Draft 7.4

July 3, 2001

Report of the Transatlantic Networking Committee

Flavia Donno, INFN Pisa (CDF)

Jim Leighton, LBNL (ESnet)

Olivier Martin, CERN

Richard Mount, SLAC

Boaz Klima, FNAL (D0)

Harvey Newman, California Institute of Technology (CMS) \*

Ronald Poling, University of Minnesota (BTeV)

Lawrence Price, ANL (ATLAS)\*

Wesley Smith, University of Wisconsin (ZEUS)

Charles Young, SLAC (*BABAR*)

\* Co-chairs

# Report Summary

Although this report on transatlantic networking for high energy physics
was requested by the Joint Oversight Group, in which DOE and NSF oversee
U.S. work on the Large Hadron Collider, the committee included
representatives of the other major HEP experiments with important
European collaborators, including ZEUS, *BABAR*, D0, CMS, and BTeV. A
significant finding is that the hierarchical, distributed access to
computing and data envisioned under the name of \"data grid\" by the LHC
experiments is already in use in an immature form by current
experiments, in particular *BABAR* and D0. Although the full grid
toolkit is not yet available, these experiments have very important
remote computing and storage centers abroad and need substantial links
to make effective use of the resources provided by their collaborators.
In fact, these two experiments are planning to transfer a larger
*fraction* of their data across the transatlantic links than the LHC
experiments are planning for. The LHC experiments are planning for the
ability to use mature grid systems to keep the growth of network
requirements well below what would be expected from the growth in raw
data set size. To round out the picture, ZEUS is an older experiment
that will continue its present model of concentrating computing and
storage at DESY, while CDF also plans a concentrated computing model for
Run II. BTeV is still becoming formed and has not fully planned its
computing model.

The transatlantic bandwidth requirements, whose estimation constituted
the largest part of the work of the Committee and which are summarized
on page 19, show the requirements rising from 3,000 Megabits per second
(Mbs) in 2002 to 18,000 Mbs in 2006, the year the LHC turns on. The
question of what fraction of this substantial bandwidth must be
installed and supplied by the U.S. program does not have a crisp answer.
The countries supplying large computer centers abroad for currently
running experiments are presently supplying virtually all the
long-distance networking needed to make effective use of them. This
pleasant circumstance has two potential problems. One is that the
current connections to SLAC and FNAL, the source of the data for BaBar
and D0, are not fast enough to make full use of the transatlantic links
provided by foreign collaborators. The second is that the continuation
(and required upgrades) of the needed links, while hoped for by the
foreign collaborators, is not guaranteed, and might not be supplied for
the duration of the experiments. Nevertheless, in projecting the needed
size of the U.S.-CERN link, which is primarily supported by the U.S.
program, the Committee has assumed that this emerging standard where
remote collaborators will supply the needed long-haul networking will
continue during the period considered in this report. The result is a
projected bandwidth requirement on the U.S. CERN link of 622 Mbs in
2002, only 20% of the total, growing to 10,000 Mbs in 2006, 55% of the
total in an era when the LHC experiments are beginning to dominate and
the U.S. has the major remote resources that must be connected by
networks.

The problem that the networking between the U.S. and Europe which is now
provided by European collaborators is not fully utilized because of
limited bandwidth into U.S. laboratories is one that will grow with
increased reliance on the network and which needs close attention. HEP
experiments have moved faster than predicted to making exclusive use of
the network for data movement. Although we were not able to do a full
analysis, the Committee does provide an initial analysis of the movement
from shipping data by tapes to shipping data over the network. We
conclude that the combination of economic tradeoffs with improved
productivity of personnel and strong \"sociological\" incentives to
provide resources at home, makes it unlikely that this trend will be
reversed or even slowed. However, it is also true that the connection
speeds that will be needed at accelerator and host laboratories, and at
universities and laboratories that house Tier 2 centers, are greater
than have been planned for by the U.S. backbone networks (ESnet for DOE
laboratories and Internet2 for universities). It is imperative that the
needs of the HEP experiments be communicated to the networks and made
part of their planning. Similar planning will be needed on the European
end.

Costs have been estimated using plausible extrapolations from current
information and are summarized on p. 24. The costs are divided into
those for the \"network\" costs of links and internet access (rising to
\$3M in 2006) and those for a variety of infrastructure costs, including
routers and switches, monitoring systems, and a small number of
personnel to support the network (\$1.2M in 2006). We note that network
costs are notoriously hard to predict 5 years in advance and that it has
always been true that achievement of affordable networking has relied on
intensive negotiation and comparison shopping and that we have assumed
continued success in cost savings in the estimates here.

Although these bandwidth and cost estimates are a substantial part of
the results of this Committee, we make five recommendations also. They
are listed in Section C, page 31, and repeated here:

1.  High performance networking is central to the success of
    international collaborations. Every effort should be made to provide
    the required transatlantic bandwidth, particularly that of the
    US-CERN link, as documented in this report for the period 2001-2006,
    and to continue to provide adequate bandwidth to keep pace with
    HEP\'s needs.

2.  Arrangements must be made to ensure that the US-CERN connection and
    other international links used by HEP experiments are connected with
    the required high performance, to the networks that make the
    ultimate connections to the collaborating institutions in both
    regions. Similarly, arrangements should be made to ensure that key
    university or laboratory sites (e.g. housing Tier 2 or Tier B
    centers) are appropriately connected to their regional networks or
    to the national backbone networks. It is likely that ESnet and
    Internet 2 will not meet all needs within the U.S. without special
    arrangements, and some targeted funding by HEP.

3.  Appropriate attention should be paid to providing high quality
    network service and to monitoring the network and maintaining good
    performance.

4.  The agencies should ensure that planning for networking (both
    domestic and international) to serve HEP experiments is reviewed at
    least annually by a committee with official representation from at
    least the major user experiments.

5.  A technically oriented forum should be established to promote
    information exchange and technical collaborations between the HEP
    community and network providers and technical experts. This should
    extend to identifying and making available standardized toolsets to
    ensure that the networks provide the needed end-to-end performance.

# Report

## Purpose of committee and charge

The Transatlantic Network Committee was created at the request of the
LHC Joint Oversight Group, composed of representatives of the Department
of Energy and the National Science Foundation, to assemble and review
the projected needs for networking links across the Atlantic in support
of the LHC experiments and other large international projects in high
energy physics. Pursuant to the charge letter, which is reproduced in
Appendix I of this report, members were nominated to the committee by
the managements of major international experiments in which the U.S is
involved, including ATLAS, CMS, CDF, D0, *BABAR*, BTeV, and ZEUS. In
addition, representatives of ESnet and of the IT Division at CERN were
included in the committee.

The specific charge to the committee was the following two points:

-   Estimate the bandwidth needed for the network connection to CERN to
    meet the needs of the U.S. HEP community over the next 5 years
    (2001-2005)

-   Estimate the cost of providing this bandwidth

In the course of the committee's deliberations, as summarized in this
report, we found that in addition to the US-CERN link, other
transatlantic links funded by European collaborators, domestic links to
universities and laboratories, and the quality of the local
infrastructure at each site, also play important roles in meeting HEP's
overall networking needs.

## History and background 

### Role of computer networking in HEP experiments

For 20 years, high energy physicists have relied on state-of-the-art
computer networking to enable ever larger international collaborations.
As computer networking became possible over wide areas, starting in the
late 1970s, adoption by high energy physics came quickly. The practice,
already prevalent, of conducting complex experiments through
collaborations of groups from universities and laboratories that were
often in different parts of the country created an immediate need for
the new technology and the connection to the emerging "HEPnet" became a
required piece of infrastructure for any group serious about doing
experiments in high energy physics. The network solved problems for the
modest sized collaborations of the day and in turn enabled the evolution
of the ever-larger and increasingly international collaborations that
were needed to mount major collider experiments and other complex
instruments. Collaborations on the scale of those now building LHC
detectors could never have been attempted if they had not been able to
expect the excellent international communications that make them
possible.

Today, the network is needed for all aspects of collaborative work.
Collaborators work together across the network to write the proposal,
produce and agree on the designs of the components and systems,
collaborate on overall planning and integration of the detector, confer
on all aspects of the device, including the final physics results, and
provide information to collaborators and to the physics community and
general public.

Data from experiments lives almost exclusively on the network. The data
is acquired and written to disk or tape across at least the local area
network of the host laboratory. It is moved to the places in the
collaboration where it is needed for processing or detailed data
analysis. And finally the resulting physics papers are written, edited,
and reviewed on and across the network.

Because of its need for large distributed collaborations, HEP has
traditionally led the demand for research networks among the sciences.
As noted above, HEP developed its own national network in the early
1980s, until the multi-disciplinary networks supported by DOE and, for a
time, by NSF emerged. Since the installation of national backbones, HEP
and other sciences have generally received at least adequate support
from the research network backbones. There have always been, however,
specific network connections where HEP has found it necessary to support
special capabilities that could not be supplied efficiently or capably
enough through more general networks. A long-standing example is the
link across the Atlantic to support U.S. experimenters at CERN, starting
in the 1980s for L3 and other LEP experiments, and more recently for
work on the LHC. These needs for links dedicated to HEP use are needed
in special cases because HEP requirements can be large and can overwhelm
those of researchers in other fields and, as in the case of the link to
CERN, because regional networks do not give top priority to
interregional connections.

### LHCNet Brief History and Bandwidth

The US-CERN link was initiated in 1984 for the L3 and LEP experiments,
and more recently the LHC program. After several technology generations,
at speeds from 9.6 Kbps and up, the first leased digital line, between
CERN and MIT at 64 Kbps, began service in 1989. In December 1995, the
first all-IP T1 link began service and was upgraded periodically to meet
HEP's needs. In April 1999, as a result of European deregulation of the
telecommunications industry, we were able to move beyond T1 and E1 (2
Mbps) links to more cost effective services at 12 and then 20 Mbps[^1]
during 1999. In October 1999, after discussions between the Internet2
board, Caltech and CERN, CERN became the first full member of Internet2
outside the US.

The bandwidth levels reached in 1999 were funding limited: 12 Mbps (IP
over ATM) starting in April 1999, with an upgrade 20 Mbps by October
1999. A call for tender for an upgrade to 45 Mbps (DS3), with a further
upgrade to 155 Mbps (OC3) in October 2000, was issued by CERN in the
Fall of 1999, and the tender was won by KPN/Qwest[^2]. As part of the
winning bid, Qwest offered to work with us to try to use the redundant
backup path that protects every commercial optical fiber-based data
transmission service (as a hot backup). If this is successful, we will
have access to a second OC3 for transatlantic network research purposes,
supporting the GriPhyN and PPDG Grid projects, by the latter part of
2001. Use of the second link will be at the cost of an additional New
York -- Chicago link, and an additional link to the STARTAP[^3], and two
additional routers at CERN and at the Qwest Point of Presence (PoP) in
Chicago. If the primary link fails, we would attempt an automatic
switchover to the backup link using the second set of routers.

An upgrade to DS3 was completed in March 2000, allowing us to meet the
combined needs of *BABAR*, Run2, and the LHC experiments, including the
"data challenges" that began during the Spring and Summer of 2000 for
CMS. We began the transition to OC3 in the Fall of 2000. The upgrade of
the link, including the connection to the STARTAP peering point in
Chicago at OC3 provided by Ameritech, was completed as of January 31,
2001. To complement the (required) bandwidth increases, upgraded new
router and switch software and firmware were installed, to effectively
manage the increasingly diverse range of applications, from large file
transfers to a variety of realtime multimedia applications. It is
planned to upgrade the transatlantic bandwidth from 155 Mbps (OC3) to
622 Mbps (OC12) in April 2002. In preparation for this upgrade a market
survey has recently been performed, a Call for Tender will go out this
Summer, and the vendor will be selected by December 2001. We expect to
connect the new OC12 link to the new StarLight [^4] point of presence
(PoP) in Chicago, which provides a neutral site for fee-free co-location
of network equipment. Therefore, for our next upgrade, we expect to land
at StarLight instead of the current location at the Qwest PoP in
Chicago. Some new routing equipment also will be installed, to handle
the increased bandwidth.

### Expected model for data analysis in international collaborations

#### History 

Until the last few years, analysis of data for extended collaborations
was centered on the experimental site with only a few cases where major
external centers were used. Up to the mid 1990s bulk data were
transferred by shipping tapes, while networks were used for programs and
conditions data. External analysis centers invariably served the
local/national users only. Most or all successful examples involved
staff (and often equipment) from the external center being placed at the
experimental site to ensure the flow of tapes. All but the most
successful examples caused the external analysis to be significantly
disconnected from the collaboration mainstream. Nevertheless, this was
the optimal solution in an era when affordable networks had capacity
well below that needed to transport a significant fraction of the data.

