping.</p></li>
<li><p>-Industrial activities and water quality.</p></li>
<li><p>-Computation of agricultural water need.</p></li>
<li><p>-Computation of water demand for all Diyala River basin.</p></li>
</ul>
<ol start="4" type="1">
<li></li>
</ol>
<ol start="4" type="1">
<li><p>4- System Dynamic model training.</p></li>
<li><p>5- System dynamic model application and calibration</p></li>
<li><p>6- Report writing</p></li>
</ol></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td rowspan="2"></td>
<td rowspan="2"></td>
<td rowspan="3"></td>
<td rowspan="3"></td>
<td rowspan="5"></td>
<td rowspan="5"></td>
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<td rowspan="6"></td>
<td rowspan="6"></td>
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<td rowspan="6"></td>
<td rowspan="7"></td>
<td rowspan="7"></td>
<td rowspan="15"></td>
<td rowspan="15"></td>
<td rowspan="8"></td>
<td rowspan="8"></td>
<td rowspan="8"></td>
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</tr>
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</tr>
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</tr>
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<td rowspan="8"></td>
<td rowspan="8"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td rowspan="7"></td>
<td rowspan="7"></td>
<td rowspan="7"></td>
<td rowspan="7"></td>
<td rowspan="7"></td>
<td rowspan="7"></td>
</tr>
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</tr>
<tr class="even">
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
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<td rowspan="4"></td>
<td rowspan="4"></td>
<td rowspan="4"></td>
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<td rowspan="4"></td>
<td rowspan="2"></td>
<td rowspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td rowspan="2"></td>
<td rowspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

**7 - Project personal:**

**7.** **1-Sadik Bakir Jawad / Principal Investigator**

Degrees and Certificates obtained: BS in Geophysics from the
Pennsylvania State University/USA in 1965, DEA in Hydrogeology from the
University des Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc/Montpellier/France in
1972, Docteur de Specialite de Geologie Appliquee/option Hydrogeology
from the University des Sciences et Techniques/Montpellier/France in
1975.

Administrative positions: Head of Water Resources Division in the
Council for Scientific Research between 1983 and 1989, Head of
Groundwater Studies Division at the Ministry of Irrigation between 1990
and 2003, Director of the National Groundwater Studies Center at the
Ministry of Water Resources in 2004.

Professional Experiences: Practical experience is mainly in the field of
groundwater resources evaluation, groundwater pollution and related
problems, artificial recharge, groundwater level control, and
groundwater modeling. Tasks involved heading of research teams in 14
different projects in different parts of Iraq: the western desert, north
Jazira, Erbil plain, Kirkuk and Altun Kupri plains, Bahr Al najef,
Safwan area, etc. Further tasks involved the preparation of strategic
studies regarding the national policies for groundwater exploitation and
protection, the planning of ways to improve groundwater resources
development, and building of national monitoring and data base systems.

Publications: More than 25 papers are published in scientific journals
between 1980 and 2000. An equal number of studies are published as
reports and strategic studies between 1970 and 2003 (list can be
provided separately).

Educational experience: Educational experience includes courses taught
at the University at both the undergraduate and the graduate levels for
engineering and earth sciences students during the years 1978-1980, and
1993-1994, supervising postgraduate students included five theses for
the PHD degree and ten for the MSC degrees between 1986 and 2004.

Special experience: Special experience was acquired while working during
2002-2004 as a team member of the technical team composed of Iraqi and
international experts responsible for the preparation of Iraqi replies
on the environmental claims submitted by countries affected by the
second Gulf War. The contribution was with regard to groundwater
pollution and depletion issues

Languages: English and French. In addition to the Arabic mother tongue.

Contacts: E-mail sbjawad@yahoo.com

Cell phone ++964 7901 410 395

Present task: Dr. Sadik will be in charge of the project as principal
investigator. He also will deal with the groundwater resources issue,
and the implementation of the system dynamics model on the Diyala River
basin.

**7.2- Ahmed Abdul Saheb Moham**m**ed Ali**

**[Date and Place of Birth:]{.underline}** June/1^st.^/1949, Iraq

**[Marital Status:]{.underline}** Married

> **[Languages:]{.underline}** Arabic (mother tongue) and English
> (reading and writing fluently)

Degrees and Certificates obtained

+---------------------+-------------+-----------+----------+---------+
| Name of School      | Location    | Date From | Date To  | ##      |
|                     |             |           |          | Diploma |
+---------------------+-------------+-----------+----------+---------+
| University of       | England,    | Oct.,     | May,     | Ph.D.   |
| Newcastle upon Tyne | U.K         | 1973      | 1978     |         |
+---------------------+-------------+-----------+----------+---------+
| University of       | England,    | Oct.,     | Sep.,    | M.Sc.   |
| Newcastle upon Tyne | U.K         | 1972      | 1973     |         |
+---------------------+-------------+-----------+----------+---------+
| Engineering         | Baghdad,    | Oct.,     | July,    | ####    |
| College, University | Iraq        | 1967      | 1975     | # B.Sc. |
| of Baghdad          |             |           |          |         |
+---------------------+-------------+-----------+----------+---------+

