**Mediated Settlement Agreement for Sequoia National Forest,\
Section B. Giant Sequoia Groves**

**Master Bibliography**

In the process of data compilation for the evaluation of giant sequoia
groves under the Mediated Settlement Agreement, we compiled a digital
bibliography for giant sequoia groves on the Sequoia National Forest and
for the entire Sierra Nevada. This was done using the bibliographic
database program EndNote 2. This master bibliography consists of data
that we were not able to include in the printed report due to space
constraints. There are over 700 references on giant sequoia ecology and
management in the database and an output file of them follows. The data
are also contained in the \~ADDENDUM/\~A_C08DAT directory in three
formats: EndNote 2 database (GS_BIB.EN2), ASCII text (GS_BIB.TXT), and
Microsoft Word 6.0 (GS_BIB.DOC).

Agamirova, M. I. (1980). Growth and development of Cryptomeria japonica,
Sequoiadendron giganteum and Sequoia sempervirens on the Apsheron
Peninsula - Introduction studies. Biull. Gl. Bot. Sada. 115: 32-34.

Agee, J. K. and H. H. Biswell (1967). Christmas tree quality of white
fir understory in a giant sequoia forest. California Agriculture. 21:
2-3.

Agee, J. K. (1968). Fuel conditions in a giant sequoia grove and
surrounding plant communities, University of California, Berkeley.

Agee, J. K. and H. H. Biswell (1969). Seedling survival in a giant
sequoia forest. California Agriculture. 23: 18-19.

Agee, J. K. (1973). Prescribed fire effects on physical and hydrological
properties of mixed-conifer forest floor and soil, UC Berkeley School of
Forestry and Conservation, Water Resources Center.

Agee, J. K., R. H. Wakimoto, et al. (1978). Fire and fuel dynamics of
Sierra Nevada conifers. Forest Ecology and Management 1: 255-265.\
Litterfall, decomposition of fine fuel, calorific value of fuel and fuel
reduction by controlled burning were studied in plots in pure stands of
ponderosa pine, sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana), white fir (Abies
concolor), and giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) in California.
The implications of the results are discussed for fire management in
these forest types.

Akers, J. P. (1986). Ground water in Long Meadow area and its relation
with that in the General Sherman Tree area, Sequoia National Park,
California, US Geological Survey.

Albright, H. M. and F. J. Taylor (1957). How we saved the big trees.
Saturday Evening Post. February 7.

Alekseyev, V. A., A. K. Lavrukhina, et al. (1975). Variation in
radiocarbon content in the annual rings of sequoia (1890-1916).
Geokhimiya 5: 667-675.

Aley, T. J. (1963). Final report on the type mapping and regeneration
studies in the giant sequoia groves of Kings Canyon and Sequoia National
Parks.

Alvin, K. L. and M. C. Boulter (1974). A controlled method of
comparative study for Taxodiaceous leaf cuticles. Botanical Journal of
the Linnaeus Society 69(4): 277-286.

American, A. o. S. P. (1973). Field guidebook for Sequoia and Kings
Canyon National Parks; the national history, ecology and management of
the giant sequoias. Compiled by Richard J. Hartesvelt.

Anderson, R. H. (1944). The valley of giants. Trailways. 9: 6 pages.

Anderson, A. B., R. Riffer, et al. (1968). Chemistry of the genus
Sequoia-G V cyclitols from the heart wood of Sequoia-gigantea-G.
Phytochemistry 7(8): 1367-1371.

Anderson, R. S. (1988). Current research on the paleoecology and
biogeography of the giant sequoia in California\'s national parks.
George Wright Society\'s Fifth Triennial Conference on Research in the
National Parks and Equivalent Reserves.

Anderson, R. S. (1990). Modern pollen rain within and adjacent to two
giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) groves, Yosemite and Sequoia
National Parks, California. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20(9):
1289-1305.

Anderson, R. S. and S. J. Smith (1991). Paleoecology within
California\'s Sierra Nevada National Parks: an overview of the past and
prospectus for the future. Yosemite Centennial Symposium, El Portal,
California, Yosemite Association.

Anderson, R. S. (1992). Paleohistory of a giant sequoia grove: the
record from Log Meadow, Sequoia National Park. Symposium on Giant
Sequoias: Their Place in the Ecosystem and Society, Visalia, CA, USDA
Forest Service.

Anderson, M. A., R. C. Graham, et al. (1993). Late season soil water
status in a giant sequoia grove.

Anderson, K. (1993). Indian fire-based management in the sequoia-mixed
conifer forests of the central and southern Sierra Nevada.

Anderson, R. S. and S. J. Smith (1994). Paleoclimatic interpretations of
meadow sediment and pollen stratigraphies from California. Geology 22:
723-726.

Andrews, R. W. (1958). Redwood classic. Seattle, WA, Superior Publishing
Company.

Antevs, E. (1925). The big tree as a climatic measure. Carnegie
Institute of Washington Publication No. 352: 115-153.

Atchison, T. a. S. F. R. C. (191-). Big trees: Sequoia and General Grant
National Parks. The Railway. Chicago, IL.

Attwell, W. G. and A. M. Attwell (1977). An ancient giant speaks - a
legend of the giant sequoia. Monterey, CA, Angel Press.

Axelrod, D. I. (1956). Mio-Pliocene floras from west-central Nevada.
Berkeley, University of California Publications in Geological Sciences.
33: 1-322.

Axelrod, D. I. (1959). Late Cenozoic evolution of the Sierra big tree
forest. Evolution 13: 9-23.

Axelrod, D. I. (1962). A Pliocene Sequoiadendron forest from western
Nevada. Berkeley, University of California Publications of the
Geological Society. 39: 195-268.

Axelrod, D. I. (1976). History of the coniferous forests, California and
Nevada. Berkeley, University of California Publications in Botany. 70:
1-62.

Axelrod, D. I. (1986). The sierra redwood (Sequoiadendron) forest: end
of a dynasty. Geophytology 16(1): 25-36.

Baerlocher, F. and J. J. Oertli (1978a). Colonization of conifer needles
by aquatic hyphomycetes. Canadian Journal of Botany 56(1): 57-62.\
Dead needles of Abies alba, Pinus sylvestris, P. leucodermis and Sequoia
gigantea were immersed in a stream for 28 days and then examined for
conidiophores of aquatic hyphomycetes. These fungi colonize untreated
needles. Numbers of species and conidiophores were significantly higher
on needles treated with steam before immersion than on untreated
needles; both values were also higher on cut surfaces (mesophyll) than
on intact surfaces (epidermis with cuticle) of longitudinally halved
needles. Addition of untreated needle powder (Sequoia, P. leucodermis)
to malt extract agar depressed linear growth of pure cultures of 5
aquatic hyphomycetes \[Anquillospora pseudolongissima, Clavariopsis
aquatica, Lemonniera aquatica, Tetracladium marchalianum, Tricladium
angulatum\]. The inhibition persisted when a 0.1 .mu.m membrane filter
was placed between medium and fungal cultures. On water agar, by itself
unsuitable for growth, low doses of needle powder allowed growth of the
same fungi. At higher doses, inhibition again became predominant. Steam
distillation of needle powder yielded 3 fractions: solid residue,
soluble residue and steam distillate. Steam distillate did not influence
fungal growth on the 2 media, while the other 2 fractions supported
growth on water agar but did not lead to a clear dosage-effect curve on
malt extract agar

Baerlocher, F. and J. J. Oertli (1978b). Inhibitors of aquatic
hyphomycetes in dead conifer needles. Switz. Mycologia 70(5): 964-974.\
Needle powders of Pinus leucodermis and Sequoia gigantea were extracted
with petroleum ether, ethanol, methanol, or distilled water. After
evaporating the solvents, extracts and extracted powder were added to
nutrient medium to examine their effect on linear expansion of 5 aquatic
Hyphomycetes \[Anguillospora pseudolongissima, Clavariopsis aquatica,
Lemonnlera aquatica, Tetracladium marchalianum and Tricladium
angulatum\]. All extracts depressed fungal growth, the inhibition being
strongest with the 2 alcoholic extracts. The FeCl3 test indicated
phenolic compounds in the alcohol and water but not in the
petroleum-ether extracts. There was no correlation between the
colorimetrically determined phenol content of an extract and its
antifungal activity. Untreated needle powder strongly inhibited fungal
growth, as did petroleum-ether or water-extracted powder. By contrast,
alcohol-extracted powder did not inhibit fungal growth. The inhibitory
effect of methanol extract was much more pronounced at a pH range of
4.0-4.5 than at 5.5-6.5

Baker, R. S. B. (1943). The redwoods. London, England, George Ronald.

Bancroft, W. L., T. Nichols, et al. (1985). Evolution of the natural
fire program at Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Parks. Symposium and
workshop on wilderness fire, USDA Forest Service.

Bannan, M. W. (1966). Cell length and rate of anticlinal division in the
cambium of the sequoias. Canadian Journal of Botany 44(2): 209-218.

Barbee, R. D. (1968). Sequoia grove ecosystem administrative brief.

Barton, H. M. (1885). A trip to the Yosemite Valley, and the Mariposa
grove big trees, California. Dublin, University Press.

Batelka, J. and A. Dockal (1977). Some data on the development of
Sequoiadendron giganteum seedlings. Ziva 25(2): 51-52.

Becker, E. and D. D. Piirto (1980). Environmental assessment - McKinley
Grove compartment.

Been, F. (1938?). Big Tree (Sequoia gigantea) census survey report.

Beetham, N. M. (1961). The ecological tolerance range of the seedling
stage of Sequoia gigantea, Duke University.

Bellue, A. J. (1930a). A technical report on the Sequoia gigantea of
Mariposa Grove.

Bellue, A. J. (1930b). A technical report on the Sequoia gigantea of
Merced Grove.

Bellue, A. J. (1930c). A technical report on the Sequoia gigantea of
Tuolumne Grove.

Benson, N. J. (1985). Management of giant sequoia on Mountain Home
Demonstration State Forest. Workshop on Management of Giant Sequoia,
Reedley, CA, USDA Forest Service.

Berland, O. (1963). Giant forest\'s reservation: the legend and the
mystery. San Francisco, CA.

Berry, E. W. (1923). Tree ancestors; a glimpse into the past. Baltimore,
Williams & Wilkins.

Berthon, J. Y., N. Boyer, et al. (1987). Sequential rooting media and
rooting capacity of Sequoiadendron giganteum in vitro. Peroxidase
activity as a marker. Plant Cell Report 6(5): 341-344.\
The rooting capacities of tips of seedling, juvenile and mature shoots
of Sequoiadendron giganteum were compared on different rooting media
(inductive and expressive media) after passage on an elongating medium.
None of the cuttings rooted when continuously kept on medium containing
the auxin NAA and vitamin D2. Peroxidase activity of all those cuttings
on NAA + D2 first increased during the 7-9 first days and decreased in
the days after. Rooting was obtained by transfer of the cuttings after
periods longer than 7-9 days from the NAA + D2 inductive medium to a
basal medium supplemented or not with rutin (expressive medium). The
rooting capacity was emphasized by rutin treatment and was in
correlation with the peroxidase peak reached on the NAA + D2 medium.
Seedings, characterised by the highest perioxidase activity, were most
performing in rooting

Berthon, J. Y., R. Maldiney, et al. (1989). Endogenous levels of plant
hormones during the course of adventitious rooting in cuttings of
Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl) in vitro. Biochemie und Physiologie der
Pflanzen 184(5-6): 405-412.

Berthon, J. Y., S. Bentahar, et al. (1990). Rooting phases of shoots of
Sequoiadendron giganteum in vitro and their requirements. Plant
Physiology and Biochemistry 28(5): 631-638.

Berthon, J. Y., N. Boyer, et al. (1991). Uptake, distribution and
metabolism of 2,4-dichloropheoxyacetic acid in shoots of juvenile and
mature clones of Sequoiadendron giganteum in relation to rooting in
vitro. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 29(4): 355-362.

Bishop, F. E. (1985). A brief history of the big tree and the big stump.
(California), F. E. Bishop.

Biswell, H. H. (1961). Big trees and fire. National Parks Magazine. 35:
11-14.

Biswell, H. H. (1964). Studies in the development of the Sierra redwood
forest, UC Berkeley.

Biswell, H. H., R. P. Gibbens, et al. (1966a). Big tree understory and
hidden views. California Agriculture. 20: 2-3.

Biswell, H. H., H. Buchanan, et al. (1966b). Ecology of the vegetation
of a second-growth sequoia forest. Ecology 47(4): 630-634.

Biswell, H. H., R. P. Gibbens, et al. (1966c). Litter production by big
trees and associated species. California Agriculture. 20: 5-7.

Biswell, H. and H. Weaver (1968). Redwood Mountain. American Forests: 4
pages.

Biswell, H. H., R. P. Gibbens, et al. (1968a). Fuel conditions and fire
hazard reduction costs in a giant sequoia forest. California
Agriculture. 22: 2-4.

Biswell, H. H., R. P. Gibbens, et al. (1968b). Fuel conditions and fire
hazard reduction costs in a giant sequoia forest. National Parks
Magazine. 42: 16-19.

Biswell, H. H. (1975). Placer County big tree grove. National Parks and
Conservation Magazine: 5.

Blackford, J. L. (1941). Woodpecker of the sequoias. Audubon. 43:
265-269.

Blank, R., A. Buck-Gramcko, et al. (1984). Wood properties of sierra
redwood (Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) Buchholz) from plantations in
Europe - specific gravity and strength. Forstarchiv 55(5): 199-202.

Blick, J. D. (1963). The giant sequoia: a study in autecology.

Boe, K. N. (1974). Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) Buchholz\--giant
sequoia. \[Seed production\]. USDA Agricultural Handbook. 45: 767-768.

Bojarczuk, T., H. Chylarecki, et al. (1980). Regionalization of tree and
shrub selections for cultivation in Poland. Arbor Kornickie 25:
329-376.\
The selections of trees and shrubs which are most valuable and most
adapted to local site conditions were described. The list contained 669
spp. and varieties of woody plants. This is connected with the need to
popularize many new ornamental varieties and new varieties adapted to
particularily difficult urban environments. The tree plantings in the
new open muncipal districts require diversification since a greater
assortment of various species and varieties is possible. In Poland, 5
climatic regions were delineated: the western zone, the transitory zone,
the eastern zone, the southern sub-montane zone and the montane zone.
The western climatic zone favored the introduction of many ornamental
trees and shrubs known for their sensitivity to winter frosts although
exotic trees such as ebony (Diospyros lotus), bamboos (Sinarundinaria
nitida) or sequoias (Sequoiadendron giganteum) can be grown. The
transitory zone has an intermediate climate. The eastern zone has a
cold, more continental climate. The vegetative period is almost 2 mo.
shorter than within the neighboring zones (Tarnow, Pszczyna). Only woody
plants can grow there which are adapted to long lasting very cold and
windy winters, e.g., Acer negundo, Physocarpus opulifolius and Rhus
typhina. The submontane zone is defined by other climatic factors. The
Subcarpathian valleys and the Silesian lowland belong to the warmest
regions of Poland. This characteristic, the abundance of precipitation
and the most intense solar radiation throughout Poland permit the
introduction of many valuable trees and shrubs from genera Magnolia,
Deutzia, Weigela, Juglans and others. The montane zone is different,
covering the lower reaches of the Carpathian and Sudety Mountains.
Successful cultivation of various species including some evergreen ones
like those from genera Rhododendron, Pieris and Chamacecyparis is
possible

Bon, M. C., M. Genraud, et al. (1988). Role of phenolic compounds on
micropropagation of juvenile and mature clones of
Sequoiadendron-giganteum influence of activated charcoal. Scientific
Horticulture (Amsterdam) 34(3-4): 283-292.\
The beneficial influence of activated charcoal (AC) (20 gl-1), added to
the basal culture medium, was noted for in vitro growth and further
rooting of microcuttings collected from juvenile clones of
Sequoiadendron giganteum. During the elongation phase on the medium
containing AC, the growing upper part of the juvenile clone
microcuttings contained less polyphenols than the lower part, while this
difference was not observed in mature material. Plantlets growing on
AC-free medium had almost identical polyphenol levels, which greatly
increased after the seventh week of culture both in the tissues and the
medium. The effect of AC on microcutting growth as well as the
significance of polyphenols for micropropagation are discussed

Bon, M. C. (1988a). J 16: an apex protein associated with juvenility of
Sequoiadendron giganteum. Tree Physiology 4(4): 381-387.

Bon, M. C. (1988b). Nucleotide status and protein synthesis in-vivo in
the apices of juvenile and maturing Sequoiadendron-giganteum during
budbreak. Physiologia Plantarum 72(4): 796-800.\
Adenine and guanine nucleotide contents of isolated apices collected
from a juvenile and a mature clone of Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.)
Buchholz during budbreak were determined. GDP and GTP contents were
significantly higher in the juvenile clone apex than in the mature ones,
whereas there was no difference in ATP concentration between the two
materials. In vivo, induction of protein synthesis was similar in the
two clones after 10 min of \[35S\]-methionine labeling. The increase of
\[35S\]-methionine-tRNAs and labeled proteins continued up to 30 min for
the juvenile clone. They markedly declined for the mature clone after 10
min. Only the diminution of this in vivo protein synthesis was well
correlated with a decrease in GTP content

Bon, M. C. and O. Monteuuis (1991). Rejuvenation of a 100-year-old
Sequoiadendron giganteum through in vitro meristem culture. 2.
Biochemical arguments. Physiologia Plantarum 81(1): 116-120.

Bonar, L. (1971). A new mycocalicium on scarred sequoia in California.
Madroño. 21: 62-69.

Bonnicksen, T. M. (1975). Spatial pattern and succession within a
mixed-conifer-giant sequoia forest ecosystem, University of California,
Berkeley.

Bonnicksen, T. M. and E. C. Stone (1978). An analysis of vegetation
management to restore the structure and function of presettlement giant
sequoia-mixed-conifer forest mosaics, National Park Service.

Bonnicksen, T. M. and E. C. Stone (1980). Reconstructing presettlement
forests in National Parks: a new approach. 2nd Conference on Scientific
Research in National Parks, San Francisco, CA, National Park Service.

Bonnicksen, T. and E. C. Stone (1981). The giant sequoia - mixed conifer
forest community characterized through pattern analysis as a mosaic of
aggregations. Forest Ecology and Management 3(4): 307-328.\
This hypothesis was examined using 5-point pattern analysis techniques.
The results showed statistically significant levels of contagion for
most of the tree classes analyzed, thereby demonstrating the presence of
aggregations in the giant sequoia-mixed conifer forest community. Both
distance and quadrat methods of analysis also showed that older and
larger trees have a tendency to be uniformly dispersed. Aggregations
tended to decrease in size as the age of the trees increased. However,
giant sequoia was unique in that its aggregations did not tend to
decrease in size as the trees grew older. The quadrat methods also
showed that most aggregations in the giant sequoia-mixed conifer forest
community range in size 135-1600 m2. These results are compared with the
pattern produced by a prescribed burn designed to reduce fuels and
restore natural conditions. The prescribed burn reduced the density of
trees but it did not significantly alter the pattern of trees in the
41-60 yr and older age classes. The management implications of these
findings are discussed

Bonnicksen, T. M. and E. C. Stone (1982a). Managing vegetation within
U.S. National Parks: A policy analysis. Environmental Management 6(2):
101-102 and 109-122.\
The development of management policies is briefly traced from 1872, and
ambiguities in legislation are described and partially resolved.
Alternative objectives put forward by the Park Service, aiming at
restoring or maintaining natural conditions, are evaluated using data
from a giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum)/mixed conifer forest in
Kings Canyon National Park, California \[see FA 43, 2232\]. It is
concluded that structural maintenance objectives (those aiming to
maintain the vegetation in its current state, or restore it to its
presettlement state and maintain it there) are not biologically feasible
since this forest community is not in a steady state. Process
maintenance objectives, allowing succession to continue in the current
vegetation, or after restoration to a presettlement condition, are,
therefore, preferred. A new option is also presented, based on a high
resolution description of the presettlement forest community and named
the reconstruction-simulation approach.

