**STS-65 Debrief Captions**

**Dave Amsbury**

**The America's**

Left: Right:

  ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- -----------------
  STS065-93-084     KSC               (35-mm)           GOES image of
                                                        launch plume for
                                                        STS-65, 8 Jul 94,
                                                        16:46:00 GMT

  STS065-80-030     Strip mining,     STS065-87-007     Gulf of Nicoya,
                    south of Piedras                    Costa Rica. A
                    Negras, Mexico.                     rare, cloud-free
                    This particular                     photograph of
                    photograph shows                    part of the west
                    a very diverse                      coast of Costa
                    landscape.                          Rica, with the
                    Specific features                   Gulf of Nicoya
                    include\                            located toward
                    (a) four small                      the center of the
                    cities; (b)                         picture. In
                    numerous                            practically every
                    agricultural                        sense, Costa Rica
                    field patterns,                     is the most
                    including several                   stable country in
                    center-pivot                        Latin America.
                    irrigation                          The city of
                    circles; (c)Êtwo                    Puntarenas can be
                    areas of strip                      seen on a very
                    mining                              narrow peninsula
                    activities;\                        jutting out into
                    (d) a large                         the gulf.
                    industrial site                     Agricultural
                    with an unusual                     field patterns
                    type of pond;\                      and areas of
                    (e) numerous                        reforestation can
                    roads and                           also be observed
                    railroads; and                      throughout this
                    (f) several small                   scene.
                    streams that flow                   
                    eventually into                     
                    the Rio Grande.                     

  STS065-93-073     A closed basin    & STS065-93-072   Brick-red
                    containing a                        alluvial fans
                    playa (ephemeral)                   derived from
                    lake bed,                           outcrops within
                    surrounded by                       an erosionally
                    alluvial fans                       breached fold.
                    derived from                        North-central
                    plateaus of                         Mexico (eastern
                    gently dipping                      Chihuahua).
                    rocks.                              
                    Southwestern                        
                    Coahuila, Mexico,                   
                    due north of                        
                    Torre---n.                          

                                                        

  STS065-88-028     Varicolored,      & STS065-88-027   Southeastern
                    folded                              Bolivia, near
                    sedimentary rocks                   21.8¡ÊS, 66.1¡ W

                                                        

  STS065-88-024     Superb            & STS065-88-023   Southeastern
                    stereoscopic pair                   Bolivia, on the
                    showing folded,                     R'o San Juan,
                    varicolored                         near Camargo
                    sedimentary rocks                   

                                                        

  STS065-89-018     Two frames of an  & STS065-89-019   These frames
                    overlapping                         display several
                    5‑frame strip                       specific SRL
                    from Manaus,                        (STS‑59, STS-68)
                    Brazil, downriver                   test sites
                                                        without any cloud
                                                        cover.

                                                        

                                      Compare (35-mm)   Cover photo for
                                      STS61C-33-084     siteÊmanual
  ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- -----------------

**[Cities Seen From STS-65]{.underline}**

STS065-72-010 Abu Dhabi, U.A.E.

STS065-72-043 San Juan, PR

STS065-72-047 Tampico w/o glint

STS065-72-048 Tampico in sunglint

STS065-72-062 Medina, Saudi Arabia

STS065-74-005 Mariental, Namibia

STS065-74-039 MŽrida

STS065-74-053 Valencia & Maracay, Venezuela

STS065-75-020 Ke Macina, Mali

STS065-76-057 Rundu, Namibia

STS065-76-089 Acapulco

STS065-76-093 Ciudad del Carmen

STS065-77-093 Riyadh

STS065-80-034 Galveston

STS065-80-041 Tampa Bay in sunglint

STS065-80-080 Wenzhou, China

STS065-81-045 Surabaya, Indonesia

STS065-84-091 Toliara, Madagascar

STS065-85-037 Taitung, Taiwan

STS065-87-051 Trinidad, Bolivia

STS065-87-085,\
STS065-93-007, &\
STS065-93-008 Jidda

STS065-88-001 Rio de Janeiro

STS065-88-031 Paranagua, Brazil

STS065-89-018 Manaus, Brazil

STS065-89-098 &\
STS065-105-051\
(w. smoke) S‹o Paulo, Brazil

STS065-93-076\~078 Corpus Christi

STS065-95-072 Bandele, Mayotte, Comoros Islands

STS065-95-083 Kingston, Jamaica

STS065-96-007 Honolulu

STS065-97-094 Agra, India

STS065-99-031 Cancun

STS065-100-011 Port-au-Prince, Haiti

STS065-107-064 Singapore

STS065-108-016 Belo Horizonte, Brazil

STS065-109-014 Managua, Nicaragua

**Cindy EvansÕ**

**Oceanography and Volcanoes**

Left: Right:

  ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- -----------------
  STS065-72-017     Ship wakes in     STS065-80-044     Fresh water line
                    sunglint                            along the Florida
                                                        coast in sunglint

                                                        

  STS065-80-095     Internal waves in STS065-102-056    Line in the
                    sunglint in the                     ocean, equatorial
                    Ryukyus                             Pacific

                                                        

  STS065-77-053     Plankton bloom,   STS065-72-078     Plankton bloom,
                    Strait of Hormuz                    Red Sea

                                                        

  STS065-80-045                       Compare (35-mm)   
                                      STS052-153-072    

  Whitings, Grand                                       
  Bahama Bank                                           

                                                        

  STS065-96-011     Maui              STS065-96-008     Oahu (island
                                                        wake)

                                                        

  STS065-93-029     Several                             
                    Indonesian                          
                    islands                             

                                                        

  STS065-107-085                      & STS065-107-083  

  Flores Island,                                        
  Indonesia                                             

                                                        

  STS065-107-071    East end of Java  Compare (35-mm)   
                                      STS049-97-050 &   
                                      STS056-96-037     

                                                        

  STS065-107-027    Rinjani Volcano   Compare (35-mm)   
                                      STS049-97-051     
  ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- -----------------

**Fred Brumbaugh**

**South America**

Left: Right:

  ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- -----------------
  STS065-86-041     Southeast end of  STS065-95-100     Northwest end of
                    Lake Titicaca.                      Lake Titicaca.
                    Water pollution                     Water pollution
                    is observed along                   can be seen along
                    the southeastern                    the western
                    shore of Lake                       Peruvian coast of
                    Titicaca. A small                   Lake Titicaca.
                    part of the city                    
                    of La Paz,                          
                    Bolivia and its                     
                    airport on the                      
                    Altiplano is seen                   
                    east of the lake.                   