#### Current Practice

This Committee found that a strikingly different model, relying almost
exclusively on the network for data distribution to important remote
centers, has now emerged as dominant. We discuss the new model by
referring to the *BABAR* experiment (currently the experiment with the
most data -- 400 TB) as an example. Although the computing and analysis
systems of CDF and D0 differ in detail from that of *BABAR*, all are
based on the assumption that the network is an integral, but relatively
costly, component of the data analysis environment. *BABAR* is
implementing a model with Tier A, Tier B and Tier C centers. There are
currently two Tier A centers, SLAC (the site of the experiment) and
CCIN2P3 Lyon, France. The Tier A centers are at the disposal of *BABAR*,
meaning that they can be exploited for any *BABAR* purpose and are
"blind" to the institutional or national affiliation of any *BABAR*
member. The CCIN2P3 center is ramping up this year. It already has a
full micro-DST on disk. The likely future mode of operation is that the
Tier A centers will each host 30 to 100% of all *BABAR* data in their
robotic tape systems and will make mutually exclusive parts of all but
the smallest analysis data sets available on disk. For example, 1999 and
2001 data might be on the SLAC disks and 2000 data on the CCIN2P3 disks.

Tier B centers generally offer regionally or nationally focused analysis
facilities. Tier C centers are typically universities with significant
local analysis facilities. To facilitate efficient analysis at the Tier
B and Tier C centers, *BABAR* analysis data sets are being physically
streamed. Currently 20 non-exclusive streams are used, significantly
increasing the total data volume in mass storage but probably increasing
the effectiveness of disk caching at the larger centers.

Although *BABAR* analysis is based on Objects and mainly uses the
Objectivity/DB database, data distribution is based on whole databases
transferred using ftp-like utilities.

Simulated data are generated at various centers in the collaboration.
Currently all are sent to SLAC. In the future some types of simulated
data may not be sent to SLAC or any other site unless they are
explicitly requested.

All *BABAR* data is transferred over networks. For example, newly
reconstructed data are moved into the user-accessible "analysis
federation" at SLAC twice a week and are also transferred by network to
CCIN2P3 taking 2-3 days. The committee believes that this is the optimal
solution in an era when networks, able to transmit raw and derived data
once, have a comparable cost to the disk or CPUs or mass-storage systems
in the analysis environment.

Although network costs have been dropping rapidly, full use of this
model strains current network resources and analysis models are
constrained to minimize network costs. For the two experiments most
actively using the network for current data transfer, *BABAR* and D0,
the major foreign partners are providing transatlantic links into the
U.S. to match the substantial computing and storage facilities they are
providing abroad. Although the future of these links is not guaranteed,
they fit an emerging model where foreign partners on major experiments
provide the long-haul networking needed for access to the host
laboratory.

#### Comparison with Alternate Models

##### Why Not Centralize Almost Everything?

North America, Europe, Japan and many other regions are now
interconnected by networks that make it almost as easy to log on to
computers 10,000 miles away as to access local servers. Why not, for
example, collect money from all *BABAR* collaborators and install all
the computers and storage at SLAC? A common first thought is that that
would be more cost-effective than a distributed approach.

Provided we take a narrow view, encompassing only one experiment and
only the next few years, centralization may provide the best physics
analysis capability. A broader view is required to see that there is
really no alternative to the more distributed approach. In the broader
view we note that collaboration on all the challenges of doing
experiments is one of the great strengths of our field. HEP computing in
the *BABAR*-RunII-LHC era is a scientific challenge in itself, and is a
training ground for physicists and computer scientists whose computing
skills are proving very valuable to their countries. Future world-scale
experimental programs must be planned with explicit support for a
collaborative environment that allows many nations to be full
participants in the challenges of data analysis.

Today, an objective analysis of the benefits to national and local
interests invariably and correctly leads to massive national and local
investments whenever they are an effective alternative to sending a more
modest amount of money to install systems at the site of an experiment.
The result is an effective political decision by each funding agency to
make every effort to avoid funding centralized systems in other
countries.

One more variant on the centralized approach should be laid to rest. For
US-based experiments, why not cut all the foreign network links and use
the US funds saved to invest in computing at SLAC and Fermilab? *BABAR*
has made a calculation of the value of foreign Tier A centers in
reducing costs at SLAC. This will exceed \$2M in FY2002. The total
annual value of foreign centers to the US-based program is several times
this and is greatly in excess of the estimated cost to the US of
creating the required high-speed paths from SLAC and Fermilab to the
landing points of lines funded by foreign collaborators.

##### Why Not Send Tapes by FedEx?

Again, *BABAR* will be used as the illustration. Physical shipment of
tapes was the only way to transfer bulk data until the late 1990s.
Before the start of data taking in 1999, *BABAR* expected to use tapes
to transport data to major remote centers and to individual
universities.

An analysis of transatlantic network costs from 1987 to 1998 shows that
capacity per unit cost took almost eight years to double. Since 1998,
market forces have transformed the regulated transatlantic networking
market and capacity per unit cost has almost doubled each two years. At
the same time, Internet 2 became a strong competitor to FedEx for
intra-US data distribution to universities. As a result *BABAR* does not
plan to use any tape-based data distribution, believing that the much
closer collaborative environment offered by network distribution has a
value more than offset by any additional cost. This view is particularly
strongly felt by the European collaborators using their own national
funds to transport *BABAR* data across the Atlantic.

An attempt has been made to estimate the costs of using tapes to
interchange data and simulations between SLAC and three Tier A centers
in Europe at rates expected early in 2002. The estimated cost is about
\$800k per year as detailed in Appendix II. It is not the purpose of
this estimate to claim that tapes are more expensive than networks, but
it is claimed that the tapes, hardware and person power needed for a
moderately responsive tape-based system have significant cost and that
this cost is likely to be able to buy network capacity of more value to
physics analysis.

#### LHC Era

The baseline model has a similar foundation to that of *BABAR* and other
current experiments to the extent that the network is assumed to be an
expensive resource whose use should be minimized. The LHC experiments
have pioneered thinking about a grid-enabled hierarchical structure of
storage and analysis centers, shown in the figure below, that extends
and expands the model used presently in *BABAR*. The exact functions of
Tier 1 and Tier A centers may differ, but the guiding principle will be
to implement a network-use strategy dominated by careful planning so
that network costs are kept close to the level below which analysis
would be severely impacted. This level is likely to be relatively higher
for the LHC experiments because resources at Tier 1, Tier 2, Tier 3 and
Tier 4 will be comparable and large while the Tier 0 site at CERN will
be relatively modest.

![](media/image1.wmf){width="5.625in"
height="3.3340277777777776in"}Since the more local resources
(desktop/Tier 4, Tier 3, Tier 2) will bring much of the analysis power,
analysis-specific (or physicist-specific) event collections will have to
flow over the network to these resources. This is expected to be
considerably more dynamic and voluminous than the flows envisaged for
current experiments in the next 5 years. Pre-emptive transfers will be
used to improve responsiveness at the cost of some extra network
traffic.

The multi-tier architecture must become more general and flexible so
that it can accommodate the very large uncertainties in the relative
costs of CPU, storage and networking while enabling physicists to work
effectively in the face of data having unprecedented volume and
complexity. Transparency and location independence are requirements -- a
need for individual physicists to understand and manipulate all the
underlying transport and task-management systems would be crippling. It
is quite probable that network unit costs will decline more rapidly than
the costs for storage and computation. It is obviously vital that the
ability to exploit large bandwidth increases to improve the quality and
speed of physics analysis be a fundamental part of the LHC analysis
model.

The "Virtual Data" concept will be effectively implemented, at least for
"production" object collections. Adequately precise cost estimation and
accounting will be implemented for each element (network, CPU, storage,
...) of the analysis environment. Optimizing the cost of instantiation
and replication of data together with the location of task execution
will allow maximum analysis effectiveness with minimal WAN use if WAN
unit costs are high. If WAN unit costs decrease dramatically in
comparison with other computing costs, the virtual data concept promises
to automatically deliver greatly improved responsiveness from the
distributed analysis facilities. In summary, baseline models minimize
network costs, but resources will be more distributed than for current
experiments. Added sophistication (e.g. virtual data) is needed to be
competitive and efficient in a future where costs are very uncertain.

## International Networking Requirements

As described above, the committee included representatives of the major
international experiments of the next five years in which the U.S. is
strongly involved. These include, in the chronological order in which
experiments began (or will begin) taking data in their current
configuration, ZEUS, *BABAR*, D0, CDF, CMS, ATLAS, and BTeV. In the
following sections, we describe briefly each of these experiments and
their international networking requirements. Note that for each
experiment we give a table of required installed bandwidths, calculated
as twice the required data transfer rate, in order to provide the usual
practical utilization rate of 50% of the installed bandwidth.

### ZEUS and DESY 

#### Overview of DESY, HERA and the Experiments.

Located at the Deutsches Electron-Synchrotron (DESY) laboratory in
Hamburg, Germany, the Hadron Elektron Ring Anlage (HERA) is the world's
first electron-proton collider. It was approved in 1984 and had first
collisions in October, 1991. Initially, HERA collided 27.5 GeV electrons
and then positrons on 820 GeV protons. Beginning in 1998, 27.5 electrons
were collided with 920 GeV protons. After a mid-1999 switch back to
positrons, HERA operated until September 2000. HERA will resume
operations in Fall 2001 with a five-fold increase in luminosity and
spin-rotators in place for polarized measurements.

There are 2500 Physicists involved in HERA experiments, the synchrotron
light facility HASYLAB and different projects. This number is expected
to remain relatively constant over the next 5 years. At present, the
DESY laboratory has 1300 Lab Employees, Scientists, Engineers, and other
personnel, which is also expected to be constant through 2005. There are
80 Collaborating Institutions. The HEP and NP experiments at HERA
include the two general purpose ep collider experiments, ZEUS and H1,
the HERMES experiment which uses the polarized electron beam on a fixed
gas-jet target, and the HERA-B experiment which collides the proton beam
halo with wires to study B-meson production.

#### Schedule and Data Estimates

The majority of the US HEP effort is on the ZEUS experiment, while there
is significant NP participation in HERMES. The HERA program is expected
to continue at least through 2005. The experimental program at DESY
beyond 2005 will be depend on the future of the TESLA linear collider
proposal. Approval of this project at DESY could result in a significant
increase in network requirements.

The ZEUS 1998-1999 electron running yielded a substantial sample from 17
pb^-1^ (24 million events). After a mid-1999 switch back to positrons,
HERA operated until September 2000 with a total ZEUS integrated positron
luminosity of 115 pb^-1^ (164 million events). After HERA resumes
operations with increased luminosity polarized electron and positron
running, the stated laboratory goal is 1 fb^-1^ by the end of 2005.

#### Computing and Analysis Usage

The DESY program produces 30 TB/year of raw data, 40 TB/year of
reconstructed data, 20 TB/year of Monte Carlo data, 4 TB/year of DST
(data + MC) data and 5 TB/year of engineering data. The total CPU power
for reconstruction, batch-analysis and interactive processing is about
8000 SPECint95. All of this may increase at the rate of 20%/year.
Currently access to DSTs and other data at DESY is at the rate of 20
TB/year, which is expected to increase to 40 TB/year.

#### International Bandwidth Requirements

The current bandwidth to DESY is carried to DESY via OC3/POS as shown in
figure 1. The US traffic travels via Frankfurt using 2 OC12/POS links to
New York. At the moment, this is running at "best effort" only.

The estimated bandwidth needs are:

*ZEUS and other DESY required bandwidths to the U.S. in Mbs*

  ------------------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------
                      ***2001***   ***2002***   ***2003***   ***2004***   ***2005***   ***2006***

  ***Interactive***   20           40           45           50           55           60

  ***Data Transfer*** 30           50           60           70           80           90

  ***Total***         50           90           105          120          135          150
  ------------------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------

![](media/image2.jpeg){width="5.998611111111111in"
height="4.242361111111111in"}

*DESY Network connectivity to the US and Canada.*

### *BABAR*

#### Overview of the *BABAR* experiment

The *BABAR* experiment is located at the asymmetric e^+^e^-^ storage
ring PEP-II at SLAC. One of its primary physics goals is the study of CP
violation in B mesons. The *BABAR* detector consists of a silicon vertex
tracker, a drift chamber, a particle identification system, a CsI
electromagnetic calorimeter, and a magnet with an instrumented flux
return. The *BABAR* Collaboration consists of approximately 600
physicists and engineers from 73 institutions in 9 countries.
Approximately half the physicists are affiliated with U.S. institutions,
and the other half with European institutions.

#### Schedule and Data Estimates

PEP-II and *BABAR* started operation in the summer of 1999. A peak
luminosity of \~3 x 10^33^ cm^-2^ sec^-1^ was achieved in the first run
ending in 2000, and *BABAR* accumulated \~25 fb^-1^ of data. The peak
luminosity is expected to increase gradually to over \~1 x 10^34^ cm^-2^
sec^-1^ by 2005. Projections of year-by-year integrated luminosity
depend on details of the running schedule as well as deployment
scenarios of various PEP-II and *BABAR* improvements. They all give
\~500 fb^-1^ by 2005. The following table is a typical profile from 2001
to 2006. Projections beyond 2005 are comparatively more uncertain until
improvement and operational plans have been developed.

*BABAR luminosity profile*

  --------------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------
                  ***2001***   ***2002***   ***2003***   ***2004***   ***2005***   ***2006***

  ***Peak         4.0          5.0          8.0          11           13           16
  Luminosity                                                                       
  (10^33^ cm^-2^                                                                   
  sec^-1^)***                                                                      

  ***Yearly       40           50           85           110          130          130
  Integrated                                                                       
  Luminosity                                                                       
  (fb^-1^)***                                                                      

  ***Total        65           115          200          310          440          570
  Luminosity                                                                       
  (fb^-1^)***                                                                      
  --------------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------

The effective cross section in *BABAR* of fully reconstructed events
written to data store is \~12 nb.[^5] This is made up of \~5 nb of
hadronic events, and \~4 nb of calibration events (mostly Bhabha and
-pair), the rest being other physics channels (such as -pair and 2-) and
background. The average event size is \~800 KB for a data volume of 9.6
TB per fb-1. We therefore expect 380TB of new beam data in 2001, and a
total of 620TB including data from 2000.