**[Field of study]{.underline}:**

**Ph.D.** (Civil Engineering / Hydrology -- Water Resources)

**M.Sc.** (Civil Engineering / Hydrology)

**B.Sc.** (Civil Engineering)

**[Position Title]{.underline}**

Listed chronologically beginning with the most recent employment:

+----------------------+------------------+--------------+------------+
| Name of School       | Position Title   | Date From    | Date To    |
| Agency or Firm       |                  |              |            |
+----------------------+------------------+--------------+------------+
| University of        | ###              | June, 1995   | Up to the  |
| Baghdad, Iraq        | # Full Professor |              | Present    |
+----------------------+------------------+--------------+------------+
| University of        | Asst. Professor  | July, 1986   | June, 1995 |
| Baghdad, Iraq        |                  |              |            |
+----------------------+------------------+--------------+------------+
| University of        | Lecturer         | Oct., 1978   | July, 1986 |
| Baghdad, Iraq        |                  |              |            |
+----------------------+------------------+--------------+------------+
| Gen. Dir. of Roads   | Civil Engineer   | Dec., 1971   | Aug., 1972 |
| and Bridges          |                  |              |            |
| Construction         |                  |              |            |
+----------------------+------------------+--------------+------------+

**[Academic work]{.underline}**

## University teaching, 1978 -- till now including:

## Undergraduate Level: Engineering Hydrology, Water Resources, Flood Control, Groundwater Hydrology, Engineering Analysis, Engineering Statistics, and Numerical Methods, Environmental systems

## Graduate Level: Advanced Hydrology, Water Resources, System Analysis, Engineering, Quantity analysis, Advanced Statistics, Stochastic Hydrology and optimization.

Supervising the research work (theses and dissertations) of 35 M.Sc
students and 6 Ph.D. students. Published research work , more then 36
paper publish in different International and local journals

Membership

-Consulting Member on World Bank.

-Consulting Member on Engineering Consulting Bureau, Baghdad

University.

-Consulting Member on Iraq Water Resources.

-Consulting Member on Iraq High Dams.

-Consulting Member on Reservoir Operation Rules.

-Consulting Member on Selection of Site / Nuclear Power Plant

Location.

**[Consulting Activities:]{.underline}**

1.  Hydraulic and hydrology study for Al-Adheem Dam.

2.  Study and design of power generation Aziziya evaporation basin
    project from Al-Adheen Dam.

3.  Hydraulic and hydrological study of Makhol Dam.

4.  Studies and design of Altun-Kopri Dam.

5.  Studies and design of Horan Dam.

6.  Studies and design for small Dams in Western.

7.  Waste water evaporation pond.

8.  Design of weir for power generation at Sammara.

9.  Hydraulic and hydrology study for Al-Rassafa water treatment plant.

10. Hydraulic and hydrology study for Salah Al-Deen thermal power
    station.

11. Khassa Dam Project hydrologic study.

12. Diyala Weir Engineering services Design and Construct.

> **[Mailing Address:]{.underline}** Department of Water Resources
> Engineering, College of Engineering/ Baghdad University, P. O. Box
> 47024, Jadiriye, Baghdad. Iraq

**E-mail:** <drahmedmali@yahoo.com>

**Telephone:** Iraq, Baghdad, 5375758

Present Task: Dr. Ahmed will be in charge of the hydrological data
analysis and reservoirs operation, building and operation of a DDDP
model, and participating in the implementation of a system dynamics
model.

**7.3- Wasfi Abdul Amir**

Degree obtained: M.Sc in irrigation and drainage engineering (hydraulic
engineering) from the University of Baghdad in 198

Position: Senior chief engineer at the General Directorate for
Engineering Designs.

Professional carrier: Joined the Ministry of Water Resources in 1987.

Between 1987-1999 his work was essentially the preparation of
feasibility study reports ,planning reports ,and technical reports to a
large number of projects such as East Gharraf , Kut -- Butaira , Tigris
-- Euphrates main outfall drain Basrah water project , Makhool dam ,
Balajo -- Khanaqin , Shatt al Arab , West Gharraf , Middle Tigris , and
others.

These reports included the hydrological conditions, the calculation of
water requirements, and the economical analysis of the projects.

Between 1999-2002, he was the chief of the Studies Section at Al-Furat
General Company working on preparing large numbers of feasibility
studies, planning reports, technical reports and other studies.

During the year 2002-2003 he was the chief of the Design Section at the
same company.

Finally, between 2003 up to now he has been working on The Studies and
Designs Center at the General Directorate for Engineering Designs.

Other activities: He is a member of The Iraqi Engineering Union since
1982.

He has many technical papers and articles. He participates in many
technical works with others, he also lectures in the continuous training
courses at the Ministry of Water Resources.

Present Task: Mr. Abdul Amir will deal with the issue of water
requirement and demand in the Diyala River basin. Also he will be in
charge of model calibration.