                                                        

  STS065-88-021     Southeast Salar   STS065-102-004    Synoptic view of
                    de Uyuni,                           the Andes
                    Bolivia. This                       Mountains and the
                    near-vertical                       Bolivian
                    view of Salar de                    Altiplano. This
                    Uyuni shows one                     southwest
                    of the major                        panoramic view
                    drainage features                   vividly shows the
                    and the resultant                   relationship of
                    dry delta as it                     the three major
                    enters this very                    landforms in
                    large salar (dry                    Bolivia. The
                    lake). A railroad                   heavily vegetated
                    right-of-way is                     (cloud-covered)
                    clearly visible                     Andes foothills
                    in this extremely                   are in the
                    arid landscape.                     foreground; the
                                                        Andes Mountains,
                                                        deeply dissected
                                                        by numerous river
                                                        valleys, occupy
                                                        the center third
                                                        of the
                                                        photograph; and
                                                        finally the
                                                        Bolivian
                                                        Altiplano (with
                                                        Lake Poop---
                                                        shown in the
                                                        upper left) is
                                                        seen at the top
                                                        of the
                                                        photograph. The
                                                        water level in
                                                        Lake Poop---
                                                        appears to be
                                                        very low in this
                                                        photo.

                                                        

  STS065-74-062     Unique land-use   STS065-87-027     Intensive
                    patterns of                         agriculture along
                    Surinam or French                   the Rio S‹o
                    Guiana. This area                   Francisco,
                    of South                            Brazil. In this
                    AmericaÑrarely                      particular
                    photographed                        picture the
                    because of its                      floodplain
                    persistent                          boundaries of the
                    year-round cloud                    Rio S‹o Francisco
                    coverÑshows a                       stand out in
                    very distinctive                    marked contrast
                    land-use pattern.                   with the
                    Very large,                         intensive
                    gridded fields,                     agricultural
                    as well as very                     activity in the
                    large areas where                   surrounding
                    new planting is                     landscape. Even
                    occurring, are                      numerous center
                    clearly                             pivot irrigation
                    observable in the                   circles can be
                    cloud-free parts                    seen in the area
                    of the photo.                       adjacent to a
                                                        smaller stream. A
                                                        new area of
                                                        agricultural
                                                        development is
                                                        seen at the
                                                        bottom center of
                                                        this photograph.

                                                        

  STS065-102-022                      & STS065-85-004   

  Panoramic                                             
  south-looking                                         
  view of burning                                       
  in Paraguay.                                          
  These two                                             
  photographs show                                      
  fairly extensive                                      
  burning in                                            
  Paraguay. The                                         
  Paran‡ River can                                      
  be observed                                           
  making its                                            
  southern trek                                         
  between the                                           
  countries of                                          
  Paraguay and                                          
  Brazil. The                                           
  larger, darker                                        
  areas on the                                          
  Brazilian side of                                     
  the river                                             
  represent                                             
  protected forest,                                     
  where burning is                                      
  prohibited.                                           

                                                        

  STS065-87-064     Isolated,                           
                    point-source                        
                    fires in Bolivia.                   
                    In addition to                      
                    oblique views of                    
                    areas where                         
                    widespread fires                    
                    were burning in                     
                    Bolivia, Space                      
                    Shuttle cameras                     
                    also captured                       
                    near-vertically                     
                    individual                          
                    point-source                        
                    fires throughout                    
                    most of the                         
                    northeastern                        
                    lowlands of                         
                    Bolivia.                            

                                                        

  STS065-109-051    Confluence of     STS065-86-059     A major dam
                    Amazon and                          project on the
                    Tapajos Rivers,                     Paran‡ River,
                    Brazil. A                           Brazil. The
                    beautiful color                     smaller river is
                    infrared                            the Paranapanema
                    photograph that                     entering the
                    shows the                           Paran‡ from the
                    dynamics of                         east, just south
                    humans and nature                   of the dam site.
                    in this                             
                    particular scene.                   
                    The city of                         
                    Santarem is                         
                    observed at the                     
                    main junction of                    
                    these two major                     
                    Brazilian rivers.                   

                                                        

  STS065-95-085     Large sediment    STS065-74-053     Lake Valencia
                    swirl (eddy) in                     situated between
                    the Gulf of                         the cities of
                    Venezuela. Raises                   Valencia (west)
                    the questions,                      and Maracay
                    What is the                         (east),
                    origin of the                       Venezuela. The
                    sediment and                        northern half of
                    where will the                      the lake shows a
                    sediment finally                    highly reflective
                    be deposited?                       material which
                                                        could be an oily
                                                        substance or some
                                                        other type of
                                                        pollutant.
  ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- -----------------

**Africa**

Left: Right:

  ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- -------------------
  STS065-75-020     Agricultural                        
                    land-use patterns                   
                    along the Niger                     
                    River between the                   
                    Inland Delta and                    
                    the capital city                    
                    of Bamako, Mali.                    

                                                        

  STS065-84-014     The southern      STS065-84-038     Graphic evidence of
                    basin of Lake                       delta building into
                    Chad appears to                     the northern end of
                    be maintaining a                    Lake Turkana,
                    steady-state                        Kenya. Earth
                    condition, in                       scientists are
                    terms of water                      constantly
                    level in this                       measuring through
                    part of the lake.                   photogrammetric
                    Large sand dunes                    techniques the rate
                    are very much in                    of sediment
                    evidence along                      deposition in the
                    the northeastern                    Omo River Delta in
                    shoreline of the                    northern Kenya. The
                    lake.                               rate of in-filling
                                                        is so dramatic that
                                                        changes can be
                                                        ascertained
                                                        visually on an
                                                        annual basis.

                                                        

  STS065-76-011,                      STS065-99-003,    

  STS065-99-007,                      & STS065-105-010  

  Synoptic                                              
  (high-oblique)                                        
  and near-vertical                                     
  views of smoke                                        
  through central                                       
  and east-central                                      
  Africa,                                               
  specifically the                                      
  countries of                                          
  Za•re, Zambia,                                        
  Tanzania,                                             
  Mozambique, and                                       
  South Africa.                                         

                                                        

  STS065-97-024                       & STS065-97-027   

  Lake Eyasi,                                           
  Tanzania. Three                                       
  major features                                        
  are visible on                                        
  these two                                             
  photographs: Lake                                     
  Eyasi, Lake                                           
  Manyara, and                                          
  Ngorongoro                                            
  Crater. The two                                       
  lakes help to                                         
  illustrate the                                        
  drought                                               
  conditions that                                       
  exist in                                              
  east-central                                          
  Africa. Lake                                          
  Eyasi, for                                            
  example, is no                                        
  longer a                                              
  water-filled                                          
  lake; it is                                           
  completely dried                                      
  up. The southern                                      
  half of Lake                                          
  Manyara also has                                      
  no water.                                             

                                                        

  STS065-108-045                      & STS065-108-046  

  Diverse land-use                                      
  photographs of                                        
  South Africa.                                         
  These photos are                                      
  dominated by                                          
  large                                                 
  agricultural                                          
  field patterns                                        
  (even some                                            
  center-pivot                                          
  irrigation);                                          
  tailings (or                                          
  spoil banks) from                                     
  mining                                                
  activities; the                                       
  Sand River, which                                     
  passes through                                        
  the city of                                           
  Virginia; and                                         
  Erfenis Dam and                                       
  Reservoir. The                                        
  other major city                                      
  that is visible                                       
  on frame 046 is                                       
  Welkom.                                               

                                                        