Bonnicksen, T. M. and E. C. Stone (1982b). Reconstruction of a
presettlement giant sequoia-mixed conifer forest community using the
aggreation approach. Ecology 63(4): 1134-1148.\
The presettlement state of a giant sequoia-mimed conifer forest
community in the Redwood Creek watershed, Kings Canyon National Park
\[USA\] is reconstructed using a backward projection in time of plant
aggregations. The most conspicuous change in the forest community from
the presettlement condition (.apprxeq. = 1890) was a general increase in
the area of aggregations dominated by pole-size trees and mature trees,
and a corresponding decrease in the area of aggregations dominated by
sapling- and seedling-size trees. Aggregations dominated by white fir
had both the greatest decline in area for sapling and seedling
aggregations and the greatest increase in area for large mature, mature,
and pole aggregations of any species in the watershed. The area of
aggregations dominated by shrubs also declined, with manzanita
aggregations showing the largest loss in area for any shrub species.
Hardwoods were also a far more important part of the presettlement
forest community than they are today

Bonnicksen, T. (1994). Reconstruction graphics.

Bosch, C. A. (1971). Redwoods: a population model. \[Sequoia
sempervirens, Sequoiadendron giganteum\]. Science 172(3981): 345-349.

Bowles, J. L. (1973). Management suggestions for Sequoiadendron
giganteum groves on the Sequoia National Forest, San Jose State
University.

Bradley, C. B. (1971). Some problems relating to the giant trees.
American Forests 77(5): 29-31, 53-56.

Brant, I. (1942). Protect the South Calaveras sequoia grove. New York,
NY, Emergency Conservation Committee.

Brenner, J. and R. Bijak (1977). Sequoia \[sempervirens and
Sequoiadendron giganteum, history, California\]. Sylwan 121(4): 61-73.

Briscoe, R. J. (1914). The two oldest trees, one dead, one living.
Riverside, CA, Young and McCallister Press.

Brown, P. M., M. K. Hughes, et al. (1992). Giant sequoia ring-width
chronologies from the central Sierra Nevada, California. Tree-Ring
Bulletin 52: 1-14.

Brown, P. M. (1992/93). Proposal for tree-ring sampling (to B. Rogers,
Sequoia National Forest), University of Arizona.

Brown III, M. R. and C. M. Elling (1981). An historical overview of
redwood logging resources within the Hume Lake Ranger District, Sequoia
National Forest, California, Sonoma State University.

Brussard, P. F., S. A. Levin, et al. (1971). Redwoods: A population
model debunked. Science 174: 435.

Bryan, J. Y. (1974). Mountain monarchs. National Parks and Conservation.
48: 5-8.

Bryant, H. C. (1940). The spotted owl nesting in the sequoia belt.
Condor 42(6): 307.

Buchanan, H., R. P. Gibbens, et al. (1966a). Checklist of higher plants
of Whitaker\'s Forest, Tulare County, California. Ogden, UT, Weber State
College Printing Department.

Buchanan, H., H. H. Biswell, et al. (1966b). Succession of vegetation in
a cut-over Sierra redwood forest. Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts and
Letters. 43: 43-48.

Buchholz, J. T. (1937). Seed cone development in Sequoia gigantea.
Science 85: 59.

Buchholz, J. T. (1938). Cone formation in Sequoia gigantea. I. The
relation of stem size and tissue development to cone formation. II. The
history of the seed cone. American Journal of Botany 25(4): 296-305.

Buchholz, J. T. (1939a). The morphology and embryogeny of Sequoia
gigantea. American Journal of Botany 26(2): 93-101.

Buchholz, J. T. (1939b). The genetic segregation of the sequoias.
American Journal of Botany 26: 534-538.

Buchholz, J. T. and M. Kaeiser (1940). A statistical study of two
variables in the sequoias - pollen grain size and cotyledon number.
American Naturalist May-June: 5 pages.

Buff, M. and C. Buff (1946). Big tree. New York, NY, Viking Press.

Burns Jr., T. B. (1971). Sequoiadendron giganteum in Oregon - its
history and potential. .

California, G. S. (1868). The Yosemite book - a description of Yosemite
Valley and the adjacent region of the Sierra Nevada and of the big trees
of California. New York, NY, Julius Bien.

California, D. o. B. a. P. (1964?). The redwoods of California: coast
redwood, Sequoia sempervirens; Sierra redwood, Sequoiadendron giganteum.

California, S. D. o. P. a. R. (1990). Calaveras Big Trees State Park
general plan.

Canby, H. (1915). The last stand of the redwoods. Harpers Magazine.

Caprio, A. C. and T. W. Swetnam (1993a). Fire history and fire
climatology in the southern and central Sierra Nevada.

Caprio, A. C. and T. W. Swetnam (1993b). Historic fire regimes along an
elevational gradient on the west slope of the Sierra Nevada, California.
Proceeding of the Symposium on Fire in Wilderness and Park Management,
Missoula, MT, USDA, Forest Service.

Caprio, A. C., L. S. Mutch, et al. (1994). Temporal and spatial patterns
of giant sequoia radial growth response to a high severity fire in
A.D.1297.

Carlson, S. T. (1935). (Report of sequoia reproduction studies in Upper
Mariposa Grove).

Castro, K. M. and D. Castro (1968). South Grove\...Calaveras Big Trees
State Park. Murphys, CA, K. M. Castro.

Caylor, J. G., A. Thorley, et al. (1968). The use of remote sensing
techniques for the detection and evaluation of tree mortality in the Red
Fir, Lodgepole, Giant Forest Area of Sequoia National Park, National
Park Service, School of Forestry and Conservation, U. C. Berkeley.

Chalchat, J. C., R. P. Garry, et al. (1988). Constituents of
Sequoiadendron giganteum Buchh. leaf oils (giant sequoia). Flavour
Fragr. J. 3(2): 69-72.

Challacombe, J. R. (1953). Redwood epic. Holiday.

Challacombe, J. R. (1954). When the giants fell. Popular Mechanics.

Challacombe (1992). Reviving the great forest: An exercise in applied
ecology. Sequoia Watch. 2: 33 pages.

Chandler, E. W. (1970). A different kind of Christmas tree. American
Forests 76(12): 32-34.

Christensen, N., L. Cotton, et al. (1987). Review of fire management
program for sequoia-mixed conifer forests of Yosemite, Sequoia and Kings
Canyon National Parks.

Christensen, N. C. (1988). Succession and natural disturbance:
paradigms, problems and preservation of natural ecosystems. Ecosystem
management for parks and wilderness. J. K. A. a. D. R. Johnson. Seattle,
WA, University of Washington Press: 62-86.

Christensen, N. (1991). Variable fire regimes on complex landscapes:
ecological consequences, policy implications, and management strategies.

Cid del Prado Vera, I. and B. F. Lowensbery (1984). Histopathology and
host range studies of the redwood nematode Rhizonema-sequoiae. Journal
of Nematology 16(1): 68-72.\
Second-stage larvae of R. sequoiae tunnel through the cortex of the
redwood Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don) Endl. root to the vascular tissue
where each developing female induces a single ovoid or occasionally
spherical giant cell with a single ovoid to spherical nucleus containing
1-4 enlarged nucleoli. Nematode tunnels are filled with a gel material
and often contain 2nd-stage larvae and males. There is tissue necrosis
around females, and cortical tissue is destroyed after infection by many
2nd-stage larvae. R. sequoiae females developed to maturity on S.
sempervirens, Acer macrophyllum Pursh, Alnus rhombifolia Nutt.,
Libocedrus Torr, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco and Sequoiadendron
giganteum (Lindl.) Decne. In the Marin County, California \[USA\],
forest mature females were also found naturally infecting Lithocarpus
densiflorus (Hook and Arn.) Rehd., Umbellularia californica (Hook and
Arn.) Nutt., and Arbutus menziesii Pursh

Clark, G. (1907). The big trees of California, their history and
characteristics. Redondo, CA, Reflex Publishing Company.

Cloer, C. (1992). Reflections on management strategies of the Sequoia
National Forest: A grassroots view. Symposium on Giant Sequoias: Their
Place in the Ecosystem and Society, Visalia, CA, USDA Forest Service.

Cockrell, R. A., R. M. Knudson, et al. (1971). Mechanical properties of
southern Sierra old- and second-growth giant sequoia \[giganteum\].
California Agriculture Experiment Station Bulletin 854: 1-15.

Cockrell, R. A. and R. M. Knudson (1973). A comparison of static
bending, compression and tension parallel to grain and toughness
properties of compression wood and normal wood of a giant sequoia
(gigantea). Wood Science Technology 7(4): 241-250.\
Tests on samples removed from bolts cut at 8 ft and 20 ft above stump
level from a leaning suppressed tree and tested by ASTM methods
indicated that many of the strength properties of compression wood in
both the green and dry state were at least equal, if not considerably
superior, to those of the matched samples of normal wood. However, when
specific strengths and stiffness were compared, the compression-wood
samples showed lower values than normal wood, which in turn showed lower
values than opposite or tension wood.

Cockrell, R. A. (1973). The effect of specimen preparation on
compression wood and normal latewood pits and wall configurations of
giant sequoia. Bulletin of the International Association of Wood
Anatomists 4: 19-23.

Cockrell, R. A. (1974). A comparison of latewood pits, fibril
orientation, and shrinkage of normal and compression wood of giant
sequoia (gigantea, growth defects). Wood Science Technology 8(3):
197-206.\
Reports a detailed anatomical study of compression wood in Sequoia
gigantea, in which it is an uncommon feature. Late-wood tracheids in
compression wood had pit canals that flared towards the lumen. Boiling
and drying of compression-wood blocks induced split extensions at the
pit-aperture grooves. The mean S2 fibril angle of 21-25 deg (maximum 32
deg ) was considerably lower than the value (45 deg ) reported in other
species. The greater fibril angles of compression wood may be
responsible for greater axial shrinkage and lower tangential shrinkage.
The low tangential/radial shrinkage ratio is an important physical
deviation from normal wood. The magnitude of shrinkage is influenced by
the manner of drying, and differs between sapwood and heartwood.

Cole, K. (1983). Late Pleistocene vegetation of Kings Canyon, Sierra
Nevada, California. Quaternary Research 19: 117-129.\
Seven packrat midden samples make possible a comparison between the
modern and late Pleistocene vegetation in Kings Canyon on the western
side of the southern Sierra Nevada. One modern sample contains
macrofossils and pollen derived from the present-day oak-chaparral
vegetation. Macrofossils from the 6 late Pleistocene samples record a
mixed coniferous forest dominated by the xerophytic conifers Juniperus
occidentalis, Pinus cf. ponderosa and P. monophylla. The pollen spectra
of these Pleistocene middens are dominated by Pinus sp.,
Taxodiaceae-Cupressaceae-Taxaceae (TCT) and Artemisia sp. Mesophytic
conifers are represented by low macrofossil concentrations.
Sequoiadendron giganteum is presented by a few pollen grains in the full
glacial. Edaphic and snow dispersal are the most likely causes of these
mixed assemblages. The dominant macrofossils record a more xeric plant
community than those that now occur on similar substrates at higher
elevations or latitudes in the Sierra Nevada. These assemblages suggest
that late Wisconsin climates were cold with mean annual precipitation
not necessarily greater than modern values. A model of low summer
ablation allowing for the persistence of the glaciers at higher
elevations during the late Wisconsin was supported. S. giganteum may
have grown at lower elevations along the western side of the range and
P. monophylla may have been more widely distributed in cismontane
California during the Pleistocene

Coleman, W. and T. A. Thorpe (1976). Induction of buds in tissue
cultures of 4 different conifers. Plant Physiology 57(5 (suppl.)): 67.

Collings, A. R. (1985). Redwood empire. Anaheim, CA, A. R. Collings,
Inc.

Collins, B. J. (1975). A visit to the giant sequoias \[Sequoiadendron
giganteum, Sequoia National Park in California\]. Ir. For. 32(2):
96-100.

Cook, L. F. (1942). The giant sequoia of California, U.S. Government
Printing Office, Wash., D.C.

Cook, N. W. and D. J. Dulitz (1978). Growth of young Sierra redwood
stands on Mountain Home State Forest.\
Results are reported from 2 plots out of 9 established in 1952-3 to
observe growth and mortality. These contained high proportions of second
growth Sierra redwood (Sequoiadendron giganteum): 45% in one plot
(31-yr-old); and 90% in the other (86-yr-old). Total vol., ingrowth,
mortality and p.a.i. and m.a.i. are tabulated for stand ages of 7 to 86
years. Growth rates were similar to those of second growth mixed conifer
stands in the Westside Sierra region.

Cook, N. W. and D. J. Dulitz (1979). Measuring the Adam tree, largest
Sierra redwood on the Mountain Home State Forest.\
The method used involved triangulation from various points on a closed
traverse and has been developed during the measurement of other
exceptionally large trees. Ht. (76.1 m), vol. and diam. measurements for
the Adam tree are given and compared with those of 5 other named Sierra
redwoods \[Sequoiadendron giganteum\].

Cotton, L. and H. H. Biswell (1973). Forestscape and fire restoration at
Whitaker\'s Forest. National Parks and Conservation Magazine. 47: 10-15.

Cotton, L. and J. R. McBride (1987). Visual impacts of prescribed
burning on mixed conifer and giant sequoia forests. Symposium on
Wildland Fire 2000, South Lake Tahoe, CA, USDA Forest Service.

Cowell, A. E. (1932). Report on the Grizzly Giant.

Cowell, A. E. (1935). Report on the Grizzly Giant.

Craig, H. (1954). Carbon-13 variations in sequoia rings and the
atmosphere. Science 119: 141-143.

Croft, W. (1992). Sequoia growth preservation: Natural or humanistic?
Symposium on Giant Sequoias: Their Place in the Ecosystem and Society,
Visalia, CA, USDA Forest Service.

Cundy, P. F. (1946). \[A chemical\] Comparison of ancient and modern
Sequoia wood. Madrono 8: 145-152.

Currey, L. W. and D. G. Kruska (1992). Bibliography of Yosemite, the
central and the southern high Sierra, and the big trees, 1839-1900. Los
Angeles, CA, Dawson\'s Book Shop.

Cutter, B. E. and R. P. Guyette (1993). Anatomical, chemical, and
ecological factors affecting tree species choice in dendrochemistry
studies. Journal of Environmental Quality 22(3): 611-619.

Czaja, A. T. (1981). Microscopical identification of cellulose in wood.
Angew Bot. 55(5-6): 495-500.\
If starch-free wood or timber \[from Abies alba, Chamaecyparis
lassoniana, Pinus sylvestris, Sequoiadendron giganteum, Casuarina
equisetifolia, Callitris verrucosa, Acer pseudoplatanus, Aesculus
hippocastanum, Buxus sempervirens, Catalpa bignonioides, Castanea
sativa, Fagus sylvatica, Guaiacum officinale, Ochroma lagopus, Populus
nigra, Quercus pedunculata, Sarothamnus scoparius, Tilia cordata,
Bambusa sp. and Saccharum officinarum\] is sufficiently disintegrated, 2
types of particles are obtained which show either the cellulose or the
lignin reaction with suitable reagents, independently of the wood
species

Davenport, H. E. (1949). A story of California big trees, largest and
oldest living things on earth. Stockton, CA, Calaveras Grove
Association.

David, C. T., D. A. Tilles, et al. (1979). Factors associated with tree
failure of giant sequoia-entomological aspects. First Conference on
Scientific Research in the National Parks, Washington, D. C., USDI
National Park Service.

David, C. T. and D. L. Wood (1980). Orientation to trails by a carpenter
ant, Camponotus modoc (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), in a giant sequoia
forest. Canadian Entomology 112(10): 993-1000.\
The trails of C. modoc Wheeler follow perennial routes. The ants orient
along these using both chemical and visual cues. If the chemical cues
are disrupted the ants reform the trail while orienting by visual cues.
They can respond to the same visual cues after at least 12 h, and since
no evidence was found that the chemical cues survive the winter,
probably after 6 months

David, C. T. and D. L. Wood (1982a). Studies on the relationship between
human use and the size of carpenter ant (Camponotus sp.) populations in
a giant sequoia ecosystem.

David, C. T. and D. L. Wood (1982b). The biology of Camponotus modoc
Wheeler in a giant sequoia ecosystem.

Davis, O. K. and M. J. Moratto (1988). Evidence for a warm dry early
Holocene in the western Sierra Nevada of California: pollen and plant
macrofossil analysis of Dinkey and Exchequer Meadows. Madrono 35(2):
132-149.

Dawson, K. J. and S. E. Greco (1987a). Special management area visual
resources management study for the Sequoia National Park prescribed fire
management program, Department of Environmental Design, University of
California, Davis.

Dawson, K. J. and S. E. Greco (1987b). Visual resources management study
for the Sequoia National Park prescribed fire management program.

Dawson, K. and S. Greco (1990). Prescribed fire and visual response in
Sequoia National Park.

Dawson, K. J. and S. E. Greco (1992). The visual ecology of prescribed
fire in Sequoia National Park. Symposium on Giant Sequoias: Their Place
in the Ecosystem and Society, Visalia, CA, USDA Forest Service.

Dayton, W. A. (1943). The names of the giant sequoia. Leaflets of
Western Botany 3: 209-219.

Dekker-Robertson, D. L. and J. Svolba (1993). Results of Sequoiadendron
giganteum ((Lindl))Buchh) provenance experiment in Germany. Silvae
Genetica 42(4-5): 199-206.

DeLeon, D. (1952). Insects associated with Sequoia sempervirens and
Sequoia gigantea in California. Pan-Pacific Entomology 28(2): 75-91.

Delkov, N., S. Yurukov, et al. (1987). Investigations of certain
gymnospermous exotic species in the botanical garden of the Higher
Institute of Forest Engineering. Gorkostop Nauka 24(6): 21-25.\
The establishment of the botanic garden of the Higher Institute of
Forest Engineering.sbd.Sofia, dates since 1964. Investigations are
conducted on the growth in height and diameter of the oldest trees from
19 gymnospermous exotic species: Abies cephalonica Loud., Albies
concolor Lindl. et Gord., Abies nordmanniana (Stev.) Spach., Cedrus
libani Laws., Chamaecyparis lawsoniana Parl., Chamaecyparis pisifera (S.
et. Z.) Endl., Ginkgo biloba, L., Libocerdrus decurrens Torr.,
Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu et Cheng., Picea pungens Dougl., Pinus
ponderosa Dougl., Pinus strobus L., Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.)
Franco, ssp. glaucescens, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, ssp.
menziesii, Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) Buchh., Taxodium distichum
(L.). Rich., Thuja gigantea Nutt., Thuja occidentalis L., Thuja
orientalis L. Most intensive growth in diameter is manifested by
Sequoiadendron giganteum.sbd.1,25 cm mean annual increment at the age of
20 years and Cedrus libani.sbd.1,00 cm at the same age. Most intensive
growth in height is manifested by Cedrus libani.sbd.49 cm mean annual
increment at the age of 20 years and Pinus strobus.sbd.14 cm at the same
age

Demetry, A., W. W. Covington, et al. (1995). Regeneration patterns
within canopy gaps in a giant sequoia-mixed conifer forest:
impolications for forest restoration. 1995 Meeting of the Ecological
Society of America, Snowbird, Utah.

Department of Biology, F. U., Shanghai (1987). The origin of
Sequoia-sempervirens Taxodiaceae based on karyotype. Acta Botanica
Yunnanica 9(2): 187-192.\
Sequoia sempervirens is an autoallopolyploid with the genomic formula
AAAABB. Its complement-AA and -B, that belong to Stebbins\' \"1A\" and
\"1B\" karyotypic type respectively, are quite similar to the karyotypes
of Metasequoia glyptostroboides and Sequoiadendron giganteum (Table 1,
2). So some ancient species of Metasequoia and Sequoidendron may be the
two hybrid parents of S. sempervirens, M. glypiostroboides and S.
giganteum are probably direct descendants of them. The present study
supports Stebbins\' suggestion that one ancient species of Metasequoia
would be an ancestor of S. sempervirens, but does not agree with his
hypothesis that another ancestor is extinct and has not left close
relatives. The original process of S. sempervirens may be shown as Fig.
1

Dewitt, J. and R. Jasperson (1986). To: members of the honorable review
panel, NPS, sequoia fire management plan, From: Save-the-Redwoods
League.

Dhar, D. L. (1975). Sequoiadendron giganteum\--a report from Kashmir.
Indian Forestry 101(9): 562-564.\
Briefly describes an isolated tree of S. giganteum growing in Kashmir
and suggests the possibilities of the wider cultivation of the species
in the western Himalayas.

Dilsaver, L. M. and W. C. Tweed (1990). Challenge of the big trees.
Three Rivers, CA, Sequoia Natural History Association.

Dion, C. R. (1966). Mapping and cruising the Tuolumne and Merced
sequoias of Yosemite National Park, California.