*BABAR* plans to generate \~80 x 10^6^ Monte Carlo events per month,
corresponding to 770TB per year, by late 2001. It provides a simulated
data sample comparable in luminosity to the beam data. This Monte Carlo
effort is distributed over approximately ten sites, with \~50% from RAL
in the U.K. and another \~10% from elsewhere in Europe. The European
production rate is therefore 460TB per year.

*BABAR* plans to continue this 1:1 ratio of Monte Carlo to beam
luminosity for later years. While the total Monte Carlo data volume is
expected to scale simply with integrated luminosity from PEP-II, the mix
of simulated events is expected to evolve. As analyses turn to rarer
processes and/or more precise determination of parameters, we anticipate
generating more Monte Carlo events per unit luminosity for these physics
signals. This tends to increase the Monte Carlo sample. On the other
hand, subtle detector effects that become more important with increasing
statistics are difficult if not impossible to simulate properly. These
will have to be obtained from beam data. This tends to reduce the Monte
Carlo sample. We have assumed here that these two effects cancel, and
use a simple scaling with luminosity.

#### Computing and Analysis Model

All the data acquired during a particular year are reconstructed that
year. Furthermore, the continued refinements in reconstruction
algorithms as well as calibration constants lead to yearly
reconstructions of all previously acquired data. For example, we expect
to log and reconstruct 40 fb^-1^ of new data in year 2001. We also
expect to reconstruct the 25 fb^-1^ of data acquired in year 2000. Thus,
the total load in 2001 is given by their sum of 65 fb^-1^. Similarly, we
expect total loads of 115, 200, 310 and 440 fb^-1^ in years 2002, 2003,
2004 and 2005 respectively.

Analysis centers in *BABAR* are divided into three groups. Tier A
centers represent major long-term commitments by their respective host
countries. They are open to all *BABAR* collaborators, and each center
hosts a substantial fraction of the entire *BABAR* data set. These data
samples are expected to be largely non-overlapping. CC-IN2P3 will be
fully operational as a Tier A center by the end of 2001, joining SLAC as
the 2nd Tier A center. Tier B centers are regional in nature. Access is
restricted to collaborators in that region. While they may contribute
significantly to Monte Carlo production, Tier B centers are not expected
to be major repositories for beam or simulated data. Tier C sites are
typically universities. Resources are sized for the local group.

*BABAR* plans to transfer the data once from the source to their
eventual repository. It will then be necessary during the analysis phase
to move the applications to the data. This is more restrictive than some
of the longer term GRID plans where the application and/or the data can
migrate dynamically; however, the *BABAR* approach has lower and much
more predictable network requirements. The following estimates are
driven by transferring beam data from SLAC to CC-IN2P3, and by
transferring Monte Carlo events produced in Europe back to SLAC.

#### International Bandwidth Requirements

*BABAR* expects to run \~9 months a year; thus the new beam data will be
spread over this period. However, the data from previous years are not
tied to the accelerator schedule. For the purposes of estimating network
requirements, we will assume that the total data volume is produced
uniformly over the entire year. The average data volume is 1.7 TB per
day in 2001.

This data have to be distributed from SLAC to all its collaborating
institutions. The primary overseas site at this time is CC-IN2P3 in
Lyon, France. Assuming a factor of 2 between network bandwidth and
actual realizable payload results in a 320Mbps requirement for 2001 from
SLAC to CC-IN2P3. France will provide this bandwidth for 2001.

The projections in Table 2 for later years are based on the integrated
luminosity figures in Table 1. We expect additional Tier A site(s) to be
established in 2003 and beyond. This bandwidth requirement is not
expected to change as a result, as any data that needs to be transferred
should cross the Atlantic only once. The multiple Tier A sites in Europe
may have to transfer data among themselves. However, the destination may
not be only CC-IN2P3 in later years. At this time, there are no definite
arrangements on cost sharing with European collaborators for 2002 and
beyond.

*BABAR beam data volume and bandwidth requirement*

+---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
|               | ***2   | ***2   | ***2   | ***2   | ***2   | ***2   |
|               | 001*** | 002*** | 003*** | 004*** | 005*** | 006*** |
+---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| ***Total Beam | 0.6    | 1.1    | 2.0    | 3.0    | 4.3    | 5.5    |
| Data Volume   |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| (PB)***       |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| ***Average    | 1.7    | 3.0    | 5.3    | 8.1    | 12     | 15     |
| Data          |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| Volume***     |        |        |        |        |        |        |
|               |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| ***(TB per    |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| day)***       |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| ***Bandwidth  | 320    | 560    | 1000   | 1500   | 2200   | 2700   |
| Requirement   |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| (Mbps)***     |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+

Monte Carlo production is also assumed to be spread over the entire
year. Production centers in Europe are expected to generate 1.3 TB of
Monte Carlo data per day. Using the same factor of two to estimate
necessary bandwidth yields a 230Mbps requirement for 2001. Note that
this traffic goes in the opposite direction to the beam data, with the
bulk of the data going from RAL to SLAC.

Projections for later years in Table 3 are based on the expected
integrated luminosity, and the fraction of the Monte Carlo production in
Europe remaining unchanged. We have used a constant 60% in our
projections, because there are no definitive profiles available. If
Monte Carlo production shifts significantly to the U.S., it will reduce
the bandwidth requirement from Europe to the U.S. It will simultaneously
increase the bandwidth requirement from the U.S. to Europe as the
simulated data must be made available in European Tier A centers.

*BABAR Monte Carlo data volume and bandwidth requirement*

+---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
|               | ***2   | ***2   | ***2   | ***2   | ***2   | ***2   |
|               | 001*** | 002*** | 003*** | 004*** | 005*** | 006*** |
+---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| ***Simulated  | 0.46   | 0.82   | 1.4    | 2.2    | 3.1    | 4.1    |
| Data          |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| Transferred   |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| (PB)***       |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| ***Average    | 1.3    | 2.2    | 4.0    | 6.0    | 8.5    | 11     |
| Data          |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| Volume***     |        |        |        |        |        |        |
|               |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| ***(TB per    |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| day)***       |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| ***Bandwidth  | 230    | 410    | 720    | 1100   | 1500   | 2000   |
| Requirement   |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| (Mbps)***     |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+

The average load from interactive use is expected to grow steadily over
the next few years. Unlike bulk data transfer, it is expected to have
large fluctuations. Peak loads are no more than a few percent of the
bandwidth required for data transfer. However, good interactive response
imposes additional quality of service requirements not necessary for
bulk transfers.

In summary, *BABAR* expects to move \~1.7 TB per day from the U.S. to
Europe, and \~1.3 TB per day from Europe to the U.S. in 2001. The
corresponding transatlantic network bandwidth requirements are 0.32 and
0.23 Gbps respectively. These numbers are expected to increase steadily
to 2.2 and 1.5 Gbps by 2005, with slower increases after that.
Interactive usage is characterized by modest bandwidth and good response
requirements.

### Dzero

#### Overview of the D0 Experiment

The Dzero collaboration adopted a distributed data processing model in
which Monte Carlo data (MC) and beam data (Data) are being processed at
Fermilab and at big computing farms mainly in Europe. Currently the
Fermilab farm dedicated to processing Dzero data consists of about 200
750Mhz-equivalent processor PC farm. Other farms offsite already
actively generating MC events, mainly in Europe, consist of about 600
similar processor PC farms in total. The number of processors is
expected to increase significantly over the next several years.

#### Computing and Analysis Model

The data that have been acquired and reconstructed at Fermilab must be
distributed from Fermilab to all its collaborating institutions,
currently 72 in 17 countries (8 in Europe). The primary overseas sites
at this time are NIKHEF in Amsterdam, the Netherlands (currently having
\~200 processors), Lancaster University in Lancaster, United Kingdom
(200), IN2P3 in Lyon, France (\~50), and Institute of Physics (Academy
of Sciences) at Prague, Czech Republic (\~30). Simulated data are
produced in many sites, and must be transferred to Fermilab for central
archiving. It is expected that a sustained data transfer rate, after
taking into account down times, overheads, etc, of about 1 TB per day is
required in 2001 for each direction on a transatlantic link. The
requirement is expected to double approximately every year.

All the data acquired during a particular year are reconstructed that
year. Furthermore, the continued refinements in reconstruction
algorithms as well as calibration constants lead to yearly
reconstructions of all previously acquired data, in some cases (specific
streams) more than once.

#### Schedule and Data Estimates

Dzero is expected to accumulate \~2 fb^-1^ of data in 2001-2003 (Run
2a), with most of the data collected in the second year and third year.
After several months of shutdown to upgrade the accelerator and the
detector, Dzero is expected to accumulate \~15 fb^-1^ of data in
2004-2007 (Run 2b), roughly 5 fb^-1^ every year starting in 2005. The
peak luminosity as well as yearly integrated luminosity are expected to
increase with time.

The trigger rate in run 2a is expected to be 50 (20) Hz peak (DC). The
number of events written to tape is going to be about 2 million per day.
The average event size is expected to be about 300 KB for a data volume
of about 300 TB during Run 2a. In Run 2b the luminosity is expected to
increase by a factor of about 4; the trigger rate will increase
accordingly. As the design of the upgraded detector for Run 2b is still
in its initial phases, we cannot comment on the event size and will
assume no increase.

While we currently plan on reconstructing most data at Fermilab, we
foresee the need to distribute it to collaborating institutions as well
as to re-reconstruct some portion (specific streams) at offsite centers.
The average rate of Data transferred from Fermilab to Europe (and back)
is therefore expected to be about 3 TB per day in 2002.

In order to have a sample of simulated events comparable to the beam
data sample, Dzero plans to generate \~(1-2) x 10^8^ MC events per year
during 2002 at offsite centers. We plan on generating the MC events, run
them through the simulation of the detector, and process them with the
official Dzero reconstruction program. Processing one MC event through
the entire chain currently takes \~2min on one CPU processor. The output
event size is about 1.2 MB depending on physics process type and
luminosity.

This effort is currently distributed over 6 sites, with \~85% in Europe.
The average rate of simulated data transferred from Europe to Fermilab
is therefore expected to be about 3 TB per day in 2002. We also expect
MC data transfer from the archival center at Fermilab to collaborating
institutions, including the big centers. We currently estimate it to be
about 1 TB per day in 2002.

#### International Bandwidth Requirements

The average rate of Data and MC transferred from Fermilab to Europe and
back in 2002 is expected to be about 7 TB per day. Estimating the needs
for International Networking Requirements for [Dzero for the next
several years is hard. Our current best estimate is the
following:](http://www-d0.fnal.gov/)

*Dzero data volume and bandwidth requirement*

+---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
|               | ***2   | ***2   | ***2   | ***2   | ***2   | ***2   |
|               | 001*** | 002*** | 003*** | 004*** | 005*** | 006*** |
+---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| ***Simulated  | 0.5    | 2.5    | 3.7    | 5.0    | 10     | 12     |
| Data          |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| Transferred   |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| (TB per       |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| day)***       |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| ***Average    | 2      | 7      | 10     | 14     | 28     | 35     |
| Data          |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| Volume***     |        |        |        |        |        |        |
|               |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| ***(TB per    |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| day)***       |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| ***Bandwidth  | 400    | 1600   | 2400   | 3200   | 6400   | 8000   |
| Requirement   |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| (Mbps)***     |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+

Note that Holland and the U.K. are presently providing substantial
transatlantic links to handle the data transfer associated with their
computing centers for D0. They hope, but have not committed to continue
and upgrade these links during the lifetime of the experiment to meet
the projected growth in requirements. Even if the transatlantic links
are provided by foreign partners, U.S. network must plan to provide
appropriate connections to these foreign links and to FNAL and other D0
institutions.

### CDF

#### Overview of the CDF experiment

The Run II Tevatron Collider at Fermilab will operate at the energy
frontier by providing proton antiproton collisions at 2 TeV in the
center-of-mass, peak luminosities of 2x1032cm-2 sec-1 and bunch spacing
as short as 132 ns.

The purpose of the CDF Upgrade Project (CDF II) is to upgrade the CDF
detector to exploit the physics opportunities available with an upgraded
Tevatron Collider for Run II.

The CDF II detector will carry out a broad physics program that
addresses the most fundamental questions in modern high-energy physics.
This program will include studies of the W and Z bosons, precision
measurements of the top quark mass and its decay properties, QCD
studies, precision studies of the CKM matrix elements, studies of
particles containing a b quark, CP violation in the B sector and Bs
mixing. CDF II will also search the Higgs boson and the origin of the
electroweak symmetry breaking.

The CDF II detector employs three precision tracking chambers in a large
solenoidal magnet: the Silicon micro-vertex detector (SVXII), the
Intermediate Silicon Layers (ISL) and the Central Outer Tracker (COT).
Surrounding the magnet coil is the electromagnetic calorimeter, which is
in turn surrounded by the hadronic calorimeter and muon chambers.