  STS065-84-061     Betsiboka         STS065-84-091     Toliara
                    Estuary,                            (TulŽarÑseaport),
                    Madagascar. This                    Madagascar. Silt
                    is a particularly                   being carried by
                    interesting                         the Fiherenana
                    picture because                     River is gradually
                    the quantity of                     building a delta
                    sediment that is                    near the small port
                    being transported                   city of TulŽar
                    through the river                   (located on the
                    at this time is                     south side of the
                    almost                              riverÕs mouth). The
                    negligible.                         near-shore reefs
                                                        seem to be
                                                        providing a
                                                        protective barrier
                                                        for the further
                                                        development of the
                                                        delta. The highly
                                                        silted, braided
                                                        streambed is
                                                        typical of streams
                                                        in arid to semiarid
                                                        climatic areas.
  ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- -------------------

**Southeast Asia, Australia, and Conclusion**

Left: Right:

  ------------------- ----------------- ----------------- -----------------
  STS065-85-037                         & STS065-101-081  

  Southern Taiwan.                                        
  Frame 081 shows the                                     
  southern tip of                                         
  this island nation                                      
  (albeit an                                              
  elongated rendition                                     
  caused by the look                                      
  direction/angle).                                       
  Frame 037 is a                                          
  250-mm shot of the                                      
  general area around                                     
  the city of Taitung                                     
  located along the                                       
  southeastern coast                                      
  of Taiwan. Because                                      
  of the mountainous                                      
  nature of this                                          
  country, all of the                                     
  relatively flat                                         
  lowlands are used                                       
  for agriculture,                                        
  commerce, and                                           
  residential                                             
  purposes.                                               

                                                          

  STS065-85-032       Southeast coast   STS065-71-053     Northeast coast,
                      of China. This                      Kalimantan
                      photograph is a                     Province,
                      classic shot of                     Indonesia (on the
                      the southeast                       island of
                      coast of China.                     Borneo). This
                      It is located                       area of the world
                      approximately 60                    can best be
                      miles to the                        described as
                      northeast of the                    undergoing
                      city of Shantou.                    dramatic and
                      Serrated                            rapid
                      coastlines with                     transitionÑfrom
                      numerous sandy                      dense jungle to
                      beaches and many                    assorted land
                      inlets and bays,                    uses. If you look
                      as well as                          closely at the
                      offshore islands,                   island of
                      extend over a                       Tarakan, located
                      thousand miles                      near the mouth of
                      along the                           the Sesajap
                      southeast coast                     River, youÕll
                      of mainland                         note large areas
                      China.                              that have already
                                                          been developed.
                                                          This is an area
                                                          that is rich in
                                                          natural
                                                          resources; e.g.,
                                                          oil has already
                                                          been discovered
                                                          along this
                                                          coastline and
                                                          exploitation/
                                                          production is
                                                          only now
                                                          beginning. With
                                                          the Indonesian
                                                          government
                                                          encouraging the
                                                          resettlement of
                                                          their huge
                                                          population to
                                                          sparsely
                                                          populated
                                                          outlying islands,
                                                          economic and
                                                          industrial
                                                          development is
                                                          just getting
                                                          under way in this
                                                          part of the
                                                          Pacific Rim.

                                                          

  STS065-98-039                         & STS065-98-040   

  Northeast coast of                                      
  Vietnam (near                                           
  Hanoi). These                                           
  companion                                               
  photographs show                                        
  the extensive delta                                     
  that the Red River                                      
  has built up over                                       
  thousands of years.                                     
  The recent                                              
  monsoonal rains                                         
  over this area are                                      
  probably the cause                                      
  of the very large                                       
  sediment plumes                                         
  that can be seen in                                     
  both photographs.                                       

                                                          

  STS065-112-035,                       STS065-112-037,   

  STS065-112-042,                       & STS065-112-043  

  Southern coastal                                        
  area of West New                                        
  Guinea, Indonesia.                                      
  These four color                                        
  infrared                                                
  photographs present                                     
  unique spectral                                         
  data. The color                                         
  infrared film                                           
  captures the                                            
  isolation and                                           
  primitive nature of                                     
  this very remote                                        
  and inhospitable                                        
  geographic area                                         
  (Dolak Island area                                      
  of West New                                             
  Guinea). Solid                                          
  mangrove stands                                         
  (depicted as a                                          
  solid and uniform                                       
  red) are clearly                                        
  observed along the                                      
  shores of several                                       
  peninsulas in the                                       
  area. The very dark                                     
  to black areas are                                      
  extremely swampy                                        
  and marshy. The                                         
  only evidence to                                        
  suggest that human                                      
  beings have ever                                        
  been through this                                       
  area is a highly                                        
  reflective linear                                       
  feature that is                                         
  probably a recently                                     
  constructed                                             
  pipeline. This                                          
  pipeline seems to                                       
  terminate on the                                        
  western bank of the                                     
  Bian River.                                             

                                                          

  STS065-81-008       Smoke palls,      STS065-78-068     Lake Eyre Basin,
                      Melville Island,                    South Australia.
                      Northern                            Beautiful view of
                      Australia. Late                     both the north
                      winter burning in                   and south parts
                      northern                            of the Lake Eyre
                      Australia is                        Basin, located in
                      captured by this                    south-central
                      oblique color                       Australia.
                      photograph of the                   Virtually no
                      extreme northern                    water can be seen
                      coastal area                        in any part of
                      which includes                      this basin.
                      the Cobourg                         
                      Peninsula, as                       
                      well as Melville                    
                      and Bathurst                        
                      Islands. These                      
                      fires were                          
                      probably set                        
                      intentionally to                    
                      renew pasture                       
                      land for grazing                    
                      under open-canopy                   
                      woodland. In                        
                      contrast to some                    
                      other tropical                      
                      regions (e.g.,                      
                      Madagascar and                      
                      Indonesia), no                      
                      soil erosion (in                    
                      the form of                         
                      sediment plumes)                    
                      is visible on                       
                      this photograph.                    
  ------------------- ----------------- ----------------- -----------------

**[Islands Sighted From STS-65]{.underline}**

STS065-75-062 Caicos

STS065-77-010 &\
STS065-96-014 Hawaii

STS065-77-048 Hainan

STS065-77-073 Timor

STS065-77-080 Badu & Moa, Torres Strait

STS065-80-054 Iwo Jima

STS065-81-006 Tanimbar, Banda Sea

STS065-81-007 Melville Island, burning

STS065-85-023 Bikini

STS065-85-051 Atoll formation in Fiji IslandsÑ\
Moala, Totoya, & Navatu Reef

STS065-85-092 Indonesian island w. reef

STS065-92-026 Nuku Hiva, Marquesas

STS065-92-030 Hiva Oa & Tahuata

STS065-92-041 Easter Island

STS065-92-048 Louisiade Archipelago

STS065-93-009 Andaman island

STS065-93-028 &\
STS065-107-032\
(CIRÑbetter) Sawu, Indonesia

STS065-93-032 Malcolm Atoll, Maldives

STS065-93-095 Arrecife Alacr‡n (off Yucat‡n)