Distelbarth, H., U. Kull, et al. (1984). Seasonal trends in energy
contents of storage substances in evergreen gymnosperms growing under
mild climatic conditions in central Europe. Flora 175(1): 15-30.

Dohmen, H., G. Spelsberg, et al. (1984). Root development of Sequoia
gigantea (Lindl.) Buchh.\--on two various localities in lower Rhineland.
Mitteilungen der Deutschen Dendrologischen Gesellschaft 75: 105-113.

Donaghey, J. L. (1969). The properties of heated soils and their
relationship to giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) germination and
seedling growth, San Jose State College.

Dorn, T. F. (1958). A radiocarbon dating system: measurements of the C
14 activity of sequoia rings, University of Washington.

Douglass, A. E. (1909). Weather cycles in the growth of big trees.
Monthly Weather Review 37: 225-237.

Douglass, A. E. (1917). Climate records in the trunks of trees. American
Forestry 23: 732-735.

Douglass, A. E. (1919). Climatic cycles and tree-growth I: a study of
the annual rings of trees in relation to climate and solar activity.
Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication No. 289 I: 127 pages.

Douglass, A. E. (1920). Evidence of climatic effects in the annual rings
of trees. Ecology 1: 24-32.

Douglass, A. E. (1921). Some aspects of the use of the annual rings of
trees in climate study. The Scientific Monthly 5: 5-21.

Douglass, A. E. (1922). Some topographic and climatic characteristics in
the annual rings of the yellow pines and sequoias of the southwest.
Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 61: 117-122.

Douglass, A. E. (1925). Tree rings and climate. The Scientific Monthly
21: 95-99.

Douglass, A. E. (1927). Solar records in tree growth. Science 65:
220-221.

Douglass, A. E. (1928a). Climatic cycles and tree-growth II: a study of
the annual rings of trees in relation to climate and solar activity.
Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication No. 289 II: 166 pages.

Douglass, A. E. (1928b). Climate and trees. Nature Magazine. 12: 51-53.

Douglass, A. E. (1933a). Evidence of cycles in tree-ring records.
Proceedings, National Academy of Sciences.

Douglass, A. E. (1933b). Tree growth and climate cycles. The Scientific
Monthly 37: 481-495.

Douglass, A. E. (1934). Tree growth and climate cycles. Supplementary
Publication No. 9 Carnegie Institute of Washington: 1-15.

Douglass, A. E. (1936). Climate cycles and tree growth. Vol. III: A
study of cycles. Carnegie Institute of Washington, Publication 289: 171
pages.

Douglass, A. E. (1937). Tree rings and chronology.

Douglass, A. E. (1940). Dendrochronoloyg and studies in \'cycles\'.
Proceeding of the University of Pennsylvania Bicentennial Conference.

Douglass, A. E. (1944). Tree rings and climate cycles. Phi Kappa Phi
Journal 24: 21-85.

Douglass, A. E. (1945a). Survey of sequoia studies. Tree-Ring Bulletin
11(4): 26-32.

Douglass, A. E. (1945b). Survey of sequoia studies, II. Tree-Ring
Bulletin 12(2): 10-16.

Douglass, A. E. (1946). Sequoia survey, III: miscellaneous notes.
Tree-Ring Bulletin 13(1): 5-8.

Douglass, A. E. (1949). A superior sequoia ring record. Tree-Ring
Bulletin 16(1): 2-6.

Douglass, A. E. (1950a). A superior sequoia ring record. II. A.D.
870-1209. Tree-Ring Bulletin 16(3): 24.

Douglass, A. E. (1950b). A superior sequoia ring record. III. A.D.
360-886. Tree-Ring Bulletin 16(4): 31-32.

Douglass, A. E. (1951a). A superior sequoia ring record. IV. 7 B.C. -
A.D. 372. Tree-Ring Bulletin 17(3): 23-24.

Douglass, A. E. (1951b). A superior sequoia ring record. V. 271 B.C. - 1
B.C. Tree-Ring Bulletin 17(4): 31-32.

Dowden, D. D. (1988). The tree giants: the story of the redwoods, the
world\'s largest trees. Helena, MT, Falcon Press.

Doyle, W. A. (1943). The names of the giant sequoia, a discussion.
Leaflets of Western Botany 3: 209-219.

Du, W. and L. Fins (1989). Genetic variation among 5 giant sequoia
populations. Silvae Genetica 38(2): 70-76.

Dudley, W. R. (1913). The vitality of the Sequoia gigantea. Dudley
Memorial Volume. Stanford, CA, Stanford University Press.

Dulitz, D. J. (1985). Growth and yield of giant sequoia. Workshop on
Management of Giant Sequoia, Reedley, CA, U.S.D.A. Forest Service.

Dulitz, D. (1992). Management of giant sequoia on Mountain Home
Demonstration State Forest. Symposium on Giant Sequoias: Their Place in
the Ecosystem and Society, Visalia, CA, USDA Forest Service.

Dulitz, D. D. (1993). Arbor Day presentation on giant sequoia: 10 pages.

Duysen, G. H. (1992). Perspectives of the forest products industry on
management strategies. Symposium on Giant Sequoias: Their Place in the
Ecosystem and Society, Visalia, CA, USDA Forest Service.

Ekenwalder, J. E. (1976). A re-evaluation of Cupressaceae and
Taxodiaceae: a proposed merger. Madrono 23: 237-256.

El-Dessouki, S. (1974). Some constituents of Sequoidendron giganteum
(Lindl.) Buchholz. \[Hohenheim? : s.n.\] 53.

Ellsworth, R. S. (1922). The giant sequoia in the Mariposa Grove of big
trees. Yosemite, CA, Yosemite National Park Co.

Ellsworth, R. S. (1924). The giant sequoia, an account of the history
and characteristics of the big trees of California. Oakland, CA, J. D.
Berger.

Ellsworth, R. S. (1933). The discovery of the big trees of California,
University of California.

Ellsworth, R. S. (n. d.). The claims of discovery of the big trees of
California.

Engbeck Jr., J. H. (1973). The enduring giants. Berkeley, University
Extension, University of California.

Engel, M. H., J. E. Zumberge, et al. (1977). Kinetics of amino acid
racemization in Sequoiadendron giganteum heartwood. Analytical
Biochemistry 82(2): 415-422.\
Activation energies and Arrhenius frequency factors were calculated for
the racemization reaction of 4 bound amino acids (aspartic acid,
glutamic acid, proline and phenylalanine) isolated from sequoia
heartwood, by using elevated temperature rate constants. A first-order
rate constant of 2.1 .times. 10-5 yr-1 was calculated for the
racemization of bound aspartic acid from the extent of racemization in
dendrochronologically dated sequoia heartwood samples. Because the
racemization reaction is temperature dependent, an average temperature
which the bound aspartic acid in sequoia had experienced during the past
.apprx. 2200 yr was obtained. This value agrees with modern temperatures
near the sample location and estimated paleotemperatures during the past
.apprx. 2000 years

English, J. (1982). McKinley grove of big trees, USFS.

Evans, O. M. (1924). Big tree measurements, Calaveras Groves of big
trees, USDA Forest Service.

Evans, O. M. (1926). The Calaveras Grove of big trees. West Coast
Lumberman. 50: 154.

Evans, L. S. and M. R. Leonard (1991). Histological determination of
ozone injury symptoms of primary needles of giant sequoia
(Sequoiadendron giganteum Buchh). New Phytologist 117(4): 557-564.

Evarts, B. (1979). Comments for recommendations for future development
and management of Nelder Grove.

Evarts, B. (1989). Walk the sequoia woods. The 1990 Redwoods and Big
Trees Calendar, Dream Garden Press.

Ewan, J. (1973). William Lobb, plant hunter for Veitch and messenger of
the big tree. Berkeley, University of California Publications in Botany.
67: 1-36.

Farmer, L. and D. Parrish (1972). Random survey of redwood dimensions in
Calaveras Big Trees State Park.\
compare with Evans 1924 measures

Farquar, F. P. (1927). Vagaries of the big trees. American Forests and
Forest Life. May.

Farquar, F. P. (1948). Yosemite, the big trees, and the high Sierra; a
selective bibliography. Berkeley, CA, University of California Press.

Fenn, M. E., P. H. Dunn, et al. (1989). Effects of ozone and sulfur
dioxide on phyllosphere fungi from three tree species. Applied
Environmental Microbiology 55(2): 412-418.

Findley (1990). Will we save our endangered forests? National
Geographic. 178: 31.

Fink, S. (1984). Some cases of delayed or induced development of
axillary buds from persisting detached meristems in conifers. American
Journal of Botany 71(1): 44-51.\
In the apparently empty axils of the needles of Taxus baccata, Sequoia
sempervirens, Sequoiadendron giganteum, Cryptomeria japonica, Thuja
occidentalis and Thujopsis dolabrata persisting detached meristems were
found, which are derived from superficial layers of the apical
eumeristem. In T. baccata delayed development of minute axillary buds
occurs from these meristems after 1-4 yr on the intact plant. In the
other conifers, development of additional axillary buds from these
meristems was induced by natural frost damage or by artificial pruning
and disbudding. The discovery of these detached meristems is discussed
with regard to the regenerative capacity of the conifers in comparison
to other plants

Fins, L. (1979). Genetic architecture of giant sequoia, University of
California, Berkeley.

Fins, L. (1980). Propagation of giant sequoia Sequoiadendron giganteum
by rooting cuttings. Combined Proceedings of the International Plant
Propagators Society.\
Cuttings taken from 6-month-old greenhouse-grown seedlings of
Sequoiadendron giganteum gave 70% rooting after 6 months with a standard
mist propagation technique designed for conifers, and 86-88% when a
liquid NPK fertilizer was applied weekly to the rooting medium.
Fertilizer use was only beneficial under moist conditions, and can
reduce rooting under low-mist conditions. Angled cuts (approx. 45deg)
increased speed of rooting and possibly rooting % compared with 90deg
cuts. Material from 40-yr-old trees was rooted with difficulty, but
survival after rooting was very poor

Fins, L. (1981). Seed germination of giant sequoia Sequoiadendron
giganteum. Tree Plant Notes 32(2): 3-8.\
Sequoiadendron giganteum cones were collected in summer and autumn
1974-76 \[in California\], and seeds from 2 populations were soaked
overnight, and stratified at 2.2-2.8degC for 0-91 days with or without
captan. Germination was recorded after 5 wk. The 2 populations were
significantly different (av. germination 40.7 and 34.9%). Germination
was slower in the presence of captan and after short (0 and 7 days)
stratification periods, but final germination percentage were not
affected. In a second experiment, seed samples from 5 populations were
soaked overnight in aerated water, treated with captan, and stratified
for 25 days at 2.8degC. After 5 wk there were significant differences
between populations in germination. Av. germination of soaked seeds was
25.6%, compared with 20.2% for unsoaked controls, but the differences
were not significant

Fins, L. and W. J. Libby (1982). Population variation in Sequoiadendron
giganteum: Seed and seedling studies, vegetative propagation, and
isozyme variation. Silvae Genetica 31(4): 102-110.\
Seed samples were collected from 35 natural populations of giant sequoia
and examined for seed weight, germination percent, cotyledon number,
rootability of cuttings, and isozyme variation. Samples were
significantly variable in percent seed germination, cotyledon number,
isozyme allele frequencies and observed heterozygosity. Seed germination
varied among populations, but did not reveal any clear geographic
patterns. Cotyledon numbers (of 871 seedlings) varied among populations
and geographic areas. Cuttings (from 608 seedlings) rooted at 94%.
Isozyme variation was found in every population sample at one or more
loci. Little if any recent gene flow is likely to have occurred between
the northern and southern populations. Relatively low heterozygosity
among embryo samples suggests that inbreeding and/or population
substructuring is likely in giant sequoia populations. Relatively higher
levels of heterozygosity are found in the southern parts of the range,
suggesting different local selective regimes. Early data suggest that
the most northern native population (Placer Grove) may be substantially
different from the other populations

Fins, L. and W. J. Libby (1992). Genetics of giant sequoia. Symposium on
Giant Sequoias: Their Place in the Ecosystem and Society, Visalia, CA,
USDA Forest Service.

Fisher, R. T. (1902). Big trees of California. World\'s Work. 3:
1714-1723.

Flint, W. (1977-current). Miscellaneous correspondence on giant sequoia
and measurement of the largest.

Flint, W. D. (1987). To find the biggest tree. Three Rivers, CA, Sequoia
Natural History Association.\
Florin, R. (1963). The distribution of conifer a nd taxad genera in time
and space. Acta Horti Bergiani 20: 121-312.

Fontaine, J. (1985). Recommendations from the Sierra Club for managing
giant sequoia. Workshop on Management of Giant Sequoia, Reedley, CA,
USDA Forest Service.

Fox, L. (1990). Remote sensing feasibility analysis, a spectral
signature for giant sequoia.

Franchot, A. (1981). A propos d\'une recolte de graines de Sequoia Giant
et de Calocedre \[A proposal to study the seeds of giant sequoia and
incense cedar\]. Annales Afocel 1981: 327-381.\
about a seed collection of giant sequoia and insense cedar

Franclet, A., D. X. Destremau, et al. (1980). Quelques especes
meconnues: le sequoia geant \[Some rare species: the giant sequoia\]. :
7 pages.

Franco, F. J. J. (1992). Native American view and values of giant
sequoia. Symposium on Giant Sequoias: Their Place in the Ecosystem and
Society, Visalia, CA, USDA Forest Service.

Franco, H. (1993). That place needs a good fire. Native California. 7.

Fritz, E. (1937). A bibliography on the bigtrees of Califronia (Sequoia
gigantea) with annotations of literature reviewed, UC Berkeley.

Fry, W. and J. R. White (1930). Big trees. Palo Alto, CA, Stanford
University Press.

Fry, W. (1931). The great sequoia avalanche. Sierra Club Bulletin. 18:
118-120.

Fry, W. (1937). Nature Guide Service press releases. Nature Guide
Service, Sequoia National Park.

Fuldner, R. (1977). The mammoth tree: its further discovery in forestry
and its possible contribution to environmental oriented silviculture
(Introduction of Sequoiadendron giganteum into West Germany).
Mitteilungen der Deutschen Dendrologischen Gesellschaft 69: 27-33.

Gasser, D. P. (1992). Young growth management of giant sequoia.
Symposium on Giant Sequoias: Their Place in the Ecosystem and Society,
Visalia, CA, USDA Forest Service.

Geiger, H. and R. Buck (1973). The biflavones of Sequoiadendron
giganteum. Phytochemistry 12(5): 1176-1177.

Gilmore, V. (1975). Measuring the world\'s biggest trees. American
Forester 81(12): 35.

Given, W. (1928). The light of the Sierra. Boston, MA, The Christopher
Publishing House.

Glassman, D. (1935). The tree of the ages. American Forests. 41: 56-58.

Godfrey, W. C. (1929). Among the big trees in Mariposa Grove. Yosemite
Nature Notes - Special Edition. 8: 16 pages.

Graumlich, L. J. (1990). Long-term climate variation in the southern
Sierra Nevada as reconstructed from tree rings, Sequoia Natural History
Association.

Graumlich, L. J. (1991). A 1000-year record of temperature and
precipitation in the Sierra Nevada. Quaternary Research 39: 249-255.

Gray, A. (1872). The sequoia and its history. American Naturalist 6:
577-596.

Gray, F. (1964). And the giants were named. Three Rivers, CA, Sequoia
Natural History Association.

Green, L. W. (1987). Historic resource study: Yosemite, the park and its
resources.

Green, L. (1990). They are raping the giant sequoias. Audubon.

Greenlee, J., G. Wilcox, et al. (1978). Fire history of Sequoia and
Kings Canyon National Parks.

Gregonis, D. E., R. D. Portwood, et al. (1968). Volatile oils from
foliage of Coast Redwood-G and Big Tree
Sequoia-sempervirens-GSequoiadendron-giganteum-G inst. IR Spectroscopy,
inst. Gas Chromatography. Phytochemistry 7(6): 975-981.

Gromyko, D. V. and V. L. Komarov (1982). A comparative anatomical study
of wood in the family Taxodiaceae. Bot. Zh. (Leningrad) 67(7): 898-906.\
A xylotomic study of wood was made on members of the Taxodiaceae. The
wood of 10 spp. \[Athrotaxis cupressoides, Cryptomeria japonica,
Cunninghamia\
lanceolata,\
Glyptostrobus\
pensilis, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Sequoia sempervirens,
Sequoiadendron giganteum, Taiwania cryptomerioides, Taxodium distichum
and T. mucronatum\] was studied and described. Microscopic characters of
anatomical wood structure changed along the annual ring. The latter is
divided into 4 zones, which are characterized by a complex of
characters. The change in the anatomical characters in the zones of the
annual ring is described. A detailed method was used for the description
of wood according to variations in characters. Diagnostic characters,
which allow the wood of the genera of the family Taxodiaceae to be
distinguished, were established

Grulke, N. E. and P. R. Miller (1989). Photosynthetic response of giant
sequoia seedlings and rooted branchlets of mature foliage of ozone
fumigation. Effects of Air Pollution on Western Forests Symposium, Air
and Waste Management Association.

Grulke, N. E. and P. R. Miller (1990?). Physiological effects of
atmospheric ozone on giant sequoia, PSW.

Grulke, N. E. and P. R. Miller (1994). Changes in gas exchange
characteristics during the life span of giant sequoia - implications for
response to current and future concentrations of atmospheric ozone. Tree
Physiology 14(7-9): 659-668.

Guinon, M., J. B. Larsen, et al. (1982). Frost resistance and early
growth of Sequoiadendron-giganteum seedlings of different origins.
Silvae Genetica 31(5-6): 137-177.\
Frost resistance in 2 yr old giant sequoia seedlings was analyzed by an
artificial freezing test, in which detached twigs are placed in freezing
chambers at different temperatures. The temperature that kills 50% of
the twig foliage is called the frost-killing-point and is denoted LT50%.
The results were compared to damage sustained outdoors by seedlings and
support the reliability of the testing methods employed. The experiment
included the open-pollinated offspring of 2 trees growing in Hermeskeil,
West Germany, and seedling samples of 22 provenances representing the
entire natural range of giant sequoia. Significant and substantial
differences were found in frost resistance, winter damage and in early
height. Frost resistance is correlated with outdoor winter damage and
elevation, however not with latitude, longitude nor seedling height.
Shoot tip hardness measured by touch is unrelated to frost hardiness

Gulliver, R. L. (1987). Upper crown death of Wellingtonia in North
Yorkshire. Quarterly Journal of Forestry 81(3): 178-180.\
Of 41 mature specimens \[of Sequoiadendron giganteum\] at Grantley Hall,
83% had dead leaders in Aug. 1986, whereas none showed these symptoms in
a previous survey in 1982. It is suggested that recent increases in
atmospheric pollution may be responsible

Guppy, E. L. (1925). The story of the sequoias. San Francisco, CA, A. M.
Robertson.

Guthrie, J. E. (1904). Forest conditions in the Dinkey Grove of big
trees, Fresno County, Sierra Forest Reserve, California.

Guthrie, J. D. (1906). The Dinkey Grove of bigtrees. Forestry and
Irrigation. 12: 454-458.

Hall, A. F. (1921). Guide to Giant Forest - Sequoia National Park.
Yosemite, CA, A. F. Hall.

Hamilton, G. B. (1978). Sequoiadendron giganteum \[Exotic tree in New
Zealand\]. Farm For 20(2): 50-51.

Hammon, J. a. W. (1951-53). Timber reports on the South Calaveras Grove.

Hammon, J. a. W. (1964). Sequoia tree inventory, Hammon, Jenson, and
Wallen Mapping and Forestry Services, Oakland CA.

Hammon, J. a. W. (1973). Sequoia tree inventory, Hammon, Jenson and
Wallen Mapping and Forestry Services, Oakland, CA.

Hammon, J. a. W. (197?). Tule River Indian Reservation timber management
plan and forest improvement program.

Hamrick, J. L., J. B. Mitton, et al. (1979). Levels of genetic variation
in trees: influence of life history characteristics. Symposium on
isozymes of North American forest trees and forest insects, Berkeley,
California, USDA Forest Service.\
Isozyme variation was examined in 22 species of forest trees, and the
variation in 20 conifer species analysed with respect to geographical
range, stage of succession, habitat type, cone type and distribution (in
the USA). Open-cone trees showed a significantly higher av. polymorphic
index than trees with closed cones. The results are discussed and
compared with those of a previous study of 113 vascular plant taxa in
which species were classified for 12 life history and ecological traits
and 3 measures of variation calculated. The study showed that plants
with large ranges, high fecundities, an outcrossing mode of
reproduction, wind pollination, a long generation time and from habitats
representing later stages of succession had more isozyme variation than
species with other characteristics.

