**[3.0 Affected Environment]{.smallcaps}**

In accordance with CEQ regulations (40 CFR 1502.15), this section
describes the existing conditions of the area(s) to be affected by the
alternatives under consideration in this BAS & EA. As stated in DO-12,
the NPS NEPA compliance guidance handbook, only those resources that may
experience impact or be affected by alternatives under consideration
should be described in this section. Only the resources of Forts Heiman
and the ten eligible battlefield core area properties are described,
since only these resources, and not those of Fort Donelson National
Battlefield per se, are likely to be affected by the proposed action.
While it is possible that visitation to Fort Donelson itself could be
boosted by the proposed boundary expansion, this increase in visitation
would probably be marginal at most, and environmental effects thereof
all but negligible.

As discussed in Section 1.4 of this BAS & EA, the analysis of potential
environmental and socioeconomic impacts that may result from the
different management alternatives is supplemented in this BAS & EA by a
general description of potential impacts that should be considered in
subsequent NEPA documentation regarding potential future NPS
developments to enhance visitor experience. Therefore, for the purposes
of this EA, the affected environment has been expanded to include all
resources that may be affected by future NPS developments, not just
those resources that would be affected by the different management
scenarios analyzed in detail in this EA. Because site-specific future
development scenarios have not yet been determined, the discussion of
the affected environment for those resource areas that would only be
affected by potential future NPS developments is very broad in nature.
For the most part, a regional resource description is presented, rather
than site-specific conditions.

**3.1 NATURAL RESOURCES**

**3.1.1 Soils and Topography**

Several different kinds of parent material of the soils within Calloway
County, Kentucky have been identified, including loess, a windblown
silty material which covers nearly all upland areas, alluvium, which is
sediments deposited by moving water, cherty limestone residuum, and
gravelly and loamy Coastal Plain materials (SCS, 1973).

One soil association and one soil complex underlie Fort Heiman and the
Federal Fort and its adjacent lands: the Brandon-Bodine Association and
the Saffell-Guin Complex. Soils of the Brandon-Bodine Association are
sloping to very steep, well-drained to excessively drained, silty and
include silty and cherty soils on uplands (SCS, 1973). The primary soil
series of this association are described in Table 3-1. Soils of the
Saffell-Guin Complex include the Saffell and Guine Series, which occur
on sloping to very steep sites and consist of well-drained, gravelly
soils developed Coastal Plain sediments.

+---------+---------+-------------------------------------------------+
| **Table |         |                                                 |
| 3-1.    |         |                                                 |
| Pro     |         |                                                 |
| perties |         |                                                 |
| and     |         |                                                 |
| Suit    |         |                                                 |
| ability |         |                                                 |
| of Soil |         |                                                 |
| Series  |         |                                                 |
| Und     |         |                                                 |
| erlying |         |                                                 |
| the     |         |                                                 |
| Fort    |         |                                                 |
| Heiman  |         |                                                 |
| site**  |         |                                                 |
+---------+---------+-------------------------------------------------+
| #### So | **Soil  | **Properties and Suitability**                  |
| il Asso | S       |                                                 |
| ciation | eries** |                                                 |
|         |         |                                                 |
| or      |         |                                                 |
|         |         |                                                 |
| Complex |         |                                                 |
+---------+---------+-------------------------------------------------+
| Brandon | Bodine  | -   Located on the upper part of side slopes    |
| -Bodine | cherty  |                                                 |
| Asso    | silt    | -   Permeability rapid and available moisture   |
| ciation | loam,   |     capacity low                                |
|         | 12 to   |                                                 |
|         | 20 %    | -   Organic matter content low and natural      |
|         | slopes  |     fertility very low                          |
|         |         |                                                 |
|         |         | -   Very strongly acid                          |
|         |         |                                                 |
|         |         | -   Contains cherty material unfavorable to     |
|         |         |     plant growth                                |
|         |         |                                                 |
|         |         | -   Suitable for use as pasture, woodland and   |
|         |         |     wildlife habitat                            |
+---------+---------+-------------------------------------------------+
|         | Bodine  | -   Located on side slopes near Kentucky Lake   |
|         | cherty  |                                                 |
|         | silt    | -   Permeability rapid and available moisture   |
|         | loam,   |     capacity low                                |
|         | 20 to   |                                                 |
|         | 60 %    | -   Organic matter content low and natural      |
|         | slopes  |     fertility very low                          |
|         |         |                                                 |
|         |         | -   Very strongly acid                          |
|         |         |                                                 |
|         |         | -   Contains cherty material unfavorable to     |
|         |         |     plant growth                                |
|         |         |                                                 |
|         |         | -   Not suited to cultivated crops and poorly   |
|         |         |     suited to pasture; unless cover maintained, |
|         |         |     erosion hazard is very severe               |
|         |         |                                                 |
|         |         | -   Suitable uses are woodland and wildlife     |
|         |         |     habitat                                     |
+---------+---------+-------------------------------------------------+
|         | Brandon | -   Found on narrow ridgetops                   |
|         | silt    |                                                 |
|         | loam, 6 | -   Developed in loess parent material over     |
|         | to 12%  |     gravelly Coastal Plain deposits             |
|         | slopes  |                                                 |
|         |         | -   Moderately permeable and available moisture |
|         |         |     capacity is moderate                        |
|         |         |                                                 |
|         |         | -   Strongly to very strongly acid              |
|         |         |                                                 |
|         |         | -   Moderately deep rooting zone above very     |
|         |         |     gravelly material unfavorable to root       |
|         |         |     growth                                      |
|         |         |                                                 |
|         |         | -   Organic matter content is low and natural   |
|         |         |     fertility is moderate                       |
|         |         |                                                 |
|         |         | -   Suitable for most cultivated crops but has  |
|         |         |     severe erosion hazard                       |
+---------+---------+-------------------------------------------------+
|         | Brandon | -   Found on side slopes on deeply dissected    |
|         | silt    |     sites                                       |
|         | loam,   |                                                 |
|         | 12 to   | -   Developed in loess parent material over     |
|         | 20%     |     gravelly Coastal Plain deposits             |
|         | slopes  |                                                 |
|         |         | -   Moderately permeable and available moisture |
|         |         |     capacity is moderate                        |
|         |         |                                                 |
|         |         | -   Strongly to very strongly acid              |
|         |         |                                                 |
|         |         | -   Moderately deep root zone above very        |
|         |         |     gravelly material unfavorable for root      |
|         |         |     penetration                                 |
|         |         |                                                 |
|         |         | -   Organic matter content and natural          |
|         |         |     fertility are low                           |
|         |         |                                                 |
|         |         | -   Not suitable for cultivated crops because   |
|         |         |     of erosion potential; better suited to      |
|         |         |     pasture, wood, or wildlife habitat          |
+---------+---------+-------------------------------------------------+
|         | Brandon | -   Found on side slopes on sites deeply        |
|         | silt    |     dissected by natural drainages              |
|         | loam,   |                                                 |
|         | 20 to   | -   Developed in loess parent material over     |
|         | 30%     |     gravelly Coastal Plain deposits             |
|         | slopes  |                                                 |
|         |         | -   Moderately permeable and available moisture |
|         |         |     capacity is moderate                        |
|         |         |                                                 |
|         |         | -   Strongly to very strongly acid              |
|         |         |                                                 |
|         |         | -   Moderately deep root zone above very        |
|         |         |     gravelly material unfavorable for root      |
|         |         |     penetration                                 |
|         |         |                                                 |
|         |         | -   Organic matter content and natural          |
|         |         |     fertility are low                           |
|         |         |                                                 |
|         |         | -   Use severely limited by steep slope and     |
|         |         |     erosion hazard; best suited for pasture,    |
|         |         |     woodland, and wildlife habitat; supports    |
|         |         |     grasses and legumes                         |
+---------+---------+-------------------------------------------------+
| Saffe   | Saffe   | -   Located on narrow ridgetops in areas deeply |
| ll-Guin | ll-Guin |     dissected by natural drainages              |
|         | C       |                                                 |
| Complex | omplex, | -   Consists of about 70% Saffell soil and 30%  |
|         | 6 to    |     Guin soil                                   |
|         | 12%     |                                                 |
|         | slopes  | -   Permeability is moderate to rapid and       |
|         |         |     available moisture capacity is low          |
|         |         |                                                 |
|         |         | -   Organic matter content and natural          |
|         |         |     fertility are low                           |
|         |         |                                                 |
|         |         | -   Shallow or moderately deep to very gravelly |
|         |         |     material that is unfavorable for root       |
|         |         |     penetration                                 |
|         |         |                                                 |
|         |         | -   Strongly acid to very strongly acid         |
|         |         |                                                 |
|         |         | -   Droughty and poorly suited to cultivated    |
|         |         |     crops due to poor workability and erosion   |
|         |         |     hazard                                      |
|         |         |                                                 |
|         |         | -   Difficult to establish good pasture and     |
|         |         |     meadow plants                               |
|         |         |                                                 |
|         |         | -   Most suited to woodland and wildlife        |
|         |         |     habitat                                     |
+---------+---------+-------------------------------------------------+

