**FY2000 Progress Report**

**Exotic Plant Management**

Prepared by Andrea Williams, Natalie Reed,

Jim Popenoe and Diona Roja

Division of Resource Management and Science

Redwood National and State Parks

Orick, California

November 2000

**FY2000 HIGHLIGHTS**

-   RNSP completed a project reducing European beachgrass at Freshwater
    to a level that can be controlled with only routine maintenance.

-   Previously controlled populations of Scotch broom, yellow bush
    lupine, sea-fig, white sweetclover, and English ivy were held to
    maintenance levels.

-   New, large populations of English ivy were mapped in the Hiouchi /
    Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park area. A plan was developed, and
    funding approved to attack the newly mapped ivy.

-   Additional project plans to control Pampas grass, European
    beachgrass, English ivy and other species were developed for
    approval and implementation in FY01.

-   RNSP staff participated actively on the local interagency Weed
    Management Area teams involved in mapping, managing, and educating
    the public about invasive plants in Northern California. A poster
    was prepared describing major park invasive plant control projects
    for \"War On Weeds\" week.

**DETAILS**

1.  **North District** \-- Andrea Williams

2.  **South District** \-- Natalie Reed

3.  **Elk Meadow** \-- Jim Popenoe

4.  **Person-Hour and Cost Tabulations** \-- Andrea Williams, Natalie
    Reed and Diona Roja

**APPENDICES**

A. NRPP Funding Proposal to Control English Ivy and other Shade
Tolerance Species in the Hiouchi / Jedediah Smith Area

B. Project Clearance for Control of English Ivy and other Shade
Tolerance Species in Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park

C. Project Clearance to Control Pampas Grass at Redwood Creek Estuary

D. Project Clearance to Control European Beach[g]{.underline}rass from
Redwood Creek to Mussel Point

**NORTH DISTRICT**

Andrea Williams, Biological Science Technician

October 16, 2000

# HIGH-PRIORITY SPECIES

**English ivy** (*Hedera helix*)

We continued the ivy removal project begun last year around the Hiouchi
Information Center. Six truckloads of ivy, with some periwinkle (*Vinca
major*) and Himalaya blackberry (*Rubus discolor*), were removed.
Resprout and seedling removal to the east of the information center
parking lot was curtailed due to the discovery of the rare heart-leaf
twayblade (*Listera cordata*) in areas previously cleared of ivy. Ivy
removal was begun across from the visitor center, severing tree-climbing
vines and clearing some of the ground growth. Ivy has been removed from
the bulk of the campsites, but infestations remain in the housing areas
of Hiouchi Flat.

RNSP was awarded a grant from NRPP in support of shade-tolerant exotics
removal (primarily ivy, but also cotoneaster, holly, and vinca) in
Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park. An ivy-removal project clearance
(CEQA# 00-635A-014, approved October 4, 2000) was submitted to perform
this work, which is estimated to be a three-year project. After that
time, removal should not require effort beyond a maintenance level.
Please reference the Spring/Summer 2000 Rare Plant Surveys report for
Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park and the above-mentioned CEQA for
additional information.

**Scotch broom** (*Cytisus scoparius*)

Removal of a large population of Scotch broom was begun in Hiouchi. The
areas cleared include along the service road across from the Hiouchi
Information Center, and the burn meadow adjacent to the road. Many
plants remain in the Hiouchi Flat area. Some smaller plants were pulled
from the riverbank near the campground, but it was too late in the
season and the ground was too hard for an effective attack on this
population.

Maintenance continues to pull seedlings from the field at Aubell. A
pasture adjacent to the field had a large population, which the owners
began to control late this summer.

**Tansy ragwort** (*Senecio jacobaea*)

Small populations of tansy ragwort occur in the burn meadow adjacent to
the service road in Hiouchi, roadside on Highway 199 and Howland Hill
Road, at the Mill Creek Horse Trail, and a larger population in the
field at Aubell. Maintenance pulls most plants from these places; I
pulled some from the field at Aubell. A pasture adjacent to the field
had a large population, which the owners began to control late this
summer. The Cinnabar moth was found near the Mill Creek Horse Trail, and
larvae were on several plants pulled from Aubell. More consistent work
and follow-up visits are needed to keep tansy ragwort from expanding in
open areas.