STS065-94-001\~003 Atolls in Tuamotu Archipelago

STS065-94-041 Reefs near Sulawesi

STS065-94-072\~075 Andros, Bahamas

STS065-95-012 Mapia, Indonesia

STS065-95-037 3 slivers (14.8¡ S, 123¡ E)

STS065-95-072 Mayotte, Comoros

STS065-96-007 Oahu

STS065-96-011 Maui

STS065-98-054 Iheya-shima & Izena-shima near Okinawa

STS065-98-070 Tokuno-shima

STS065-98-071 Amami-o-shima

STS065-98-078 Unnamed (17.7¡ N, 171.7¡ E)

STS065-98-085 Unnamed (0.7¡ S, 153.9¡ W)

STS065-100-021 St. Kitts

STS065-100-024 Antigua

STS065-101-062 Pearl & Hermes Reef

STS065-102-087 Abaiang & Tarawa

STS065-102-086\~091 Whole Gilbert chain

STS065-104-045 & 046 Guadalupe

STS065-106-017,\
019, & 021 Matahiva, Rangiroa, & Tikahau, Tuamotu

STS065-106-044 Yap, Carolines

STS065-106-061 Ayu, Halmahera (on ONC L-12)

STS065-106-068 Pulau Numfoor

STS065-107-083 & 085 Flores, Indonesia

STS065-112-010 2 little islands (0.1¡ S, 126.5¡ E)

**Justin Wilkinson**

**South America**

Left: Right:

  ----------------- -------------------- ----------------- -----------------
  STS065-102-038    South-looking view   STS065-102-003    Fires in the
                    along the axis of                      ranges along the
                    the Andean Altiplano                   eastern edge of
                                                           the Altiplano in
                                                           Bolivia

                                                           

  STS065-87-045     R'o Beni headwaters                    
                    in Bolivia on the                      
                    eastern edge of the                    
                    Altiplano                              

                                                           

  STS065-102-012    Dust plumes blowing  STS065-102-008    Dust plumes
                    from the R'o                           blowing from the
                    Parapeti in the                        R'o Grande in the
                    lowland Chaco Plain                    lowland Chaco
                    of southern Bolivia                    Plain of southern
                                                           Bolivia

                                                           

  STS065-102-031    South-looking view   STS065-105-056    The island of S‹o
                    along southeast                        Sebasti‹o near
                    coast of Brazil,                       S‹o Paulo, with
                    showing smoke and                      smoke and
                    smoke haze                             pollution plumes

                                                           

  STS065-100-059    Multiple threads of  STS065-97-094     The
                    the vast Amazon                        transportation
                    River produce a fine                   network radiating
                    rendering of a                         from the north
                    pattern known as                       Indian city of
                    Òanastomosing,Ó in                     Agra is more
                    contrast to                            easily detected
                    meandering, braided,                   than the city
                    and straight                           itself. The city
                    patterns.                              lies on the banks
                                                           of the Yamuna
                                                           River, whose
                                                           meanders,
                                                           however, are easy
                                                           to see.

                                                           

  STS065-99-094     Upper R'o Beni       -STS065-109-090   This CIR view
                    Valley, Peru,                          shows the white
                    showing intense                        water of a river
                    meanders,                              (?) in the Amazon
                    rectangular lakes                      Basin and the
                    known as                               clear (black)
                    *lagosÊcuadrados,*                     water in cut‑off
                    and ancient courses                    meanders of the
                    of the river                           same river. These
                                                           changing
                                                           environments
                                                           provide locations
                                                           where speciation
                                                           can occur at
                                                           different rates.

                                                           

  STS065-101-029    Silting in the upper STS065-100-077    Fields and
                    end of the                             possibly
                    Sobradinho                             associated
                    Reservoir,\                            ÒhairpinÓ dunes
                    Rio S‹o Francisco,                     along the shore
                    northeastern Brazil                    of the great
                                                           Sobradinho
                                                           Reservoir,\
                                                           Rio S‹o
                                                           Francisco,
                                                           northeastern
                                                           Brazil
  ----------------- -------------------- ----------------- -----------------

**Africa**

Left: Right:

  ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- -----------------
  STS065-102-092    The air in the    STS065-95-053     Tendrils of dust
                    Sahara Desert is                    can be seen
                    often very clear.                   rising from the
                    This view shows                     Sahara Desert
                    the Air Mountains                   floor in
                    partly obscured                     south-central
                    by dust at high                     Algeria at the
                    altitudes.                          starting point of
                                                        a dust pall that
                                                        ultimately
                                                        stretched to the
                                                        Western
                                                        Hemisphere.

                                                        

  STS065-102-095    Emi Koussi        STS065-97-049     An island in the
                    Volcano in the                      Bahama chain,
                    Tibesti Massif,                     under dust which
                    in the                              has blown from
                    borderlands                         the Sahara Desert
                    between Chad and                    
                    Libya, rises                        
                    above 11 000                        
                    feet. Here dust                     
                    obscures details                    
                    usually visible                     
                    from low Earth                      
                    orbit, indicating                   
                    that the dust                       
                    layer is                            
                    unusually thick.                    

                                                        

  STS065-98-019     In this           STS065-97-048     Dust emanating
                    south-looking                       from the Sahara
                    view, Saharan                       can be seen here
                    dust obscures the                   along the horizon
                    horizon over the                    obscuring the
                    Bahama Islands,                     shallow banks
                    thousands of                        (light blue) east
                    kilometers from                     of Great Exuma
                    its source. Cat                     Island and the
                    Island appears in                   darker blue water
                    the foreground                      of the Tongue of
                    (left), Great                       the Ocean.
                    Exuma Island in                     
                    the midground,                      
                    and, beyond, the                    
                    dark blue water                     
                    of the ocean                        
                    abyss known as                      
                    the Tongue of the                   
                    Ocean.                              

                                                        

  STS065-108-032    This CIR view     STS065-106-079    Linear sand dunes
                    shows the                           in central
                    devegetation that                   Algeria change
                    has taken place                     their orientation
                    in the rural                        to conform to the
                    ghettoes of                         formative winds.
                    northeastern                        
                    SouthÊAfrica.                       

  STS065-111-023    The northeast end STS035-84-013     Regional view of
                    of Lake Bangweulu                   Lake Bangweulu
                    in northern                         
                    Zambia displays                     
                    several parallel                    
                    beach ridges,                       
                    which make this                     
                    lake distinctive                    
                    from low Earth                      
                    orbit.                              