The CDF Collaboration consists of 525 physicists from 52 institutions
representing 11 countries. About 170 physicists belong to European
institutions.

#### Schedule and Data Estimates

CDF II started operations around April 2001. The Initial Instantaneous
luminosity during the first operation run was about 0.6x10^30^ cm^-2^
sec^-1^. After the first tuning period, ending probably by the end of
2001, CDF will accumulate data for two or three years (Run 2a) in
production mode for an integrated luminosity of 2fb^-1^.

In 2004 an upgrade of the experiment is foreseen to improve detector
performance and make it compatible with the higher luminosity running
conditions of Run 2b (2004-2007). The laboratory has in fact issued a
memorandum stating a goal of providing a total integrated luminosity of
15fb^-1^ per experiment by 2007.

In the table we give a luminosity profile from 2001 to 2006.

*FNAL Run II Luminosity Projection*

  --------------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------
                  ***2001***   ***2002***   ***2003***   ***2004***   ***2005***   ***2006***

  ***Luminosity   0.46         0.82         1.4          2.2          3.1          4.1
  (10^32^cm^-2^                                                                    
  sec^-1^)***                                                                      

  ***Integrated   1.3          2.2          4.0          6.0          8.5          11
  Luminosity                                                                       
  (fb^-1^)***                                                                      
  --------------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------

For Run 2a, the average raw event size is about 250KB while the
reconstructed event (DST) size is about 135KB. The DSTs are divided in
about 40 streams, the primary data sets, and written on permanent
storage. Together with the DSTs, the reduced Physics Analysis Data Set
(PAD) is also produced. It contains enough info for a good portion of
the data analysis. These are the data sets most institutions are
interested in. They will very likely travel over the net. The typical
PAD event size is of about 60KB.

Average trigger rates for the recorded events are estimated to be 30Hz
(= 109 events/year). So the expected total data volume for Run 2a is of
about 1PB.

For Run 2b, the data acquisition rate will increase up to 100Hz and we
can expect to collect three times the amount of data collected for Run
2a.

#### Computing and Analysis Model

CDF has chosen a centralized computing model were all data are stored at
FNAL in the central computing and storage facility. The Raw data coming
from the detector are divided into 8 different streams by the Level 3
trigger and sent via optical fiber to the Feynman Computer Center (FCC)
and stored on tapes.

All events are then reconstructed on a PC farm and the DST data divided
in 40 streams constituting the primary data set. Also DSTs are stored on
tapes. Together with the DSTs the PAD data set is produced and stored on
tape. The total volume of PADs for Run 2a is about 200TB. All data are
available to the collaboration for processing directly at FCC.

The Physics Groups will produce finer selections of events in PAD
format: the secondary data set. These will reside on disk. The space
available for those will be about 20TB.

The final users will work on PADs available on disk or tape to produce
finer selections, the tertiary data set, or n-tuples. The n-tuples can
be copied on local desktops or at the remote institutions.

To realize this analysis chain a good analysis facility has been setup
at FCC. It is based on a robotic tape library with a total capacity of
more than 1PB, a pool of medium-size SMP UNIX servers with a good
connectivity to the robotic library and a pool of disks for a total of
80TB of space in a SAN configuration. Remote institutions are encouraged
to contribute to the FNAL computing facility and do their analysis at
FNAL.

The European remote institutions part of the CDF collaboration are
located in Italy, Germany, Spain and Switzerland and UK. These
institutions are not planning of replicating the entire PAD data sample
at their site. For UK, most of the data brought over from FNAL on tapes
will be placed on a central storage/processing facility at RAL (about
20TB) where the other UK groups can run production/stripping jobs to get
the bits specific to their analysis needs into their home disk areas
(about 2-5TB at each institution). The systems at home institutes ought
to have sufficient I/O and computing power to churn through a 50-100GB
n-tuple in about 10 minutes. The n-tuples will be mostly generated
locally for the UK institutions. UK would like to be able to access the
latest data samples over the net in a timely manner.

For the other European institutions, the analysis model is slightly
different. N-tuples of size 1-100GB will be mostly generated at FNAL and
copied back onto remote machine for final analysis. Some PAD data sample
can still be copied locally. Depending on the analysis type, the PAD
data set required could vary between 100GB-1TB, as for the high Pt
selection, up to 1-10TB, as for low Pt.

The computing and analysis model just summarized could change for Run 2b
with the increased amount of data. The network implications could change
drastically.

#### International Bandwidth Requirements

In order to guarantee an efficient and competitive work from remote
institutions, the transatlantic network bandwidth available for CDF
should allow a good interactive response and a transfer time for
50-100GB files of the order of 1 hour for Run 2a. Assuming that there
are about 20 active users at a given time at remote institutions such as
Italy and UK and 2 to 5 users in the other countries, an estimate of the
network needs is given in Mbits/sec the following table. This is not
dedicated bandwidth, but it should be available on demand and comes out
from a rough estimate of the network needs.

*Network bandwidth needed on-demand for CDF in Mbs*

  ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------
  ***2001***   ***2002***   ***2003***   ***2004***   ***2005***   ***2006***

  50           150          200          200          300          600
  ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------

### CMS

#### Overview of CMS

The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) collaboration currently includes 1850
physicists and engineers from 150 institutes in 31 countries, including
390 physicists from 38 institutions in the US, and is expected to grow
in size significantly by the start of LHC operation. CMS will exploit
the full range of TeV-scale physics made accessible by the LHC. CMS will
use its high resolution crystal calorimeter, muon, tracker and hadron
calorimeter systems to study the Higgs sector, search for supersymmetry
and a host of other hypothesized new particles, and detect other signs
of new physics including the onset of effects from extra dimensions of
space-time, by precisely measuring rare events containing electrons,
muons, photons, jets and missing energy.

#### Schedule and Data Estimates

CMS, situated at Point 5 at the LHC, will begin data taking at the LHC's
pilot run, scheduled in April 2006, followed by the first physics run at
the LHC starting in August 2006.

A brief list of the major CMS data production and analysis milestones is
given below.

-   Nov 2000 Level 1 Trigger Technical Design Report (TDR): Completed.

-   Nov 2002 DAQ System TDR

### Dec 2002 5% Complexity[^6] Data Challenge

-   Dec 2003 Core Software and Computing TDR

-   Mid-2004 Physics TDR: Large scale interactive analysis; using
    GEANT4;

-   Dec 2004 20% Data Challenge. Final test before purchasing the\
    production systems in 2005-7.

-   Dec 2005 Computing, database and Grid systems in place ready for
    the\
    LHC Pilot Run

-   Mid-2006 All systems ready for the first LHC Physics Run (August
    2006 -- February 2007)

The CMS online systems will filter the 10^9^ interactions per sec
produced by the LHC using dedicated hardware in the first level trigger
(output 75 kHz), and farms of \~1000 online processors to reduce the
recorded rate to 100 MB/sec of raw data. This will result in \~10 PB of
accumulated raw and processed data stored in the first year of
operation, in 2006. The data volume is expected to increase rapidly in
subsequent years, so that the accumulated data volume will reach 1
Exabyte[^7] by around 2015. This data is to be accessed, analyzed and
processed using a Data Grid system that extends over a worldwide
ensemble of national, regional and local facilities[^8] as the
physicists' reconstruction, calibration and search strategies and
algorithms evolve over time.

#### Computing and Analysis Model; Software and Grid R&D Status

CMS has been a leader in the development of the "Tiered" computing model
adopted by all four LHC experiments[^9], shown in the figure below. The
bandwidths shown in the figure are the baseline requirements for a
single LHC experiment (CMS or ATLAS), corresponding to the US-CERN link
reaching 10 Gbps by 2006. These requirements and the likely need for
greater bandwidths on the major national and transoceanic links are
discussed further elsewhere in this report.

Members of CMS in the US and in Europe, working with PPDG, the EU
DataGrid and GriPhyN projects have produced the Grid Data Management
Pilot[^10] system (GDMP). GDMP is now used to support large scale
distributed production of simulated and reconstructed events among an
increasing number of sites (currently 10) in the US, Europe and Asia.
Production cycles are scheduled two to three times per year, in support
of the development of the experiment's high-level trigger and Physics
Reconstruction and Selection (PRS) activities, and for studying in depth
the detector's capabilities for discovering new physics. The Spring 2001
production cycle is using approximately 1000 CPUs, leading to an
estimated 20 Terabytes of data stored.

Beyond distributed production services, CMS will extract, transport,
coalesce, process and analyze selected Terabyte-scale object-collections
from distributed Petabyte-scale data stores managed by Object Database
systems (ODBMS). CMS software is well-advanced in this direction, and is
fully functional in this mode over local area networks. A detailed
design to integrate the CMS frameworks with Grid software[^11], to allow
CMS physicists to carry out their data analysis efficiently over wide
area networks, also is underway. This mode of transparent access to
manageable subsets of massive data stores has no analog in current
practice by running HEP experiments, but will be important to allow
physicists at sites around the world to fully exploit LHC physics
starting in 2006.

CMS has completed the second major object-oriented software development
cycle, the "functional prototype" phase, in the development of its
software frameworks (COBRA[^12], CARF), reconstruction code (ORCA, now
in its fourth major release) and its interactive graphics analysis
environment (IGUANA). Persistent objects are handled using the
Objectivity as the baseline ODBMS, and transparent access by users to a
distributed federation of objects, where each user is able to seamlessly
use a private schema. The third major software development cycle,
leading to "fully functional software" is now underway.

#### International Bandwidth Requirements

For the LHC Computing Review, CMS developed a breakdown of the baseline
needs for data throughput and installed bandwidth on each of its Tier
0-Tier 1 links, summarized below. This is based on the LHC Computing
Models and simulation studies of the MONARC project[^13] at CERN,
extended to consider the data flows to/from Tier2s and a modest amount
of data transfer to Tier 3s (institute workgroup servers) and Tier 4s
(desktops)[^14]. As mentioned elsewhere in this report, this level of
bandwidth does not take the effects of running the ensemble of
facilities as an integrated Grid system into account.

> 1\) Tier 1 ↔ Tier 0 Data Flow for Analysis 0.5 - 1.0 Gbps
>
> 2\) Tier 2 ↔ Tier 0 Data Flow for Analysis 0.2 - 0.5 Gbps
>
> 3\) Interactive Collaborative Sessions (30 Peak) 0.1 - 0.3 Gbps
>
> 4\) Remote Interactive Sessions (30 Flows Peak) 0.1 - 0.2 Gbps
>
> 5\) Individual (Tier 3 or Tier 4) data transfers 0.8 Gbps
>
> Limit to 10 Flows of 5 Mbytes/sec each
>
> TOTAL Per Tier 0 - Tier 1 Link 1.7 - 2.8 Gbps

Based on the major milestones summarized above, and the experience
gained in CMS distributed production and distributed analysis
prototypes, the estimated baseline bandwidth needs between CERN and the
Tier 1 center at FNAL (in Mbps) are[^15]:

*CMS Bandwidth Requirements in Mbs*

  --------------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------
                  ***2001***   ***2002***   ***2003***   ***2004***   ***2005***   ***2006***

  ***Installed    100          200          300          600          800          2500
  BW***                                                                            
  --------------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------

### ATLAS

#### Overview of ATLAS

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN will open a new frontier in
particle physics due to its higher collision energy and luminosity
compared to existing accelerators. The guiding principle in designing
the ATLAS experiment, one of the two major LHC experiments, has been
maximizing the discovery potential for new physics such as Higgs bosons
and supersymmetric particles, while keeping the capability of
high-accuracy measurements of known objects such as heavy quarks and
gauge bosons. The central goal is to search for understanding of the
mechanism that generates the masses of the W and Z gauge bosons and of
quarks and leptons.

ATLAS is being constructed by 1850 collaborators in 150 institutes from
32 countries around the world. The ATLAS detector consists of an inner
tracking system with silicon pixels, silicon strips and a transition
radiation tracker (TRT); a liquid argon electromagnetic and forward
calorimeter; a scintillating tile hadronic calorimeter; a muon
spectrometer, and a trigger and data acquisition system. There are
superconducting solenoid and toroid magnets to allow sign determinations
and momentum measurements for charged particle products of the
collisions. U.S. groups, from 33 U.S. universities and national
laboratories, are involved in almost all of these components of the
ATLAS detector.

#### Schedule and Data Estimates 

ATLAS data will be divided into classes according to the degree of
processing that has taken place and the frequency of access that is
expected during analysis. Raw data estimates are based on a provisional
average event size of 2 MB, though it is hope that can be reduced with
initial experience of calorimeter reconstruction. Trigger rates for
recorded events are estimated to be 100 Hz during initial running in
2006, growing to 270 and 400 Hz by the end of 2007 and 2008
respectively. Thus raw data sets (based on 10^7^ seconds per year) will
be approximately 2, 5.4, and 8 PB for the first three years of data
taking.

Only small samples of raw data will be transferred to the U.S. Tier 1
center. The data sets to be transferred are the Event Summary Data
(estimated at 0.5 MB per event), Analysis Object Data (10 KB per event)
and event tag metadata and smaller data sets. Using these numbers with
the estimates above gives 0.5, 1.4, and 2 PB for the main analysis data
in the first three years. It is expected that these numbers set a scale,
but that total data transfer will be at least 5 times these numbers.