Hannum, W. T. and o. F. A. Meyer (1952). The status of Sequoia gigantea
in the Sierra Nevada.

Hansen, G. (1895). Where the big trees grow: flora of the Sequoia
region: collected in the counties of Amador, Calaveras and Alpine, state
of California. San Francisco, CA, Bacon Printing Co.

Harmon, M. E., K. Cromack Jr., et al. (1987). Coarse woody debris in
mixed-conifer forests - Sequoia National Park, California, USA. Canadian
Journal of Forest Research 17(10): 1265-1272.\
The decay rate of Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. logs and cover,
mass, and volume of logs and snags in six midelevational forest stands
of Sequoia National Park, California, are reported. Based on a
chronosequence, Abies concolor boles have a decay rate-constant of 0.05
year-1 and a half-life of 14 years. A decay classification system was
developed for Abies concolor, Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin, Pinus
jeffreyi Grev. & Balf., and Pinus lambertiana Dougl. logs. Dimensions
taken from maps of six permanent plots were combined with decay-class
information to estimate volume, mass, and projected cover of logs and
snags. Total mass ranged from 29 Mg ha-1 in a Pinus jeffreyi forest to
400 Mg ha-1 in a Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) Buchh. dominated
stand. Volume, projected cover, and nitrogen storage exhibited patterns
similar to mass, ranging from 84 to 1160 m3 ha-1, 3.1 to 9.3%, and 41 to
449 kg ha-1, respectively

Harrison, W. (1985). Management of giant sequoia at Calaveras Big Trees
State Park. Workshop on Management of Giant Gequoia, Reedley, CA, USDA
Forest Service.

Hart, J. A. (1987). A cladistic analysis of conifers. Journal of the
Arnold Arboretum 68: 269-307.

Hart, J. A. and R. A. Price (1990). The genera of Cupressaceae
(including Taxodiaceae) in the southeastern United States. Journal of
the Arnold Arboretum 71: 275-322.

Hartesveldt, R. J. (1962). The effects of human impact upon Sequoia
gigantea and its environment in the Mariposa grove, Yosemite National
Park, California, University of Michigan.

Hartesveldt, R. J. (1963). Reconnaissance study of the effects of human
impacts upon moderately to heavily used sequoia groves in Sequoia and
Kings Canyon National Parks.

Hartesveldt, R. J. (1964a). Fire ecology of the giant sequoia:
controlled fires may be one solution to survival of the species. Natural
History Magazine. 73: 12-19.

Hartesveldt, R. J. (1964b). Sequoia-human impact soil analyses.

Hartesveldt, R. J. (1965). An investigation of the effect of direct
human impact and of advanced plant succession on Sequoia gigantea in
Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, California, National Park
Service.

Hartesveldt, R. J., H. T. Harvey, et al. (1966). The effects of various
forest management techniques and animal coactions on giant sequoia
reproduction and initiation of studies on the effects to sequoia rates
of growth.

Hartesveldt, R. J. (1966a). Atwell Grove Redwood Creek Grove.

Hartesveldt, R. J. (1966b). Study of the possible changes in the ecology
of sequoia groves in Sequoia National Park to be crossed by the new
Mineral King Highway.

Hartesveldt, R. J. and H. T. Harvey (1967). The fire ecology of sequoia
regeneration. Annual Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference.

Hartesveldt, R. J., H. T. Harvey, et al. (1967). Final contract report
on sequoia-fire relationships.

Hartesveldt, R. J. (1967). The ecology of human impact upon Sequoia
groves. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 48: 86.

Hartesveldt, R. J. (1969). Sequoias in Europe.

Hartesveldt, R. J. (1972). The ageless giants. Naturalist. 23: 13-23.

Hartesveldt, R. J. (1975). The \"discoveries\" of the giant sequoias
\[Sequoiadendron giganteum\]. Forest History 19(1): 15-21.

Hartesveldt, R. J., H. T. Harvey, et al. (1975). Giant sequoias of the
Sierra Nevada. Washington, D.C., U.S. Department of the Interior,
National Park Service.\
A book on Sequoiadendron giganteum, based on results from field studies
started in 1956, and also incorporating other published work. There are
7 chapters: Introduction (including discussions on discovery, timber
operations, public reservations of sequoia land, varieties and
nomenclature); The tree as an individual; Distribution of the giant
sequoia and its relatives; Ecological concepts; Life history; Sequoia
community interrelationships; and Man, fire, and the future. Also
included are a reference section, an index and 6 appendices listing
sequoia relatives and groves in California, and giving common and
scientific names of vascular plants, vertebrates, insects and other
arthropods, and thallophytes found as associates of sequoian
communities.

Hartesveldt, R. J., H. T. Harvey, et al. (1981). Giant sequoias. Three
Rivers, Calif., Sequoia Natural History Association.

Harvey, H. T., H. S. Shellhammer, et al. (1977). Giant forest ecology:
fire and reproduction (manuscript).

Harvey, H. T. (1978). The Sequoias of Yosemite National Park. Yosemite,
CA, Yosemite Natural History Association.

Harvey, H. T., H. S. Shellhammer, et al. (1980). Giant sequoia ecology:
fire and reproduction. Washington, D.C, U.S. Dept. of the Interior,
National Park Service.\
A study (carried out 1964-75) concentrating on the role of fire in
succession and survival of Sequoiadendron giganteum seedlings in the
mixed conifer forests of the Sierra Nevada, California. There are 10
chapters: Introduction; Objectives, design, study areas and methods;
Environmental factors; Vegetational changes; Giant sequoia reproduction,
survival and growth; Arthropods associated with the giant sequoia; The
role of insects in giant sequoia reproduction; Birds and mammals, fire,
and giant sequoia reproduction; Douglas squirrels \[Tamiasciurus
douglasi\] and sequoia regeneration; and Conclusions and management
implications. It is suggested that prescribed burning should be used
carefully in giant sequoia management: hot, localized fires appeared to
be the best for seedling development. Appendices are given listing
flowering plants found in the area studied, and insects associated with
giant sequoia, and a reference section and an index are included

Harvey, H. T. (1985). Evolution and history of giant sequoia. Workshop
on Management of Giant Sequoia, Reedley, CA, U.S.D.A. Forest Service.

Harvey, H. T. and H. S. Shellhammer (1991). Survivorship and growth of
giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) Buchh.) seedlings after
fire. Madrono 38(1): 14-20.

Harwell, C. A. (1933). Mariposa Grove of big trees. Special Bulletin of
the Yosemite Natural History Association: 8 pages.

Hastings, C. (1928). Naming the sequoia. American Forests. 34: 203-205.

Hawksworth, W. J. (1977). Historical brief and recommendations for
management of Nelder Grove.

Hawksworth, W. J. and M. M. Hawksworth (1979). Historical overview of
Nelder Grove.

Heald, R. C. (1985). Management of giant sequoia at Blodgett Forest
Research Station. Workshop on Management of Giant Sequoia, Reedley, CA,
USDA Forest Service.

Hebant, C. (1975). Lack of incorporation of tritiated uridine by nuclei
of mature sieve elements in Metasequoia glyptostroboides and
Sequoiadendron giganteum. Planta 126(2): 161-163.\
The failure of the majority of nuclei that persist in \'mature\' sieve
elements of M. glyptostroboides and S. gigantea to incorporate tritiated
uridine is interpreted as further evidence for the degenerated condition
of these nuclei.

Hellwig (1911). Sequoia gigantea. Mitteilungen der Deutschen
Dendrologischen Gesellschaft: 402.

Henley-Smith, P. and D. A. Whiting (1976). New norlignanas of
Sequoiadendron-gigantea; phytochemical comparisons with
Sequoia-sempervirens. Phytochemistry 15(8): 1285-1288.\
The permethyl ethers of 3 new norlignans (sequirins-E, -F, and G) from
S. gigantea heartwood have been characterized by NMR and MS \[mass
spectrometry\] as 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-,
2,4-(3,4-dim ethoxyphenyl)-, and
2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-4-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-5-hydroxytetrahydropyran;
respectively, with the 2,5-trans,4,5-trans stereochemistry. Sequirin s
A-D, characteristic norlignans of Sequoia sempervirens Endl., could not
be detected in S. gigantea heartwood, nor could sequirins E-G be found
in Sequoia sempervirens heartwood. Agatharesinol was a common
constituent

Hewes, J. J. (1981). Redwoods, the world\'s largest trees. New York, NY,
Gallery Books.

Hickman, J. C. e. (1993). The Jepson Manual: Higher plants of
California. Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press.

Hill, C. L. (1916). Forests of Yosemite, Sequoia, and General Grant
National Parks. Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office.

Holland, W. R. (1972). Nelder grove resource inventory and report.

Horvath, A. (1987). Redwood census of south grove.

Howell, J. W. (1968). Research studies on the giant sequoia trees. Parks
and Recreation. 5: 29-33.

Hughes, M. K., B. J. Richards, et al. (1990). Can a climate record be
extracted from giant sequoia tree rings? 6th Annual Pacific Climate
Workshop, California Department of Water Resources Interagency
Ecological Studies Program.

Hughes, M. K. and P. M. Brown (1992). Drought frequency in central
California since 101 B. C. recorded in giant sequoia tree rings. Climate
Dynamics 6: 161-167.

Hull, K. L. (1989). The 1985 South Entrance and Mariposa Grove
archeological excavations.

Huntington, E. (1912). The secret of the big trees. Harper\'s Magazine.
July, 1912.

Huntington, E. (1914). The climatic factor as illustrated in arid
America, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington D. C.

Huntington, E. (1920). The secret of the big trees. Washington, DC, USDI
US Government Printing Office.

Hutchings, J. M. (1875). The Yosemite valley, high Sierra, big trees,
etc. San Francisco, CA, Alta California Book and Job Printing
Establishment.

Hutchings, J. M. (1886). In the heart of the Sierras, Yo Semite Valley,
the big trees. Oakland, CA, Pacific Press Publishing House.

Hutchings, J. M. (18??). Summer rambles to the Calaveras big trees and
Yo Semite valley. San Francisco, Brunt & Co. Printing.

Iakovleva, L. V. (1980). Concrescence of intraspecific and interfamily
grafts of Sequoiadendron giganteum - Anatomical studies. Biulleten\'
Gosudarstvennogo Nikitskogo Botanicheskogo Sada 2: 46-51.

Iaroslavtsev, G. D. and Z. G. Kovalenko (1974). Experience from
introducing the giant sequoia \[Sequoiadendron giganteum\] in Krasnodar.
Biull. Gl. Bot. Sada. 93: 29-31.

Iaroslavtsev, G. D. and L. V. Iakovleva (1978). Graftings of the
ornamental Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) Buchholz on the southern
coast of the Crimea. Biulleten\' Gosudarstvennogo Nikitskogo
Botanicheskogo Sada 2: 31-34.

Iaroslavtsev, G. D. and T. N. Vishniakova (1978). Physical and
mechanical properties of wood of Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Sequoia
sempervirens and Sequoiadendron giganteum grown in the USSR. Biulleten\'
Gosudarstvennogo Nikitskogo Botanicheskogo Sada 1: 20-22.

Iaroslavtsev, G. D. (1981). Sequoiadendron giganteum in Odessa and the
Odessa Region: Frost injury. Biulleten\' Gosudarstvennogo Nikitskogo
Botanicheskogo Sada 3: 35-39.

Iaroslavtsev, G. D. and R. N. Kazimirova (1984). Sequoiadendron
giganteum in Central Asia. Biull. Gl. Bot. Sada. 133: 16-20.

Iaroslavtsev, G. D. and A. A. Kholov (1985). Reproduction of
Sequoiadendron giganteum by cuttings under conditions of Dushanbe.
Biulleten\' Gosudarstvennogo Nikitskogo Botanicheskogo Sada(58): 31-35.

Jeffrey, E. C. (1904). A fossil sequoia from the Sierra Nevada.
Botanical Gazette 38: 321-322.

Jepson, W. L. (1910). (Sequoia sempervirens and gigantea). Berkeley, CA,
University Press.

Jepson, W. L. (1921). The fire-type forest of the Sierra Nevada.
Intercollegiate Forestry Club Annual. 1: 7-10.

Jepson, W. L. (1923). The trees of California. Berkeley, Associated
Students Store.

Jiang, I. and W. L. Libby (1981). Growth and form of 16-yr old seedlings
and cuttings of Sequoiadendron, UC Berkeley.

Jiang, I. B.-J. (1982). Growth and form of seedlings and juvenile rooted
cutting of Sequoia sempervirens and Sequoiadendron giganteum, University
of California, Santa Cruz?

Johnson, P. C. (1961). Sierra album, Doubleday & Company, Inc.

Johnston, V. R. (1970). The ecology of fire. Audubon. 72: 76-119.

Johnston, H. (1983). They felled the redwoods: a saga of flumes and
rails in the high Sierra. Glendale, Trans-Anglo Books.

Keeler-Wolf, T. (1989). An ecological survey of the Moses Mountain
candidate Research Natural Area, Sequoia National Forest, Tulare County,
California.

Keifer, M. (1995). Changes in stand density, species composition and
fuel load following prescribed fire in the southern Sierra Nevada mixed
conifer forest. 1995 Meeting of the Ecological Society of America,
Snowbird, Utah.

Kercher, J. R. and M. C. Axelrod (1984). A process model of fire ecology
and succession in a mixed-conifer forest. Ecology 65(6): 1725-1742.

Keylwerth, R. (1954). Das holz der Sequoia gigantea \[The wood of the
Sequoia gigantea\]. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff 12(3): 105-107.

Kilgore, B. M. (1968). Breeding bird populations in managed stands of
Sequoia gigantea, University of California, Berkeley.

Kilgore, B. M. (1970). Restoring fire to the sequoias. National Parks
and Conservation. 44: 16-22.

Kilgore, B. M. and H. H. Biswell (1971). Seedling germination following
fire in a giant sequoia forest. California Agriculture 25(2): 8-9.

Kilgore, B. M. (1971a). Response of breeding bird populations to habitat
changes in a giant sequoia forest. American Midland Naturalist 85(1):
135-152.

Kilgore, B. M. (1971b). The role of fire in a giant sequoia-mixed
conifer forest. Research in Parks: 93-116.

Kilgore, B. M. (1972a). Fire\'s role in a sequoia forest. Naturalist
23(1): 26-37.

Kilgore, B. M. (1972b). Impact of prescribed burning on a
sequoia-mixed-conifer forest. 12th Annual Tall Timbers Fire Ecology
Conference, Lubbock, TX.

Kilgore, B. (1973). The ecological role of fire in Sierran conifer
forests: its application to National Park management. Journal of
Quaternary Research 3(3): 496-513.

Kilgore, B. M. and R. W. Sando (1975). Crown-fire potential in a sequoia
forest after prescribed burning \[Sequoiadendron giganteum\]. Forest
Science 21(1): 83-87.\
Prescribed burning in a Sequoia gigantea/mixed-conifer forest in Kings
Canyon National Park, California, reduced fuel on the ground from 203.5
to 30.1 t/ha and crown fuels \[cf. FA 34, 7055\] from 18.0 to 7.8 t/ha.
The mean height of the crown base increased substantially. Analysis of
the data by a wildland-fire-spread model showed that, after prescribed
burning, the rate of spread and reaction intensity of a ground fire
would decrease; surface fuel would again accumulate rapidly, but in the
longer term, killing of the smaller trees and the lower parts of live
crowns of larger trees would remove fuel in the layer between surface
and crown fuels.

Kilgore, B. M. (1976a). From fire control to fire management: an
ecological basis for policies. Proceedings of the Trans. North Amer.
Wildlife and Nat. Res. Conf.

Kilgore, B. M. (1976b). The role of fire in a giant
sequoia-mixed-conifer forest. Symposium on Research in the Parks, USDI
National Park Service Series No. 1.

Kilgore, B. M. and D. Taylor (1979). Fire history of a sequoia-mixed
conifer forest. Ecology 60(1): 129-142.

Kilgore, B. M. (1985). Restoring fire to National Park wilderness.
American Forests: 16-19 and 57-59.

Kimmey (1952). Cull and breakage factors\...for redwoods, USFS.

Kitanov, G. B. (1984). Pliocene flora composition in the Gotce-Delchev
region in Bulgaria. Bulgarian Fitologiya 25: 41-70.\
Plant species (58) are described mainly by leaf prints collected in
Pilocene deposits near Garmen. Some are reported for the 1st time for
the fossil flora of Bulgaria. They are the following: Sphaerites
castaneae, Cephalotaxus fortunei, Cedrus atlantica, Pinus pallasiana,
Sequoiadendron giganteum, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Persea
pliocenica, Carpinus marmaroschica, Ostrya carpinifolia, Corylus
insignis, Betula pubescens, Fagus longipetiolata, Quercus sosnowskyi, Q.
pontica, Populus pliobolleana and Cornus mas

Kleinschmit, J. (1984). Der Mammutbaum (Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl)
Buchholz), nur eine faszinierende Exotenart? \[The bigtree
(Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl) Buchholz), only one fascinating
exotic?\]. Beiheft sur Schweiarischen Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen
72(61-77).

Knigge, W., P. Pellinen, et al. (1983). Untersuchungen von Zuwachs,
Astigkeit, Verkernung und Rindenstarke westeuropaischer Anbauten des
Mammutbaumes (Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) Buchholz)
\[Investigations on growth, branch formation, heartwood formation and
bark diameter of giant sequoia trees (Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.)
Buchholz) grown in Europe\]. Forstarchiv 54(2): 54-61.

Knigge, W. and B. Wenzel (1983). Uber die Variabilitat der Faserlange
innerhalb eines Stammes von Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) Buchholz
\[Variability of fiber length within a tree of Sequoiadendron giganteum
(Lindl.) Buchholz\]. Forstarchiv 54(3): 94-99.

Knigge, W. and S. Lewark (1984). Investigations on wood quality of giant
sequoias from second-growth stands in California (Sequoiadendron
giganteum). Forstarchiv 55(1): 21-27.

Knigge, W. (1992). Giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.)
Buchholz) in Europe. Symposium on Giant Sequoias: Their Place in the
Ecosystem and Society, Visalia, CA, USDA Forest Service.

Knigge, W. (1993). Giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron-giganteum (Lindl)
Buchholz) in Europe. Holz Als Roh-Und Werkstoff 51(3): 145-155.

Kobayashi, T. (1980). Needle blight of Taxodium mucronatum in the
Philippines. Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan 46(2):
258-262.\
A severe needle blight found on potted seedlings of T. mucronatum
imported from the USA was caused by a fungus very similar
morphologically to Cercospora sequoiae which is the pathogen of a needle
blight of Cryptomeria japonica, Sequoiadendron giganteum and T.
distichum in Japan. Evidence is presented that the fungus was introduced
on exotic conifers from the USA to Japan at the beginning of the 20th
century.

Koehler, P. A. and R. S. Anderson (1994). The paleoecology and
stratigraphy of Nichols Meadow, Sierra National Forest, California, USA.
Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 112: 1-17.

Koford, C. B. (1953). The California Condor: 5.

Kolbe, W. (1977). Comparative studies on the occupation of miscellaneous
conifer species by Coleoptera in the state forest, Burgholz, West
Germany. Decheniana Beih 20: 75-79.

Kough, J. L., R. Molina, et al. (1985). Mycorrhizal responsiveness of
Thuja, Calocedrus, Sequoia, and Sequoiadendron species of western North
America. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 15(6): 1049-1054.\
Four western conifers inoculated or not inoculated with three species of
vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi \[Glomus deserticulum, G.
epigaeum, Acaulospora trappei\] were grown in pasteurized soil and
maintained at 11 or 43 ppm phosphorus. Compared with controls,
vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization increased biomass more of
younger than older seedlings. In young seedlings, species with large
seeds responded less to phosphate addition or vesicular-arbuscular
mycorrhizal colonization than smaller seeded species.
Vesicular-arbuscular myocorrhizal seedlings with low phosphorus were
always larger than noninoculated low phosphorus controls and comparable
in size or larger than nonmycorrhizal controls at moderate phosphorus.
Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal plants produced from 100 to 2000% more
biomass than noninoculated plants at low phosphorus, and from equality
to 500% at moderate phosphorus. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal
species did not differ in plant growth enhancement or root colonization
at any seedling age or phosphorus fertility examined. Tree species\'
responsiveness ranged as follows: Thuja plicata \> Sequoia sempervirens
\> Calocedrus decurrens \> Sequoiadendron giganteum.
Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhanced seedling uniformity and
size in all the tree species

Kritchevsky, G. and A. B. Anderson (1955). Chemistry of the genus
Sequoia I. The cone solid of coast redwood (Sequoiasempervirens) and
giant sequoia (Sequoia gigantea). Journal of Organical Chemistry 20:
1402-1406.