**7.4-Ibrahim jafar Mohammad**

Degree obtained: D.Sc. in Agricultural sciences (soil) from The State
University of Ghent, Belgium in 1988.

Position: Expert in soil surveying, Director of The Environmental
Studies Center

Professional experience: research and studies works on the Iraqi soils,
his most prominent publications and soil studies are the followings:

Characteristic, formation, and classification of alluvial soils of Naft
valley in mendeli area, Iraq, journal of soil sciences, vol.1 no 1, 2001

-Soil of Adhaim area and their land suitability for wheat and spring
maize production. Iraqi Journal for Agriculture (special issue) vol. 7,
no.2, 2002

-Clay mineralogy and K-fixation by some soils from Iraq, College of
Agriculture, Anbar University, conference proceeding 30-31 March 1998

-Soils of Um-Al --Akaf (south of Iraq) Bureau of Agriculture research,
Baghdad, 1993

-Soils of Al-Shafi (marsh area Basrah), General Center for Water
Resources and Soil Research, Baghdad, 1998

-Soil map of Iraq, Left Adhaim River, General Center for water resources
Research, Baghdad, 1999

-Soil map of Iraq, project of east Saadia and Tel saeda, 2000

**8 -Deliverables**

A report containing data, analysis, as well as the findings regarding
each work component of the plan will be delivered at the end of the
project. A calibrated system dynamics model of the Diyala River basin
will be available for the implementation of integrated water resources
management of the basin. The six trained staff will be able to apply the
new methodology on other basins within Iraq.

**9 -References**

1.  Adnan M.Ahmed, Mohammad I. Abdul Razzak, Khalid S. Daud, 2005
    Hydrogiological study of the upper, reach of Diyala River. Report in
    Arabic, The Ministry of Water Resources -- Baghdad,151P

2.  AL -- Delewy A.H. 1995. Optimization of the operation of a complex
    waters resources system with application to the Diyala River system,
    Ph.D. thesis, Building and Construction Engineering Department,
    University of Technology, Iraq.

3.  Al- Jibory T.1991.Geomorphology and hydrology of Diyala River basin,
    Ph.D. thesis, Department of Earth Sciences, Baghdad University ,
    Iraq

4.  Al-Sunawi G.1985 .Hydrochemistry of Diyala River, Msc thesis ( in
    Arabic), Department of earth Sciences, Baghdad University, Iraq

5.  Hameed A.S. 1986. Operation rules for Durbandi -- Khan and Hemrin
    resvoir, M.Sc. Thesis, Irrigation and Drainage Department, College
    of engineering, University of Baghdad, Iraq.

6.  Food and Agriculture organization of the United Nations 2004.
    Hydrogeology of Northern Iraq.

7.  Khalil S. and Ridha S.1993.The effect of Hamrin reservoir on the
    adjacent groundwater body, report in Arabic, Al Furat Center for
    Studies and Design of Agricultural Projects, Iraq

8.  Kharoofa N.1999, Future water demands in Iraq and their optimal use,
    Report in Arabic (unpublished), 21P.

9.  MacQuarrie, Patrick 2004. Water security in the Middle East/Growing
    conflict over development in the Euphrates and Tigris basin, M.Phil
    thesis, Trinity College, Dublin

10. Muhsun, S. S. 2002. The effect of the under constructions reservoirs
    on the optimum operation of the Tigris River system, University of
    Technology, Baghdad, Iraq.

11. Naji, T. 1989. Optimal operation of Darbandi -- Khan -- and Hemreen
    reservoirs with environmental consideration, University of Baghdad,
    Iraq.

12. The Ralph M. Parsons Engineering Company, 1957. Groundwater

resources of Iraq. Development Board, Ministry of Development

Government of Iraq.

13- Selkhozpromexport, 1982. General Scheme of Water Resources and

Land Development in Iraq. Moscow -- Baghdad.

14- Tidwell, V.C., Passell H.D., Conrad, S.H.,Thomas, R.P. 2004. System
dynamics modeling for community -- based water planning:

Application to the middle Rio Grand Aquatic Sciences 66:357 -- 375p.

**10 -Budget**

Budget is composed of the following items:

1-Research expenses

> Four experts half time salaries (\$ 600/month/person) + four
> assistants (\$300/month/person) for the project period of three years
> ...............\$129600

2-Equipment

Four computers+
accessories................................................. \$ 10000

3-Software

Four copies of Powersim studio
expert.........................................\$8000

4-Travel inside Iraq for field work (water sampling, surveying,
piezometric head monitoring,
etc)..........................................................................
\$ 13000

5-Water quality analysis (150 samples of surface and
groundwater).........\......\$ 6000

6- Office space, office expenses (half
time).......................................\...\$ 10800

7-Travel and lodging for 6 trainees (4 staff+ 2 assistants), 10 days, 6
trips ..... \$36000

8- Miscellaneous expenses (printing of maps,
publication).....................\... \$10000

9-SNL laboratory training
staff....................................................... \$180000

10- SNL travel
expenses................................................................\$
30000

11- Cooperation with RSS in
Jordan................................................\....\$50000

Total....................................................................................
\$483400