  STS065-111-017    The largest lake                    
                    in this view is                     
                    Lake Upemba in                      
                    southern Za•re,                     
                    one in a series                     
                    of lakes                            
                    occupying a                         
                    branch rift on                      
                    the west side of                    
                    the major East                      
                    African Rift                        
                    Valley System.                      
                    Large areas of                      
                    swampland can be                    
                    seen in the                         
                    picture. The                        
                    small river                         
                    snaking through                     
                    the swampland is                    
                    the headwater of                    
                    the Za•re (Congo)                   
                    River.                              
  ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- -----------------

**Mary Fae McKay**

**Introduction, Cities, and Islands**

Left: Right:

+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| STS065-72-047   | Tampico without | & STS065-72-048 | Tampico in      |
|                 | sunglint        |                 | sunglint        |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| In this pair of |                 |                 |                 |
| photographs, we |                 |                 |                 |
| again see the   |                 |                 |                 |
| additional      |                 |                 |                 |
| information     |                 |                 |                 |
| provided by     |                 |                 |                 |
| different       |                 |                 |                 |
| angles of       |                 |                 |                 |
| reflection. The |                 |                 |                 |
| diffuse         |                 |                 |                 |
| sunlight        |                 |                 |                 |
| delineates some |                 |                 |                 |
| of the many     |                 |                 |                 |
| coastal         |                 |                 |                 |
| lagoons; the    |                 |                 |                 |
| directly        |                 |                 |                 |
| reflected       |                 |                 |                 |
| sunlight        |                 |                 |                 |
| delineates      |                 |                 |                 |
| others. \[Along |                 |                 |                 |
| the two rivers  |                 |                 |                 |
| that empty into |                 |                 |                 |
| the Gulf of     |                 |                 |                 |
| Mexico through  |                 |                 |                 |
| this coastal    |                 |                 |                 |
| city are Laguna |                 |                 |                 |
| de Altamira,    |                 |                 |                 |
| Laguna          |                 |                 |                 |
| Tortugas,       |                 |                 |                 |
| Laguna de       |                 |                 |                 |
| Tames, Laguna   |                 |                 |                 |
| de Chairel, and |                 |                 |                 |
| Laguna de       |                 |                 |                 |
| Pueblo Viejo.\] |                 |                 |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 |                 |                 |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| STS065-74-039   | MŽrida.         | STS065-93-095   | Arrecife        |
|                 | Although it     |                 | Alacr‡n. This   |
|                 | shows no        |                 | reef, about     |
|                 | evidence of the |                 | 90Ênautical     |
|                 | Chicxulub       |                 | miles due north |
|                 | Impact that may |                 | of Merida, is   |
|                 | have brought    |                 | beyond the      |
|                 | about the       |                 | outer rim of    |
|                 | extinction of   |                 | Chicxulub       |
|                 | the dinosaurs   |                 | Impact Crater.  |
|                 | 65Êmillion      |                 | The main reef   |
|                 | years ago, this |                 | consists of     |
|                 | is a good       |                 | coral heads,    |
|                 | photograph of   |                 | many of which   |
|                 | MŽrida, a town  |                 | are always dry  |
|                 | that arose in   |                 | and with those  |
|                 | the ancient     |                 | awash form a    |
|                 | human culture   |                 | compact mass.   |
|                 | of the Mayans,  |                 |                 |
|                 | perhaps 1000    |                 |                 |
|                 | years ago.      |                 |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 |                 |                 |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| STS065-88-001   | Rio de Janeiro. | STS065-105-053  | S‹o Paulo. The  |
|                 | TheÊmost famous |                 | even more       |
|                 | port city of    |                 | populous,       |
|                 | Brazil, with a  |                 | inland city of  |
|                 | population of   |                 | S‹o Paulo       |
|                 | 11.6Êmillion    |                 | (16.7Êmillion)  |
|                 | people, shows   |                 | is surrounded   |
|                 | off many of its |                 | by reservoirs   |
|                 | features in     |                 | and cut by      |
|                 | this clear      |                 | channelized     |
|                 | view:           |                 | rivers that run |
|                 | Governador      |                 | *west,* blocked |
|                 | Island in the   |                 | from the nearer |
|                 | Bay of          |                 | Atlantic Ocean  |
|                 | Guanabara is    |                 | by the coastal  |
|                 | connected to    |                 | escarpment on   |
|                 | the rest of the |                 | this trailing   |
|                 | world via       |                 | edge of the     |
|                 | Aeroporto       |                 | South American  |
|                 | Gale‹o on its   |                 | continent. But  |
|                 | western side    |                 | what is most    |
|                 | and is          |                 | interesting in  |
|                 | connected with  |                 | this photograph |
|                 | the city of Rio |                 | of S‹oÊPaulo is |
|                 | by a cable car  |                 | the smoke       |
|                 | that terminates |                 | blowing into    |
|                 | on Morro do     |                 | the city from   |
|                 | Dende on its    |                 | biomass burning |
|                 | eastern side.   |                 | in nearby       |
|                 | The Ponte Rio   |                 | agricultural    |
|                 | Niter---i       |                 | areas.          |
|                 | connects the    |                 |                 |
|                 | cities of Rio   |                 |                 |
|                 | de Janeiro and  |                 |                 |
|                 | Niter---i.      |                 |                 |
|                 | Several hills   |                 |                 |
|                 | interrupt the   |                 |                 |
|                 | cityÑMorro do   |                 |                 |
|                 | Caric---, Morro |                 |                 |
|                 | do In‡cio Dias, |                 |                 |
|                 | Pico da Tijœca, |                 |                 |
|                 | Morro da        |                 |                 |
|                 | Taquara, Pedra  |                 |                 |
|                 | da G‡vea \[In   |                 |                 |
|                 | Portuguese, the |                 |                 |
|                 | preposition     |                 |                 |
|                 | *do* or *da* is |                 |                 |
|                 | the possessive  |                 |                 |
|                 | ÒofÓ;           |                 |                 |
|                 | whereas*de*     |                 |                 |
|                 | means ÒofÓ in   |                 |                 |
|                 | the sense of    |                 |                 |
|                 | Òmaterial or    |                 |                 |
|                 | place.Ó\],      |                 |                 |
|                 | Morro do        |                 |                 |
|                 | C---crane,      |                 |                 |
|                 | Corcovado, and  |                 |                 |
|                 | P‹o de Aœcar,   |                 |                 |
|                 | theÊlandmark    |                 |                 |
|                 | Sugar Loaf. The |                 |                 |
|                 | beaches of      |                 |                 |
|                 | Copacabana and  |                 |                 |
|                 | Ipanema can be  |                 |                 |
|                 | seen, as can    |                 |                 |
|                 | many ships in   |                 |                 |
|                 | the Bay of      |                 |                 |
|                 | Guanabara.      |                 |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 |                 |                 |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| STS065-72-010   | Abu Dhabi, the  | STS065-72-062   | Medina, Saudi   |
|                 | capital city of |                 | Arabia, centers |
|                 | the United Arab |                 | on a large      |
|                 | Emirates, is a  |                 | white mosque    |
|                 | nice clear      |                 | area and is     |
|                 | picture to add  |                 | surrounded by   |
|                 | to our          |                 | fingers of      |
|                 | collection of   |                 | black volcanic  |
|                 | capital city    |                 | rock.           |
|                 | photos.         |                 |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 |                 |                 |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| STS065-100-011  | Port-au-Prince, |                 |                 |
|                 | the capital of  |                 |                 |
|                 | Haiti, sits in  |                 |                 |
|                 | a valley at the |                 |                 |
|                 | head of a bay.  |                 |                 |
|                 | Haiti occupies  |                 |                 |
|                 | the western     |                 |                 |
|                 | third of the    |                 |                 |
|                 | island of       |                 |                 |
|                 | Hispaniola,     |                 |                 |
|                 | which was named |                 |                 |
|                 | by Columbus on  |                 |                 |
|                 | his first       |                 |                 |
|                 | voyage. A       |                 |                 |
|                 | museum in       |                 |                 |
|                 | Port-au-Prince  |                 |                 |
|                 | holds the       |                 |                 |
|                 | anchor from the |                 |                 |
|                 | *SantaÊMar'a,*  |                 |                 |
|                 | and a church in |                 |                 |
|                 | Santo Domingo,  |                 |                 |
|                 | the capital of  |                 |                 |
|                 | the Dominican   |                 |                 |
|                 | Republic, which |                 |                 |
|                 | occupies the    |                 |                 |