Kruska, D. G. (1985). Sierra Nevada big trees: history of the
exhibitions. Los Angeles, CA, Dawson\'s Book Shop.

Kunzing, R. (1989). These woods are made for burning. Discover. 10:
86-95.

Lambert, S. and T. J. Stohlgren (1988). Giant sequoia mortality in
burned and unburned stands. Journal of Forestry 86(2): 44-46.

Landesanstalt fur Okologie, L. u. F. N.-W. L. (1982). Merkblatt fur
fremdlandische Baumarten: Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) Buchholz.

Larson, G. B. (1966). Whitaker\'s Forest. American Forests 72: 22-25,
40-42.

Larson (n.d.). Logging of the giant sequoia and surrounding
mixed-conifer forest.

Lavrukhina, A. K., V. A. Alekseyev, et al. (1973). Radiocarbon in
sequoia growth rings. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 210(4): 238-240.

Lawlor (1972). Animals in redwoods. Symposium on Redwood Ecology.

Lawrence, G. and H. Biswell (1972). Effect of forest manipulation on
deer habitat in giant sequoia \[Sequoiadendron giganteum\]. Journal of
Wildlife Management 36(2): 595-605.

Leisz, D. R. (1992). Remarks for the giant sequoia symposium. Symposium
on Giant Sequoias: Their Place in the Ecosystem and Society, Visalia,
CA, USDA Forest Service.

Leitch, B. M. (1906). A short history of the Mariposa big trees and
Yosemite Valley. Wawona, CA, B. M. Leitch.

Leitch, B. M. (1910). Mariposa Grove of big trees, California. Wawona,
CA, B. M. Leitch.

Levinson, A. S., G. Lemoine, et al. (1971). Volatile oil from foliage of
Sequoiadendron-giganteum-G change in composition during growth.
Phytochemistry 10(5): 1087-1094.

Lewis, D. J. (1980). The Nation\'s Christmas Tree. American
Forests(December): 5 pages.

Lewis, D. J. (1981). Our National Christmas tree. National Wildlife 19:
44-47.

Libby, W. J. (1981). Some observations on Sequoiadendron and Calocedrus
in Europe. California Forestry and Forest Products. 49: 11.

Libby, W. J. (1985). Genetic variation and early performance of giant
sequoia in plantations. Workshop on Management of Giant Sequoia,
Reedley, CA, USDA Forest Service.

Libby, W. J. (1988, 91). USFS-UC cooperative giant sequoia and incense
cedar research.

Libby, W. J. (1992). Mitigating some consequences of giant sequoia
management. Symposium on Giant Sequoias: Their Place in the Ecosystem
and Society, Visalia, CA, USDA Forest Service.

Lindley, J. (1853a). \[Untitled\]. Gardeners\' Chronicle 52: 819-820.

Lindley, J. (1853b). New plants. Gardeners\' Chronicle 52: 823.

Litton, R. B. (1988). The forest landscape and fire management.

Liubimirescu, A., M. Guruianu, et al. (1972). Physical and mechanical
properties of the wood of Sequoia gigantea. Revista Padurilor 87(12):
613-616.

Lobree, F. (1969). Tall tree in Nelder. Tehipite Topics.

Loffler, J. (1985). Mammutbaume und der Landkreis Calw \[Big trees and
the Calw rural district\]. Jahrbuch des Landreises: 85-92.

Looby, W. J. and J. Doyle (1937). Fertilization and pro-embryo formation
in sequoia. Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society 21:
457-476.

Looby, W. J. and J. Doyle (1942). California sequoias. Scientific
Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society 23: 35-54.

Lotova, L. I. (1977). Anatomy of annual shoots and secondary phloem in
Taxodiaceae. Vestn. Mosk. Univ. Ser. XVI Biol. 4: 21-29.\
The anatomical features of the annual stems and the phloem structure of
the old trunks of 6 spp. \[Sequoia sempervirens, Sequoiadendron
giganteum, Metasequoia glyptostrobiodes, Taxodium mucronatum,
Cryptomeria japonica and Cunninghamia lanceolata\] were investigated.
The annual stems are characterized by the presence of resin vertical
canals, the subepidermal and protophloem fibers. The main feature of the
secondary phloem is the alternation of the vividly expressed tangential
layers of the sieve cells, parenchyma cells and fibers. Some of the
axial and ray parenchyma cells are sclerotized in nonconducting phloem.
The phloem structure of the Taxodiaceae is similar to the structure of
the same tissue in the other families of conifers except Pinaceae and
Araucariaceae

MacDougall, R. (1986). Report on 1985 sequoia inventory of East Fork
grove unit.

Mackenzie, G. G. (1888). Yosemite, where to go and what to do: A plain
guide to the Yosemite valley, the high Sierra, and the big trees. San
Francisco, CA, C. A. Murdock and Co., Printers.

Maggenti, A. R. and D. R. Viglierchio (1975). Sequoia sempervirens and
Sequoiadendron giganteum: hosts of common plant-parasitic nematodes of
California. Plant Disease Report 59(2): 116-119.\
Reports the results of experiments in which 1-month-old seedlings of
Sequoia sempervirens and S. gigantea were exposed to seven species of
plant-parasitic nematodes. Heterodera schachtii was the only species
that had not infected the trees after 2 months. The top-growth of both
tree species was reduced by Pratylenchus penetrans and P. vulnus. The
development of these nematodes on both tree species may hinder natural
or artificial regeneration.

Mahalovich, M. F. (1985). A genetic architecture study of giant sequoia:
early growth characteristics, University of California, Berkeley.

Markham, K. R., C. Sheppard, et al. (1987). 13C NMR studies of some
naturally occurring amentoflavone and hinokiflavone biflavonoids.
Phytochemistry 26(12): 3335-3337.\
From Sequoiadendron giganteum, Taxodium distichum, Ginkgo biloba,
Metasequoia glyptostroboides and Cycas revoluta

Marshall, J. T. (1988). Birds lost from a giant sequoia forest during
fifty years. Condor 90(2): 359-372.\
Not all forest bird species breeding on Redwood Mountain, Tulare County,
California \[SA\] in the 1930s are still there in the 1980s. Over the 50
years virgin giant sequoia forest of the saddle and east slope (within
Kings Canyon National Park) remains unchanged but has lost the
Olive-sided Flycatcher (Contopus borealis). The mixture of old and
second-growth sequioas of Whitaker\'s Forest, where pines and
undergrowth were removed and snags eliminated, is missing the Mountain
Quail (Oreotyx pictus), Flammulated Owl (Otus flammeolus), North
Pygmy-Owl (Glaucidium gnoma), Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis), Hairy
Woodpecker (Picoides villosus), and Olive-sided Flycatcher. Though
unchanged today, the riparian alders of Eshom Creek on the west slope
have lost Swainson\'s Thrush (Catharus ustulatus). Drastic logging by
Sequoia National Forest has driven all of the above from the west slope
ponderosa pine forest that surrounds Whitaker\'s Forest. New birds
established at Whitaker\'s Forest by 1986 are the Common Raven (Corvus
corax), House Wren (Troglodytes aedon), and Lincoln\'s Sparrow
(Melospiza lincolnii). Intrusion of Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus
ater) has begun within yet affecting two abundant species of vireos. The
Pileated Woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus) is reduced; the Winter Wren
(Troglodytes troglodytes) has greatly increased. I attempt to explain
avifaunal changes by comparing habitats over the 50-year interval.
Disappearance of the flycatcher and thrush from unchanged, prime habitat
must be caused by destruction of corresponding forests in Central
America, where these birds maintain their winter territories

Martin, E. J. (1958). Die sequoien und ihre anzucht \[The sequoia and
their cultivation\]. Mitteilungen der Deutschen Dendrologischen
Gesellschaft 60.

Martin, I. (1984). Re-introduction of the giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron
giganteum) into the German forestry was realized in 1952 by two members
of the German Dendrology Society. Mitteilungen der Deutschen
Dendrologischen Gesellschaft 75: 57-75.

McCain, A. H. and P. C. Smith (1978). Evaluation of fungicides for
control of Botrytis \[cinerea\] blight of container-grown redwood
seedlings (Sequoia sempervirens, Sequoiadendron giganteum, Pseudotsuga
menziesii). Tree Plant Notes 29(4): 12-13.

McDonald, J. E. (1992). The Sequoia Forest Plan Settlement Agreement as
it affects Sequoiadendron giganteum: A giant step in the right
direction. Symposium on Giant Sequoia: Their Place in the Ecosystem and
Society, Visalia, CA, USDA Forest Service.

McFarland, J. W. (1949). A guide to the giant sequoia of Yosemite
National Park. Yosemite Nature Notes. 28.

McGee, L. (1982). Mills of the sequoias. Visalia, CA, Tulare County
Historical Society.

McGraw, D. J. (1982). The tree that crossed a continent. California
History. LXI: 120-139.

McIntyre, R. N. (1954). Report on the effects of human impact upon the
giant sequoia of the Mariposa and Tuolumne Groves - Yosemite National
Park.

McLaughlin, J. S. (1972). Restoring fire to the environment in Sequoia
and Kings Canyon National Parks. 12th Annual Tall Timbers Fire Ecology
Conference, Lubbock, TX.

Meinecke, E. P. (1926). Memorandum on the effects of tourist traffic on
plant life, particularly big trees, Sequoia National Park, California.

Mejstrik, V. and A. P. Kelley (1979). Mycorrhizae in Sequoia gigantea
and Sequoia sempervirens. Ceska Mykol. 33(1): 51-54.\
The endophytous mycorrhizae of vesicular-arbuscular type were described
in fine roots of S. gigantea and S. sempervirens. Fine roots were of 2
types: thin smooth white, and thick and of a brown color. The
mycorrhizal infection was intense in thick brown roots, whereas white
roots had light infection. The optimal development of endophyte hyphae
was observed in the central and inner cortical cell layers of root.
There were arbuscules and vesicles in the root parenchyma. Coiled
intracellular hyphae measured 3.45-8.95 .mu.m in diameter. The roots had
no root hairs

Melchior, G. H. and S. Herrmann (1987). Differences in growth
performance of four provenances of giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron
giganteum (Lindl.) Buchh.)). Silvae Genetica 36(2): 65-68.\
Four provenances of giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.)
Buchh.) originating from the counties Fresno, Calaveras, Tulare and from
Sequoia National Forest in California \[USA\]were tested on three sites
in the Federal Republic of Germany (Rengsdorf/Rhineland Palatinate;
Reinhausen/Lower Saxony; and at Grosshansdorf/Schleswig-Holstein). At
age 14 years differences in survival between locations and provenances
were ascertained. At the trial in Grosshansdorf survival was influenced
particularly by frost damage in a frost pocket and a following infection
by Armillaria mellea (Vahl) Karst. In spite of the small number of
provenances there were significant differences in height, d.b.h. and
diameter at half tree height between provenances and locations. The
provenance Tulare which is known from other trials to perform well
proved to have inferior growth and survival up to age 14 years. At the
trial at Rengsdorf height growth was slightly negatively correlated with
the altitude at the seed origin. A prerequisite for establishing stands
of giant sequoia at a commercial scale is the choice of frost hard (and
well performing) provenances. Such stands might be promising at suited
sites in the Federal Republic of Germany

Metcalf, W. (1948). Youthful years of the big tree. Pacific Discovery
1(3): 4-10.

Metcalf, W., P. C. Passof, et al. (1975). Growing coast and sierra
redwoods \[Sequoia sempervirens, Sequoiadendron giganteum\]\--outside
their natural range. Leaflet, Division of Agricultural Science
University of California, Berkeley Cooperative Extension 2706: 3.

Michael, H. N. and E. K. Ralph (1973). Discussion of radiocarbon dates
obtained from precisely dated sequoia and bristlecone pine samples. 8th
International Radiocarbon Conference, Lower Hutt, New Zealand, Royal
Society of New Zealand.

Miller, P. R. and A. A. Millecan (1971). Extent of oxidant air pollution
damage to some pines-G and other conifers-G in California. Plant Disease
Report 55(6): 555-559.

Miller, P. R. (1973). Susceptibility to ozone of selected western \[US\]
conifers. 2nd International Congress of Plant Pathology, Minneapolis,
MN.\
Seedlings of 12 species and two hybrids were grown in greenhouses with
carbon-filtered air at Lake Arrowhead, S.California. Fumigation
treatments were begun at 2 years old. The conditions of growth and
fumigation simulated those of a mountainous area of severe O3 damage to
native species. Evaluation of needle injury (mottle, necrosis and
abscission) required not less than 42 seedlings of each species. In
Pinus ponderosa, one-year-old needles were damaged 3 times as much as
current-year needles, and fumigations begun in mid-Aug. resulted in the
greatest injury. The

species were, in order of decreasing susceptibility: P. monticola, P.
jeffreyi X P. coulteri, Abies monticola \[A. magnifica ?\], P. radiata X
P. attenuata, P. ponderosa \[Californian\], P. coulteri, Pseudotsuga
menziesii, Pinus jeffreyi, P. ponderosa (Rocky Mountain), A. concolor,
Pseudotsuga macrocarpa, Pinus attenuata, Libocedrus decurrens, Pinus
lambertiana, and Sequoia gigantea

Miller, P. R., K. W. Stolte, et al. (1984). Ozone effects on important
tree species of the Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Parks, USDA Forest
Service, Riverside.

Miller, P. (1985). The impacts of air pollution on forest resources.
Forestry Research West: 1-5.

Miller, P. R. (1987). Root and shoot growth during early development of
Sequoiadendron-giganteum seedlings stressed by ozone. XIVTH
International Botanical Congress, Berlin, West Germany, PSW Experiment
Station, Riverside.

Miller, P. R., S. L. Schilling, et al. (1991). Ozone injury to important
tree species of Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Park.

Miller, P. R., N. E. Grulke, et al. (1992). Air pollution effects on
giant sequoia ecosystems. Symposium on Giant Sequoias: Their Place in
the Ecosystem and Society, Visalia, CA, USDA Forest Service.

Mitchell, J. N. (1935). The comparative histology of the secondary xylem
of Sequoia gigantea and Sequoia sempervirens, UC Berkeley.

Mitchell, J. N. (1936). The detailed structure of stem wood of the two
sequoias. Journal of Forestry 34: 988-993.

Mitchell, A. F. (1971). Recent measurements of big trees in Scotland,
part 31. Scottish Forestry 25(4): 277-285.

Mitchell, A. (1981). Sequoiadendron giganteum in England. The Garden,
Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society 106: 30-32.

Mohlenbrock, R. H. (1985). This land. Natural History. 94: 78-81.

Molina, R. (1992). The role of mycorrhizal symbioses in the health of
giant sequoia and forest ecosystems. Symposium on Giant Sequoia - Their
Place in the Ecosystem and Society, Visalia, CA, USDA Forest Service.

Monteuuis, O. (1986). Micrografting of one hundred year old vegetative
points of Sequoiadendron giganteum Buchholz on young seedlings cultured
in vitro. C. R. Acad. Sci. Ser. III Sci. Vie. 302(6): 223-225.

Monteuuis, O. (1987). In vitro meristem culture of juvenile and mature
Sequoiadendron giganteum. Tree Physiology 3(3): 265-272.\
A total of 7000 meristems were used in experiments to investigate the
possibility of cloning Sequoiadendron giganteum Buchholz by in vitro
meristem culture of juvenile (2-year-old) and mature (100-year-old)
ortets. Cultures were initiated on a low-salt medium containing 0.1 mg
l-1 l-naphthaleneacetic acid to stimulate meristematic activity.
Benzylamino purine (0.01-0.5 mg l-1) inhibited meristematic activity,
whereas gibberellic acid (0.01-0.5 mg l-1) had no effect on meristematic
development. The mature ortet showed more specific mineral requirements
and a lower capacity for cloning than the juvenile ortet. Rooted plants
were obtained only from the juvenile clone. There was a marked seasonal
effect on meristematic activity, especially for the mature clone, the
most active material being obtained during budbreak

Monteuuis, O. and M. Gendraud (1987). Nucleotide and nucleic acid status
in shoot tips from juvenile and mature clones of Sequoiadendron
giganteum during rest and growth phases. Tree Physiology 3(3): 257-263.\
Nucleoside triphosphate and nucleic acid contents of shoot tips of
juvenile and mature clones of Sequoiadendron giganteum Buchholz were
analyzed during rest and growth phases. In both juvenile and mature
clones, shoot growth activity was characterized by significant increases
in ATP, non-adenylic nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) and RNA levels.
During the rest period, both ATP/NTP and RNA/DNA ratios were
significantly higher in the juvenile clone than in the mature clone.
However, during the growth phase, only the ATP/NTP ratio was higher in
the juvenile than in the mature clone. The results suggest that the
physiological differences between shoot tips of juvenile and mature
tissues during the rest phase tend to decline as active shoot growth
commences. This conclusion is consistent with morphological observations
and with the varying organogenetic capacities of in vitro cultures of
explants removed from stock plants at different times

Monteuuis, O., M. C. Bon, et al. (1987). Micropropagation aspects of
Sequoiadendron giganteum juvenile and mature clones. Acta
Horticulturae(212): 489-497.

Monteuuis, O. and M. C. Bon (1989). Rejuvenation of a 100 yr old giant
sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum Buchholz) through in vitro meristem
culture. Annales des Sciences Forestieres 46: 183-186.

Monteuuis, O. (1989). Microscopic analyses of apical meristems of young
and mature Sequoiadendron giganteum during rest phase and bud-break.
Bulletin de la Societe Botanique de France - Lettres Botaniques 136(2):
103-107.

Monteuuis, O. and S. Genestier (1989). Comparative cytophotometric
analysis of mesophyll cell walls of leaves belonging to young and mature
Sequoiadendron giganteum. Bulletin de la Societe Botanique de France -
Lettres Botaniques 136(2): 103-107.

Monteuuis, O. and M. C. Bon (1990). Phase change in Sequoiadendron
giganteum. NATO ASI Ser 186: 377-382.

Monteuuis, O. (1991). Rejuvenation of a 100-year-old Sequoiadendron
giganteum through in vitro meristem culture. 1. Organogenic and
morphological arguments. Physiologia Plantarum 81(1): 111-115.

Muir, J. (1877). On the post glacial history of Sequoia gigantea.
Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science,
Salem, MA.

Muir, J. (1878). The new sequoia forests of California. Harper\'s
Magazine. 57: 813-827.

Muir, J. (1901a). Hunting big redwoods. Atlantic Monthly. 88: 304-320.

Muir, J. (1901b). Sierra Big Trees, US Department of the Interior,
National Parks.

Muir, N. (1978a). The evergreen conifers. Amenity trees for town
planting. Gardeners Chronicle and Horticultural Trade Journal 183(13):
24-27.\
Pines are considered the most important group of conifers and Cedrus
deodara the most important individual species for urban planting. C.
libani and C. atlantica, Sequoiadendron giganteum \[Sequoia gigantea\]
and Tsuga heterophylla are most likely to produce large specimens. C.
atlantica, T. canadensis and Abies grandis are recommended for thin
soils over chalk. Pinus nigra is excellent for screening and general
landscaping. The advantages of 11 other Pinus species are discussed.
Abies, Picea, Cryptomeria, Calocedrus \[Libocedrus\] and Thuja are more
useful in formal plantings than in landscaping, but are not suitable for
industrial or exposed areas. Abies homolepis and A. numidica are fairly
successful under urban conditions.

Muir, N. (1978b). Ornamental conifers. Gardeners Chronicle and
Horticultural Trade Journal 183(15): 14-16.\
Species considered for amenity planting in towns are: Sequoia
sempervirens, Sequoiadendron giganteum \[Sequoia gigantea\], Picea
smithiana, P. breweriana, P. omorika, P. orientalis, P. pungens, P.
abies, P. likiangensis, Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, C. nootkatensis, C.
obtusa, Cryptomeria japonica, Calocedrus \[Libocedrus\] decurrens, Thuja
plicata, T. orientalis, T. koraiensis and T. standishii.

Munz, P. A. (1959). A California flora. Berkeley and Los Angeles,
University of California Press.