The schedule for ATLAS is indicated by the sample milestones that
follow:

+------------------------------------------------------+---------------+
| -   Tier 1 Storage Prototype                         | 10/1/2001     |
+------------------------------------------------------+---------------+
| -   Mock Data Challenge (MDC) 0 Completed            | 12/12/2001    |
+------------------------------------------------------+---------------+
| -   MDC 1 Completed                                  | 7/30/2002     |
+------------------------------------------------------+---------------+
| -   Computing Tech. Design Report Finished           | 11/29/2002    |
+------------------------------------------------------+---------------+
| -   Tier 1 Upgrade (for MDC2)                        | 12/31/2002    |
+------------------------------------------------------+---------------+
| -   Tier 1 Large Scale Test; MDC2 (25% of turnon     | 9/30/2003     |
|     capacity)                                        |               |
+------------------------------------------------------+---------------+
| -   Full software chain in real environment          | 7/30/2004     |
+------------------------------------------------------+---------------+
| -   Full Database infrastructure available           | 12/31/2004    |
+------------------------------------------------------+---------------+
| -   20% Processing Farm Prototype                    | 9/30/2005     |
+------------------------------------------------------+---------------+
| -   Tier 1 Full scale Operation                      | 10/2/2006     |
+------------------------------------------------------+---------------+

#### Computing and Analysis Model

ATLAS will follow the hierarchical LHC computing model, with raw data
archived at the Tier 0 center at CERN. Current planning provides for six
Tier 1 centers, constituting major national or regional computing and
data staging centers. The U.S. center, at Brookhaven National
Laboratory, will be the largest of the Tier 1 centers corresponding to
the status of the U.S. as the largest national participant in ATLAS.
Current planning for the Tier 1 center at the turn on of ATLAS data
taking provides capacities of 209K SPECint95 CPU, 365 Tbytes disk, and
1.8 Pbyte tape storage. The U.S. Tier 1 center will be complemented by
five Tier 2 centers located at different points in the U.S., each of
which will have capacities nominally 20% of the Tier 1 center.

*Current U.S. ATLAS grid testbed*

![](media/image3.png){width="3.8368055555555554in"
height="2.1395833333333334in"}

International networking will be needed in the first instance to move
data from CERN to the Tier 1 center at BNL. As discussed above, it is
expected that at least 2.5 PB of all types of data will be transferred
per year at turn on in 2006, growing with time at least by a factor of 3
when the LHC reaches design luminosity in 2007 or 2008 and continuing to
grow after that. Lower speed connections directly to CERN and other
international collaborators will be needed from the Tier 2 centers and
from individual institutions in the U.S. Although the aggregate data
rates to international sites are dominated by the Tier 0 to Tier 1
traffic, it is also a strong requirement that the international links
are well connected to ESnet, Abilene, and other U.S. networks that may
carry traffic to our laboratories and universities. The degree of
connectivity needed is illustrated by the above figure of the U.S. ATLAS
testbed already in operation.

#### International Bandwidth Requirements

Analysis of the operations of the Tier 1 and Tier 2 centers as a
function of time leads to the following table of bandwidth requirements.
The transatlantic requirement is show in the line for Tier 1 -- CERN,
while the Tier 2 centers sum the required bandwidth from the Tier 2
centers to Tier 1 and to the regional users of the Tier 2 centers.

*U.S. ATLAS Required Bandwidths to Regional Centers in Mbs*

  --------------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------
  ***Link to:***  ***2001***   ***2002***   ***2003***   ***2004***   ***2005***   ***2006***

  ***Tier 1 -     50           100          200          300          600          2500
  CERN***                                                                          

  ***Tier 2a***   50           150          300          600          1200         2500

  ***Tier 2b***                150          300          600          1200         2500

  ***Tier 2                                              600          1200         2500
  c-e***                                                                           
  --------------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------

### BTeV

#### Overview of BTeV

BTeV is a third-generation B-physics experiment that will operate at the
Fermilab Tevatron in the era of the LHC. The BTeV detector is designed
as a two-arm spectrometer, taking advantage of the unique kinematics of
forward production inpp and the enormous cross section for producing
b-flavored mesons and baryons to probe questions that will be
inaccessible at the SLAC and KEK asymmetric B-factories. BTeV achieves
its physics reach with a very advanced detector design, highlighted by a
separated-vertex pixel-detector trigger that achieves efficiencies of
50-74% for critical decay modes. Additional features of the detector
that are key to its reach are an excellent lead-tungstate calorimeter
inspired by that of CMS, particle identification by RICH, excellent
tracking and muon identification, and a data acquisition system capable
of reading out 1 kHz of B events.

The BTeV collaboration currently consists of 30 groups and \~115
physicists, with approximately one quarter of collaborators located in
Europe or Asia. It is expected that the membership of the collaboration
will grow steadily in the next several years to a level that is
comparable to CDF or D0, and much smaller than ATLAS or CMS. The
data-sample size is expected to be about \~2 Pbyte per year, comparable
to the LHC experiments. Therefore we expect BTeV to be a major network
user beginning in the last third of this decade.

#### Schedule and data Estimates

Since BTeV will run after the completion of Tevatron Run IIb, it is not
expected to have a major impact on international and domestic networking
within the time horizon of this report. During the next five years BTeV
requirements will gradually ramp up, driven by extensive simulations,
analysis of test-beam data, frequent use of videoconferencing and other
collaboration tools, and the development of structures and procedures
for management of code and data in preparation for initial running. It
is expected that sizable Monte Carlo samples will be transferred between
collaborators in the US and Italy during the current calendar year.
While quantitative estimates are difficult at this time, the recent
experience of other major projects leads to the projected average
bandwidth requirements through 2006 that are shown in the table below.

*BTeV Required Bandwidth to Europe in Mbs*

  ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------
  ***2001***   ***2002***   ***2003***   ***2004***   ***2005***   ***2006***

  20           40           100          200          300          500
  ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------

## Summary of requirements

This section summarizes the bandwidth needs-projections, technology
choices, and approximate projected costs for the major transoceanic
links and domestic links to the US HEP labs, as well as links to
universities.

Beyond the simple requirement of adequate bandwidth for large file
transfers of large files, physicists in DOE/HEP's (and NSF/EPP's) major
programs require (1) an integrated set of local, regional, national and
international networks able to interoperate seamlessly, without
bottlenecks, (2) networks that will accommodate and satisfy the latency
and jitter requirements of realtime applications coexisting with
high-bandwidth data transfers, (3) network and user software that will
work together to manage the bandwidth effectively, and (4) a suite of
videoconferencing, shared application and other high-level tools for
remote collaboration that will make data analysis from the US (and from
other remote sites) effective.

Two levels of bandwidth are foreseen:

-   Baseline requirements based on a relatively conservative view of
    technology evolution, sufficient for the experiments' needs for
    distributed data access, processing, delivery and analysis, in a
    strictly managed environment.

-   Requirements to satisfy the needs for access to significant data
    subsets (0.1 to 1 TB scale) on-demand, by individuals and small
    working groups, and for automated data movements within a unified
    Grid environment, and for such new working methods as widespread
    "persistent" remote collaboration throughout the working day. This
    corresponds to a best guesstimate (a medium-optimistic view) of the
    evolution of technology and cost-performance over the next five
    years.

The baseline bandwidth needs of the major experiments, introduced in the
previous sections and discussed extensively by our Working Group, are
summarized in the following table, in Mbps. The table gives the
projected bandwidth requirements for each major experiment to the
experimental site, where the largest computational and data handling
facilities are or will be located. In the case of the LHC experiments,
the US ATLAS and US CMS contingents will share network access to the
CERN laboratory with ALICE, LHCb and the non-LHC programs at CERN. The
US-CERN link also carries a significant portion of the network traffic
to Europe, for *BABAR*,Run2 and other major HEP programs, so that the
US-CERN bandwidth requirement is expected to reach the 10 Gbps range by
2006, if not earlier.

The figures in the table are the baseline requirements for installed
bandwidth, where we assume, based on experience in Internet2 and
elsewhere that stable network operation requires a network occupancy at
50% or less. The projected requirements for the actual sustained data
rate for an experiment are thus one-half of the figures shown[^16].

*Summary of installed bandwidth requirements (in Mbs) by experiment*

+---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
|               | ***2   | ***2   | ***2   | ***2   | ***2   | ***2   |
|               | 001*** | 002*** | 003*** | 004*** | 005*** | 006*** |
+---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| ***CMS***     | 100    | 200    | 300    | 600    | 800    | 2500   |
+---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| ***ATLAS***   | 50     | 100    | 300    | 600    | 800    | 2500   |
+---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| ***BABAR***   | 300    | 600    | 1100   | 1600   | 2300   | 3000   |
+---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| ***CDF***     | 100    | 300    | 400    | 400    | 600    | 1200   |
+---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| ***D0***      | 400    | 1600   | 2400   | 3200   | 6400   | 8000   |
+---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| ***BTeV***    | 20     | 40     | 100    | 200    | 300    | 500    |
+---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| ***DESY***    | 100    | 180    | 210    | 240    | 270    | 300    |
+---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
|               |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| ***US-CERN*** | 1      | 622    | 1250   | 2500   | 5000   | 10000  |
|               | 55-310 |        |        |        |        |        |
| ***BW***      |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+

It should be noted that the table represents minimum requirements, in a
strictly managed working environment. We have averaged among experiments
and reduced some estimates presented to our Committee, to come up with
the baselines. Specifically, we have not included support for the
following activities in the table:

-   Sufficient bandwidth for *BABAR* to reprocess and analyze data at a
    rate substantially larger than the data taking rate, during peak
    periods.

-   Data distribution, processing and access by ATLAS at a rate
    corresponding to the trigger rate foreseen:\
    270 Hz at 10^33^ luminosity, and 400 Hz at the design luminosity of
    10^34^, though these rates are projected for times after that
    covered in the table. Up to the present, the Hoffmann Review on LHC
    Computing has assumed a reference trigger rate of 100 Hz for both
    ATLAS and CMS.

-   The impact of other programs, such as NuMI and the rest of the
    Fermilab fixed target program, and the recently proposed CLEO-c.

Although there is a strong trend to more reliance on the network, we
note that there are significant differences in the fraction of total
data assumed to be transferred across the network, reflecting
significant differences in computing models. The CDF model is relatively
highly centralized with only modest amounts of data being sent overseas
via networks. The D0 model, both for real and simulated data, is
substantially more distributed. The LHC experiments' models are
structurally in between the CDF and D0 Models, in that the data flow
across networks is assumed to be reduced by providing efficient access
to subsets of the data through the use of Object Databases coupled to
Data Grid systems. This implies a large software development effort by
the experiments over the next few years,[^17] but will keep the network
bandwidth reasonable if it is successful.

Several of the experiments listed would benefit substantially from
additional bandwidth, leading to better use of the available resources
and greater working efficiency. Greater bandwidths would allow freer
access to the data and processed results by individuals and small
workgroups, more extensive data distribution among the sites, and
greater flexibility in treating the ensemble of site facilities for data
analysis as a coherently managed "Grid" of resources.

The purpose of the baseline figures is to establish a bandwidth level at
which experiments will be able to function, within a moderate budget
envelope. In case technology evolution and market forces lead to lower
unit prices than assumed in the baseline, it is recommended that the
experiments be allowed to optimize their network installations and modes
of operation to achieve greater working efficiency in extracting physics
results.

The figures above for *BABAR* roughly correspond to the needs for
connectivity into the SLAC site, since large-scale data transfer needs
between SLAC and IN2P3, as well as other Regional Center sites, dominate
those needs[^18]^.^ In the case of FNAL, one has to consider the sum of
the D0, CDF, and BTeV needs, a major part of the CMS needs, and the
needs of MINOS and other FNAL programs. At BNL the needs for the RHIC
program as well as ATLAS need to be supported

We note that the figures above are roughly consistent with earlier
network requirements estimates, including those of the ICFA-NTF[^19]
(1997-8) and the needs recognized by the ICFA-SCIC (1998), although in
detail they are larger. This reflects the rapid advance of network
technology over the last five years, the outlook for rapid reductions in
the unit price of bandwidth between 2001 and 2006[^20], greater
network-awareness of the major HEP collaborations, and greater
understanding in detail of the data analysis-related tasks to be
performed.

## Meeting the requirements

### Baseline Model for Bandwidth Evolution

We have used the baseline requirements given above to derive the
required connectivity to each HEP laboratory (using ESnet) as a function
of time. We have expressed the requirements in term of the current
standard optical link services available on the market: OC-3 (155 Mbps)
through OC-192 (10 Gbps). In general the next higher level of bandwidth
service costs approximately 2.5 times the cost of the service below
it[^21], and this is reflected in the entries chosen in the table. We
also show the transoceanic links used by HEP for which the US (DOE/MICS,
DOE/HEP and NSF/CISE through the Eurolink program) currently provide
funding.