**French broom** (*Genista monspessulana*)

A small population is intermixed with the Scotch broom along the service
road and river bar. These will be eradicated concurrently with Scotch
broom.

**Klamathweed** (*Hypericum perforatum*)

Small populations exist roadside along Highway 199, and in and around
the burn meadow, service road, and gravel bar. Some control was done
incidental to Scotch broom removal, but additional work will be needed.

**Himalaya blackberry** (*Rubus discolor*)

No new control work was done on the populations of exotic blackberry on
the Hampson Property (Parkway at Highway 199), Camp Lincoln, Aubell, or
the campground area. In most of these areas, blackberry was mowed or
pruned by maintenance staff. However, the plants will resprout unless
root systems are removed. Some bushes were removed in the Hiouchi area.

**Spotted knapweed** (*Centaurea maculosa*)

Eradication of a small population on the gravel bar has been ongoing for
several years. This year, late July surveys yielded no plants; four
plants were found and pulled in late August. Last year less than a dozen
plants were located and removed. Dave at Del Norte County Agriculture
Department also surveys and removes plants in the area.

# OTHER SPECIES

**Cotoneaster** (*Cotoneaster franchetii*)

Large populations exist along Kings Valley Road (especially near Camp
Lincoln) and in the Hiouchi area. Small shrubs were pulled from the
campground area when encountered; some remain near the entrance and
should be pulled this winter. Major removal was begun across from the
Hiouchi Information Center; crews uprooted over 50 large shrubs. Most
plants were lopped back to a main stem and pulled with a weed wrench
while the root crown was dug out with a pulaski. Follow-up removal and
resprout pulling will be necessary.

The grant and CEQA, as noted in the English ivy section, covers
cotoneaster removal in Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park. Please
reference that paragraph, and/or those documents, for additional
information.

**English holly** (*Ilex aquifolium*)

While scattered plants may be found at several locations within the
park, the only known fruiting population exists at the Hampson Property
(the junction of Parkway and Highway 199). Small shrubs were pulled, and
will continue to be pulled, from the campground and other areas (e.g.,
west of Leiffer Loop and along Wellman Trail) when encountered. Some
holly remains in the ivy infestation north of Highway 199 and east of
Kings Valley Road. The large population requires major removal, as
detailed in CEQA# 00-635A-014. The CEQA and grant noted in the English
ivy section cover holly removal in Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park.
Please reference that paragraph, and/or those documents, for additional
information.

**Greater periwinkle** (*Vinca major*)

The only known population of periwinkle in JSRSP occurs around the
Hiouchi Information Center. Some periwinkle was removed as part of the
ivy project begun last year, but much remains; it will be treated with
the ivy.

**Cherry** (*Prunus* species)

A mature population of cherry trees (sour or sweet) occurs at the
Hiouchi Information Center. Saplings were found in the woods around the
information center and as far away as Campsite 70. Consideration should
be given to controlling cherry trees before they spread further.

**Silver wattle (Acacia)** (*Acacia dealbata*)

A large population of acacia trees occurs in the park across from the
Hiouchi Information Center (at the service road). Saplings were found
around the fire cache housing, in Hiouchi Flat, and as far away as the
base of the winter boat launch in the campground. Serious consideration
should be given to controlling acacia before it spreads further.

**White sweetclover** (*Melilotus alba*)

A large infestation of white sweetclover occurs on the gravel bar.
Control was begun this August; a crew used weed wrenches to pull two
truckloads from the area west and north of the seasonal footbridge at
the campground. Follow-up and additional control is needed. The plant
also grows roadside in a few areas of the park.

**Butterfly bush** (*Buddleja davidii*)

An expanding infestation of butterfly bush occurs on the gravel bar.
Control was begun this August; a crew used weed wrenches to pull smaller
shrubs from an area west of Campsites 58-62. The ground was too hard,
and some shrubs too large, to remove all the plants; for these,
flowering branches were removed. Follow-up and additional control is
needed, possibly with a truck and winch.

**Crocosmia** (*Crocosmia* x *crocosmiiflora*)

This is a new plant for the park. Small populations occur roadside along
Highway 199 just east of the campground entrance, and along Aubell Lane.
Another plant was seen by the turnout for the westbound lane of Highway
199 at the 1.55-mile marker, but it may be a waif. Crocosmia is very
invasive in Del Norte County, and these populations (as well as those
along the Nickel Creek Campground/Enderts Beach Trail) bear watching.