Source: SCS, 1973

In general, as Table 3-1 makes clear, the soils of the Fort Heiman and
Federal Fort complex are best suited to woodland and wildlife habitat.
They are not good agricultural soils, due to their rockiness, steepness,
erosion hazard (when cleared), low available moisture capacity, low
organic content, acidity, and low fertility.

The topography of the Fort Heiman and Federal Fort complex is overall
rather hilly, with slopes ranging from zero percent along the ridgetops
to approximately 60% where they drop down to the shore of Kentucky Lake.
Most of the remaining earthworks themselves are on moderately sloped
sites.

Stewart County, Tennessee and Fort Donelson lies within the Western
Highland Rim Subsection, of the Highland Rim Section. This subsection
consists of a maturely dissected plateau with narrow ridges, steep
slopes, and stream valleys. Elevations above sea level range from 360
feet along the Cumberland River to 550 on ridge crests. Topographic
conditions vary from nearly flat bottomlands and terraces to upland
slopes of 50 percent and perpendicular bluffs along the river.

The Stewart County, Tennessee soil survey identified eight soil
associations in the county (SCS, 1953). All of the ten eligible
battlefield core area properties are located in the
Bodine-Baxter-Nixa-Ennis Association, which comprises about 80 percent
of the county. Most of the core area properties occur on sloping upland
sites. On these upland sites, soils are chiefly members of the Bodine or
Baxter series, which are very poorly suited to crops due to their
steepness, chertiness, and low fertility. In general, the soils of the
Bodine-Baxter-Nixa-Ennis Asociation are fourth and fifth-class, meaning
they are poorly suited for crop cultivation due to low fertility and
other limiting factors like high acidity and poor moisture capacity.
Even when used for pasture, the fifth-class soils generally display low
productivity. Both fourth and fifth-class soils are difficult to work
and conserve; they are generally best suited to forest rather than any
kind of agriculture.

In general, the soils of the ten eligible core area sites at Fort
Donelson, like those of the Fort Heiman and Federal Fort complex, are
somewhat degraded and are best suited to woodland and wildlife habitat.
They are not good agricultural soils, due to their rockiness, steepness,
erosion hazard (when cleared), low available moisture capacity, low
organic content and low fertility.

**3.1.2 Water Resources**

Average annual precipitation in Calloway County, Kentucky is about 48
inches, almost all of which falls as rain, not snow. This precipitation
is fairly well distributed throughout the year, i.e. there is no
distinct wet or dry season. Major droughts are infrequent, but dry
periods during the growing season are not unusual. Thunderstorms occur
on average about 52 days per year and are most frequent from March
through August, but may occur in any month (SCS, 1973).

Except for one or more possible small patches of wooded wetlands, the
entire Fort Heiman site is upland, ridgetop, or slope. Where it does
border Kentucky Lake, the shoreline is rocky and sharp. As mentioned
above, the main area consists of bluffs dropping down at a rather sharp
angle into the lake. This very feature is one reason why the site was
chosen as a fort site in the first place. There are no permanent water
bodies, including small ponds, on Fort Heiman, and no perennial streams.

As would be expected due to its proximity to Calloway County and its
generally similar nature, average annual precipitation in Stewart County
is almost identical to that of Calloway County -- 49 inches compared to
48. In spring, summer, and early fall, this precipitation takes the form
of hard rains or heavy downpours, usually associated with thunderstorms.
Steady rains prevail during the rest of the year. Heavy rains exceeding
2.5 inches in 24 hours occur occasionally (SCS, 1953).

Of the ten properties within the battlefield core area eligible for
addition to FODO, only two of them, the Cherry and Bagard properties,
have more than minimal water resources. The Cherry property has an
intermittent stream (Lick Creek) that crosses its southeastern corner. A
portion of the eastern edge of the Bagard property borders an inlet or
finger of Lake Barkley (the impoundment along the Cumberland River).
This inlet is actually the flooded mouth of Lick Creek. None of the
other eight properties possess standing or flowing surface water.

**3.1.3 Air Quality**

Under the Federal Clean Air Act (CAA), as amended in 1977 and 1990 (40
CFR 50), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has established
air quality standards in regard to the types of air pollutants emitted
by internal combustion engines, such as those in aircraft, vehicles, and
other sources. These National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) are
established for six contaminants, referred to as criteria pollutants,
and apply to the ambient air (the air that the general public is exposed
to every day) (EPA, 2002). These criteria pollutants include carbon
monoxide, ozone, particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide,
and lead, and are described below:

1.  ***Carbon Monoxide (CO).*** CO is a colorless, odorless, toxic gas
    produced by the incomplete combustion of organic materials used as
    fuels. CO is emitted as a by-product of essentially all combustion.

2.  ***Ozone (O~3~).*** O~3~ is a photochemical oxidant and a major
    constituent of smog. Ozone is formed when two precursor pollutants,
    hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides, react chemically in the presence
    of sunlight.

3.  ***Particulate Matter (PM~10~).*** PM~10~ are fine particles less
    than 10 micrometers in diameter. PM~10~ includes solid and liquid
    material suspended in the atmosphere and formed as a result of
    incomplete combustion.

4.  ***Sulfur Dioxide (SO~2~).*** SO~2~ is a corrosive and poisonous gas
    produced mainly from the burning of sulfur-containing fuel.

5.  ***Nitrogen Oxides (NOx).*** NOx are poisonous and highly-reactive
    gases produced when fuel is burned at high temperatures, causing
    some of the abundant nitrogen in the air to burn as well.

6.  ***Lead (Pb).*** Pb is a toxic heavy metal, the most significant
    emissions of which derive from gasoline additives, iron and steel
    production, and alkyl lead manufacturing (EPA, 2002).

In addition to these six criteria pollutants, Volatile Organic Compounds
(VOCs) are a source of concern and are regulated as a precursor to
ozone. VOCs are created when fuels or organic waste materials are
burned. Most hydrocarbons are presumed to be VOCs in the regulatory
context, unless otherwise specified by the U.S. EPA.

The NAAQS include primary and secondary standards (see text box). Areas
where the ambient air quality does not meet the NAAQS are said to be
non-attainment areas. Areas where the ambient air currently meets the
national standards are said to be in attainment. Calloway County,
Kentucky and Stewart County, Tennessee are both in attainment for all
six criteria pollutants (EPA, 2002a; EPA, 1995).

Existing information on air quality was reviewed to identify air quality
issues, with particular attention paid to background ambient air quality
compared to the primary NAAQS. Relevant regulatory requirements under
the conformity provision of Section 176(c) of the CAA, as amended in
1990, provide that Federal agencies are prohibited from engaging in,
supporting in any way, providing financial assistance for, licensing,
permitting, or approving, any activity which does not conform to an
applicable State implementation plan under the CAA. Federal actions must
be "in conformity" with whatever restrictions or limitations the State
has established for air emissions necessary to attain compliance with
NAAQS.

For the State of Kentucky, the Division of Air Quality of the Department
of Environmental Protection of the Natural Resources and Environmental
Protection Cabinet is responsible for ensuring that air quality within
the State protects public health and welfare. State law (KRS 224.033)
requires the Cabinet for Natural Resources and Environmental Protection
to specify regulations for the prevention, abatement, and control of air
pollution. The Kentucky State Implementation Plan (SIP) (at 401 KAR
50:005) establishes the general provisions related to new sources with
respect to the prevention of significant deterioration of air quality
and construction of stationary sources impacting on Kentucky's
non-attainment areas (EPA, 2002b).