*Summary of Installed Bandwidth Requirements by Laboratory*

  --------------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------
                  ***2001***   ***2002***   ***2003***   ***2004***   ***2005***   ***2006***

  ***SLAC***      OC12         2 X OC12     2 X OC12     OC48         OC48         2 X OC48

  ***BNL***       OC12         2 X OC12     2 X OC12     OC48         OC48         2 X OC48

  ***FNAL***      OC12         OC48         2 X OC48     2 X OC48     OC192        OC192

  ***US-CERN***   2 X OC3      OC12         2 X OC12     OC48         2 X OC48     OC192

  ***US-DESY***   OC3          2 X OC3      2 X OC3      2 X OC3      2 X OC3      OC12
  --------------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------

Each of the HEP labs will need to be connected, at a speed comparable to
the entry given in the table above, to one or more sites which are the
termination points of transoceanic links. This includes the US-CERN link
as well as links for *BABAR* and Run2 funded by European partners to the
national networks in France (RENATER), Italy (GARRNet) and the
Netherlands (SURFNet). The connectivity to ANL and LBNL, which are
involved in FNAL Run 2 and will be Tier 2 centers for ATLAS, are
expected to be covered by the existing links planned by ESnet: OC48 now,
rising to OC192 well before 2005.

Universities are assumed to be connected to the HEP labs, and to the
US-CERN and other transoceanic links, using the Internet2 backbone
Abilene, and later Internet2's next-generation backbone, together with
ESnet. Considering the aggregate bandwidth required between ESnet and
the Internet2 backbone, connection at the major peering points needs to
be at least OC48 by 2002, and OC192 by 2005 if not earlier [^22].

Beyond the requirements for raw wide area network bandwidth, we also
need to consider that effective use of this bandwidth requires:

-   Periodic upgrades of the routing and switching equipment at each
    laboratory and university site.

-   Timely upgrades of the US Regional Networks connecting to the
    Internet2 backbone.

-   Timely upgrades of campus local area network infrastructures, and/or
    the installation of special links to the Regional Network.

The use of standardized tools and methods to make effective use of the
available bandwidth[^23]^,^[^24]. These include software tools for
tuning the TCP/IP protocol stack for high throughput, monitoring tools
to monitor WAN status and overall performance, and possibly QoS (Quality
of Service) settings designed to manage the relative priorities of
traffic flows while meeting the latency and jitter requirements of
interactive and realtime applications.

Because of the relatively large bandwidth requirements for some
university groups, such as those hosting Tier 2 centers for the LHC or
Tier B centers for *BABAR*, these groups will have to develop effective
coordination and an ongoing working relationship with their campus
network organizations. In cases where the network usage level associated
with a Tier 2 (or Tier B) center represents a substantial fraction of
the overall campus usage, DOE/NSF funding may be required for part of
the connection to the Regional Network, and/or for network equipment
(such as a router) or network equipment-upgrades needed specifically to
support the center[^25].

Connectivity between the Tier 1 and Tier 2 centers, over ESnet,
Internet2 and the US Regional networks, would have to be scaled
appropriately to the bandwidths and levels of network service given
above. In the LHC hierarchical model, the required connectivity between
a Tier 1 and a Tier 2 in the US (as well as in Europe and Japan) has
been estimated to be in the 0.6 Gbps to 2.5 Gbps range. Realistically,
the bandwidth available between Tier 1s and Tier 2s will depend on the
state of development of Internet2 and the Regional nets; and on the
Regional nets for the Tier 2 to Tier 3 connections. As indicated above,
data transfers of 0.1 TB -- 10 TB, which are relevant for large scale
HEP data analysis by both large and small groups, and individuals in
some cases, will require links in the range of 1 Gbps and up.

### Funding Plan for the US-CERN Link

In response to one of the main elements of the charge of our Committee,
a detailed funding plan for the US-CERN link was developed by Caltech.
This follows the LHC experiments\' and the ICFA-NTF\'s and ICFA-SCIC's
determination of future network requirements over the last four years.
This plan has been designed to meet the baseline needs for US-CERN
transatlantic networking: both for the LHC experiments and for
DOE/HEP\'s other major programs.[^26] Similar plans will have to be
developed for some of the principal domestic links, in the context of
ESnet, plus any costs for links to Tier 2 centers (discussed briefly
above).

The basic bandwidth requirements and cost parameters in the plan are
summarized as follows:

1.  Follow the known bandwidth trends on the US-CERN link, as well as
    other larger scale research and education networks. These trends are
    remarkably consistent between ESnet, use of the CERN link, DFN in
    Germany, and the academic portion of \`\`the Internet\'\' in other
    countries. The rate of bandwidth growth was very close to 100 % per
    year during the late 1990's, although the rate of growth has
    accelerated in 2000 to approximately 150% per year on Internet2, and
    greater growth rates in national academic and research networks
    outside the US[^27].

2.  Ramp up in 2002 to 622 Mbps, in time to support *BABAR* and RHIC
    running with higher data rates and larger event samples to analyze
    than in 2001, and the startup period of Run 2, along with the large
    simulated event productions for CMS data challenges, and Data Grid
    developments for the LHC.\
    \
    The ramp-up to OC3 brought economies of scale in 2001, as this is
    the typical bandwidth unit in the US (and increasingly across the
    Atlantic) for medium-sized wide area network customers.[^28]
    Budgetary prices from vendors indicate that the cost of OC12 (4
    times more in bandwidth) is going to be 2.5 times the cost of OC3.

3.  Following more conservative, longer term trends, we plan for a
    bandwidth increase by a factor very close to two (a 100% increase)
    each year from 2003-2006 (as shown in the tables given above). This
    proposed rate of growth also is consistent with the longer term
    trends of HEP network usage over the last decade, as derived the
    ICFA-NTF and ESnet, of a factor of 10 in bandwidth every 3 to 4
    years.

4.  Reach 10 Gbps by 2005 or 2006. This is expected to meet the baseline
    needs of CMS and ATLAS, the revised bandwidth estimates from
    *BABAR*[^29]resulting from the exceptional performance of the
    accelerator and the detector, the estimated use by Run2 experiments
    (assumed to be similar to *BABAR*),and most of the other
    transatlantic network use by HEP[^30]. This turns out to be
    generally consistent with following the general bandwidth trend
    mentioned above.

5.  For 2001-2002 assume a cost decrease of 45% corresponding to the
    middle of the range of cost decreases this year predicted by vendors
    and industry sources. Assume a cost decrease by 37% per year from
    2002 onward, or a factor of 2 every 1.5 years. Although data link
    costs have recently fallen more rapidly, they have often fallen much
    more slowly in the past. There is also hard evidence that the
    national build out of optical fiber-cable infrastructure is over,
    and that vendors will have to focus on recovering their large
    investments in building this infrastructure, to survive the next few
    years[^31]. We therefore use this "Moiré\'s Law" decrease as a long
    term average, following the cost evolution in other fields of
    information technology. Note that in reality the cost decreases are
    likely to be more sporadic, with periods of relatively stable prices
    followed by precipitous drops[^32].

6.  Assume relatively modest support for network engineering[^33]^,^ at
    a level evolving from 1 to 2 FTEs, at an annual cost of \$ 145k per
    FTE (including indirect costs), and an annual salary index of 5%.
    These FTE support levels and costs per FTE are low compared to the
    cost of network engineers on the open market. Also assume modest
    support at the level of 1.5 FTEs for VRVS, which is the minimum
    level required for the current level of usage according to recent
    experience[^34]^.^

7.  Reach a constant DOE funding level during LHC operation from 2006
    onwards. This assumes that non-DOE sources contribute a substantial
    portion of the overall transatlantic link cost, as is the case now.
    In 2007 and beyond, it is assumed that the bandwidth will continue
    to increase, but at a reduced rate corresponding to continued
    funding at the 2006 level, in 2006 constant dollars.

The proposed funding profile, which represents the best current estimate
of what is required to meet HEP\'s (and some NP) network needs, is
summarized in the following plot. Apart from the charges for leasing the
transatlantic link, there are smaller but significant charges for
"Infrastructure" which includes the required network hardware (routers,
switches, interfaces), rental costs for placing and maintaining a rack
in the telecom vendor\'s point of presence, connections to the general
purpose Internet, a modest amount for salaries of network support
engineers, and maintenance (24 hour/7 day per week/4 hour response time)
at the termination point of the link. We emphasize that prediction of
the actual costs after about 2002 is very difficult and uncertain.
Quoted prices depend strongly on market conditions as they develop and
it is sometimes possible to negotiate special prices on an *ad hoc*
basis. The costs shown here assume reasonable success in these
negotiations.

The budgets below do not include explicit funding for "research" links
at higher bandwidth, which are based on the use of one wavelength (or a
subchannel within one wavelength) on a fiber carrying many
wavelengths[^35]. In contrast to the traditional services which, until
now, are based fully on redundant SONET or SDH[^36] links, the
wavelength services are typically "unprotected". This means that
wavelength-based services today do not come equipped with a "hot backup"
line that cuts in immediately in case of a failure of the primary link.
For this reason, the wavelength-based services are typically 50-70% less
expensive than fully redundant SONET or SDH services. Use of these
services must however be restricted to network and Grid R&D use, and for
use as a way to accommodate peak bandwidth demands above the baseline,
because the usual "production" level of reliability (typically 99.9% for
SONET/SDH links) is not guaranteed; an outage could take several days to
a week to restore in some cases. Such a research link at OC-48, between
CERN and the US, is the subject of the DataTag proposal solicited by the
European Union (see Section B.5.3 below).

![](media/image4.wmf)The costs for the "Infrastructure" listed above are
broken down by category and year in the following figure and table (in
millions of dollars):

*LHCnet infrastructure costs*

![](media/image5.wmf)

  -------------------------------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------
                                   ***2001***   ***2002***   ***2003***   ***2004***   ***2005***   ***2006***

  ***Routing and Switching         0.150        0.150        0.175        0.175        0.250        0.250
  Equipment***                                                                                      

  ***Salaries for Network +        0.363        0.457        0.480        0.537        0.617        0.648
  Support Engineers***                                                                              

  ***VRVS Reflectors,              0.035        0.035        0.040        0.045        0.050        0.050
  Workstations, Interfaces***                                                                       

  ***Network Perf. Monitoring and  0.030        0.035        0.035        0.040        0.050        0.060
  Test Systems***                                                                                   

  ***HW and Software Maint.;       0.065        0.075        0.085        0.095        0.100        0.120
  Collocation***                                                                                    

  ***Travel***                     0.020        0.025        0.025        0.030        0.030        0.040

  ***TOTAL INFRASTRUCTURE COST***  0.663        0.777        0.840        0.922        1.097        1.168
  -------------------------------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------

### Potential contributions from foreign partners 

On the European side the partners in the U.S.-CERN link are IN2P3
(CCPN/Lyon), WHO (World Health Organization) and CERN, contributing to
the CERN-Chicago link at the level of 400KCHF, 200KCHF and 350KCHF
respectively, hence a total of 950KCHF, i.e. approximately 550KUSD.

The WHO contribution is unlikely to change as they already contribute
more than they can use. The IN2P3 contribution does not include the very
high cost of the local loop between Lyon & Geneva (i.e. 500KCHF) and
although the existing 34Mbps link will soon be upgraded to 155Mbps, it
is not at all clear what will happen next year (i.e. June 2002) when the
existing Telecom contract needs to be renewed, here are some options:

1: Make a call for tender and negotiate more advantageous conditions,
e.g. OC-12c (622Mbps) or more, at the same price, in which case one
would expect IN2P3 to contribute additional money to the CERN-USA link.

2: Integrate the upgraded Lyon-Geneva circuit into RENATER. One could
also expect additional contributions from RENATER.

3: Discontinue the Lyon-Geneva link (i.e. full integration of IN2P3 into
RENATER).

The CERN contribution is not planned to change before 2005, however, the
CERN management agreed to use the NSF award (3\*350KUD for the period
2000-2003) to gradually increase the bandwidth on the CERN-USA link.

One cannot exclude that other partners may join, however, this is
unlikely to happen.

It is not excluded that additional European Union funding may be
obtained at a level that would match the NSF contribution. The DataTAG
proposal was recently submitted to the EU with that idea in mind.

## International Connections to US and European Networks

Transatlantic links are only part of the story. The links considered
above must connect appropriately to the networks on each side of the
ocean that actually connect to the institutions of the experiments. In
this section, we give a brief overview of those networks and some issues
involved.

### ESnet

The Energy Sciences Network, or ESnet, is a high-speed data
communications network serving thousands of U.S. Department of Energy
(DOE) scientists and their collaborators worldwide. An early provider of
high-bandwidth, reliable network services, ESnet gives researchers at
national laboratories, universities, and other institutions the
collaborative capabilities needed to address some of the world's most
important scientific challenges (<http://www.es.net/>).

As a mission-oriented effort, ESnet is organized to provide the best
possible networking for DOE programs. Many of the participating DOE
programs rely fundamentally on the capabilities of the network to enable
their research functions. For them, advances in network capabilities
translate directly into advances in research capabilities. This vital
connection has led ESnet to pursue the following goals:

• Reliable, production-quality network services with capabilities based
on leading-edge technology.

• Close coupling to the Department's programmatic requirements.

• Ongoing improvements in network services and related applications
targeted at the rapidly evolving and growing needs of the programs.

• Highly leveraged interaction and coordination with ESnet sites to
optimize service, performance, and resources.

• Effective interagency and international coordination and cooperation.

ESnet provides advanced computer networking for the DOE science mission
and other DOE missions. Managed and operated by the ESnet staff at
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, ESnet currently provides direct
connections to more than 30 major DOE sites at speeds up to 622 megabits
per second (Mbps). Connectivity to the global Internet is maintained
through interconnection ("peering") arrangements with more than 100
other Internet service providers. The ESnet service footprint is shown
in the figure below.