Murphy, R. W. (1967). Experimental burning in park management. Annual
Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference.

Mutch, L. S. and T. W. Swetnam (1993). Effects of fire severity and
climate on ring-width growh of giant sequoia after burning. Proceedings
of the Symposium on Fire in Wilderness and Park Management, Missoula,
MT, USDA Forest Service.

Mutch, L. S. (1994). Growth responses of giant sequoia to fire and
climate in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, California,
University of Arizona.

National Park Service, D. o. t. I. (1979). Giant Forest/Lodgepole Area,
Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks. Three Rivers, California,
Department of the Interior, National Park Service.\
National Park Service, D. o. t. I. ( 1980). The fire management program
in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks.

Nelson, T. a. S. P. (1870\'s). The Yosemite Valley and the mammoth trees
and geysers of California. New York, NY, Thomas Nelson and Sons.

Neumann, H. (1984). Up-to date experience in North Rhine Westphalia with
cultivation and silviculture of Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) Buchh.
Mitteilungen der Deutschen Dendrologischen Gesellschaft 75: 77-104.

Nichols, H. T. (1989). Managing fire in Sequoia and Kings Canyon
National Parks. Fremontia. 16: 11-14.

Nikolaeva, L. F., N. B. Florova, et al. (1979). Spectral forms of
chlorophyll synthesized in the absence of light by seedlings of relict
coniferous plants. Zh. Obsch. Biol. 40(1): 128-137.\
Many phylogenetically ancient plant forms can synthesize chlorophyll in
the absence of light at early ontogenetic stages. This ability was
studied in the representatives of Gymnospermae, both relict and
phylogenetically advanced forms. Using low-temperature fluorometry, 12
\[Ginkgo biloba, Podocarpus macrophyllus D., Picea abies Karts., Cedrus
deodara Lond., Pinus sylvestris L., Larix sibirica L., Cryptomeria
japonica L., Sciadopitys verticillata L., Sequoia sempervivens Lamb.,
Sequoiadendron giganteum Linde., Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu et
Hung, Cercediphyllium manigifum Kai., Zelcova serrata Spach, Arbutus
andrachue A. L. de Juss and Callistemon lanceolata A. L. de Juss spp. of
Coniferophyta were compared. Representatives of all the families studies
(Gingkoaceae, Pinaceae, Taxodiaceae, Podocarpaceae) are able, at a stage
of primary leaves, to accumulate in the dark chlorophyll forms differing
in the degree of molecular aggregation. In the relict angiosperms
studied this ability was absent. A nonphotochemical pathway of
chlorophyll biosynthesis is apparently present at the earliest stages of
the evolution of Gymnospermae, which might be connected with germination
conditions of the latter. Preservation of the ability for chlorophyll
synthesis in the darkness at the seedling stage in now living species of
Pinaceae and Taxodiaceae might point to a considerable adaptive lability
of these plants. Further investigation into the peculiarities of
formation of the pigment apparatus of coniferous plants will contribute
to elucidation of some plant evolution problems

Norris (1963). Sequoia gigantea (Sierra redwood) groves within
boundaries of Sequoia National Forest, USDA Forest Service: 11.

Norton, E. (1895). The famous sequoia mills. Pacific Wood and Iron.

Nuorteva, M. (1979). Preservation problems of redwoods Sequoia
sempervirens, Sequoiadendron giganteum in California. Silva Fenn. 13(1):
51.

Olmstead, F. L. (1952). The Yosemite Valley and the Mariposa big trees:
a preliminary report, 1865. Landscape Architecture 43: 12-25.

Ornduff, R. (1992). A botanist\'s view of the big tree. Symposium on
Giant Sequoias: Their Place in the Ecosystem and Society, Visalia, CA,
USDA Forest Service.

Osborn, H. F. (1919?). Sequoia\--the auld lang syne of trees. US.

Otrosina, W. J., T. E. Chase, et al. (1992). Allozyme differentiation of
intersterility groups of Heterobasidion annosum isolated from conifers
in the western United States. Phytopathology 82(5): 540-545.

Otter, F. L. (1963). The men of mammoth forest. Ann Arbor, MI, Edward
Brothers.

Pacyniak, C. (1974). Dendrological singularities of Slovakia. Rocz.
Sekc. Dendrol. Pol. Tow. Bot. 28: 11-117.\
The Mlynany Arboretum, founded in 1892, is the richest in respect to the
number of species among the numerous parks, botanical gardens and
arboreta in Slovakia \[Czechoslovakia\]. In 1967 there were 1658
species, varieties and forms in this arboretum. At present there are
over 2000 spp. in the collection. The Kysihybel Arboretum contains 197
spp., varieties and forms. The Bratislava (638 spp.), Martin (273 spp.),
Kosice (265 spp.), and Banska Stiavnica (264 spp.) Botanical Gardens and
J. Kral Gardens in Bratislava (254 spp.) are worth visiting. The
Topolcianky (299 spp.) and Piestany (216 spp.) parks are notable. A
dendrological singularity in Slovakia, and possibly in Czechoslovakia,
is a specimen of Citrus trifoliata L. growing in the open. The largest
and oldest sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum Buchholz) is in a small
park in Antol, and in Banska Stiavnica there are the largest cedars,
Cedrus atlantica Man. and C. libani Loud.

Pacyniak, C. (1974). A splendid specimen of Sequoiadendron-giganteum in
Brwice, Poland. Roca. Sekc. Dendrol. Pol. Tow. Bot. 28: 119-121.

Panshin, A. J. and C. deZeeuw (1970). Textbook of wood technology,
McGraw-Hill Book Co.

Parde, J. (1983). The largest tree in the world \[Sequoiadendron
giganteum, California\]. Review of Forestry in France 35(3): 244-245.

Parmeter Jr., J. R. (1985). Diseases and insects of giant sequoia.
Workshop on Management of Giant Sequoia, Reedley, CA, U.S.D.A. Forest
Service.

Parsons, D. J. (1975). Fire in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks.
Fremontia 3(1): 13-14.

Parsons, D. J. (1978). Fire and fuel accumulation in a giant sequoia
forest \[Prescribed burning\]. Journal of Forestry 76(2): 104-105.\
Studies of fallen woody fuel and of litter and duff accumulation in the
sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum)/conifer forest of Kings Canyon
National Park, California, showed that prescribed burning removed most
of the fuel which had accumulated during 60 years of fire suppression.
Measurements 1, 4 and 7 years later showed that sufficient fuel had
accumulated after 7 yr to support further fire. Fire management is
discussed.

Parsons, D. J. and S. H. DeBenedetti (1979). Impact of fire suppression
on a mixed-conifer forest. Forest Ecology and Management 2(1): 21-33.\
Fire suppression (100 yr) in a mixed-conifer forest which evolved with
frequent natural fires has shifted successional patterns, increased the
density of small trees, and produced an unnatural accumulation of ground
fuels. Analysis of species composition, vegetation structure and age
distribution in each of 4 forest types within the mixed-conifer zone of
Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, California, USA, has documented
a substantial increase in young, shade tolerant white fir \[Abies
concolor\] in each type. The original dominant species have decreased in
relative abundance in most cases. The sequoia type has been most
affected by the fire suppression policy. Giant sequoia \[Sequoiadendron
giganteum\] show poor reproduction in the absence of fire. The sequoia
type also exhibits the greatest accumulation of ground fuels. The
ponderosa pine \[Pinus ponderosa\], white fir and mixed forest types
also show successional changes as well as significant accumulations of
flammable ground fuels following a century of fire exclusion. The
management implications of these findings are discussed.

Parsons, D. J. and T. J. Nichols (1985). Management of giant sequoia in
the National Parks of the Sierra Nevada, California. Workshop on
Management of Giant Sequoia, Reedley, CA, USDA Forest Service.

Parsons, D., L. Bancroft, et al. (1985). Information needs for natural
fire management planning. Proceedings of the Symposium and Workshop on
Wilderness Fire, USDA Forest Service.

Parsons, D. J. (1988a). Managing fire as a natural process in the
sequoia mixed-conifer ecosystem: questions of science and policy. George
Wright Society\'s Fifth Triennial Conference on Research in the National
Parks and Equivalent Reserves.

Parsons, D. J. (1988b). The giant sequoia fire controversy: a case study
of the role of science in natural ecosystem management. Third Biennial
Conference of Research in California\'s National Parks, National Park
Service Transactions and Proceedings Series.

Parsons, D. J. (1989). Prescribed fire review sparks studies of giant
sequoia-fire interactions. Park Science 9(2): 19.

Parsons, D. J., D. M. Graber, et al. (1990). Planning for global climate
change. The Sixth George Wright Forum.

Parsons, D. J. (1990a). Restoring fire to the Sierra Nevada mixed
conifer forest: Reconciling science, policy and practicality.
Proceedings of the 1st Annual Meeting of the Society for Ecological
Restoration, Madison, WI.

Parsons, D. J. (1990b). The giant sequoia fire controversy: the role of
science in natural ecosystem management.

Parsons, D. J. (1992). Objects or ecosystems? Giant sequoia management
in National Parks. Symposium on Giant Sequoias: Their Place in the
Ecosystem and Society, Visalia, CA, USDA Forest Service.

Parsons, D. J. (1993). 25 years of restoring fire to giant sequoia
groves: What have we learned? Symposium on Fire in Wilderness and Park
Management, Missoula, MT, USDA Forest Service.

Perl, J. (1970). The vertical landscape in the redwood forest dense. Art
in America.

Peters, M. D. and D. C. Christophel (1978). AUSTROSEQUOIA-WINTONENSIS
new-genus new-species Taxodiaceous cone from Queensland Australia.
Canadian Journal of Botany 56(24): 3119-3128.\
A new taxodiaceous ovulate cone, AUSTROSEQUOIA wintonensis gen. et sp.
nov., is described from the area of Winton, Queensland, Australia. The
material is believed to come from the Upper Cretaceous but may be
younger. The cones have 29-49 cone scales arranged helically around the
axis. Each scale has 4-7 ovules arranged in a single row. Reproductive
shoot leaves are rhomboidal with an incurved apex and a distinct keel.
Comparison with extant taxodiaceous genera indicate a strong similarity
to Sequoia sempervirens (D.Don) Endl. and Sequoiadendron giganteum
(Lindl.) Buchholz. Only limited similarities are observed with species
of the Australian endemic Athrotaxis. The deposit also contains conifer
pollen cones, ferns, and angiosperm remains which are yet to be
described

Pharis, R. P. and W. Morf (1969). Precocious flowering of coastal and
giant redwood-G Sequoia-sempervirens-G, Sequoia-gigantea-G with
Gibberellins A-3 A-4-7 and A-13. Bioscience 19(8): 719-720.

Phillips (1993). Saving sequoias. Sunset. 191: 66-73.

Piirto, D. D., J. R. Parmeter, Jr., et al. (1974). Fomes annosus in
giant sequoia \[gigantea\]. Plant Disease Report 58(5): 478.\
Describes observations made in national parks in California on 20 trees
of Sequoia gigantea that had fallen over: 16 trees showed signs of
attack by F. annosus, in the form of sporophores and/or decay in roots
and butt.

Piirto, D. D. (1974). Structural failure of giant sequoia: properties of
the wood of giant sequoia as related to tree failure, University of
California Forest Products Laboratory.

Piirto, D. D., J. R. Parmeter, et al. (1977). Poria incrassata in giant
sequoia \[Sequoia gigantea\]. Plant Disease Report 61(1): 50.\
P. incrassata was associated with 2 recently fallen old-growth sequoia
trees (Sequoia gigantea). The fungus caused root and butt rot.

Piirto, D. D. (1977). Factors associated with tree failure of giant
sequoia, University of California, Berkeley.

Piirto, D. D. and W. W. Wilcox (1978). Critical evaluation of the
pulsed-current resistence meter for detection of decay in wood. Forest
Products Journal 28: 52-57.\
The \'Shigometer\' Model 7950 manufactured by Northeast Electronics,
Concord, New Hampshire was used to measure the electrical resistance of
blocks of Sequoia gigantea and Abies concolor subjected to attack by
Poria placenta in a decay chamber. Meter readings decreased with
increase in decay. Resistance readings of decayed wood were lower when
measured immediately after removal from the decay chamber than when
air-dried and rewetted with deionised water. Variability in meter
readings may affect detection of decay where the decrease in resistance
of decayed wood is small, as in A. concolor. The meter is unsuitable for
detecting decay in dry timber, since the effect on resistance of the
water necessary to take a reading would be greater than the effects of
decay. Improvements in meter design are suggested.

Piirto, D. D. (1979a). Factors associated with tree failure of giant
sequoia - pathological aspects. First Conference on Scientific Research
in National Parks, Washington, D. C., USDI National Park Service Trans.
and Proc. Series No. 5.

Piirto, D. D. (1979b). Guidelines for management of giant sequoia
groves, USDA Forest Service.

Piirto, D. D. (1981). Comparative properties of old- and young-growth
giant sequoia of potential significance to wood utilization \[Sequoia
gigantea\]. Bulletin of the University of California, Berkeley
Cooperative Extension Service 36(4): 1-26.

Piirto, D. D. and W. W. Wilcox (1981). Comparative properties of
old-growth and young-growth giant sequoia of potential significance to
wood utilization. University of California, Berkeley, Division of
Agricultural Sciences Bulletin. 1901: 168.

Piirto, D. D., J. R. Parmeter, et al. (1984). Basidiomycete fungi
reported on living or dead giant sequoia or coast redwood, University of
California.\
Seventy four species found on giant sequoia (Sequoia gigantea) and coast
redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) are listed alphabetically, with synonyms,
under the name currently used by the USDA Forest Products Lab. Center
for Forest Mycology

Piirto, D. D., J. R. Parmeter, et al. (1984). Causes of uprooting and
breakage of specimen giant sequoia trees. University of California
Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources Bulletin. 1909: 13.\
Recently fallen old growth Sequoia gigantea trees in California were
examined. In 21 of the 33 study trees 33% or more of the wood in the
failure zone had advanced decay. Basal fire scars were found on 27
trees, of which 26 fell towards the scarred side. Nine basidiomycete
fungi were associated with decayed wood, including Fomes annosus
\[Heterobasidion annosum\], Poria albipellucida, P. incrassata, and
Armillaria mellea. Carpenter ants (Camponotus sp.) were found in or near
the failure zones of 16 trees; in most cases they make their galleries
in decayed wood, and no evidence was found that they are vectors of
decay fungi. Physical disturbances such as roads, trails and streams
were associated with 22 tree failures but their role in failure was not
clear

Piirto, D. D. (1985). Wood of giant sequoia: Properties and unique
characteristics. Workshop on Management of Giant Sequoia, Reedley, CA,
USDA Forest Service.

Piirto, D. D., W. J. Hawksworth, et al. (1986). Giant sequoia sprouts:
Does thinning trigger stump sprouting? Journal of Forestry 84(9):
24-25.\
In Sep. 1982, coppice shoots were found on 2 stumps of Sequoiadendron
giganteum, 8 yr after thinning in Nelder Grove, Mariposa Ranger
District, Sierra National Forest, California. This is the first known
report of coppicing in this species. By Sep. 1985, total ht. of the
shoots was 13.0 and 36.8 cm

Piirto, D. D., J. R. Parmeter, et al. (1991). Biological and management
implications of fire/pathogen interactions in the giant sequoia
ecosystem. Society of American Foresters National Convention, Bethesda,
MD.

Piirto, D. D. (1991). Giant sequoia groves, a relic to be preserved or a
resource to be managed?

Piirto, D. D., F. W. Cobb Jr, et al. (1992). Biological and management
implications of fire/pathogen interactions in the giant sequoia
ecosystem: Part II\-- Pathogenicity and genetics of Heterobasidion
annosum, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo.

Piirto, D. D., K. L. Piper, et al. (1992). Biological and management
implications of fire/pathogen interactions in the giant sequoia
ecosystem: Part I\--Fire scar/ pathogen studies, California Polytechnic
State University, San Luis Obispo.

Piirto, D. D. (1992). Giant sequoia insect, disease, and ecosystem
interactions. Symposium on Giant Sequoias: Their Place in the Ecosystem
and Society, Visalia, CA, USDA Forest Service.

Pillsbury, N. H., M. J. DeLasaux, et al. (1991). Young-growth sierra
redwood volume equations for Mountain Home Demonstration State Forest,
California Department of Forestry and FIre Protection.

Pinchot, G. (1900). A short account of the big trees of California.
Washington, D.C. : Dept. of Agriculture, Forestry Division Bulletin 28.

Platt, G. C. (1980). Production of Sequoiadendron giganteum by cuttings.
Combined Proceedings of the International Plant Propagators Society.\
Reports the successful propagation of shoot cuttings taken in mid winter
from the lower branches of a young tree approx. 15 ft high and rooted
inwashed scoria in an unheated greenhouse. Approx. 80% showed active
growth by autumn and were root pruned to fit into propagation tubes
containing 100% granulated pine bark, with fertilizer spread over the
surface 2-3 wk after pricking out. Once established in the tubes, trees
were potted on into pine bark in 1-gal containers and many had to be
staked to prevent them continuing to grow as lateral shoots. Overall
success rate has averaged 75% over several yr, with the use of hormone
(IBA) offering no advantage

Plummer, F. G. (1905). Report on an estimate of the North Calaveras
Grove of big trees, California.

Plummer, F. G. (1906). Report on the Calaveras Groves of big trees.

Presnall, C. C. (1933a). Translating the autobiography of a big tree.
Yosemite Nature Notes. 12: 5-7.

Presnall, C. C. (1933b). Fire studies in the Mariposa Grove. Yosemite
Nature Notes. 12: 23-24.

Price, W. W. (1892). Description of a new grove of Sequoia gigantea.
Zoe. 3: 32.

Ralph, E. K. and H. N. Michael (1970). MASCA radiocarbon dates for
sequoia and bristlecone-pine samples. Radiocarbon Variations and
Absolute Chronology. I. U. Olsson. New York, NY, John Wiley and Sons:
619-623.

Ralph, E. K. and H. N. Michael (1974). Twenty-five years of radiocarbon
dating. American Scientist 62(5): 553-560.\
Describes the development of radiocarbon (C14) dating and the use of
dendrochronology for the preparation of tree-ring chronologies, based on
Sequoia gigantea and Pinus longaeva, to calibrate C14 dates. Possible
reasons for disparities between the two data scales are discussed.

Ralph, E. K. and J. Klein (1979). Composite computer plots of 14 C dates
for tree-ring-dated bristlecone pines and sequoias. Radiocarbon Dating.
R. Berger and H. E. Suess. Berkeley, CA, University of California Press:
545-553.

Rannert, H. (1955). \[On the stem form and volume of Sequoia gigantea\].
Zbl. ges Forstw 74: 19-26.

Redd (1976). A proposed management plan for Red Hill Grove, USDA Forest
Service, Tule River Ranger District.

Rejmanek, M. and J. J. Messina (1989). Predicting conifer growth
reduction from the analysis of neighborhood weed competition.
Proceedings of the10th Annual Forest Vegetation Management Conference,
Redding, CA.

Reynolds, R. D. (19??). Effect of natural fires and aboriginal burning
upon the forest of the central Sierra Nevada, University of California.

Richter, H., G. Halbwachs, et al. (1972). Determination of xylem
tensions in the crown of a giant sequoia Sequoiadendron-giganteum. Flora
116(4): 401-420.

Rickett, H. W. (1950). The botanical name of the big tree. Journal of
the New York Botanical Garden 51: 15.

Riegel, G. M., S. E. Greene, et al. (1988). Characteristics of the
reference stands in Sequoia National Park, Cooperative National Parks
Resources Studies Unit, Davis, CA.

Ritter, J. T. (1992). Management perspective of the symposium on giant
sequoia. Symposium on Giant Sequoias: Their Place in the Ecosystem and
Society, Visalia, CA, USDA Forest Service.

Roberts, C. K. (1989). California Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis
occidentalis) inventory and demography study, Sequoia and Kings Canyon
National Parks: preliminary results, 1988, CSU Sacramento.

Robinson, C. D. (1882). The two redwoods. Californian. 5: 481-491.

Rogers, R. R. (1985). Management of giant sequoia in the National
Forests of the Sierra Nevada. Workshop on Management of Giant Sequoia,
Reedley, CA, USDA Forest Service.

Rogers, R. R. (1988). Giant sequoia management on the Sequoia National
Forest. Journal of Forestry 86(8): 2.

Rueger, B. (1992). Giant sequoia management strategies on the Tule River
Indian Reservation. Symposium on Giant Sequoias: Their Place in the
Ecosystem and Society, Visalia, CA, USDA Forest Service.