For the State of Tennessee, the Tennessee Department of Environment and
Conservation (TDEC), Division of Air Pollution Control was established
to accomplish control and abatement of air pollution in the State and to
maintain the purity of the air resources within the State to protect
normal health, general welfare, and physical property of the people,
while preserving maximum employment and enhancing the industrial
development of the State. Air emission standards are established by the
Division of Air Pollution Control and procedural requirements for
monitoring industries in Tennessee are conducted via the issuance of
construction and operating permits to achieve compliance with the
Tennessee Air Quality Act (Tennessee Code Annotated Section 53-3408 et
seq.) and its implementing regulations (TDEC, no date-a).

Federal activities that are transit-related must meet U.S. EPA's
Transportation Conformity Rule; all other Federal activities are subject
to U.S. EPA's General Conformity Rule (40 CFR 51). The action being
proposed by the NPS would come under the General Conformity Rule. For
Federal actions subject to the General Conformity Rule, a conformity
determination must be made for each pollutant where the total of direct
and indirect emissions in a nonattainment or maintenance area caused by
a Federal action would equal or exceed the thresholds established under
the rule.

These thresholds are referred to as *de minimis* criteria, and vary
depending upon the pollutant. For these purposes, the term *de minimis*
refers to, among other things, emissions that are "so small as to be
negligible or insignificant." If an action is below the *de minimis*
emission threshold, then a conformity determination is not required
under the General Conformity Rule. The thresholds established under the
General Conformity Rule are 100 tons per year or less for each in order
to qualify for *de minimis*. If the *de minimis* criteria are exceeded,
then a conformity determination must be made pursuant to the
requirements of the General Conformity Rule. Even though Calloway and
Stewart counties are in attainment for all criteria pollutants, this
project must establish its compliance with *de minimis* criteria because
of the General Conformity Rule.

**3.1.4 Vegetation**

During pre-settlement times, both the Fort Heiman site and the ten
eligible battlefield core area properties were virtually entirely
wooded, and the Fort Heiman site still is (Figure 3-1). The sites are
located in what ecologists and botanists term the Eastern Broadleaf
Forest (Continental) Province (Bailey, 1995). The first Euro-American
settlers, arriving about 200 years ago, encountered dense stands of
upland hardwoods on slopes, but few if any trees on level areas, as a
result of burning by American Indians to maintain conditions favored by
bison, which they hunted (SCS, 1973). The new settlers cleared the
original forests on a large scale to make way for farming after the
arrival of the European-American settlers in the nineteenth century.
Calloway County was largely a farming area for about a century, until
after World War II and the advent of a diversified economy that included
recreation and education (Murray State University). Now, only patches of
often marginal, second-growth forest remain, mixed with cropland,
pasture, grazing land, and developed areas.

Like its counterpart to the east (Eastern Broadleaf Forest (Oceanic)
Province), this ecological province is dominated by broadleaf deciduous
forest, but generally smaller amounts of precipitation found here favor
the drought-resistant oak-hickory association. Although other forests
have oak and hickory, only this particular forest association has both
species in abundance. The climax oak-hickory forest is medium-tall to
tall. ![](media/image1.jpeg){width="4.238194444444445in"
height="2.879861111111111in"}

Widespread dominant tree species in this forest include white oak, red
oak, black oak, bitternut hickory, and shagbark hickory. The understory
is frequently well developed, often with flower-ing dogwood. Typical
understory species include sassafras and hophorn-beam. The shrub layer
is distinct, with some evergreens, and many species of wildflower
species occur. On wetter sites within this province, American elm,
tuliptree (yellow poplar), and sweet gum can be abundant.

Other trees found at poorer upland soils on both sites include post,
willow and blackjack oaks, black tupelo (blackgum), and sourwood. Beech,
maple, and walnut join white oak on more favorable sites, while
hackberry and sycamore can occur on bottomlands (SCS, 1953).

The present vegetative cover at the ten eligible battlefield core area
properties is as follows:

1.  Smith property: cleared, contains a house on a lot

2.  Truitt property: wooded, with a recent timber harvest

3.  Norfleet property: wooded with houses

4.  Herndon property: wooded with houses

5.  Lee property: cleared city lot

6.  Wallace property: mostly wooded

7.  Bell property: approximately half cleared with the remainder in
    woods

8.  Carson property: mostly wooded

9.  Cherry property: mostly wooded with a few overgrown meadows

10. Bagard property: approximately half cleared with the remainder in
    woods

**3.1.5 Wildlife**

Mammals likely to occur at both Fort Heiman and the ten eligible
battlefield core area properties include a number of species widespread
throughout eastern and southern North America, such as the opossum,
raccoon, striped skunk, red and gray foxes, coyote, bobcat, white-tailed
deer, southern flying squirrel, cottontail rabbit, several species of
bats, moles and shrews.

Land Between the Lakes National Recreation Area, on which Fort Henry is
located, supports over 230 species of birds. LBL has wild turkeys,
ruffed grouse, and quail. Amphibian species found at LBL include 16
salamanders, three toads, and nine frogs. LBL also has 12 species of
turtle, five lizards, and 24 snakes. The portions of Calloway County
bordering Kentucky Lake, directly across from Stewart County and LBL,
likely have fairly similar species lists.

In general, Fort Heiman would be expected to support a greater abundance
and diversity of wildlife than the ten eligible battlefield core area
properties, due to the greater prevalence of semi-natural, wooded
habitats in and around Fort Heiman. The ten eligible properties at FODO
are located in and around the town of Dover, which has been growing and
developing rapidly in recent years. Species in this area would include
those that are better adapted to human presence, structures, activities,
noise, roads, traffic, and more heavily modified habitats. A mix of
native and non-native species of four or the five vertebrate classes --
birds, mammals, amphibians, and reptiles -- would be expected to occur
on the ten properties. The fifth class of vertebrates, fish, may not be
present at all, due to the paucity or absence of surface waters on the
properties.

**3.1.6 Threatened and Endangered Species**

**3.1.6.1 Calloway County Listed Species**

The most recent and comprehensive data regarding the potential presence
of federally- and state-listed plant and animal species within Calloway
County, Kentucky are presented below. Also provided below is a
description of Kentucky's ranking criteria for plant and animal species.

Four federally-listed species have been documented in Calloway County,
including three animals and one plant (USFWS, no date-a). Three species
are threatened and one is endangered:

-   Gray bat - *Myotis grisescens* (E)

-   Bald eagle - *Haliaeetus leucocephalus* (T)

-   Piping plover - *Charadrius melodus* (T)

-   Price\'s potato bean - *Apios priceana* (T)

The bald eagle and the piping plover are both associated with large,
open bodies of water, and would not be found near Fort Heiman's historic
resources, which are located away from the water's edge within the
forest. Price's potato bean and especially the gray bat could
conceivably occur in the vicinity of the surviving Fort Heiman
earthworks.

The **gray bat** is a small bat that roosts in caves generally within
one mile of a water body. In the summer, gray bats use warm caves, in
which they establish maternal and bachelor colonies. In the winter, they
relocate and hibernate in several small cold caves. Gray bats eat
aquatic and terrestrial insects and often hunt and feed over water
(Johnson and Wehrle, 2002; USFWS, 1997).

Gray bats can be adversely affected by logging if their roost sites are
disturbed or if wooded corridors that furnish them cover on nightly
flights between roosting and feeding sites are removed. As insect
eaters, they are also susceptible to pesticides. A recovery plan for the
gray bat was approved in 1982, and the species is noted to be increasing
throughout its range (NPWRC, no date). Gray bat populations have risen
because of better protection measures, including gates, fences, and
signs around caves; better cave gate designs to restrict human
disturbance; and improved public education programs. The USFWS has
issued no-jeopardy biological opinions on probable impacts of some
pesticides on the gray bat; these identify buffer zones and/or time
restrictions on pesticide application as reasonable and prudent measures
to minimize incidental take (NPWRC, No date).