**Black nightshade** (*Solanum nigrum*)

This, too, is a new plant for the park. A small population was found in
the burn meadow, in last season's burn pile. The plants should be
monitored, and probably removed. Mode of introduction is unknown;
investigation may be warranted.

# SOUTH DISTRICT

Natalie Reed, Biological Science Technician

August 24, 2000

## 

## **European Beachgrass** (*Ammophila arenaria*)

Continue to sweep the beach at Freshwater Spit for resprouts every 2-3
weeks. We have used about half of the contract money for the CCC's, so
270 more CCC person-hours can be spent on removal. This translates into
about 4 more days of 10-person crews working 6 hours. Beachgrass
locations north of the RV parking area are marked with pink flags. The
southern half of the beach is not marked due to high visitor use, so it
is best to sweep the entire area for resprouts. Remove the vegetation
and bring it to the Mitchell residence to burn on a burn day when the
vegetation is dry.

**Scotch Broom** (*Cytisus scoparius*)

Broom removal in the Bald Hills is paused due to the compactness of the
soil. Because the prairies are unlikely to burn this year, a
concentrated effort was made to remove all Scotch broom (especially
those in flower) in all prairies. Areas in need of treatment next year
can be found using the air photos with overlays.

**Cape Ivy** (*Delairea odorata*)

Wilson Creek should be swept for resprouts and seedlings every few
months. I haven't checked since late spring, but it does seem relatively
slow to re-sprout. The CDF crew was quite thorough in early spring at
this site. We attempted to brush cut and scrape the ground in the area
with a heavy cape ivy infestation. However, it was difficult to gather
the vegetation after brush cutting because of the scattered small leaf
fragments which could potentially re-root. I would suggest hand pulling
the Cape ivy next year. Leave the cape ivy at the site where it was
gathered to burn after it is dry.

**English Ivy**

Wilson Creek should be swept for resprouts and seedlings every few
months. I haven't checked since late spring, but the ivy does seem
relatively slow to re-sprout. The CDF crew was quite thorough in early
spring at this site.

Sweep Marshall Pond for resprouts and seedlings every few months.
Remember that this is a noise-restricted area during nesting season of
marbled murrelets. A few pampas grass plants were pulled at this site
this year as well.

A small English ivy infestation occurs about 1.2 miles past the gate on
Westside Access Rd. When coming from SOC, at this mileage, there is a
large Douglas-fir wolf tree on the left-hand side of the road. Park
there and look on both sides of the road for ivy seedlings and
resprouts.

At Redwood Creek, a small infestation of English ivy occurs behind the
parking area to the left of the trailhead. There is some ivy growing on
a downed log, so it may be warranted to schedule a support crew day for
this project.

**Tansy Ragwort** (*Senecio jacobaea*)

A half day with the YCC' s were spent pulling tansy in the Bald Hills
near Williams Ridge Rd. (in drainage near entrance to road) and beneath
lookout rock near Robber's Gulch Rd. Flower heads were cut and bagged to
be burned and plants were pulled and left on site. A location of tansy
was found recently at Freshwater spit near Kiosk E, but was not removed.
Diona Roja had advised me of a tansy location on Wolf Creek road just
past the bridge going toward the outdoor school. The area was checked
several times, but no tansy was found.

**Fennel** (*Foeniculum vulgare*)

About 20 fennel plants were pulled along the north end of Newton B.
Drury road, from the highway entrance to the beginning of Boyes Prairie
in Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park.

**Yellow Starthistle** (*Centaurea solstitialis*)

Two previous yellow starthistle locations were surveyed several times
this year. These are 1) the gravel pit at Elk Camp prairie and 2) along
Long Ridge Road (0.7 miles from intersection of Lyon's Ranch Rd. and in
adjacent drainages). No yellow star thistle was found this year. Note
that while much of the gravel from the gravel pit was moved, the portion
that contained yellow starthistle still remains.

**Spanish Heath** (*Erica lusitanica*)

About 30 plants were pulled at the south end of Freshwater Lagoon. None
were flowering. Check this area for seedlings next spring.