Rundel, P. W. (1967a). The influence of man and fire on the vegetation
of the Calaveras Groves of Sequoiadendron giganteum, Duke University.

Rundel, P. W. (1969a). Aestival cycles in the soil and plant water
relations of the giant sequoia-G ecosystem of the Sierra-Nevada,
California, USA. The XI International Botanical Congress and the
International Wood Chemistry Symposium, Seattle, Washington, XI
International Botanical Congress.

Rundel, P. W. (1969b). The distribution and ecology of the giant sequoia
ecosystem in the Sierra Nevada, California, Duke University.

Rundel, P. W. (1971). Community structure and stability in the giant
sequoia groves of the Sierra Nevada, California. American Midland
Naturalist 85(2): 478-492.

Rundel, P. W. (1972a). An annotated check list of the groves of
Sequoiadendron giganteum in the Sierra Nevada, California. Madrono 21(5,
pt. 1): 319-328.\
Discusses the definition of the term \'grove\' as applied to the
disjunct distribution of Sequoia gigantea along the western slope of the
Sierra Nevada, and presents a list in which geographical distribution is
maintained as a primary criterion in defining particular groves but
where historical tradition is not ignored. Some outliers are considered
to be colonizers rather than relict groves, and some contiguous groves
have been lumped under a single name.

Rundel, P. W. (1972b). Habitat restriction in giant sequoia: the
environmental control of grove boundaries. \[Sequoiadendron giganteum\].
American Midland Naturalist 87(1): 81-99.\
Discusses edaphic and temperature restrictions, and details of seedling
ecology, and gives results of studies of soil moisture stress and
measurements of water potential. The maintenance of the remarkably
stable grove boundaries is controlled by an interaction of moisture
availability, temperature, and the tolerances of the seedling stage of
Sequoia gigantea.

Rundel, P. W. (1973). The relationship between basal fire scars and
crown damage in giant sequoia \[Sequoiadendron giganteum\]. Ecology
54(1): 210-213.\
Describes a study showing that a strong correlation exists between the
presence of basal scars in Sequoia gigantea and the occurrence of snag
tops (consisting of the dead top of the main stem plus remnants of the
uppermost branches) in mature trees. The % of snag-top trees was
directly related to the size of the basal scar. Ca. 50% of trees with
fire scars \> 100 ft2 in area had a snag top. The evidence indicates
that the physiological basis of this phenomenon is a response to high
water stresses in the uppermost crown of a mature tree. Fire damage at
the base of the tree destroys large amounts of active xylem, thereby
reducing the rate of water absorption. When water stress exceeds the
physiological tolerance limits for the species, the top of the stem is
the first part damaged. The critical water potential at the top of
mature S. gigantea indicates that trees may survive xylem pressure
potentials somewhat lower than -20 bars for short periods at midday
without damage. Water potentials lower than this may be a significant
limiting factor in determining the upper height limits of these trees.

Rundel, P. W. and T. St John (1975). The effects of fire on nutrient
status of sequoia-mixed-conifer forest soils, National Park Service.

Rundel, P. W. and R. E. Stecker (1977). Morphological adaptations of
tracheid structure to water stress gradients. Oecologia 27(2): 135-139.\
Mean radial diameter of tracheids in young branches of a 90 m S.
giganteum decreases linearly with height along a gradient correlated
linearly with decreasing xylem pressure potential. These smaller
tracheid diameters provide strength to resist strong mechanical tensions
in the xylem column and hypothetically allow greater efficiencies of
water conduction. Tracheid length is not significantly correlated with
either water stress or tracheid diameter

Sagreiya, K. P. (1968). World\'s tallest trees. Indian Forester 94(11):
853.

San Miguel, G. L. (1990). A history of the General Grant Grove area of
Kings Canyon National Park.

Sandlin, C. M., D. M. Ferrin, et al. (1991). Foliar blight and branch
dieback of container-grown giant redwood in California caused by
Phytophthora citrophthora. Plant Disease 75: 1074.

Sandlin, C. M. and D. M. Ferrin (1993). Foliar blight and root rot of
container-grown giant redwood caused by Phytophthora citrophthora. Plant
Disease 77(6): 591-594.

Sanger, L. C. (1905). Report of lumber sales for year ending March 31,
1905.\
Converse Basin Mill operation 1898-1904 data

Sargent, S. (1976). Through and through. Westways. September: 1 page.

Schlarbaum, S. E. and T. Tsuchiya (1975). The chromosome study of giant
sequoia, Sequoiadendron giganteum. Silvae Genetica 24(1): 23-26.\
Confirms the description by Jensen and Levan \[see FA 4, p. 90\] of 2n =
22 with two metacentric (M-type) pairs of chromosomes, eight nearly
metacentric (m-type) pairs and one submetacentric (sm-type) pair. In the
smallest m-type pair, each chromosome has a potential region that takes
up little Feulgen stain or acetocarmine at late prophase and is almost
completely unstained at metaphase; this region constitutes ca. 30% of
each chromosome.

Schlobohm, D. F. and F. A. Meyer (1952). The status of Sequoia gigantea
in the Sierra Nevada.

Schlobohm, D. F. (1986). Your giant sequoias: Their past, present, and
future.

Schonberger, C. F. (1948). Biological survey of the South Grove area.

Schubert, G. H. and r. b. N. M. Beetham (1962). Silvical characteristics
of giant sequoia, PSW Berkeley.

Scott, A. H. A. and H. R. Walt (1988). A Californian abroad. Fremontia.
April: 22-23.

Sequoia, N. F. (1988). Sequoia National Forest Land and Resource
Management Plan.\
latest LMP of the forest

Sequoia, N. F. (1990). Sequoia National Forest Mediated Settlement
Agreement.\
ammendment to the 1988 LMP

Sequoia, N. H. A. (various years). Trail guides and short informational
handouts on giant sequoia groves, Sequoia National Park. Three Rivers,
CA, Sequoia Natural History Association.

Serre, F. (1974). The tallest, widest, and oldest trees in the world.
Bull. Soc. Linn. Provence. 27: 95-108.\
Some trees are gigantic; sequoias (Sequoia gigantea and S. sempervirens)
are among the most famous. They can be multimillenarians, but as far as
age is concerned, they are at the present time supplanted by high
altitude pines belonging to the species P. aristata, which are also
confined to the western parts of the USA

Shellhammer, H. S. (1966). Cone-cutting activities of Douglas squirrels
in sequoia groves. Journal of Mammalogy 47(3): 525-526.

Shellhammer, H. S., R. E. Stecker, et al. (1970). Unusual factors
contributing to the destruction of young giant sequoias-G. American
Journal of Botany 20(8): 408-410.

Sherwood, G. H. (1927). The big tree and its story. New York, NY,
American Museum of Natural History.

Sherwood, K. E. (1994). The role of rock chemistry in controlling local
and regional scale habitat boundaries of Sequoiadendron giganteum,
Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University.

Shinn, C. H. (1889). The great sequoia. Garden and Forest. 2: 614-615.

Shirley, J. C. (1947). The redwoods of the Coast and Sierra. Berkeley
and Los Angeles, CA, University of California Press.

Sierra, R. C. (1909?). The Bret Harte country: Calaveras big trees,
Yosemite and Hetch-Hetchy Valleys, Mercers Cave, Lake Eleanor, Tuolumne
Meadows, etc., reached by Sierra Railway.

Sierra, C. (1949). The Calaveras big tree region. Sierra Club Bulletin.

Sierra, C. (1963). Dennison Ridge big trees, Sequoia. Sierra Club
Bulletin. 48.

Sierra, N. F. (1991). Forest and Land Management Plan.

Silverberg, R. (1969). Vanishing giants; the story of the sequoias. New
York, NY, Simon and Schuster.

Skenfield, M. W. (1986). Increment boring study, South Grove Calaveras
Big Trees State Park.

Skok, J. (1961). Photoperiodic responses of Sequoia gigantea seedlings.
Botanical Gazette 123(1): 63-70.

Smith, E. C. (1942). Mariposa big tree survey.

Smith, R. S., A. H. McCain, et al. (1973). Control of Botrytis
\[cinerea\] storage rot of giant sequoia seedlings \[Sequoiadendron
giganteum\]. Plant Disease Report 57(1): 67-69.\
Benomyl was the most effective of several fungicides tested for
controlling the development of Botrytis cinerea on Sequoia gigantea. A
full evaluation of the effectiveness of the fungicides was not possible,
owing to a remission of the disease with the onset of winter.

Smith, R. S., Jr. (1975). Grey mold of giant sequoia \[Sequoia
gigantea\], Botrytis cinerea (Fr.) Pers. Agricultural Handbook U. S.
Department of Agriculture 101(9): 562-564.

Snyder, N. F. R., R. R. Ramey, et al. (1986). Nest-site biology of the
California Condor Gymnogyps-californianus. Condor 88(2): 228-241.\
A study of 72 historical and recent nests of the California Condor
(Gymnogyps californianus) has revealed considerable variability in
nest-site characteristics. This paper primarily summarizes the data on
nest elevations and dimensions, entrance orientations, nest longevity
and re-use, vulnerability of sites to natural enemies, and use of sites
by other species. Although all known nests have been natural cavities,
some have been little more than overhung ledges on cliffs, while others
have been deep, dark caves with nest chambers completely concealed from
the outside. Two sites have been cavities in giant sequoias
(Sequoiadendron giganteum). Contrary to previous assumptions, condors do
modify the characteristics of their nest sites significantly and
commonly construct substrates of coarse gravel on which to rest their
eggs. Many nests have been completely accessible to terrestrial
predators, many have been poorly protected from avian predators, and
some have had structural flaws leading directly to nesting failure. The
use of suboptimal sites has not been clearly related to a scarcity of
better quality sites

Southern-Pacific, C. (1901). The giant forest: Kern River canyons and
the high Sierras.

Southern-Pacific, C. (c1914). Big trees of California.

St. John, H. and R. W. Krauss (1954). The taxonomic position and the
scientific name of the big tree known as Sequoia gigantea. Pacific
Science 8: 341-358.

St. John, T. V. and P. W. Rundel (1976). The role of fire as a
mineralizing agent in a Sierran coniferous forest. Oecologia 25(1):
35-45.\
Studies on plots in a Sequoiadendron giganteum/mixed conifer forest in
California are reported. It was concluded that fire is an effective but
not a conservative mineralizing agent (the increases in soluble N were
at the expense of losses of total N).

St. John, T. V. (1976). The dependence of certain conifers on fire as a
mineralizing agent, University of California, Irvine.

Stafford, H. A. and H. H. Lester (1986). Proanthocyanidins in needles
from six genera of the taxodiaceae. American Journal of Botany 73(11):
1555-1562.\
Proanthocyanidin contents of needles ranged from a mean of 150 to 300
.mu.g per mg dry wt in five species from five genera of the Taxodiaceae,
Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) Buchh., Metasequoia glyptostroboides
H. Hu and Cheng, Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don) Endl., Taxodium distichum
L. Rich., and Sciadopitys verticillata Siebold and Zucc. However,
significantly lower amounts (70 .mu.g per mg dry wt) were found in
Cryptomeria japonica (L.f.) D. Don. This latter species as well as
Sciadopitys verticillata, contained little or no prodelphinidin, while
the other four species contained a ratio of procyanidin to
prodelphinidin up to about 1:5. These data were based on analyses from
three trees from each species. In addition, one tree from each species
was examined in more detail. The major flavan-3-ol in all cases was
(+)-catechin, with only non-detectable or trace amounts of
(-)-epicatechin. The triphenolic flavan-3-ol, (+)-gallocatechin, was a
minor constituent in all species, except Sciadopitys and Cryptomeria.
The (-)-epigallocatechin was detected in Metasequoia, Sequoiadendron and
Sequoia. All contained either (-)-epicatechin-(+)-catechin or
(+)-catechin-(+)-catechin as the major procyanidin dimer. Prodelphinidin
dimers were only tentatively identified

Stagner, H. R. (1952). The Giants of Sequoia and Kings Canyon. Visalia,
CA, Commercial Printing Co.

Stangenberger, A. G. (1971). Mechanical properties of southern Sierra
old- and second-growth giant sequoia \[Sequoia gigantea, wood\].
California Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 854: 14.

Stark, N. (1968a). The environmental tolerance of the seedling stage of
Sequoiadendron-giganteum. American Midland Naturalist 80(1): 84-95.

Stark, N. (1968b). Seed ecology of Sequoiadendron-giganteum. Madrono
19(7): 267-277.

Stebbins, G. L. (1948). Chromosomes and relationships of Metasequoia and
Sequoia. Science 108: 95-98.

Stecker, R. E. (1967). An entomological reconaissance survey of selected
Sequoia gigantea groves.

Stecker, R. E. (1969). Giant sequoia insect ecology, National Park
Service.

Stecker, R. E. (1973). Insects and reproduction of Sequoiadendron
giganteum (Lindl.) Bucholz, University of California, Davis.

Stephenson, N. L. (1987). Use of tree aggregations in forest ecology and
management. Environmental Management 11: 1-5.

Stephenson, N. L. (1988). Climatic control of vegetation distribution:
the role of water balance with examples from North America and Sequoia
National Park, California, Cornell University.

Stephenson, N. L., D. J. Parsons, et al. (1990). Effects of fire history
on forest structure in sequoia-mixed conifer forests. Bulletin of the
Ecological Society of America 71(2): 336.

Stephenson, N. L., D. J. Parsons, et al. (1991). Restoring natural fire
to the sequoia-mixed conifer forest: Should intense fire play a role?
17th Tall Timbers Fire Conference: High Intensity Fire in Wildlands:
Management Challenges and Options, Tallahassee, FL, Tall Timbers
Research Station.

Stephenson, N. L. (1992). Long-term dynamics of giant sequoia
populations: Implications for managing a pioneer species. Symposium on
Giant Sequoias: Their Place in the Ecosystem and Society, Visalia, CA,
USDA Forest Service.

Stephenson, N. L. and A. Demetry (1995). Estimating ages of giant
sequoias. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 25: 223-233.

Stewart, G. W. (1930). Big trees of the giant forest. San Francisco, CA,
A. M. Robertson.

Stewart, R., S. H. Key, et al. (1992). Giant sequoia management in the
National Forests of California. Symposium on Giant Sequoias: Their Place
in the Ecosystem and Society, Visalia, CA, USDA Forest Service.

Stohlgren, T. J. (1988a). Litter dynamics in two Sierran mixed conifer
forests. I. Litterfall and decomposition rates. Canadian Journal of
Forest Research 18(9): 1127-1135.\
Litterfall was measured for 4 years and leaf litter decomposition rates
were studied for 3.6 years in two mixed conifer forests (giant sequoia -
fir and fir-pine) in the southern Sierra Nevada of California. The giant
sequoia - fir forest (GS site) was dominated by giant sequoia
(Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.)Buchh.), white fir (Abies concolor
Lindl. & Gord.), and sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana Dougl.). The fir-pine
forest (FP site) was dominated by white fir, sugar pine, and incense
cedar (Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin). Litterfall, including large
woody debris \< 15.2 cm in diameter, at the GS site averaged 6364 kg
.cntdot. ha-1 .cntdot. year-1 compared with 4355 kg .cntdot. ha-1
.cntdot. year-1 at the FP site. Compared with other temperate coniferous
forests, annual variability in litterfall (as computed by the ratio of
the annual maximum/minimum litterfall) was extremely high for the GS
site (5.8:1) and moderately high for the FP site (3.4:1). In the GS
site, leaf litter decomposition after 3.6 years was slowest for giant
sequoia (28.2% mass loss), followed by sugar pine (34.3%) and white fir
(45.1%). In the FP site, mass loss was slowest for sugar pine (40.0%),
followed by white fir (45.1%), while incense cedar showed the greatest
mass loss (56.9%) after 3.6 years. High litterfall rates of large woody
debris (i.e., 2.5-15.2 cm diameter) and slow rates of leaf litter
decomposition in the giant sequoia - fir forest type may result in
higher litter accumulation rates than in the fir-pine type. Leaf litter
times to 95% decay for the GS and FP sites were 30 and 27 years,
respectively, if the initial 0.7-year period (a short period of rapid
mass decay) was ignored in the calculation. A mass balance approach for
total litterfall (\< 15.2 cm diameter) decomposition yielded lower decay
constants than did the litterbag study and therefore longer times to 95%
decay (57 years of the GS siteand 62 years for the FP site)

Stohlgren, T. J. (1988b). Litter dynamics in two Sierran mixed conifer
forests. II. Nutrient release in decomposing leaf litter. Canadian
Journal of Forest Research 18(9): 1136-1144.\
The factors influencing leaf litter decomposition and nutrient release
patterns were investigated for 3.6 years in two mixed conifer forests in
the southern Sierra Nevada of California. The giant sequoia - fir forest
was dominated by giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum
(Lindl.)Buchh.), white fir (Abies concolor Lindl. & Gord.), and sugar
pine (Pinus labertiana Dougl.). The fir-pine forest was dominated by
white fir, sugar pine, and incense cedar (Calocedrus decurrens
(Torr.)Florin). Initial concentrations of nutrients and percent lignin,
cellulose, and acid detergent fiber vary considerably in freshly
abscised leaf litter of the studied species. Giant sequoia had the
highest concentration of lignin (20.3%) and the lowest concentration of
nitrogen (0.52%), while incense cedar had the lowest concentration of
lignin (9.6%) and second lowest concentration of nitrogen (0.63%).
Long-term (3.6 years) foliage decomposition rates were best correlated
with initial lignin/N (r2 = 0.94, p \< 0.05), lignin-concentration (r2 =
0.92, p \< 0.05), and acid detergent fiber concentration (r2 = 0.80, p
\< 0.05). Patterns of nutrient release were highly variable. Giant
sequoia immobilized N and P, incense cedar immobilized N and to a lesser
extent P, while sugar pine immobilized Ca. Strong linear or negative
exponential relationship existed between initial concentrations of N, P,
K, and Ca and percent original mass remaining of those nutrients after
3.6 years. This suggests efficient retention of these nutrients in the
litter layer of these ecosystems. Nitrogen concentrations steadily
increase in decomposing leaf litter, effectively reducing the C/N ratios
from an initial range of 68-96 to 27-45 after 3.6 years

Stohlgren, T. J. (1990a). Resilience of an 85 year old clear-cut grove
of giant sequoia. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 71(2):
337-338.

Stohlgren, T. J. (1990b). Size distributions and spatial patterns of
giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) in Sequoia and Kings Canyon
National Parks, California, University of California, Davis.

Stohlgren, T. J., J. M. Melack, et al. (1991). Atmospheric deposition
and solute export in giant sequoia\--mixed conifer watersheds in the
Sierra Nevada, California. Biogeochemistry 12(3): 207-230.

Stohlgren, T. J. (1991). Size distributions and spatial patterns of
giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) in Sequoia and Kings Canyon
National Parks, California, Cooperative National Park Resources Studies
Unit, UCD, Institute of Ecology.

Stohlgren, T. J. (1992). Resilience of a heavily logged grove of giant
sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) in Kings Canyon National Park,
California. Forest Ecology and Management 54(1-4): 115-140.

Stohlgren, T. J. (1993a). Intra-specific competition (crowding) of giant
sequoias (Sequoiadendron giganteum). Forest Ecology and Management
59(1-2): 127-148.

Stohlgren, T. J. (1993b). Spatial patterns of giant sequoia
(Sequoiadendron-giganteum) in 2 Sequoia groves in Sequoia National Park,
California. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23(2): 120-132.

Stone and Cavallaro (1989). Yes! Resortation ecology in our National
Parks does require vegetation targets. First annual meeting of the
Society for Ecological Restoration and Management, Oakland, CA.

Stranger, H. R. (1954). The giants of Sequoia and Kings Canyon National
Parks. Visalia, CA, Commercial Printing Company.

Strong, D. H. (1968). Trees - or timber? Three Rivers, CA, Sequoia
Natural History Association.

Strong, D. H. (1975). To save the big trees. National Parks and
Conservation Magazine. 49: 10-14.

Sudworth, G. B. (1900a). Report on the big trees of California.

Sudworth, J. B. (1900b). Report on the Stanislaus and Lake Tahoe forest
reserves, California, and adjacent territory.

Sunset, E. S. (1969). Redwood country and the big trees of the Sierra.
Menlo Park,CA, Lane Books.

Sutcliffe, J. (1981). Sap in the treetops Sequoiadendron giganteum, Acer
saccharum, guttation. New Scientist 90(1257): 682-684.