Found in Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi and Tennessee, **Price\'s potato
bean** is a vine-like perennial of the pea family (LBL, 2002a). It
possesses deep green foliage and small white flowers and is found along
shoreline areas and on the edge of forests. Cattle grazing, trampling,
and clear-cutting have all contributed to the habitat loss and
degradation that have severely diminished the potato bean\'s numbers
around the country.

Calloway County is also home to more than 60 threatened, endangered and
species of concern listed by the Kentucky State Nature Preserves
Commission (KSNPC, 2000). Table 3**-**2 lists species monitored in the
county by the state, including the federal listed species above:

### Table 3-2. State-Monitored Species of Calloway County, Kentucky

+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| *          | **Scientific     | **Common Name** | **St | **Ranks** |
| *Taxonomic | Name**           |                 | atus |           |
| Group**    |                  |                 | es** |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | ####             | RED BUCKEYE     | T    | G5/S2S3   |
|            | # AESCULUS PAVIA |                 |      |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | *APIOS PRICEANA* | PRICE\'S        | E/LT | G2/S1     |
|            |                  | POTATO-BEAN     |      |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | *ARABIS          | MISSOURI        | E    | G4?Q/S1   |
|            | MISSOURIENSIS*   | ROCKCRESS       |      |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | ####             | EASTERN SILVERY | T    | G4?/S2    |
|            | # ASTER CONCOLOR | ASTER           |      |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | *ASTER           | TEXAS ASTER     | T    | G5QT?/S2  |
|            | DRUMMONDII VAR   |                 |      |           |
|            | TEXANUS*         |                 |      |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | *ASTER           | TENNESSEE ASTER | E    | G4T4?/S1? |
|            | HEMISPHERICUS*   |                 |      |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | *BAPTISIA        | CREAM WILD      | S    | G4        |
|            | BRACTEATA VAR    | INDIGO          |      | G5T4T5/S3 |
|            | LEUCOPHAEA*      |                 |      |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | *BARTONIA        | YELLOW          | T    | G5/S1S2   |
|            | VIRGINICA*       | SCREWSTEM       |      |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | *CAREX ATLANTICA | PRICKLY BOG     | E    | G         |
|            | SSP CAPILLACEA*  | SEDGE           |      | 5T5?/S1S2 |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | *COREOPSIS       | STAR TICKSEED   | S    | G5?/S2S3  |
|            | PUBESCENS*       |                 |      |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | *ERYNGIUM        | BLUE-FLOWER     | E    | G5/S1     |
|            | INTEGRIFOLIUM*   | COYOTE-THISTLE  |      |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | *GYMNOPOGON      | BEARDED         | S    | G4/S2S3   |
|            | AMBIGUUS*        | SKELETONGRASS   |      |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | *HALESIA         | MOUNTAIN        | E    | G5/S1S2   |
|            | TETRAPTERA*      | SILVER-BELL     |      |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | *HELIANTHUS      | SILPHIUM        | E    | G3G4/S1   |
|            | SILPHIOIDES*     | SUNFLOWER       |      |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | *HIERACIUM       | HAIRY HAWKWEED  | T    | G4G5/S2   |
|            | LONGIPILUM*      |                 |      |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | *HYDROLEA OVATA* | OVATE           | E    | G5/S1     |
|            |                  | FIDDLELEAF      |      |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | *LILIUM          | TURK\'S CAP     | T    | G5/S1S2   |
|            | SUPERBUM*        | LILY            |      |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| **Table    |                  |                 |      |           |
| 3-2.       |                  |                 |      |           |
| State      |                  |                 |      |           |
| -Monitored |                  |                 |      |           |
| Species of |                  |                 |      |           |
| Calloway   |                  |                 |      |           |
| County,    |                  |                 |      |           |
| Kentucky   |                  |                 |      |           |
| (co        |                  |                 |      |           |
| ntinued)** |                  |                 |      |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| *          | **Scientific     | **Common Name** | **St | **Ranks** |
| *Taxonomic | Name**           |                 | atus |           |
| Group**    |                  |                 | es** |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | *LYCOPODIELLA    | SOUTHERN BOG    | E    | G5/S1     |
|            | APPRESSA*        | CLUBMOSS        |      |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | *MELANTHIUM      | VIRGINIA        | E    | G5/S1     |
|            | VIRGINICUM*      | BUNCHFLOWER     |      |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | *MUHLENBERGIA    | HAIR GRASS      | S    | G4?/S3    |
|            | GLABRIFLORIS*    |                 |      |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | *OENOTHERA       | THREAD-LEAF     | E    | G5/S1S2   |
|            | LINIFOLIA*       | SUNDROPS        |      |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | *OENOTHERA       | SMALL SUNDROPS  | E    | G5/S1S2   |
|            | PERENNIS*        |                 |      |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | *OLDENLANDIA     | CLUSTERED       | E    | G5/S1     |
|            | UNIFLORA*        | BLUETS          |      |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | *PASPALUM        | BULL PASPALUM   | S    | G5/S2S3   |
|            | BOSCIANUM*       |                 |      |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | *PHLOX BIFIDA    | CLEFT PHLOX     | T    | G5        |
|            | SSP BIFIDA*      |                 |      | ?T5?/S1S2 |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | *PTILIMNIUM      | MOCK            | T    | G5/S1S2   |
|            | CAPILLACEUM*     | BISHOP\'S-WEED  |      |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | *PTILIMNIUM      | NUTTALL\'S MOCK | E    | G5?/S1S2  |
|            | NUTTALLII*       | BISHOP\'S-WEED  |      |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | *PYCNANTHEMUM    | WHITELEAF       | E    | G5/S1     |
|            | ALBESCENS*       | MOUNTAINMINT    |      |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | *RHODODENDRON    | HOARY AZALEA    | E    | G5/S1     |
|            | CANESCENS*       |                 |      |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | *RHYNCHOSPORA    | GLOBE           | S    | G5/S3     |
|            | GLOBULARIS*      | BEAKED-RUSH     |      |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | *SCLERIA CILIATA | FRINGED NUTRUSH | E    | G5T?/S1?  |
|            | VAR CILIATA*     |                 |      |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | *SILPHIUM        | COMPASS PLANT   | T    | G5T?/S2   |
|            | LACINIATUM VAR   |                 |      |           |
|            | ROBINSONII*      |                 |      |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | *SPHENOPHOLIS    | SWAMP           | S    | G4/S1S2   |
|            | PENSYLVANICA*    | WEDGESCALE      |      |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | *SPIRANTHES      | SWEETSCENT      | E    | G5/S1     |
|            | ODORATA*         | L               |      |           |
|            |                  | ADIES\'-TRESSES |      |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| **Table    |                  |                 |      |           |
| 3-2.       |                  |                 |      |           |
| State      |                  |                 |      |           |
| -Monitored |                  |                 |      |           |
| Species of |                  |                 |      |           |
| Calloway   |                  |                 |      |           |
| County,    |                  |                 |      |           |
| Kentucky   |                  |                 |      |           |
| (co        |                  |                 |      |           |
| ntinued)** |                  |                 |      |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| *          | **Scientific     | **Common Name** | **St | **Ranks** |
| *Taxonomic | Name**           |                 | atus |           |
| Group**    |                  |                 | es** |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | *STELLARIA       | LONGLEAF        | S    | G5/S2S3   |
|            | LONGIFOLIA*      | STITCHWORT      |      |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | *TREPOCARPUS     | TREPOCARPUS     | T    | G4G5/S1S2 |
|            | AETHUSAE*        |                 |      |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | *TRICHOSTEMA     | NARROWLEAF      | E    | G5/S1S2   |
|            | SETACEUM*        | BLUECURLS       |      |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | *ULMUS SEROTINA* | SEPTEMBER ELM   | S    | G4/S3?    |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | *VIBURNUM NUDUM* | POSSUMHAW       | E    | G5/S1     |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| GASTROPOD  | *LITHASIA        | VARICOSE        | S    | G?/S3S4   |
|            | VERRUCOSA*       | ROCKSNAIL       |      |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| CRUSTACEAN | *PROCAMBARUS     | A CRAYFISH      | T    | G5/S1     |
|            | VIAEVIRIDIS*     |                 |      |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| FISH       | *ATRACTOSTEUS    | ALLIGATOR GAR   | E    | G5/S1     |
|            | SPATULA*         |                 |      |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| FISH       | *ERIMYSTAX       | BLOTCHED CHUB   | E    | G3G4/S1   |
|            | INSIGNIS*        |                 |      |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| FISH       | ##### ESOX NIGER | CHAIN PICKEREL  | S    | G5/S2     |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| FISH       | *ETHEOSTOMA      | GOLDSTRIPE      | E    | G4G5/S1   |
|            | PARVIPINNE*      | DARTER          |      |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| FISH       | *ETHEOSTOMA      | CYPRESS DARTER  | T    | G5/S2     |
|            | PROELIARE*       |                 |      |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| FISH       | *ICHTHYOMYZON    | CHESTNUT        | S    | G4/S2     |
|            | CASTANEUS*       | LAMPREY         |      |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| FISH       | *ICHTHYOMYZON    | SOUTHERN BROOK  | H    | G5/SH     |
|            | GAGEI*           | LAMPREY         |      |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| FISH       | *NOTURUS EXILIS* | SLENDER MADTOM  | E    | G5/S2     |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| FISH       | *UMBRA LIMI*     | CENTRAL         | T    | G5/S2S3   |
|            |                  | MUDMINNOW       |      |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| AMPHIBIAN  | *EURYCEA         | THREE-LINED     | T    | G5/S2     |
|            | GUTTOLINEATA*    | SALAMANDER      |      |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| AMPHIBIAN  | *HYLA CINEREA*   | GREEN TREEFROG  | S    | G5/S3     |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| AMPHIBIAN  | *RANA AREOLATA   | NORTHERN        | S    | G4T4/S3   |
|            | CIRCULOSA*       | CRAWFISH FROG   |      |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| REPTILE    | *APALONE MUTICA  | MIDLAND SMOOTH  | S    | G5T5/S3   |
|            | MUTICA*          | SOFTSHELL       |      |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| **Table    |                  |                 |      |           |
| 3-2.       |                  |                 |      |           |
| State      |                  |                 |      |           |
| -Monitored |                  |                 |      |           |
| Species of |                  |                 |      |           |
| Calloway   |                  |                 |      |           |
| County,    |                  |                 |      |           |
| Kentucky   |                  |                 |      |           |
| (co        |                  |                 |      |           |
| ntinued)** |                  |                 |      |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| *          | **Scientific     | **Common Name** | **St | **Ranks** |
| *Taxonomic | Name**           |                 | atus |           |
| Group**    |                  |                 | es** |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| REPTILE    | *EUMECES         | SOUTHERN COAL   | E    | G5T5/S1   |
|            | ANTHRACINUS      | SKINK           |      |           |
|            | PLUVIALIS*       |                 |      |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| REPTILE    | *PITUOPHIS       | NORTHERN PINE   | T    | G4T4/S2   |
|            | MELANOLEUCUS     | SNAKE           |      |           |
|            | MELANOLEUCUS*    |                 |      |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| REPTILE    | *SISTRURUS       | WESTERN PIGMY   | T    | G5T5/S2   |
|            | MILIARIUS        | RATTLESNAKE     |      |           |
|            | STRECKERI*       |                 |      |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| REPTILE    | *THAMNOPHIS      | WESTERN RIBBON  | T    | G5T5/S1   |
|            | PROXIMUS         | SNAKE           |      |           |
|            | PROXIMUS*        |                 |      |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| BIRD       | *ACCIPITER       | SHARP-SHINNED   | S    | G         |
|            | STRIATUS*        | HAWK            |      | 5/S3B,S4N |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| BIRD       | *AIMOPHILA       | BACHMAN\'S      | E    | G3/SX?B   |
|            | AESTIVALIS*      | SPARROW         |      |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| BIRD       | *ARDEA HERODIAS* | GREAT BLUE      | S    | G         |
|            |                  | HERON           |      | 5/S3B,S4N |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| BIRD       | *CHONDESTES      | LARK SPARROW    | T    | G5/S2S3B  |
|            | GRAMMACUS*       |                 |      |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| BIRD       | *NYCTANASSA      | YELLOW-CROWNED  | T    | G5/S2B    |
|            | VIOLACEA*        | NIGHT-HERON     |      |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| BIRD       | ##### P          | OSPREY          | T    | G5/S1S2B  |
|            | ANDION HALIAETUS |                 |      |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| BIRD       | *THRYOMANES      | BEWICK\'S WREN  | S    | G5/S3B    |
|            | BEWICKII*        |                 |      |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| MAMMAL     | *MYOTIS          | GRAY MYOTIS     | E/LE | G3/S2     |
|            | GRISESCENS*      |                 |      |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
| MAMMAL     | *NYCTICEIUS      | EVENING BAT     | T    | G5/S2S3   |
|            | HUMERALIS*       |                 |      |           |
+------------+------------------+-----------------+------+-----------+