**Foxglove** (*Digitalis purpurea*)

SOC Road is the only area in the park that foxglove was a target control
species, though some were pulled around the Scotch broom areas in the
Bald Hills. A heavy infestation was present. Plants were hand-pulled,
taking precaution due to the high toxicity of the species. Bull thistle
was also controlled along the road and SOC compound.

**White Sweetclover** (*Melilotus alba*)

This plant was controlled at Freshwater near the picnic area and north
by Redwood Creek Estuary. It was also pulled out of the gravel pit near
Elk Camp prairie, though this portion of the gravel pit has since been
removed.

**Yellow Bush Lupine** (*Lupinus arboreus*)

About 15 yellow bush lupine plants were removed from the Freshwater
picnic area. Some apparent hybrids were removed as well (those that have
both white and purple flowers).

# ELK MEADOW

# Jim Popenoe, Soil Scientist

November 14, 2000

Elk Meadow warrants special comment because of the extent of the efforts
to control invasive plants in one small place. Two facts that made the
efforts at Elk Meadow out of the ordinary were that

1.  The primary objective of invasive plant control in this case was to
    reduce interference with successful landscaping and ecological
    restoration, and

2.  Several of the species being removed had not previously been managed
    as high priority species.

The Elk Meadow project received extra attention because it was expected
to be so much in the public eye. Earth moving was by far the most
dramatic and visible part of the project in FY2000. When this work was
done, it exposed seven acres of unvegetated ground to potential plant
invasion. Approximately half of the exposed acreage was earmarked for
the public day use area, and the remainder was to be restored to a
wetland and riparian woodland. The restoration site was planted with
natives and weeded during FY2000, but landscape planting in the day use
area was postponed until FY2001, creating a wider window of opportunity
for colonization by invasive plants. Considerable effort was expended to
control invasives in FY2000, and the kinds of potentially troublesome
plants differed between the restoration and day use portions of the
project area. In both, \"hog fuel\" mulch was applied, in part, to slow
invasive plants.

**Restoration Site**

The FY2000 revegetation progress report also describes efforts to
control invasive plants on the restoration site. In most projects in
RNSP, the dispersal of seed from native trees initiates a trajectory of
succession generally toward native forest with little or no active
intervention needed. However, it was suspected that succession might
proceed differently on a floodplain with pastures:

1.  Flooding would disperse propagules of aggressive non-natives from
    the nearby pastures.

2.  Aggressive pasture plants would inhibit establishment of native
    trees and slow their growth.

3.  Once established, aggressive pasture plants might exclude native
    vegetation for a long time.

Much attention was focussed the first year on establishing trees and
shrubs and on removing aggressive pasture plants. Since pasture plants
are shade intolerant, the effort needed to remove these exotics seems
likely to decrease as the tree and shrub canopy closes.

The restoration site was first hand-weeded in November 1999 (40
person-hours). The next weeding was in early March 2000 (40
person-hours). The weeding effort increased dramatically in spring and
early summer. From April 18 to July 6, 2000, 504 person-hours were
expended weeding on the floodplain, then 40 person-hours in September,
2000. The total effort for weeding the first year was 624 person-hours.

Given an uncertain outcome, a monitoring protocol was established to
measure results and refine efforts. In June, five transects were
established to quantify the development of cover and species composition
on the floodplain. The transects were monitored on June 17 and again on
August 22. A figure on page 8 summarizes the monitoring results. Data
for individual species are presented in the FY2000 Elk Meadow
revegetation progress report.

![](media/image1.png){width="3.2in" height="2.4in"}

> June 17, 2000 August 22, 2000

Vegetation cover on the floodplain based upon 480 sample points along
five transects.

Certain pasture species were particularly troublesome on the floodplain
portion of the restoration site during the first project year:

**Reed canarygrass** (*Phalaris arundinacea*)

Reed canarygrass is a wetland obligate that grows up to 10 feet (3 m)
tall at the Davison Ranch. It spreads vegetatively via shallow rhizomes,
and it overtops and out-competes smaller plants. Reed canarygrass is
highly productive livestock forage, although plants become relatively
unpalatable, with tough stems and high silica and alkaloid content, as
they mature. In pastures, very heavy spring cattle grazing can keep reed
canarygrass from out-competing other plants. If it becomes overly
dominant, many ranchers plow and seed with more palatable grasses. With
the removal of the dairy cattle from the Davison Ranch in 1992, reed
canarygrass was effectively released. The elk seem not to eat it while
the plants are tall and green, so they may further its competitive
advantage.