|                 | eastern         |                 |                 |
|                 | two-thirds of   |                 |                 |
|                 | Hispaniola,     |                 |                 |
|                 | holds the       |                 |                 |
|                 | reputed remains |                 |                 |
|                 | of Columbus     |                 |                 |
|                 | himself. The    |                 |                 |
|                 | border is       |                 |                 |
|                 | marked by       |                 |                 |
|                 | Saum‰tre Lake,  |                 |                 |
|                 | inhabited by    |                 |                 |
|                 | crocodiles. The |                 |                 |
|                 | political       |                 |                 |
|                 | violence Haiti  |                 |                 |
|                 | is currently    |                 |                 |
|                 | experiencing is |                 |                 |
|                 | nothing new.    |                 |                 |
|                 | The Spaniards   |                 |                 |
|                 | killed all of   |                 |                 |
|                 | the native      |                 |                 |
|                 | Arawak Indians  |                 |                 |
|                 | and started to  |                 |                 |
|                 | import Africans |                 |                 |
|                 | for plantation  |                 |                 |
|                 | slaves, a       |                 |                 |
|                 | practice        |                 |                 |
|                 | continued by    |                 |                 |
|                 | the French,     |                 |                 |
|                 | after they were |                 |                 |
|                 | ceded the       |                 |                 |
|                 | western portion |                 |                 |
|                 | of the island   |                 |                 |
|                 | in 1697. The    |                 |                 |
|                 | spirit of the   |                 |                 |
|                 | French          |                 |                 |
|                 | Revolution      |                 |                 |
|                 | fueled slave    |                 |                 |
|                 | rebellions, and |                 |                 |
|                 | in 1804 ÒHaiti  |                 |                 |
|                 | became the      |                 |                 |
|                 | second country  |                 |                 |
|                 | in the New      |                 |                 |
|                 | World to        |                 |                 |
|                 | declare its     |                 |                 |
|                 | independence    |                 |                 |
|                 | and the worldÕs |                 |                 |
|                 | first black     |                 |                 |
|                 | republic.Ó[^1]  |                 |                 |
|                 | But divisive    |                 |                 |
|                 | politics led to |                 |                 |
|                 | a series of     |                 |                 |
|                 | dictatorships,  |                 |                 |
|                 | including that  |                 |                 |
|                 | of ÒPapa DocÓ   |                 |                 |
|                 | and ÒBaby DocÓ  |                 |                 |
|                 | Duvalier, from  |                 |                 |
|                 | 1957 to 1986.   |                 |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 |                 |                 |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| STS065-75-062   | An excellent    |                 |                 |
|                 | picture the     |                 |                 |
|                 | islands that    |                 |                 |
|                 | make up Caicos: |                 |                 |
|                 | West Caicos,    |                 |                 |
|                 | Providenciales  |                 |                 |
|                 | ( or Provo),    |                 |                 |
|                 | North Caicos,   |                 |                 |
|                 | Grand Caicos,   |                 |                 |
|                 | East Caicos,    |                 |                 |
|                 | and South       |                 |                 |
|                 | Caicos.         |                 |                 |
|                 | Together with   |                 |                 |
|                 | Grand Turk and  |                 |                 |
|                 | Salt Cay, these |                 |                 |
|                 | islands make up |                 |                 |
|                 | a U.K.          |                 |                 |
|                 | dependency near |                 |                 |
|                 | the end of the  |                 |                 |
|                 | Bahamas chain   |                 |                 |
|                 | that is a fine, |                 |                 |
|                 | u               |                 |                 |
|                 | ncommercialized |                 |                 |
|                 | vacation spot.  |                 |                 |
|                 |                 |                 |                 |
|                 | ÒWhile San      |                 |                 |
|                 | Salvador in the |                 |                 |
|                 | Bahamas claims  |                 |                 |
|                 | to have been    |                 |                 |
|                 | the first to    |                 |                 |
|                 | bear ColumbusÕ  |                 |                 |
|                 | footprints,     |                 |                 |
|                 | Turks & Caicos  |                 |                 |
|                 | present their   |                 |                 |
|                 | own evidence    |                 |                 |
|                 | that it was     |                 |                 |
|                 | actually here   |                 |                 |
|                 | \[East Caicos\] |                 |                 |
|                 | he made his     |                 |                 |
|                 | first stop. But |                 |                 |
|                 | there is no     |                 |                 |
|                 | argument when   |                 |                 |
|                 | it comes to     |                 |                 |
|                 | another Ôfirst  |                 |                 |
|                 | landing,Õ one   |                 |                 |
|                 | by astronaut    |                 |                 |
|                 | John Glenn who  |                 |                 |
|                 | made his first  |                 |                 |
|                 | landfall on     |                 |                 |
|                 | Grand Turk for  |                 |                 |
|                 | debriefing      |                 |                 |
|                 | after his       |                 |                 |
|                 | historic 1962   |                 |                 |
|                 | space           |                 |                 |
|                 | mi              |                 |                 |
|                 | ssion.Ó[^2]^\*^ |                 |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 |                 |                 |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| STS065-100-021  | The             | STS065-100-024  | Both Columbus   |
|                 | Commonwealth    |                 | and Nelson      |
|                 | Nation of St.   |                 | visited nearby  |
|                 | Christopher     |                 | Antigua,        |
|                 | (St.            |                 | Columbus naming |
|                 | Kitts)-Nevis is |                 | it in 1493 and  |
|                 | seen in its     |                 | Nelson, then a  |
|                 | entirety in     |                 | captain, giving |
|                 | this photo.     |                 | his name to the |
|                 | These islands   |                 | dockyard on the |
|                 | were also named |                 | promontory      |
|                 | by Columbus, on |                 | between English |
|                 | his second      |                 | Harbour and     |
|                 | voyage, \[the   |                 | Falmouth        |
|                 | larger island   |                 | Harbour, where  |
|                 | for his patron  |                 | he was          |
|                 | saint, the      |                 | stationed from  |
|                 | smaller island  |                 | 1784 to 1787.   |
|                 | ÒLas NievesÓ    |                 | The deep and    |
|                 | for the cloud   |                 | protected       |
|                 | covering of its |                 | English Harbour |
|                 | central peak,   |                 | was used by the |
|                 | which looked to |                 | British         |
|                 | him like        |                 | throughout the  |
|                 | snow.\] Its     |                 | 18th and 19th   |
|                 | capital is      |                 | centuries.      |
|                 | Basseterre on   |                 | Antigua,        |
|                 | the larger      |                 | holding the     |
|                 | island,         |                 | capital city of |
|                 | St.ÊKitts.      |                 | St. JohnÕs, is  |
|                 | These islands   |                 | half of the     |
|                 | are volcanic in |                 | Commonwealth    |
|                 | origin. On St.  |                 | Nation of       |
|                 | Kitts we can    |                 | Antigua and     |
|                 | see theÊcrater  |                 | Barbuda.        |
|                 | of Mt.ÊLiamuiga |                 | Antigua &       |
|                 | (the Carib      |                 | Barbuda are two |
|                 | nativesÕ name   |                 | of the Leeward  |
|                 | for the island, |                 | Islands in the  |
|                 | which means     |                 | Lesser          |
|                 | Òfertile        |                 | Antilles.       |
|                 | landÓ). Perhaps |                 |                 |
|                 | we can see the  |                 |                 |
|                 | location of     |                 |                 |
|                 | Brimstone Hill  |                 |                 |
|                 | fortress, built |                 |                 |
|                 | and fought over |                 |                 |
|                 | by the French   |                 |                 |
|                 | and British as  |                 |                 |
|                 | they spread     |                 |                 |
|                 | their influence |                 |                 |
|                 | to nearby       |                 |                 |
|                 | islands. \[It   |                 |                 |
|                 | has given the   |                 |                 |
|                 | island the name |                 |                 |
|                 | ÒGibraltar of   |                 |                 |
|                 | the West        |                 |                 |
|                 | IndiesÓ and the |                 |                 |
|                 | peak theÊname   |                 |                 |
|                 | ÒM              |                 |                 |
|                 | ountÊMisery.Ó\] |                 |                 |
|                 |                 |                 |                 |
|                 | Alexander       |                 |                 |
|                 | Hamilton was    |                 |                 |
|                 | born on Nevis,  |                 |                 |
|                 | as was the      |                 |                 |
|                 | bride of the    |                 |                 |
|                 | admiral Lord    |                 |                 |