*Key to status, ranks, and count data fields in Table 3-2:*

**Status**

> [KSNPC:]{.underline} Kentucky State Nature Preserves Commission
> status:
>
> N or blank = none E = endangered T = threatened S = special concern H
> = historic X = extirpated.
>
> [USESA:]{.underline} U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service status:
>
> N or blank = none C = candidate 3A = considered extinct LT = listed as
> threatened LE = listed as endangered PT = proposed as threatened PE =
> proposed as endangered
>
> Three species have Federal statuses that need explanation:
>
> LT/NL - Copperbelly Water Snake is Listed Threatened in most of its
> range, but is not Listed in Kentucky;
>
> LT/NL - Bald Eagle is Listed Threatened in part of its range,
> including Kentucky; and LE/NL - Interior Least Tern is Listed
> Endangered in most of its range including Kentucky.

**Ranks**

> [GRANK:]{.underline} Estimate of element abundance on a global scale:
>
> G1 = extremely rare G2 = rare G3 = uncommon G4 = common G5 = very
> common GU = uncertain GH = historically known and expected to be
> rediscovered GX = extinct.
>
> Subspecies and variety abundances are coded with a \'T\' suffix; the
> \'G? portion of the rank then refers to the entire species.
>
> [SRANK:]{.underline} Estimate of element abundance in Kentucky:
>
> S1 = extremely rare S2 = rare S3 = uncommon
>
> S4 = many occurrences S5 = very common SA = accidental
>
> SRF = reported falsely in literature SU = uncertain SX = extirpated
>
> SE = exotic ? = unknown SH = historically known in state
>
> SZ = not of significant conservation concern SR = reported but without
> persuasive documentation S#B - breeding rank for non-resident species
> S#N - non-breeding rank for non-resident species

######### Count Data Fields

NUM OCCURRENCES: Number of occurrences of a particular element from a
county. Column headings are as follows:

> E - currently reported from the county
>
> H - reported from the county but not seen since before 1980
>
> O - reported from county & cannot be relocated but for which further
> inventory is needed
>
> X - known to have extirpated from the county
>
> U - reported from a county but cannot be mapped to a quadrangle or
> exact location.

 

Many of these state-listed species undoubtedly do not occur at the Fort
Heiman site at present, but their documented presence in Calloway County
suggests that if they favor wooded habitat, there is a good chance they
could occur at Fort Heiman, or could conceivably occur there in the
future.

**3.1.6.2 Stewart County Listed Species**

Six federally-listed species have been documented in Stewart County, all
of which are animals (USFWS, no date-b). Five species are endangered and
one is threatened:

-   Gray bat - *Myotis grisescens* (E)

-   Indiana bat - *Myotis sodalis* (E)

-   Bald eagle - *Haliaeetus leucocephalus* (T)

-   Red-cockaded woodpecker - *Picoides borealis* (E)

-   Pink mucket pearly mussel - *Lampsilis orbiculata* (E)

-   Orange-footed pearly mussel - *Plethobasus cooperianus* (E)

Of these six, the two species of pearly mussel and the bald eagle are
associated with aquatic habitats, and would not occur on any of the
battlefield core area properties (except perhaps on the edge of Lake
Barkley and the Bagard property). The gray bat was briefly described
above.