Funded principally by DOE's Office of Science, ESnet allows DOE
scientists to use unique DOE research facilities and computing resources
independent of time and location with state-of-the-art performance
levels. ESnet supports science in ways that extend from the mundane,
such as communication via e-mail, to the data- and The ESnet Project
enjoys an excellent working relationship with both its technical and
program user communities. This relationship is maintained through three
user committees:

• The ESnet Steering Committee (ESSC) deals with ESnet's strategy,
policy, operational requirements, and priorities as established by
principal investigators representing DOE program areas.

• The ESnet Coordinating Committee (ESCC) deals with the associated
technical issues affecting the sites and the backbone.

• The ESnet Research Support Committee (ESRSC) deals with the
requirements and technical issues related to ESnet testbed activities.

These three committees sponsor special-interest task forces and working
groups that study issues, establish consensus, and share recommendations
and information. An important element of DOE research is collaboration
among teams of researchers located around the world. ESnet enhances the
effectiveness of these scientists' work by providing a rich
interconnectivity to the "outside" world. The network includes
interconnections to many other U.S. networks, as well as several direct
connections to international sites and networks. A recent emphasis has
been enhancing interconnectivity to U.S. universities with "peering"
interconnects to Abilene (the Internet2 backbone network) at speeds up
to OC-12 (622 Mbps).

### Internet 2 and universities

Internet2[^37] is a project managed by UCAID, the University Consortium
for Advanced Internet Development.

The Internet2 backbone Abilene, on which most of HEP's universities
depend for their national network connectivity, along with the member
university sites, is shown below. Internet2 is being led by a consortium
of 185 universities working in partnership with 75 corporations in
industry and 40 non-profit companies and government labs, with the
mission to "develop and deploy advanced network applications and
technologies for research and higher education, accelerating the
creation of tomorrow\'s Internet."

The primary goals of Internet2 are to:

-   Create a leading edge network capability for the national research
    community

-   Enable revolutionary Internet applications

-   Ensure the rapid transfer of new network services and applications
    to the broader Internet community.

> ![](media/image7.png){width="6.0in" height="4.309722222222222in"}

The Internet2 board includes the Chairs of four Advisory Councils, on
Applications Strategy[^38], Network Planning, Network Research Liaison,
and Industry Liaison

Internet2 Working Groups are the primary mechanism for the design,
development, implementation and documentation of advanced network
services. Through Internet2 Working Groups and initiatives, Internet2
members are collaborating on:

-   Advanced Applications

-   Middleware

-   New Networking Capabilities

-   Advanced Network Infrastructure

-   Partnerships and alliances

Internet2 Applications Working Groups are currently active in the health
sciences, arts and humanities, along with technology-oriented groups on
Digital Video[^39], Network Storage and Voice over IP and we are
considering an HENP Applications Working Group[^40].

The Internet2 Middleware Initiative covers a number of issues that are
synergistic with the Grid R&D and other related efforts in which HEP is
involved. These include authentication, identification, authorization,
directories and security issues.

The Internet End-to-End Initiative[^41] (E2E) has the goal "To create a
predictable, and well-supported environment in which Internet2 campus
network users have routinely successful experiences in their development
and use of advanced Internet applications by focusing resources and
efforts on improving performance problem detection and resolution
throughout campus, regional, and national networking infrastructures."
This initiative clearly is synergistic with HEP's need to develop and
deploy standardized methods and toolsets, to enable the major HEP
programs and the at-large HEP community to use the available networks
most effectively.

The Internet2 architectural concept is a hierarchy in which regional
networks and some members access the I2 backbone through
"GigaPoPs"[^42]. The current locations of the GigaPoPs (as of May 2001)
are shown in the following figure:

In planning to meet HEP's needs we have implicitly assumed that the
current Internet2 backbones and GigaPoPs will be followed by a
next-generation national network infrastructure interconnecting the US
research universities with sufficient bandwidth (at 10 Gbps and up). HEP
needs to work in support of this goal, along with the corresponding
ESnet upgrades to provide the required high speed connections to the HEP
laboratories.

### Impact of International Links on Network Infrastructure

The global networking research needs of the HEP create both a benefit
and challenge for the program. The HEP worldwide networking requirements
benefit from the global nature of the Internet, as it would be extremely
difficult and expensive to provide the networking needed on a
program-dedicated basis. On the other hand, this creates a challenge for
the program in that its requirements must be met making use of
facilities and resources that are not completely under its control. For
example, networking between US sites and those in Europe depends on
transatlantic links largely funded by European entities (the
Chicago-CERN link is the notable exception).

In general, the exchange of traffic between research networks is done
with the tacit assumption that overall there is equity in benefit, and
there is little demand for adjustment through a balance of payments.
However, the extensive and large projected future networking
requirements of the HEP (as documented in this report) may jeopardize
this situation. The demands to be placed on the various research
networking components of the collaborating enterprises may prove to be
too large and grow too fast to be expected to be absorbed on a "business
as usual" basis. This situation is examined in more detail below.

#### European National Research Networks

Most countries in Europe provide a national research network. Networks
of particular interest to the HEP include the following:

[Country]{.underline} [Organization]{.underline} [Network]{.underline}
[US Bandwidth]{.underline}

1\. Germany DFN-Verein B-WiN/G-WiN 2xOC12

2\. Italy INFN GARR-B/GARR-G OC12

3\. UK UKERNA SuperJANET OC12

4\. Netherlands SURFnet bv SURFnet5 2x1 Gbps

5\. Nordic Countries NORDUnet Board NORDUnet 1.4 Gbps total

[Funding]{.underline}: Most of the European national research networks
are funded through a combination of national government funding and/or
institutional fees. There are typically no direct fees for exchange of
peer traffic.

[International Links]{.underline}: Currently both DFN and INFN contract
with DANTE for their transatlantic networking links. ESnet interconnects
with G-WiN, GARR, and JANET in New York and contributes to the cost of
the international links via a contract with DANTE and by funding the
international peering points in NY and Chicago.

ESnet also interconnects with a large number of international peers in
Chicago via an existing OC3 shared interconnect to the Chicago NAP.

#### Future Plans:

Currently it appears that there will be continued expansion of the
capacity of the above international links into NY. A new high-speed
interconnect point called STARLIGHT is also emerging in the Chicago area
which will emphasize optical interconnects.

#### Pan-European Research Network

Within Europe a number of national and international research networks
carry HEP network traffic. The major pan-European network is managed by
the DANTE organization and is now involved in a major upgrade to a
version called GEANT using 10 Gbps trunking and is expected to be in
operation during the latter part of 2001. In general, this is a backbone
network that interconnects National Research and Educations Networks
(NREN), rather than specific end sites.

[Funding:]{.underline} The network is funded, in part, by fees from the
NRENs that connect to it.

[International Links:]{.underline} DANTE provides a number of OC3 and
OC12 circuits between Europe and NY, some of which are for its own
activities, other of which are "subcontracted" to specific NRENs.

#### Us Research Networks

The two major research networks that carry HEP traffic within the US are
Abilene and ESnet. Abilene interconnects virtually all of the major
academic institutions within the US, while ESnet interconnects all the
major DOE National Laboratories and research facilities.

[Funding]{.underline}: Abilene is funded via institution connect fees,
as well as through very substantial donation, including over \$500M of
bandwidth over a five year period from Qwest. The initial donation
period will expire in early 2003, and the project management is actively
looking into a plan for continued operation after that time. Although
the likelihood seems small, failure to extend the program would have a
very serious impact to the HEP program as virtually all access to
academic collaborators would have to be rebuilt.

ESnet is centrally funded via the DOE Office of Science MICS office, and
provides networking support to five major program offices within the
Office of Science. It provides networking support to virtually all the
major DOE research sites.

[International Links]{.underline}: Neither Abilene or ESnet are
currently directly responsible for any transatlantic links. Both have
international peering at both Chicago and NY. ESnet contributes funding
directly to DANTE for its use of transatlantic capacity.

#### Challenges

The above summary points out several potential areas of concern:

1\. ESnet future funding may not be adequate to meet the growth demands
of the HEP. Current projections for the next few annual budget cycles
show ESnet at a "flat" budget. Although some performance growth can
still be expected due to anticipated reductions in the unit cost of
bandwidth, it is unrealistic to expect that such savings will be
sufficient to match the normal growth in traffic (a canonical 100% per
year) and the projected rapid growth of HEP requirements.

The potential incremental financial impact to ESnet is very difficult to
estimate. The HEP requirements given herein are stated as aggregate
bandwidth per site or experiment, which is insufficient information to
engineer a responsive network architecture . In addition, projecting the
benefit of anticipated pricing reductions is complicated by the fact
that ESnet costs are dependent on contractual negotiations and are only
driven by commercial pricing as a second-order effect (which is, in
turn, relatively unpredictable). However, experience would indicate that
an incremental adjustment of \$1.5-3M/year would allow ESnet to meet
most or all of its actual new HEP requirements.

2\. Access to academic institutions will depend heavily on the continued
operation of Abilene and/or its follow-on. Currently, Abilene is very
well provisioned in bandwidth with a number of lightly loaded OC48
trunks, and is likely to be easily capable of carrying the projected HEP
traffic loads over the next 1-2 years. However, beyond that timeframe
the traffic loads may be sufficiently high to cause noticeable impact on
both the Abilene follow-on as well as the local access arrangements
(GigaPops) and the campus of the major academic collaborators.

A related issue is the impact of the projected bandwidth requirements on
campus infrastructure and access. Both can be relatively expensive and
the impact of the HEP requirements on either or both may not be
negligible. It may at times be requested that the HEP program pay
incremental costs on a campus associated with particularly intensive
requirements for the HEP program, especially at universities that host
Tier 2 centers or other special facilities.

3\. International links are currently heavily subsidized by the European
NRENs and/or DANTE. Although ESnet does contribute to some degree to its
associated international link costs, Abilene does not. Should this state
of affairs change such that the generous underwriting of the
international links by non-US organizations is eliminated, it would have
serious impact on the HEP program outlined here.

4\. Access to international institutions: This is an area of only
moderate concern for the future. For major international institutions
there can be the expectation that the institutions will be responsible
for meeting the networking requirements of HEP. A major exception is
CERN, where the experiment is sited outside the U.S. However the impact
and cost of US connectivity to CERN is addressed elsewhere in this
document.

## Recent Developments in Requirements and Technology

Over the last year, a number of factors affecting the technical
requirements and costs have changed. While unit costs for data links
have fallen, the data volumes of major experiments (*BABAR* now; LHC in
future), and the bandwidth estimates as a function of time for *BABAR*
and DOE's present-generation experiments as well as the LHC have
increased substantially. The near-term milestones for LHC trigger and
detector performance studies, as well as the advent of Data Grid
concepts, have advanced the need to engineer, test, and bring into
production higher bandwidth on the major links to HEP labs, and the
US-CERN link. The baseline bandwidth profile over time for the US-CERN
link is 622 Mbps (OC12) in 2002, rising to 10 Gbps (OC192) by 2006.
Taking into account the multiple experiments served by the US HEP labs,
the bandwidth requirements for SLAC, FNAL and BNL are OC12 this year, 2
X OC-12 or OC-48 (for FNAL) next year, evolving quickly to 2 X OC-48 or
OC192 by 2005 or 2006.

In terms of technology, this fits well with vendor plans to market data
channels using "wavelengths" in wavelength division multiplexing systems
at 2.5 Gbps (OC48) starting this year, and 10 Gbps in the next 12-24
months, on transoceanic links.

The telecommunications industry will soon transition to photonic
switching in its core infrastructure, from the current technology based
on electronic switching of signals. This means that within the next 2-4
years, it will be substantially more cost effective to work at 2.5 Gbps,
then 10 Gbps, than to try to buy data links at lower speeds based on the
current core technologies. This is analogous to the current situation
where our OC-3 (155 Mbps) has brought us up to the lower end of the
range of standard fiber-based electronically switched data transmission
rates.\
Beyond the baseline scenario summarized in this letter, a number of
possible changes are being discussed in research organizations and
industry that may make the scale and modes of use of networks
substantially different from our current concept. These include:

-   Greater bandwidth per wavelength (40 Gbps); expected to appear as a
    commercial\
    product within the next two years.

-   More wavelengths per fiber compared to current products with \~100
    wavelengths\
    (1 Terabit/sec) per fiber[^43].

-   The delivery of wavelengths, at 2.5, 10 and eventually 40 Gbps, by
    the vendors\
    directly to customer sites.

-   Integration between OC-192 WAN links and 10 Gigabit/sec Ethernet, to
    provide\
    greater end-to-end network transparency[^44].

-   ASICs to support multi-Gbps data transmission at low cost.

-   New Internet software architectures designed to manage the broadcast
    and distribution of\
    data on a large scale in quasi-realtime.

These advances are not part of the current baseline but are being
continuously tracked, to ensure that our usage scenarios, requirements
estimates and plans for evolving the network infrastructure and
bandwidth remain current and cost effective.

# Recommendations

On the basis of the committee's work summarized above, the committee
makes the following recommendations:

1.  High performance networking is central to the success of
    international collaborations. Every effort should be made to provide
    the required transatlantic bandwidth, particularly that of the
    US-CERN link, as documented in this report for the period 2001-2006,
    and to continue to provide adequate bandwidth to keep pace with
    HEP\'s needs.