Sveshnikova, I. N. and V. L. Komarov (1978). Method for studying the
needle epidermis of conifers using a scanning electron microscope. Bot.
Zh. (Leningrad) 63(8): 1168-1171.\
A maceration method was developed in which needles were cut along the
edges, boiled in water 1-2 min and submersed in a 30% CrO3 solution at
20.degree. C for 10-20 h. Comparative maceration times are given for
Athrotaxis selaginoides, Cryptomeria japonica, Cunninghamia lanceolata,
Glyptostrobus lineatus, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Sequoia
sempervirens, Sequoiadendron giganteum, Taiwania cryptomerioides and
Taxodium distichum. This method was applied in a study of upper and
lower epidermis of leaf surfaces with particular emphasis on the form of
the upper wall in the guard cells in all genera of the family
Taxodiaceae. Cuticles from the upper wall of the guard cells, when
stored in this preparation, have a highly standard form which can be
used as a good classification characteristic

Swetnam, T. W. (1988). Millennial fire history in giant sequoia. George
Wright Society\'s Fifth Triennial Conference on Research in the National
Parks and Equivalent Reserves.

Swetnam, T. W. and C. H. Baisan (1988). Giant sequoia fire history: A
feasibility study.

Swetnam, T. W., C. H. Baisan, et al. (1990). Late holocene fire and
climate variability in giant sequoia groves. Bulletin of the Ecological
Society of America 71(2): 342.

Swetnam, T. W., F. Touchan, et al. (1991). Giant sequoia fire history in
Mariposa Grove, Yosemite National Park. Yosemite Centennial Symposium,
El Portal, CA, Yosemite Association.

Swetnam, T. W. (1992). Tree-ring reconstruction of giant sequoia fire
regimes.

Swetnam, T. W. (1993). Fire history and climate change in giant sequoia
groves. Science 262(5): 885-889.

Swift, S. Z. (1975). Observations on mycorrhizae of Sequoiadendron
giganteum, San Jose State University.

Swift, W. S. (1975). An investigation of the seedling pathology of giant
sequoia, San Jose State University.

Tahoe, N. F. (1977). Placer County sierra redwood grove, botanical area.

Tarasova, Z. G. (1977). Mycorrhizae in plants of the family Taxodiaceae.
Biol. Zh. Arm. 30(2): 37-44.

Taylor, N. (1962). The ageless relicts; the story of sequoia. New York,
NY, St. Martin\'s Press.

Taylor, R. (1968). Fire in the redwoods. Westways. August: 36-37.

Taylor, D. (1992). Reflections of the Audubon Society-Giant sequoias:
Their place in the ecosystem and society. Symposium on Giant Sequoias:
Their Place in the Ecosystem and Society, Visalia, CA, USDA Forest
Service.

Teale, E. W. (1943). The wilderness world of John Muir. Boston, MA,
Houghton Mifflin Co.

Teasdale, A. (1977). The Sequoiadendron \[giganteum\] story
\[California\]. American Horticulture 56(1): 22-25.

Teasdale, A. (1979). Sequoiadendron giganteum Sierra redwood tree\--The
very god of the woods (includes propogation in Great Britain). Arboric
Journal 3(6): 433-436.

Temple, P. J. (1988). Injury and growth of Jeffrey pine and giant
sequoia in response to ozone and acidic mist. Environmental and
Experimental Botany 28(4): 323-333.

Terstegge, M. A. (1990). Creating a park to save the big trees. Los
Tulares. 169 and 170: 3 pages.

Thorpe, T. A. (1977). Plantlet formation of conifers in vitro. Symposium
on vegetative propagation of forest trees - physiology and practice,
Uppsala, Sweden.\
A review of experiments with Pinus palustris, Pseudotsuga menziesii,
Tsuga heterophylla, Picea glauca, Thuja plicata and Sequoia gigantea.

Tilles, D. A. (1979). The symbiotic interrelationships between the
carpenter ant, Camponotus modoc, and aphids in the genus Cinara in a
giant sequoia ecosystem, University of California, Berkeley: 98.

Tilles, D. A. and D. L. Wood (1982). The influence of carpenter ant
(Camponotus modoc) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) attendance on the
development and survival of aphids (Cinara spp.) (Homoptera: Aphididae)
in a giant sequoiaforest. Canadian Entomology 114(12): 1133-1142.\
Camponotus modoc was associated with numerous species of Homoptera in
Giant Forest, Sequoia - Kings Canyon National Park, California \[USA\].
Ant-exclusion experiments and field observations indicated that survival
of the abundant Cinara occidentalis Davidson on white fir depends on
attendance by Camponotus modoc. More of the predators, Neomysia
oblonguttata (Mulsant), Deraeocoris brevis Uhler, Passaloecus cuspidatus
F. Smith, Pityophyphantes sp., were found on ant-unattended than on
attended aphid colonies. As aphid populations decreased, ant attendance
per aphid and number of predators/aphid increased. Attended aphid
colonies were more likely to survive to produce oviparae and a lower
proportion of alates

Tilles, D. A. and D. L. Wood (1986). Foraging behavior of the carpenter
ant, Camponotus modoc (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), in a giant sequoia
forest. Canadian Entomology 118(9): 861-867.\
The proportion of large Camponotus modoc workers returning to the nest
with solid food was significantly less than that of smaller workers. The
average weight of ants collected at colonies of the aphid Cinara
occidentalis was significantly less than the average weight of ants
collected in the vicinity of the ant nest. These data and additional
observations suggest that small ants are more likely to attend aphids
and transport solid food than are large ants. Some large ants may
specialize in honeydew transport. Mark-and-recapture studies showed that
workers of Camponotus modoc returned to the same trunk trails and aphid
colonies from which they had previously been removed. When relocated to
either the base of the tree or to the nest entrance, some workers
demonstrated a capacity to recognize the original aphid colony from
among as many as eight other colonies in the same tree. Some ants were
observed on the same aphid colony for long periods

Tobiessen, P., P. W. Rundel, et al. (1971). Water potential gradient in
a tall Sequoiadendron. Plant Physiology 48: 303-304.

Toda, Y., K. Nagano, et al. (1986). Cytogenetical studies on Taxodiaceae
VI. Karyotype of Taxodiaceae 2. Fac Agric Kyushu Tokai Univ.\
Comparative studies on the karyotype of different genera were performed
in order to determine the positioning in a karyological classification
of Cryptomeria japonica in Taxodiaceae. Karyotypes of Metasequoia
glyptostroboides Hu et Cheng., Taiwania cryptomerioides Hayata and
Sequoiadendron gigantium Lindl. were determined: Metasequoia
glyptostroboides, K (22) =
2Am+2Bm+2Cm+2Dm+2Em+2Fm+2scGm+2Hm+2scIm+2J+m+2sc Km; Taiwania
cryptomerioides, K (22) = 2Am+2Bm+2scCm+2Dm+2Em+2Fm+2Gm+2Hsm+2
Ism+2Jm+2Ksm+2Ksm;\
Sequoiadendron\
giganteum,\
K\
(22)\
= 2Am+2Bm+2Cm+2Dm+2Em+2Fm+2Gm+2Hm+2Ism+2Jm+2SscKm. The karyotype of
Sequoia sempervirens Endl. has not been determined yet, but this species
has been confirmed to have 6 telomeres trabants just like Cunninghamia
lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook.

Tweed, W. C. (1980). Sequoia-Kings Canyon, the story behind the scenery,
KC Publications.

Tweed, W. C. (1987). Born of fire: Prescribed burns will be the
salvation of the sequoia groves. National Parks. 61: 23-27.

Tweed, W. C. (1992). Public perceptions of giant sequoia over time.
Symposium on Giant Sequoias: Their Place in the Ecosystem and Society,
Visalia, CA, USDA Forest Service.

Ul\'ianov, V. V. (1984). Biological fundamentals of vegetative
propagation of Sequoiadendron giganteum. Tr. Gos. Nikitsk. Bot. Sad.
92(71-77).

unknown (1856). Description of the mammoth tree from California. London,
R. S. Francis.

unknown (1858). The big trees of California. Harper\'s Weekly. June 6.

unknown (1870). (Deep Creek big trees). Fresno Weekly Expositor.
Millerton, CA.

unknown (1870). The new grove of big trees. Fresno Weekly Expositor.
Millerton, CA.

unknown (1908). Bigtree. Sequoia washingtoniana (Winsl.) Sudw.
Wahington, D.C., US Govt. Printing Office.

unknown (1951). Saving Earth\'s oldest living trees. National
Geographic.

unknown (1969). Whitaker\'s Forest. California Forester. 14: 1-6.

unknown (1970). Giant sequoia, bigtree (Sequoia gigantea), Sequoia
National Forest: 3 pages.

USFS (1954-71). Special interest/management areas - giant sequoia
groves.

USFS (1963). Recreation management plan, McKinley Grove recreation area.

USFS (1963). Nelder Grove scenic area proposal.

USFS (1990). Giant sequoia management on the Sequoia National Forest.

USFS (1991). Sequoia National Forest giant sequoia management.

USFS (1992, 93). Research: Tree-ring sampling in giant sequoia groves,
Sequoia National Forest.

USFS (1993). Decision memo, research: tree-ring sampling in the McKinley
giant sequoia grove.

USFS (19??). Giant sequoia (Sequoia gigantea (Lindl.)).

USFS (various). Environmental assessments for management plans, timber
sales or prescribed burns, Sequoia National Forest.

Vale, T. R. (1970). Objectivity, values, and the redwoods. Landscape
19(1): 30-33.

Vale, T. R. (1975). Ecology and environmental issues of the Sierra
Redwood (Sequoiadendron giganteum), now restricted to California.
Environmental Conservation 2(3): 179-188.

Van Name, W. G. (1927). The Redwood Mountain sequoia grove: the third
largest grove of big sequoia in the world: excelled only by the Garfield
and Giant Forest groves.

Vancon, S. (1993). Fertilization affects growth and incidence of grey
mold on container-grown giant sequoia. Tree Plant Notes 44(2): 68-72.

Vankat, J. L. (1968). The early history of the Sequoia and Kings Canyon
National Parks as it pertains to the vegetation.

Vankat, J. L. (1977). Fire and man in Sequoia National Park. Annals of
the Association of American Geographers 67(1): 17-24.

various_authors (1882-1946). A collection of clippings, largely from San
Francisco Bay newspapers pertaining to California trees and forests,
conservation in general, Sequoia in particular, forest fires, etc.:
Assembled by Willis, housed at UC Berkeley Biosciences Library.

various_authors (1949). Catalog of books, pamphlets & broadsides,
prints, paintings & photographs pertaining to Yosemite and the
California big tree, 1839-1900. New York, NY, Edward Eberstadt.

various_authors (1975). Special feature - conifers. Forest and Timber.
11: 16.\
Conifers are the world\'s major timber producers; Pine planting
programme \[in Australia\] closely related to demand for timber; The
first experiment in Pine planting \[in New South Wales\]; Notable
conifers \[the world\'s tallest (Sequoia sempervirens\], largest
(Sequoia gigantea) and oldest (Pinus aristata) trees - all in the USA\];
Cypress Pine: the timber tree of the inland \[of New South Wales\]; The
mystery of the dying \[Norfolk Island\] Pines; and Hoop Pine reflects
its pre-historic origins.

various_authors (various years). Fire-related articles and management
issues. Good selection at Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Park.

various_authors (various years). Official collections of materials about
giant sequoia, Paul Spivey Collection at UC Berkeley Bancroft Library,
Harold G. Schutt Collection at Cal. State Univ., Fresno library,
Hackley-Hume Collection at Michigan State University library.

various_authors (various years). Timber cruise reports.

various_authors (various years). Photo collections.

various_authors (various years). Newspaper articles on giant sequoia and
related issues. San Francisco Chronicle, Fresno Bee, Calaveras
Californian, other local county papers: Good variety housed at Yosemite
National Park Library.\
includes: Champion, D. 1986; Rose, G. 1975; Mayo, J. M. 1949

various_authors (various years). Maps of giant sequoia groves, available
at all grove locations.

various_authors (various years). Bibliographies for articles on giant
sequoia cultivation/giant sequoia in other countries. See bibliographies
in: Martin, E. J. 1958 and Hartesveldt, R. J. 1969, available at
Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Park Library.\
see bibliographies in: Martin, E. J. 1958 Die Sequoien und ihre Anzucht;
Hartesveldt, R. J. 1969 Sequoias in Europe

various_authors (various years). Letters and notes on giant sequoia
issues from the public and park employees.\
includes: Clayton, J. E. 1856; Harwell, C. A. 1940; Beck, S. 1975

various_authors (various years). Letters, notes, and memos on giant
sequoia issues from the public and forest employees.\
includes: Rogers, R. R. 1985 (multiple notes); Rogers, R. R. 1987;
Sackett, S. S. 1991; many USFS memos, some on timber sales

various_authors (various years). Children\'s books on giant sequoia, C.
Arnold, L. N. Baker, M. M. Buff, K. Baron, and others.

Vazhov, V. I. and G. D. Iaroslavtsev (1983). Dependence of annual
increment of Sequoiadendron giganteum on some meteorological elements in
the Mountain Crimea. Biulleten\' Gosudarstvennogo Nikitskogo
Botanicheskogo Sada 52: 56-59.

Vischer, E. (1862). Vischer\'s views of California: the mammoth tree
grove, Calaveras County, California, and its avenues. San Francisco, CA,
E. Vischer.

Vischer, E. (1862?). The forest trees of California. Sequoia gigantea.
Calaveras mammoth tree grove. San Francisco, CA, Agnew and Deffebach,
Printers.

Waksdal, H. E. (1979a). Environmental assessment management plan for
Nelder Grove of giant sequoias.

Waksdal, H. E. (1979b). Management plan for Nelder Grove of giant
sequoias.

Walker, F. J. (1890). The sequoia forests of the Sierra Nevada - their
location and area. Zoe: A Biological Journal 1: 198-204.

Wallis, O. L. (1951). More summer vertebrates of Mariposa Grove.
Yosemite Nature Notes. 30: 93-95.

Wason, R. (1958). Guide to the Mariposa Grove nature trail, Yosemite
National Park. Yosemite Nature Notes - Special Edition. 37.

Weatherspoon, C. P. (1985). Silvics of giant sequoia. Workshop on
Management of Giant Sequoia, Reedley, CA, U.S.D.A. Forest Service.

Weatherspoon, P. C. (1986). Sequoiadendron giganteum ((Lindl.) Bucholz)
giant sequoia. Silvics of North America, USDA, Forest Service Handbook.
1: 654.

Weaver, H. (1966). Field trip to the Whitaker Forest of California.\
These photos further illustrate the profound ecological changes that
have occurred in the mixed conifer forest of California since coming of
the white man. All of the larger Sequoias that I have examined show
evidence of past fires. Practically all of them bear fire scars that
extend into the heart wood. On the summit ridge of Redwood Mountain,
however, in Section 22, Township 14 South, Range 28 East, I did find a
large Sequoia with no scars, though the bark about the base showed
charring from past fires.

Weaver, H. and H. Biswell (1969). How fire helps the big trees. National
Parks Magazine. 43: 16-19.

Weaver, H. E. (1975). Adventures in the redwoods, Chronicle Books.

Weaver, H. E. (1983). Redwood country, Chronicle Books.

Weber, F. J. (1989). Nation\'s Christmas tree. San Fernando, CA,
Junipero Serra Press.

Welch, H. and S. Mizrock (1973). A biological survey of Long Meadow
Grove.

Wells, A. J. (1906a). Helping the Sierra sequoias. Sunset. 16: 280-283.

Wells, A. J. (1906b). The Yosemite Valley and the Mariposa Grove of big
trees of California. San Francisco, CA, Southern Pacific Railway
Company.

Wells, A. J. (1907). Kings and Kern canyon and the giant forest of
California. San Francisco, CA, Southern Pacific Railway Company.

Wensel, L. C. and R. L. Schoenheide (1971). Tree volume equations and
tables from dendrometer measurements Part 2: Young growth gross volume
tables for Sierra Redwood-G Sequoia gigantea-G. Hilgardia 41(4): 65-76.

Western Timber Service (1970). Sequoia tree inventory, Western Timber
Service, Inc., Arcata, CA.

Wetmore, C. M. (1986). Key to sequoia lichens.

White, C. A. (192?). The Mariposa Grove of big trees. Brochure: 16
pages.

White, J. R. (1934). Among the big trees of California. National
Geographic. 66: 219-232.

Whited, N. (1980). Interpretive suggestions for Nelder Grove.

Whitehead, J. (1978). The giants \[Sequoiadendron giganteum, notable
trees, California\]. Gardeners Chronicle and Horticultural Trade Journal
183(24): 31-33.

Whitney, J. D. (1868). The Yosemite book: a description of the Yosemite
Valley and the adjacent region of the Sierra Nevada and of the big trees
of California. New York, New York, J. Bien.

Wiliams, J. O. (1871). Mammoth trees of California. Boston, MA, A. Mudge
& Son, printers.

Willard, D. (1992a). Black Mountain Grove, a relatively unknown giant
sequoia grove. Fremontia. 20: 11-14.

Willard, D. (1992b). Selected perspectives on the giant sequoia groves.
Symposium on Giant Sequoias: Their Place in the Ecosystem and Society,
Visalia, CA, USDA Forest Service.

Willard, D. (1992c). The natural giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron
giganteum) groves of the Sierra Nevada, California - An updated
annotated list. Symposium on Giant Sequoias: Their Place in the
Ecosystem and Society, Visalia, CA, USDA Forest Service.

Willard, D. (1995). Giant sequoia groves of the Sierra Nevada: A
reference guide. Berkeley, CA, Willard, D.

Wilson, H. F. (1928). The lore and lure of sequoia. Los Angeles, CA,
Wolfer Publishing Company.

Wilson, R. A. (1992). Symposium results: Views from the agency
leadership. Symposium on Giant Sequoias: Their Place in the Ecosystem
and Society, Visalia, CA, USDA Forest Service.

Winchell, L. A. (1933). McKinley grove of sequoias. History of Fresno
County and the San Joaquin Valley. A. H. Cawston. Fresno, CA: 161-162.

Wolford, J. L. (1975). Rooting of Sequoiadendron giganteum.

Wolford, J. L. and W. J. Libby (1976). Rooting giant sequoia cuttings.
The Plant Propagator 22(2): 3.

Wood, R. C. (1960). Big tree bulletin; history and botany facts about
the north and south grove of Calaveras big trees. Murphys, CA.

Worrall, J. J., J. C. Correll, et al. (1986). Pathogenicity and
telemorph-anamorph connection of Botryosphaeria dothidea on
Sequoiadendron giganteum and Sequoia sempervirens. Plant Disease 70(8):
757-759.\
Pathogenicity of Botryosphaeria dothidea (= B. ribis) to giant sequoia
(Sequoiadendron giganteum) and coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) was
demonstrated in greenhouse inoculations of both hosts and in field
inoculations of giant sequoia. Both the teleomorph and anamorph were
found on giant sequoia, and their identity was confirmed by
single-ascospore isolations and inoculations. No evidence for host
specificity was found

Wright, H. A. and A. W. Bailey (1982). Fire ecology. United States and
southern Canada. New York, USA, John Wiley & Sons.\
A book describing the effects of fire on the major ecosystems of the
United States and southern Canada. After an introduction, there are 15
further chapters: Temperature and heat effects; Soil and water
properties; Wildlife; Grasslands; Semidesert grass-shrub;
Sagebrush-grass; Chaparral and oakbrush; Pinyon-juniper; Ponderosa pine;
Douglas-fir and associated communities; Spruce-fir; Red and white pine;
Coastal redwood and giant sequoia; Southeastern forests; and Prescribed
burning. Subject, plant and animal indexes are included.

Wulff, J. V., G. W. Lyons, et al. (1911). A study of the reproduction of
Sequoia washingtonia.

Yosemite (various). Reports and documents on giant sequoia measurements.

Yosemite, N. H. A. (various years). Trail guides and short informational
handouts on giant sequoia groves, Yosemite National Park. Yosemite, CA,
Yosemite (Natural History) Association.

Zinke, P. J. and R. L. Crocker (1962). The influence of giant sequoia on
soil properties. Forest Science 8(1): 2-11.

Zinke, P. J. and A. G. Stangenberger (1992). Soil and nutrient element
aspects of Sequoiadendron giganteum. Symposium on Giant Sequoias: Their
Place in the Ecosystem and Society, Visalia, CA, USDA Forest Service.