The **Indiana bat** is a medium-sized myotis that closely resembles the
little brown bat (*Myotis lucifugus*) but differing in coloration
(USFWS, 1991). Little is known of this bat\'s food habits beyond the
fact that it consumes insects. Females and juveniles forage in the
airspace near the foliage of riparian and bottomland woods. Males forage
the densely wooded area at tree top height. Maternity colonies of the
Indiana bat are typically found under sloughing bark of dead and
partially dead trees in upland and lowland forest. Limestone caves are
used for winter hibernation.

This bat was declared endangered throughout its range in 1967. Its
decline has been attributed to a variety of causes, including
commercialization of roosting caves, destruction by vandals, disturbance
by increased numbers of spelunkers and by bat banding programs, use of
bats as laboratory experimental animals, and possibly insecticide
poisoning. Indiana bat recovery efforts have included placing gates
across cave entrances to eliminate disturbance of hibernating bats
(Drobney and Clawson, no date). These exclusion devices have not halted
population declines, suggesting that additional factors are adversely
affecting bat populations.

Another potential threat to the Indiana bat is the loss of habitat used
by maternity colonies. Maternity roost sites in dead trees exposed to
sunlight and located in upland forests and near streams are particularly
important. Losses of these sites through streamside deforestation and
stream channelization represent major threats to recovery of Indiana bat
populations.![](media/image2.png){width="2.4270833333333335in"
height="3.634027777777778in"}

The **red-cockaded woodpecker's** range is closely linked to the
distribution of mature southern pines with open understories (USFWS,
1993), and its range has shrunk and been fragmented as these habitats
have disappeared. Fire suppression, which has led to denser forests, has
also contributed to the bird's demise. It was listed as endangered in
1970.

Suitable nesting habitat for the red-cockaded woodpecker is in open
stands of pines with a minimum age of 80 to 120 years. Longleaf pines
are favored, but other species of southern pine are also acceptable.
Dense stands, including those with primarily hardwoods, or that have a
dense hardwood understory, are avoided. Preferred foraging habitat is in
pine and pine- hardwood stands 30 years old or older with foraging
preference for pine trees.

The occurrence of the red-cockaded woodpecker at either Fort Heiman or
the battlefield core area properties is considered improbable, due to
the paucity of southern pines at either site.

The USFWS also lists the following Species of Management Concern (SMC)
as occurring in Stewart County, Tennessee. These are species that have
the potential to be listed as federally endangered or threatened but
currently have no legal protection under the Endangered Species Act:

-   Lake sturgeon - *Acipenser fulvescens*

-   Blue sucker - *Cycleptus elongatus*

-   Alligator snapping turtle - *Macroclemys temmincki*

-   Hellbender - *Cryptobranchus alleganiensis*

-   Muddy rocksnail - *Lithasia salebrosa*

-   Varicose rocksnail - *Lithasia verrucosa*

-   Fraser\'s loosestrife - *Lysimachia fraseri*

-   Appalachian bugbane - *Cimicifuga rubifolia*

The Division of Natural Heritage of the Tennessee Department of
Environment and Conservation (TDEC, 2002) has listed a number of species
in Stewart County as endangered, threatened, or rare:

#### Table 3-3. Tennessee Endangered, Threatened, Rare or Special Concern

> **Species Listed for Stewart County Endangered, Threatened, or O**

+------------+------------------+------------------+------+-----------+
| *          | **Scientific     | # Common Name    | **St | **Ranks** |
| *Taxonomic | Name**           |                  | atus |           |
| Group**    |                  |                  | es** |           |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | #####            | PRICE\'S         | LT / | S2        |
|            |  APIOS PRICEANA  | POTATO-BEAN      | E    |           |
|            |                  |                  |      | G2        |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | *ASCLEPIAS       | PURPLE MILKWEED  | S    | S1        |
|            | PURPURASCENS*    |                  |      |           |
|            |                  |                  |      | G4 / G5   |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | ##### AU         | SPREADING        | T    | S2        |
|            | REOLARIA PATULA  | FALSE-FOXGLOVE   |      |           |
|            |                  |                  |      | G2 / G3   |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | *BAPTISIA        | CREAM            | S    | S1 / S2   |
|            | BRACTEATA VAR    | WILD-INDIGO      |      |           |
|            | LEUCOPHAEA*      |                  |      | G4 / G5   |
|            |                  |                  |      |           |
|            |                  |                  |      | T4 / T5   |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | *CAREX COMOSA*   | BRISTLY SEDGE    | T    | S2 G5     |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | *CIMICIFUGA      | APPALACHIAN      | T    | S3 / G3   |
|            | RUBIFOLIA*       | BUGBANE          |      |           |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | *ELEOCHARIS      | MATTED           | S    | S1        |
|            | INTERMEDIA*      | SPIKE-RUSH       |      |           |
|            |                  |                  |      | G5        |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | *HETERANTHERA    | BLUE             | T    | S1        |
|            | LIMOSA*          | MUD-PLANTAIN     |      |           |
|            |                  |                  |      | G5        |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------+-----------+
| ###        |                  |                  |      |           |
| # Table 3- |                  |                  |      |           |
| 3. Tenness |                  |                  |      |           |
| ee Endange |                  |                  |      |           |
| red, Threa |                  |                  |      |           |
| tened, Rar |                  |                  |      |           |
| e or Speci |                  |                  |      |           |
| al Concern |                  |                  |      |           |
|            |                  |                  |      |           |
| **Species  |                  |                  |      |           |
| Listed for |                  |                  |      |           |
| Stewart    |                  |                  |      |           |
| County     |                  |                  |      |           |
| (co        |                  |                  |      |           |
| ntinued)** |                  |                  |      |           |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------+-----------+
| *          | **Scientific     | # Common Name    | **St | **Ranks** |
| *Taxonomic | Name**           |                  | atus |           |
| Group**    |                  |                  | es** |           |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | *HIERACIUM       | HAIRY HAWKWEED   | S    | S1 / S2   |
|            | LONGIPILUM*      |                  |      |           |
|            |                  |                  |      | G4 / G5   |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | *HYDRASTIS       | GOLDENSEAL       | S-CE | S3        |
|            | CANADENSIS*      |                  |      |           |
|            |                  |                  |      | G4        |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | *IRIS            | LAMANCE IRIS     | E    | S1        |
|            | BREVICAULIS*     |                  |      |           |
|            |                  |                  |      | G4        |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | #####            | BUTTERNUT        | T    | S2 / S3   |
|            | JUGLANS CINEREA  |                  |      |           |
|            |                  |                  |      | G3 / G4   |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | *LILIUM          | MICHIGAN LILY    | T    | S2        |
|            | MICHIGANENSE*    |                  |      |           |
|            |                  |                  |      | G5        |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | *HIERACIUM       | HAIRY HAWKWEED   | T    | G4G5/S2   |
|            | LONGIPILUM*      |                  |      |           |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | ##### L          | FEN ORCHIS       | E    | S1        |
|            | IPARIS LOESELII  |                  |      |           |
|            |                  |                  |      | G5        |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | ##### LYS        | FRASER\'S        | E    | S2        |
|            | IMACHIA FRASERI  | LOOSESTRIFE      |      |           |
|            |                  |                  |      | G2        |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | *NEOBECKIA       | LAKE CRESS       | S    | S2        |
|            | AQUATICA*        |                  |      |           |
|            |                  |                  |      | G4?       |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | *PANAX           | AMERICAN GINSENG | S-CE | S3 / S4   |
|            | QUINQUEFOLIUS*   |                  |      |           |
|            |                  |                  |      | G3 / G4   |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | *PHACELIA        | BLUE             | S    | S3        |
|            | RANUNCULACEA*    | SCORPION-WEED    |      |           |
|            |                  |                  |      | G3 / G4   |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | *PHLOX PILOSA    | OZARK DOWNY      | S    | S1        |
|            | SSP OZARKANA*    | PHLOX            |      |           |
|            |                  |                  |      | G5T?      |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | *POPULUS         | LARGE-TOOTH      | S    | S2        |
|            | GRANDIDENTATA*   | ASPEN            |      |           |
|            |                  |                  |      | G5        |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | *PRENANTHES      | NODDING          | E    | S1        |
|            | CREPIDINEA*      | RATTLESNAKE-ROOT |      |           |
|            |                  |                  |      | G3 / G4   |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | *RUDBECKIA       | SWEET CONEFLOWER | T    | S2        |
|            | SUBTOMENTOSA*    |                  |      |           |
|            |                  |                  |      | G5        |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | *SAGITTARIA      | SHORT-BEAKED     | T    | S1        |
|            | BREVIROSTRA*     |                  |      |           |
|            |                  | ARROWHEAD        |      | G5        |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------+-----------+
| ###        |                  |                  |      |           |
| # Table 3- |                  |                  |      |           |
| 3. Tenness |                  |                  |      |           |
| ee Endange |                  |                  |      |           |
| red, Threa |                  |                  |      |           |
| tened, Rar |                  |                  |      |           |
| e or Speci |                  |                  |      |           |
| al Concern |                  |                  |      |           |
|            |                  |                  |      |           |
| **Species  |                  |                  |      |           |
| Listed for |                  |                  |      |           |
| Stewart    |                  |                  |      |           |
| County     |                  |                  |      |           |
| (co        |                  |                  |      |           |
| ntinued)** |                  |                  |      |           |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------+-----------+
| *          | **Scientific     | # Common Name    | **St | **Ranks** |
| *Taxonomic | Name**           |                  | atus |           |
| Group**    |                  |                  | es** |           |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | ##### SA         | BLUE SAGE        | S    | G4 / G5   |
|            | LVIA AZUREA VAR  |                  |      |           |
|            |                  |                  |      | T4?       |
|            | ##               |                  |      |           |
|            | ### GRANDIFLORA  |                  |      |           |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------+-----------+
| PLANT      | *SYNOSMA         | SWEET-SCENTED    | T    | S2        |
|            | SUAVEOLENS*      | INDIAN-PLANTAIN  |      |           |
|            |                  |                  |      | G3        |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------+-----------+
| MOLLUSC    | ##### LA         | PINK MUCKET      | LE   | S2        |
|            | MPSILIS ABRUPTA  |                  |      |           |
|            |                  |                  | E    | G2        |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------+-----------+
| BIRD       | *AMMODRAMUS      | HENSLOW\'S       | MC D | S1B       |
|            | HENSLOWII*       | SPARROW          |      |           |
|            |                  |                  |      | G4        |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------+-----------+
| BIRD       | ##### AQ         | GOLDEN EAGLE     | T    | S1        |
|            | UILA CHRYSAETOS  |                  |      |           |
|            |                  |                  |      | G5        |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------+-----------+
| BIRD       | #####            | RED-SHOULDERED   |      | G5        |
|            |  BUTEO LINEATUS  | HAWK             |      |           |
|            |                  |                  |      | S4B       |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------+-----------+
| BIRD       | *DENDROICA       | CERULEAN WARBLER | D    | S3B       |
|            | CERULEA*         |                  |      |           |
|            |                  |                  |      | G4        |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------+-----------+
| BIRD       | *HALIAEETUS      | BALD EAGLE       | LT D | S3        |
|            | LEUCOCEPHALUS*   |                  |      |           |
|            |                  |                  |      | G4        |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------+-----------+
| BIRD       | *LIMNOTHLYPIS    | SWAINSON\'S      | MC D | S3        |
|            | SWAINSONII*      | WARBLER          |      |           |
|            |                  |                  |      | G4        |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------+-----------+
| BIRD       | *PODILYMBUS      | PIED-BILLED      | S    | S2        |
|            | PODICEPS*        | GREBE            |      |           |
|            |                  |                  |      | G5        |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------+-----------+
| BIRD       | *POOECETES       | VESPER SPARROW   | D    | S1BS4N    |
|            | GRAMINEUS*       |                  |      |           |
|            |                  |                  |      | G5        |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------+-----------+
| MAMMAL     | *MYOTIS          | GRAY BAT         | LE   | S2        |
|            | GRISESCENS*      |                  |      |           |
|            |                  |                  | E    | G3        |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------+-----------+
| MAMMAL     | #####            | INDIANA BAT      | LE   | S1        |
|            |  MYOTIS SODALIS  |                  |      |           |
|            |                  |                  | E    | G2        |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------+-----------+
| MAMMAL     | #####            | COMMON SHREW     | D    | S4        |
|            |  SOREX CINEREUS  |                  |      |           |
|            |                  |                  |      | G5        |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------+-----------+
| MAMMAL     | *SOREX           | SOUTHEASTERN     | D    | S4        |
|            | LONGIROSTRIS*    | SHREW            |      |           |
|            |                  |                  |      | G5        |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------+-----------+
| MAMMAL     | #####            | MEADOW JUMPING   | D    | S4        |
|            | ZAPUS HUDSONIUS  | MOUSE            |      |           |
|            |                  |                  |      | G5        |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------+-----------+
| ###        |                  |                  |      |           |
| # Table 3- |                  |                  |      |           |
| 3. Tenness |                  |                  |      |           |
| ee Endange |                  |                  |      |           |
| red, Threa |                  |                  |      |           |
| tened, Rar |                  |                  |      |           |
| e or Speci |                  |                  |      |           |
| al Concern |                  |                  |      |           |
|            |                  |                  |      |           |
| **Species  |                  |                  |      |           |
| Listed for |                  |                  |      |           |
| Stewart    |                  |                  |      |           |
| County     |                  |                  |      |           |
| (co        |                  |                  |      |           |
| ntinued)** |                  |                  |      |           |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------+-----------+
| *          | **Scientific     | # Common Name    | **St | **Ranks** |
| *Taxonomic | Name**           |                  | atus |           |
| Group**    |                  |                  | es** |           |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------+-----------+
| REPTILE    | *MACROCLEMYS     | ALLIGATOR        | MC D | S2 / S3   |
|            | TEMMINCKII*      | SNAPPING TURTLE  |      |           |
|            |                  |                  |      | G3 / G4   |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------+-----------+
| REPTILE    | *NERODIA         | COPPERBELLY      | (PS  | HYB       |
|            | ERYTHROGASTER*   | WATER SNAKE      | :LT) |           |
|            |                  |                  |      | G5        |
|            | *NEGLECTA*       |                  |      |           |
|            |                  |                  |      | T2 / T3   |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------+-----------+
| REPTILE    | *PITUOPHIS       | NORTHERN PINE    | MC T | S3        |
|            | MELANOLEUCUS*    | SNAKE            |      |           |
|            |                  |                  |      | G4 / T4   |
|            | *MELANOLEUCUS*   |                  |      |           |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------+-----------+
| REPTILE    | *SISTRURUS       | WESTERN PIGMY    | T    | S2 / S3   |
|            | MILIARIUS*       | RATTLESNAKE      |      |           |
|            |                  |                  |      | G5 / T5   |
|            | *STRECKERI*      |                  |      |           |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------+-----------+
| FISH       | ##### AN         | AMERICAN EEL     |      | S3        |
|            | GUILLA ROSTRATA  |                  |      |           |
|            |                  |                  |      | G5        |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------+-----------+
| FISH       | *CYCLEPTUS       | BLUE SUCKER      | MC T | S2        |
|            | ELONGATUS*       |                  |      |           |
|            |                  |                  |      | G3 / G4   |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------+-----------+
| FISH       | *ICHTHYOMYZON    | SILVER LAMPREY   | D    | S2        |
|            | UNICUSPIS*       |                  |      |           |
|            |                  |                  |      | G5        |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------+-----------+
| AMPHIBIAN  | *CRYPTOBRANCHUS* | HELLBENDER       | MC   | S3        |
|            |                  |                  |      |           |
|            | *ALLEGANIENSIS*  |                  | D    | G4        |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------+-----------+

*Source: TDEC, 2002*. See Table 3-2 for codes.

Many of these state-listed species undoubtedly do not occur at the
eligible battlefield core area properties at present, but their
documented presence in Stewart County suggests that if they prefer
wooded habitat, there is a good chance they could occur at these
properties, or could conceivably occur there in the future.