2.  Arrangements must be made to ensure that the US-CERN connection and
    other international links used by HEP experiments are connected with
    the required high performance, to the networks that make the
    ultimate connections to the collaborating institutions in both
    regions. Similarly, arrangements should be made to ensure that key
    university or laboratory sites (e.g. housing Tier 2 or Tier B
    centers) are appropriately connected to their regional networks or
    to the national backbone networks. It is likely that ESnet and
    Internet 2 will not meet all needs within the U.S. without special
    arrangements, and some targeted funding by HEP.

3.  Appropriate attention should be paid to providing high quality
    network service and to monitoring the network and maintaining good
    performance.

4.  The agencies should ensure that planning for networking (both
    domestic and international) to serve HEP experiments is reviewed at
    least annually by a committee with official representation from at
    least the major user experiments.

5.  A technically oriented forum should be established to promote
    information exchange and technical collaborations between the HEP
    community and network providers and technical experts. This should
    extend to identifying and making available standardized toolsets to
    ensure that the networks provide the needed end-to-end performance.

# Appendix I: Charge Letter

# ![](media/image8.jpeg){width="6.552777777777778in" height="8.43125in"}  {#section .unnumbered}

# ![](media/image9.jpeg){width="6.259027777777778in" height="4.644444444444445in"}  {#section-1 .unnumbered}

# Appendix II: Spreadsheet calculations for Section B.2.3.3.ii

  ---------------- ----------------------------------------------------- ---------------
  **Financial                                                            
  Model for                                                              
  Tape-Based Data                                                        
  Exchange**                                                             

                                                                         

  Assume:          SLAC distributes data to three Tier A centers at      
                   1TB/day                                               

                   SLAC receives simulated data from three centers at    
                   1TB/day                                               

                   This is a continuous data rate of \~120 Mbits/s in    
                   and \~120 Mbits/s out.                                

                   60 Gbyte STK 9940 tapes and drives                    

                   Twice-weekly Fedex data exchange                      

                                                                         

                                                                         

  For 1 TB/day                                                           
  bi-directional                                                         
  transfer                                                               

                   Tapes written/read per day (100% efficient tape use)  66.7

                   Tapes written/read per day (75% efficient tape use)   88.9

                   Drive-hours (100% efficient use)                      111.1

                   Drive-hours (50% efficient use)                       222.2

                   Tape drives required at SLAC (assume 24x7 operation)  5

                   Tape drives required at one Tier A (assume 24x7       2
                   operation)                                            

                   Data-aide personpower at SLAC                         1.5

                   Expert personpower at SLAC                            0.25

                   Data-aide personpower at one Tier A                   1

                   Expert personpower at one Tier A                      0.2

                                                                         

  Annual Costs:                                                          

                   Tapes (assume 2-months worth with 2-year lifetime)    \$101,667

                   Drives, fiberchannel, servers etc. purchase+maint     \$189,673
                   (assume 3-year lifetime)                              

                   People at SLAC (salary+benefits+overhead)             \$183,750

                   People in Europe (salary + benefits + overhead)       \$210,000

                   Fedex (assume 30% discount on published rates)        \$117,499

                                                                         

  **Total Annual                                                         **\$802,589**
  Costs**                                                                
  ---------------- ----------------------------------------------------- ---------------

[^1]: IP over ATM.

[^2]: Apart from the lowest cost, this choice had the advantage that
    Qwest is the supplier of the Abilene (Internet2) backbone in the US,
    and KPN currently supplies the TEN-155 academic and research network
    backbone in Europe.

[^3]: STARTAP is a designated location at which non-US networks may
    terminate their circuits in order to peer with the US networks
    including Internet2, ESnet, etc. STARTAP also serves as a point at
    which non-US networks may peer among themselves, without transiting
    US network links in conflict with "acceptable use policies" (AUP).
    See http://www.startap.net.

[^4]: The Optical StarTap. See <http://www.startap.net/starlight> .

[^5]: BABAR is similar to other e^+^e^-^ experiments in having an
    inclusive trigger. The subset of triggered events that pass a
    subsequent off-line filter is written to data store. It is
    anticipated that this effective cross section will not change with
    luminosity, unlike what is generally expected for hadron colliders.
    .

[^6]: The number of major processing and data handling components
    (boxes), relative to the Tier0 system to be fully commissioned at
    CERN by 2007.

[^7]: 1 Exabyte = 10^18^ Bytes

[^8]: This system is being developed by a coordinated effort of the
    major Grid projects in the US and Europe, including the Particle
    Physics Data Grid (See [http://www.ppdg.net)](), the Grid Physics
    Network (See [http://www.griphyn.org](http://www.griphyn.org/)) and
    the EU DataGrid Project (see
    [http://www.eu-datagrid.org](http://www.eu-datagrid.org/) ).

[^9]: As mentioned in the "Report of the Steering Group of the LHC
    Computing Review" (see CERN/LHCC/2001-004 at
    <http://lhc-computing-review-public.web.cern.ch/lhc-computing-review-public/Public/Report_final.PDF>
    ) the requirement for each Tier0-Tier1 link is 1.5 -- 3 Gbps, with
    the Tier1-Tier2 links being similar. This report also considered the
    effects of higher bandwidths, such as 10 Gbps Ethernet integrated
    with OC-192 WAN links (see http://www.10gea.com).

[^10]: See http://cmsdoc.cern.ch/cms/grid/ on GDMP Version 1.2.2 (April
    2001).

[^11]: See "CMS Virtual Data Requirements" (June 2001)
    http://kholtman.home.cern.ch/kholtman/tmp/cmsreqsv9.pdf.

[^12]: Coherent Object-Oriented Base for Reconstruction, Analysis and
    Simulation. See http://cobra.web.cern.ch/cobra/).

[^13]: "Models of Networked Analysis at Regional Centers". See
    [www.cern.ch/MONARC](http://www.cern.ch/MONARC). The final report of
    the project's\
    Phase 2 (March 2000) may be found at this Web site.

[^14]: These estimates have been adopted by the LHC Computing Review as
    an estimate of the bandwidth required for each of the LHC
    experiments, between the CERN Tier0 and each Tier1 center.

[^15]: CMS as a whole also has significant needs for networks to Asia,
    where Tier2 centers are planned in (at least)\_India, Pakistan and
    China. However there is no expectation that this will substantially
    impact the network bandwidth requirements to and from the US.

[^16]: Discussions with Qwest on their next generation network plans
    have indicated that the maximum sustained occupancy of an IP-based
    wide area network in the Gbps range should be 40%. Given the
    uncertainties in the baseline requirements figures, and the newness
    of IP networks at these speeds, we have decided to keep the figures
    in the table based on 50% occupancy.

[^17]: If this software effort is less than fully successful, a likely
    consequence would be increased network needs for the LHC program.

[^18]: Note that the bandwidth required to reprocess data in shorter
    periods than the time it takes to acquire the data in the first
    place are not included in these "baseline" figures.

[^19]: See the ICFA-NTF Requirements WG Report (May 1998) at
    http://l3www.cern.ch/\~newman/icfareq98.html.

[^20]: Estimates of the yearly cost reduction of bandwidth range from 25
    to 50%. The current precipitous drop in prices is expected to
    moderate in the coming years, as vendors must recoup their
    investments (a national aggregate of hundreds of billions of
    dollars) in the build out of national and transoceanic fiber
    infrastructures. See for example "Busted by Broadband", Time
    magazine, March 26, 2001.

[^21]: The cost of the highest speed links may be disproportionately
    large at the upper end of the range of commercially available links
    (OC192 at the time of this writing). This is because of the special
    engineering required for their implementation, and/or for the
    relatively rare expertise required for vendors to support them.
    Routers and switches for these links (such as the Juniper M160
    equipped with OC192 ports today) also are relatively expensive.

[^22]: Matching ESnet capabilities to the next-generation Internet2
    backbone speeds would require that ESnet's major links should reach
    OC192 by 2003; considerably earlier than is indicated by our HEP
    baseline requirements estimates alone.

[^23]: See for example the Web100 Project, at <http://www.web100.org/>,
    "a research effort aimed at bringing data transmission rates of 100
    megabits per second to the desktops of researchers" funded by NSF.
    It should be noted that extending these methods to throughputs above
    1 Gbps, as required for HENP programs in future, will require
    additional developments, and/or the use of protocols other than
    standard TCP/IP.

[^24]: Such standardized tools for high throughput, performance
    monitoring and tracking do not yet exist, but are the subject of
    future development by the US LHC Common Projects Networking Working
    Group. This group first met in June 2001 (see
    <http://www.transpac.org/meeting.html)>. The charge to the working
    group may be found at http://www.transpac.org/lhccpwgd.html.

[^25]: As an example of possible costs of this type: following with the
    NSF/CISE networking directorate, the first GriPhyN proposal foresaw
    an average of \$ 300,000 per year for connections from Tier2 centers
    to Abilene.

[^26]: The discussions in the "Hoffmann" Review of LHC Computing at CERN
    have confirmed the recent estimates for network requirements at the
    start of LHC operation: the aggregate requirement into CERN is
    estimated to reach several times 10 Gbps by 2006. This would include
    a 10 Gbps link between the US and CERN. This is expected to be just
    adequate to accommodate 2.5 Gbps of dedicated bandwidth
    (corresponding to approximately 1.5 Gbps of sustained throughput for
    data) each for CMS and ATLAS.

[^27]: Examples include Japan, Chile, and eastern China.

[^28]: The typical bandwidth on the major links in international
    academic and research networks was 622 Mbps (OC-12) in 2000, and is
    expected to move to 2.5 Gbps (OC-48) in 2001. Domestic link
    bandwidths are often higher, as Abilene, vBNS and the B-WIN German
    network have been at 2.5 Gbps and are planning to move to 10 Gbps.

[^29]: Reference: L. Cottrell, ESnet International Meeting, Kyoto, July
    2000.

[^30]: Taking into account that some of the traffic for BABAR and Run2
    will be carried on links funded by the European partners in these
    experiments.

[^31]: See "Busted by Broadband", Time Magazine March 26, 2001 at
    <http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1101010326-102923,00.html>
    .

[^32]: For example, following the commissioning of a new generation
    transoceanic cable with substantially larger capacity than
    previous-generation cables. See for example:
    <http://www.globalcrossing.com/network/net_ac2.htm> .

[^33]: For tasks including network configuration, monitoring,
    troubleshooting, installations and upgrades at vendor points of
    presence; some help with hardware installations and/or configuration
    and trouble shooting at various HEP sites. Work in coordination with
    the CERN External Networking Group, the Internet2 and Regional
    Network engineering teams, and the groups developing and operating
    Data Grids.

[^34]: Significantly expanded use by HENP would require additional
    funding for support. We assume here that any large scale use of VRVS
    outside of HENP will be funded by sources other than HENP.

[^35]: Using Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM). For an explanation
    see for example:\
    ftp://ftp.netlab.ohio-state.edu/pub/jain/courses/cis788-99/h_5opt2.pdf

[^36]: SONET and SDH are a set of related standards for synchronous data
    transmission over fiber optic networks.

    > SONET is short for Synchronous Optical NETwork and SDH is an
    > acronym for Synchronous Digital Hierarchy.
    >
    > SONET is the United States version of the standard published by
    > the American National Standards Institute
    >
    > (ANSI). SDH is the international version of the standard published
    > by the International Telecommunications Union
    >
    > (ITU). See http://www.techfest.com/networking/wan/sonet.htm.

[^37]: See http://www.internet2.edu.

[^38]: H. Newman has been appointed to this council, and represents HENP
    interests on it.

[^39]: Including HENP's VRVS system as one of the core technologies, as
    part of the "Internet2 Commons" Videoconferencing\
    Implementation Plan (April 2001).

[^40]: Following the HENP Network WG Users' Meeting at Indiana
    University, June 1-2, 2001.

[^41]: See www.internet2.edu /e2e . The design document for the E2E
    Initiative is now available for comment at:\
    <http://www.internet2.edu/e2eperf/papers/End-to-End-Perf-Design-Paper.pdf>
    .

[^42]: GigaPoP: A "Gigabit capacity point of presence". The Internet2
    engineering architecture and the structure and function of the
    GigaPoPs is (still, as of June 2001) described accurately in:
    <http://www.internet2.edu/html/97engineering.html> .

[^43]: While more wavelengths and higher bandwidths per wavelength are
    likely to exist, it should be kept in mind that the usable spectral
    range, and the required inter-wavelength gap will limit the capacity
    of a single to at most 10 Tbps using currently-known optical-fiber
    transmission technology. At the time of this writing, 3 Tbps has
    been achieved with a single fiber in the lab.

[^44]: As discussed at the Web site of the 10 Gigabit Ethernet Alliance
    (see <http://www.10gea.com/>) the 10 Gigabit Ethernet standard,
    which is designed to span Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) distances
    of 40 miles, is expected to be fully completed, on schedule, in
    March 2002. Unlike Gigabit, this new standard has been designed with
    integration between LANs and WANs in mind. Updated information on
    the status and projected costs of 10 Gigabit Ethernet (May 2001) may
    be found at <http://www.10gea.com/Tech-whitepapers.htm> and
    [http://www.10gea.com/NR%20-%20Presentations.HTM](http://www.10gea.com/NR - Presentations.HTM)
    .