|                 | Horatio Nelson. |                 |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 |                 |                 |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| STS065-101-062  | Near the        | STS065-92-041   | Although the    |
|                 | northwestern    |                 | dark,           |
|                 | end of the      |                 | presumably      |
|                 | Hawaiian Island |                 | vegetated, area |
|                 | chain and long  |                 | isnÕt shown on  |
|                 | past the hot    |                 | the charts,     |
|                 | spot that       |                 | Easter Island   |
|                 | formed them is  |                 | is the only one |
|                 | Pearl and       |                 | near the Space  |
|                 | Hermes Reef.    |                 | ShuttleÕs       |
|                 |                 |                 | position when   |
|                 |                 |                 | this photo was  |
|                 |                 |                 | taken (21.3¡ S, |
|                 |                 |                 | 108.4¡ÊW).      |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 |                 |                 |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| STS065-85-051   | Atoll formation |                 |                 |
|                 | in the Fiji     |                 |                 |
|                 | Islands. In     |                 |                 |
|                 | this one photo, |                 |                 |
|                 | we see three    |                 |                 |
|                 | main stages in  |                 |                 |
|                 | the evolution   |                 |                 |
|                 | of an atoll:    |                 |                 |
|                 | Moala is a      |                 |                 |
|                 | volcanic island |                 |                 |
|                 | fringed by a    |                 |                 |
|                 | coral reef.     |                 |                 |
|                 | Totoya is being |                 |                 |
|                 | invaded by a    |                 |                 |
|                 | lagoon, as the  |                 |                 |
|                 | island erodes,  |                 |                 |
|                 | collapses down  |                 |                 |
|                 | on itself, and  |                 |                 |
|                 | sinks under the |                 |                 |
|                 | weight added to |                 |                 |
|                 | it by the reef. |                 |                 |
|                 | The circular    |                 |                 |
|                 | Navatu Reef,    |                 |                 |
|                 | though small,   |                 |                 |
|                 | must once have  |                 |                 |
|                 | had an island   |                 |                 |
|                 | center.         |                 |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 |                 |                 |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| STS065-107-064  | Singapore.      |                 |                 |
|                 | Although        |                 |                 |
|                 | somewhat        |                 |                 |
|                 | cloudy, this is |                 |                 |
|                 | a better than   |                 |                 |
|                 | average photo   |                 |                 |
|                 | of the island   |                 |                 |
|                 | city of         |                 |                 |
|                 | Singapore,      |                 |                 |
|                 | separated by    |                 |                 |
|                 | the Johor       |                 |                 |
|                 | Strait from the |                 |                 |
|                 | Malay           |                 |                 |
|                 | Peninsula. Long |                 |                 |
|                 | a trade center  |                 |                 |
|                 | (official       |                 |                 |
|                 | languages are   |                 |                 |
|                 | Chinese, Malay, |                 |                 |
|                 | Indonesian, and |                 |                 |
|                 | English), this  |                 |                 |
|                 | independent     |                 |                 |
|                 | city-state is   |                 |                 |
|                 | one of the      |                 |                 |
|                 | Òeconomic       |                 |                 |
|                 | tigersÓ of East |                 |                 |
|                 | Asia.           |                 |                 |
|                 |                 |                 |                 |
|                 | \[Early in WWII |                 |                 |
|                 | the Japanese    |                 |                 |
|                 | were able to    |                 |                 |
|                 | take Singapore  |                 |                 |
|                 | from the        |                 |                 |
|                 | British,        |                 |                 |
|                 | because their   |                 |                 |
|                 | 15-inch guns    |                 |                 |
|                 | were pointed    |                 |                 |
|                 | toward the sea  |                 |                 |
|                 | and unable to   |                 |                 |
|                 | protect them    |                 |                 |
|                 | against the     |                 |                 |
|                 | Japanese        |                 |                 |
|                 | attack, which   |                 |                 |
|                 | came through    |                 |                 |
|                 | the jungles of  |                 |                 |
|                 | the Malay       |                 |                 |
|                 | Penin           |                 |                 |
|                 | sula.[^3]^\*\*^ |                 |                 |
|                 | \]              |                 |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 |                 |                 |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| STS065-102-087  | In the series   | STS065-106-068  | Pulau Numfoor,  |
|                 | STS065-102-086  |                 | near Irian      |
|                 | thru 091, the   |                 | Jaya, at 0.7¡   |
|                 | STS‑65 crew     |                 | S, 137.3¡ E,    |
|                 | photographed    |                 | has an          |
|                 | all the atolls  |                 | interesting     |
|                 | in the Gilbert  |                 | reef formation  |
|                 | Island          |                 | on its southern |
|                 | ch              |                 | end. \[It was   |
|                 | ainÑButaritari, |                 | captured by     |
|                 | Abaiang and     |                 | American and    |
|                 | Tarawa, Maiana, |                 | Australian      |
|                 | Abemama,        |                 | troops under    |
|                 | Nonouti, and    |                 | the command of  |
|                 | Tabiteuea. The  |                 | Gen. Douglas    |
|                 | Gilberts,       |                 | MacArthur 50    |
|                 | together with   |                 | years before    |
|                 | the Phoenix     |                 | the flight of   |
|                 | Islands and the |                 | STS-65, on July |
|                 | Line Islands,   |                 | 2, 1944.\]      |
|                 | make up the     |                 |                 |
|                 | Republic of     |                 |                 |
|                 | Kiribati. Its   |                 |                 |
|                 | capital,        |                 |                 |
|                 | Bairiki, is on  |                 |                 |
|                 | Tarawa Atoll.   |                 |                 |
|                 | \[At great      |                 |                 |
|                 | expense of life |                 |                 |
|                 | on both sides,  |                 |                 |
|                 | Tarawa was      |                 |                 |
|                 | taken from the  |                 |                 |
|                 | Japanese by     |                 |                 |
|                 | U.S. Marines on |                 |                 |
|                 | November 23,    |                 |                 |
|                 | 1943.\]         |                 |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 |                 |                 |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| STS065-106-044  | Yap, Carolines, | STS065-80-054   | Iwo Jima sports |
|                 | became          |                 | a huge          |
|                 | internationally |                 | airfield. \[On  |
|                 | important in    |                 | February 23,    |
|                 | the early 1900s |                 | 1945, American  |
|                 | as a station    |                 | marines raised  |
|                 | for the cable   |                 | the U.S. flag   |
|                 | which ran       |                 | on Mt.          |
|                 | between the     |                 | Suribachi, but  |
|                 | U.S., the Dutch |                 | the island was  |
|                 | East Indies,    |                 | not secured     |
|                 | and Japan.      |                 | until March     |
|                 |                 |                 | 26.\]           |
|                 | \[During WWII,  |                 |                 |
|                 | U.S. planes     |                 |                 |
|                 | often bombed    |                 |                 |
|                 | Yap, although   |                 |                 |
|                 | it was only a   |                 |                 |
|                 | minor naval     |                 |                 |
|                 | base for the    |                 |                 |
|                 | Japanese.\]     |                 |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 |                 |                 |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| STS065-85-023   | Bikini Atoll is |                 |                 |
|                 | still ÒhotÓ     |                 |                 |
|                 | from tests of   |                 |                 |
|                 | the atomic bomb |                 |                 |
|                 | that blew ships |                 |                 |
|                 | right out of    |                 |                 |
|                 | the water in    |                 |                 |
|                 | the summer of   |                 |                 |
|                 | 1946.           |                 |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 |                 |                 |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| STS065-98-054   | These           |                 |                 |
|                 | attractive      |                 |                 |
|                 | Japanese        |                 |                 |
|                 | islands,        |                 |                 |
|                 | Iheya-shima &   |                 |                 |
|                 | Izena-shima,    |                 |                 |
|                 | show            |                 |                 |
|                 | development on  |                 |                 |
|                 | all the flats   |                 |                 |
|                 | between         |                 |                 |
|                 | forested peaks. |                 |                 |
|                 | In the tropical |                 |                 |
|                 | waters of the   |                 |                 |
|                 | Okinawa         |                 |                 |
|                 | Archipelago, at |                 |                 |
|                 | 27¡ÊN, 124¡ÊE,  |                 |                 |
|                 | they are        |                 |                 |
|                 | fringed by      |                 |                 |
|                 | coral reefs.    |                 |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+