Reed canarygrass is best adapted to a water regime in which the depth of
water fluctuates widely and irregularly. At the Davison Ranch, this
species occurs all along the banks of Prairie Creek, and it has become
dominant in wetlands with artificial drainage. Although growth and
spread is limited to times when the soil is both moist and well aerated,
it withstands long and/or irregular periods of waterlogging.

Once established, reed canarygrass is tenacious, and it may persist even
after an altered hydrologic regime is normalized. In 1997, a culvert
artificially draining the oxbow north of the Davison Ranch causeway was
removed. The culvert had let water drain quickly from the oxbow,
artificially shortening the hydroperiod. The oxbow was populated almost
entirely by reed canarygrass. After the culvert was removed, water
remained in the oxbow continuously through the end of spring. Although a
normal hydroperiod was restored, little change in reed canarygrass cover
occurred between 1997 and 2000. One abandoned pasture near the mouth of
Skunk Cabbage Creek has been continuously dominated by reed canarygrass
since 1986.

Reed canarygrass is thought to have some populations native to
California. Whether or not it is native to California\'s north coast
(and at the Davison Ranch in particular) is unclear. If it is native,
Mr. Davison\'s clearing of the floodplain to pasture allowed it to
expand its extent, much as Euro-American fire suppression allowed
Douglas-fir to expand into the prairies and oak woodlands. Reed
canarygrass was controlled at Elk Meadow restoration site to allow the
former native riparian and wetland plant associations to reestablish,
not necessarily because it was earmarked as an exotic species.

Roughly 5 percent of weeding efforts on the restoration site were spent
removing reed canarygrass. Crews dug up the plants and rhizomes, using a
technique similar to that used to control European beachgrass. After
three-to-four follow-ups, re-sprouts were no longer found. This method
was labor intensive, and it was practical only for controlling scattered
individual plants. Follow-ups should be continued on the restoration
site to keep the reed canarygrass under control. The effort necessary to
accomplish this is expected to diminish as the wetland natives increase
their height and coverage of the ground.

The extent and degree of infestation of reed canarygrass should be
mapped out parkwide, perhaps emphasizing the Prairie Creek watershed.
Reed canarygrass threatens native riparian and wetland ecosystems in the
Pacific [N]{.underline}orthwest (Antieau 2000), and the survival of
salmonids returning to spawn (Carrasco 2000). It is a strong candidate
to become a high priority species for control in RNSP.

**Creeping bentgrass** (*Agrostis stolonifera*)

**Creeping buttercup** (*Ranunculus repens*)

**White clover** (*Trifolium repens*)

After reed canarygrass, creeping bentgrass, creeping buttercup, and
white clover, proved to be the most aggressive and troublesome pasture
exotics on the restoration site. A common feature of all these species
is that they spread by stolons (above-ground stems), rooting at the
nodes. They rapidly colonized bare ground by this mode of spread. Once
these plants achieve dominance, they preempt space from riparian native
tree and shrub seedlings. In addition, they attract elk, which then eat
the riparian natives along with trimming the pasture plants. Bentgrass
and buttercups persist as a major component of the abandoned pastures on
the Davison Ranch. Bentgrass also infests Strawberry Creek near SOC. The
channel is so choked with grass that fish are excluded. White clover was
abundant when the park acquired the Davison Ranch in 1992, but without
the dairy cattle, the clover has largely succumbed in competition with
taller pasture species.

The strategy to control creeping pasture plants on the restoration site
was to remove them while they were few and small. Roughly 80 percent of
weeding efforts on the restoration site were spent removing the
bentgrass, buttercups, and clover by hand. This method was labor
intensive, and was practical only for controlling scattered individual
plants. The labor available proved insufficient to remove all of the
plants and, as the figure shows, the cover percentage of pasture plants
increased in spite of the weeding effort.

The growth of creeping pasture plants the first year exceeded the
park\'s capability to manually control them. Herbicide might have been
more effective and efficient. Because these plants all have thin
cuticles, they are susceptible to herbicide at low concentration. In
addition, with translocation via the stolons, herbicide applied to any
part of a plant affects the whole. In August, treatment with glyphosate
was proposed but rejected. It appeared unlikely that a biological
assessment and opinion could be completed in time to carry out the work
before the first rains. By September, only bentgrass was removed, and
then only where it was spreading into the pond. What will happen if
further control actions are impracticable?

In the pastures at the Davison ranch, creeping bentgrass and creeping
buttercups occur as facultative wetland dominants around the margins of
ephemeral pools. Unlike reed canarygrass, these two species are small in
stature, so may persist, but are unlikely to displace native emergent
wetland plants.

Pasture plants generally do exclude tree seedlings. The window available
for natural recruitment by native tree seedlings closes when bare ground
is no longer available for colonization. If natural recruitment fails,
the park may need to invest more in planting native trees in order to
reestablish the riparian zone along Prairie Creek. The FY2000 Elk Meadow
revegetation progress report suggests some methods.

Since a grass-choked channel may exclude fish, park staff need to be
alert for bentgrass that may creep out into the pond. The situation
bears watching.

**Other species**

Remaining efforts (about 15 percent) were spent removing other targeted
exotic species from the restoration site. The most abundant of these
were Himalaya berry (*Rubus discolor*), bull thistle (*Cirsium
vulgare*), and foxglove (*Digitalis purpurea*). The effort necessary to
control these species is expected to diminish as the amount of remaining
available bare ground available for colonization decreases.

**Day Use Area**

Creation of the new Day Use Area opened roughly 3.5 acres of unvegetated
ground to plant invasion. As with the restoration site, the situation
offered a chance for management actions the first year to prevent an
escalating weed problem. The site will remain vulnerable, require
continued close monitoring, and may require major control efforts for
several years. The total weeding effort here in FY2000 was 340
person-hours. A rough estimate of percentage effort by species is shown.

**Himalaya berry** (*Rubus discolor*), 35 percent

The labor necessary to control Himalaya berry is expected to decrease
with time. Most of the plants were re-spouts, and the treatment was to
remove their burls. Next, root fragments will re-sprout, but repeated
follow-ups can kill most of these plants within about a year.

**Poison hemlock** (*Conium maculatum*), 25 percent

The poison hemlock may have a persistent seed pool. The plants should be
pulled each year early before they have an opportunity to flower.

**English ivy** (*Hedera helix*), 25 percent

Climbing English ivy was removed from around the base of a dead redwood
stump next to Davison Road near the barn. The aerial ivy did not die.
Apparently, roots grow through the dead stump. This infestation requires
a follow-up on the top of the stump to kill the aerial ivy in the Sitka
spruce tree.

**Bull thistle** (*Cirsium vulgare*), 10 percent

Bull thistle seeds have a lifespan of only a few years, and the species
colonizes primarily by wind dispersal. Thistles were removed from areas
of newly bared ground to prevent a seed buildup in the soil.
Preventative follow-up is important until the amount of available bare
ground available for colonization is minimized.

**White sweetclover** (*Melilotus alba*), 5 percent

Sweetclover seeds are often present in river run gravel, and they have a
long lifespan. Sweetclover plants were removed from around new roads and
trails. Additional sweetclover seed may have been present in gravel
delivered this past summer. If so, the effort needed to control this
species may increase. Since each mature plant introduces thousands of
new seeds into the soil, sweetclover should be removed early before
flowering. Regular preventative follow-up is important until the seed
pool becomes exhausted.

The cost of removing sweetclover and other weeds should be considered
when gravel is purchased by RNSP. It may be less costly for the park to
adopt a policy of purchasing only **weed-free gravel** than to continue
buying possibly cheaper gravel but having to follow up with years of
labor intensive weed pulling.

**Literature Cited**

Antieau, C.J. 2000. Biology and management of reed canarygrass, and
implications for ecological restoration. Washington State Department of
Transportation, Seattle, WA.

[http://www.halcyon.com/sernw/docs/RCG.rtf]{.underline}

Carrasco, K. 2000. Coho pre-spawn mortalities in a flooded reed
canarygrass habitat. *In* Final Proceedings (abstracts) of reed
canarygrass working group conference, March 15, 2000. USDA-FS Olympic
National Forest, Olympia, WA.

[http://www.halcyon.com/sernw/docs/RCG2000.rtf]{.underline}