**Sue Runco**

**Meteorology**

Left: Right:

  ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- -----------------
  STS065-71-071                       & STS065-71-069   

  Tropical Storm                                        
  Daniel, with                                          
  rings and outflow                                     
  clouds                                                

                                                        

  STS065-71-023     Dancing stratus   STS065-84-003     Spiral eddies in
                    clouds                              clouds

                                                        

  STS065-85-016     Meso-scale line   STS065-92-042     Collapsed
                    of thunderstorms                    thunderstorms

                                                        

  STS065-75-073     Thunderstorms at  STS065-99-079     Line in the
                    a convergence                       clouds
                    point, Puerto                       
                    Rico                                

                                                        

  STS065-79-003                       & STS065-97-055   

  Rents in the                                          
  clouds, possibly                                      
  ship wakes                                            
  ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- -----------------

**Kim Willis**

**Educational Outreach**

Left: Right:

STS065-72-004 & STS065-72-012

Nile River

The Nile River is one of the most widely known and studied rivers in the
world. The south-looking, low-oblique view spans the river from Lake
Nasser at the top of the photograph, to the agricultural area around Kom
Ombo at the center, to just before the bend of the Nile at Luxor. To the
right, or west of the Nile, is the Libyan Desert. Broad views such as
this on the left (STS065-72-004) can be complemented with more localized
views, such as the one on the right (STS065-72-012), which show greater
detail. Individual roads, airport runways, and smaller cities can easily
be discerned in the detailed view. Used together, such views are
excellent aids for the teaching of geography, geology, and history.

STS065-72-008 & STS065-72-009

Saudi Arabian pivot irrigation

Both photographs lend themselves easily to the development of critical
thinking skills in the classroom. Questions as simple as ÒWhat is the
source of the water for the pivots?Ó cause students to make observations
and to extrapolate beyond those observations. The pivot irrigation in
this area shows a wide variety of usage, from the almost
indistinguishable brown fallow pivots to the lush green vegetated ones.
The source of water for these pivots is fossil water, which is a finite
resource. It took around 10 000 years for nature to put the water there;
it will take humans about 50 years to exhaust the supply.

STS065-86-095 & STS065-92-014

Hurricane Emilia Eye of Hurricane Emilia

Hurricane Emilia was one of a series of three hurricanes which
threatened the Hawaiian Islands during the month of July. The winds in
Hurricane Emilia reached 150 miles per hour. Photographs such as these
illustrate the distinctive structure of a hurricane, from the eye at the
center to the spiral bands at the edge of the storm. These photographs
of Hurricane Emilia will greatly enhance our capability to compare and
contrast hurricanes and typhoons of differing magnitudes.

[^1]: ^\*^ Carrol B. Fleming,*Adventuring in the Caribbean* (San
    Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1989), p. 270.

[^2]: ^\*\*^ Larry Larsen and M. Timothy OÕKeefe, *Fish & Dive the
    Caribbean,* Vol. 1 (Lakeland, FL: LarsenÕs Outdoor Publishing), p.
    55.

    Other interesting information about the islands in the Caribbean can
    be found in Kay ShowkerÕs *The Outdoor TravelerÕs Guide Caribbean,*
    with photographs by Gerry Ellis (New York: Stewart, Tabori & Chang,
    1989).

[^3]: ^\*\*\*^ One good source of information about the War in the
    Pacific is *ReaderÕs Digest Illustrated Story of World War II*
    (Pleasantville, NY: ReaderÕs Digest Assn., 1969.