**3.2 CULTURAL RESOURCES**

Cultural resources include: historic properties as defined in the
National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA), cultural items as defined in
the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA),
archaeological resources as defined in the Archeological Resources
Protection Act (ARPA), sacred sites as defined in Executive Order 13007,
*Protection and Accommodation of Access To \"Indian Sacred Sites,\"* to
which access is provided under the American Indian Religious Freedom Act
(AIRFA), and collections. As defined by the NHPA, a historic property or
historic resource is any prehistoric or historic district, site,
building, structure, or object included in, or eligible for inclusion
in, the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), including any
artifacts, records, and remains that are related to and located in such
properties. The term also includes properties of traditional religious
and cultural importance (traditional cultural properties), which are
eligible for inclusion in the NRHP as a result of their association with
the cultural practices or beliefs of an Indian tribe or Native Hawaiian
organization. Archaeological resources include any material of human
life or activities that is at least 100 years old, and that is of
archaeological interest.

Section 106 of the NHPA (P.L. 89-655) provides the framework for Federal
review and consideration of cultural resources during Federal project
planning and execution. The implementing regulations for the Section 106
process (36 CFR Part 800) have been promulgated by the Advisory Council
on Historic Preservation (ACHP). The Secretary of the Interior maintains
the NRHP and sets forth significance criteria (36 CFR Part 60) for
inclusion in the register. Cultural resources may be considered
"historic properties" for the purpose of consideration by a Federal
undertaking if they meet NRHP criteria. The implementing regulations at
36 CFR 800.16(v)define an undertaking as "a project, activity, or
program funded in whole or in part under the direct or indirect
jurisdiction of a Federal agency, including those carried out by or on
behalf of a Federal agency; those carried out with Federal financial
assistance; those requiring a Federal permit, license or approval; and
those subject to state or local regulation administered pursuant to a
delegation or approval by a Federal agency." Historic properties are
those that are formally placed in the NRHP by the Secretary of the
Interior, and those that meet the criteria and are determined eligible
for inclusion.

[]{.mark}

Fort Donelson National Battlefield was added to the NRHP in 1966
(District - #66000076) and the Fort Henry site was added to the NRHP in
1975 (Site - #75001789) (NRHP, no date-a). The Fort Heiman site was
added to the NRHP the year after Fort Henry's inclusion, in 1976 (Site -
#76000856) (NRHP, no date-b). Table 3-4 shows the NRHP listings for the
three forts.

+------------+-------------------+------------------+-----------------+
| ## Table   |                   |                  |                 |
|  3-4. Nati |                   |                  |                 |
| onal Regis |                   |                  |                 |
| ter of His |                   |                  |                 |
| toric Plac |                   |                  |                 |
| e Listings |                   |                  |                 |
+------------+-------------------+------------------+-----------------+
| **Charac   | **Fort Donelson   | **Fort Henry     | **Fort Heiman   |
| teristic** | National          | Site, Stewart    | Site, Calloway  |
|            | Battlefield,      | County,          | County,         |
|            | Stewart County,   | Tennessee**      | Kentucky**      |
|            | Tennessee**       |                  |                 |
+------------+-------------------+------------------+-----------------+
| Historic   | Event             | Information      | Event           |
| Si         |                   | Potential        |                 |
| gnificance |                   |                  |                 |
+------------+-------------------+------------------+-----------------+
| Area of    | Military          | Military         | Military        |
| Si         |                   |                  |                 |
| gnificance |                   |                  |                 |
+------------+-------------------+------------------+-----------------+
| Cultural   | \--               | American         | \--             |
| A          |                   |                  |                 |
| ffiliation |                   |                  |                 |
+------------+-------------------+------------------+-----------------+
| Period of  | 1850-1874         | 1850-1874        | 1850-1874       |
| Si         |                   |                  |                 |
| gnificance |                   |                  |                 |
+------------+-------------------+------------------+-----------------+
| Owner      | Federal           | Federal          | Private         |
+------------+-------------------+------------------+-----------------+
| Historic   | Defense, Domestic | Defense          | Defense         |
| Function   |                   |                  |                 |
+------------+-------------------+------------------+-----------------+
| Historic   | Battle Site,      | Fortification    | Battle Site,    |
| Su         | Fortification,    |                  | Fortification   |
| b-function | Hotel             |                  |                 |
+------------+-------------------+------------------+-----------------+
| Current    | Funerary,         | Landscape        | Defense         |
| Function   | Landscape,        |                  |                 |
|            | Recreation And    |                  |                 |
|            | Culture           |                  |                 |
+------------+-------------------+------------------+-----------------+
| Current    | Cemetery, Museum, | Park             | \--             |
| Su         | Park              |                  |                 |
| b-function |                   |                  |                 |
+------------+-------------------+------------------+-----------------+

*Sources: NRHP, no date-a; NRHP, no date-b.*

A National Historic Landmark (NHL) is a special type of historic
property designated because of its national importance in American
history, architecture, archaeology, engineering, or culture. Section
800.10 of the ACHP's regulations (36 CRF 800), as well as Section 110(f)
of the NHPA, specify special protections for NHLs. None of the three
sites is a designated NHL (NPS, 2002).

While National Historic Landmark and National Register status are a
source of honor for landowners and the community, they grant no legal
protection to the resources from the actions and development decisions
of private landowners. Nevertheless, NHL or NRHP designations can
trigger protection if state and/or local laws link such listing to
protection requirements.

**3.2.1 Fort Heiman**

The Fort Heiman complex consists of two primary areas of interest---Fort
Heiman proper and what has been called the "Outer Battery" or "Federal
Fort." NPS cultural resources staff conducted a GPS survey and prepared
GIS maps at both forts in the summer of 2002 (Lowe, 2002).

Fort Heiman sits at the end of Fort Heiman road and extends along the
high ground of a peninsula that juts into Kentucky Lake from the west.
The strategic importance of this location was its proximity to the old
channel of the Tennessee River (within 200 meters). From these bluffs,
artillery could bring a plunging fire against gunboats and troop
transport ships, in support of Fort Henry, on the opposite side of the
river.

Although the Fort Heiman property was subdivided some years ago, only
two structures have been constructed at the site (one unfinished). The
earthworks are readily visible and largely intact. In this area, there
are 593 meters (648 yards) of surviving military earthworks, 325 meters
(55%) of which were assessed to be in good or fair condition, the
remainder in poor. Several segments suffered degradation due to road
construction, during which the rear ditch was filled. The earthworks
range in relief from 0.7 to about 2 meters (2-6 feet). With one
exception, all were constructed with a rear ditch.

A shallow shelf along the bluff may be evidence of Federal destruction
of the earthworks when troops abandoned the area in 1863. This shelf
appears to have been the bottom of an interior ditch, the parapet having
been shoveled down the bluff. The remaining earthworks were likely
improved or built by the Federal occupation force in 1862-1863. Without
an archeological assessment or unless a historic map is found, there is
no way to determine the original extent of the Confederate fort or
subsequent Federal defenses.

At the south end of the site, nine pits were observed and mapped which
are said to be graves from which human remains were later removed. Each
pit was six feet long; two were nine feet wide, two five feet wide, the
rest wide enough for a single burial. This probably represents the
reinterment of fifteen bodies. Farther north is another pit similar to a
single burial. Between these gravesites is a large rectangular hole
believed to be the remains of the fort's magazine. Adjacent is a smaller
hole with a communication trench leading down the bluff toward the
water. The area is strewn with old firebricks suggesting that the
magazine may have had a brick lining that was afterwards scavenged for
reuse. Taken together, these resources represent an intact fortification
site, a critical part of the Fort Henry complex that would likely
provide considerable archeological information. As of yet, no
archaeological surveys have been conducted at Fort Heiman.

The Federal Fort is located where two historic roads climbed out of the
river bottom to join what is now Fort Heiman Road, about 830 meters
inland from the works at Fort Heiman proper. The fort is an irregular
redoubt designed to support three or four guns with an inner perimeter
(along the parapet) of 258 meters and an outer perimeter (outer edge of
the ditch) of 308 meters. The parapet encloses nearly 0.7 acre, which
makes it comparable in size to most of the Federal forts found along the
Petersburg, Virginia, lines. It is similar in size to other Tennessee
River garrison forts, as at Johnsonville. In other words, this was the
*principal* Federal fortification at Fort Heiman, not merely an outer
work or detached battery.

Relief at the parapet averages about 3.6 meters (12 feet). The site is
overgrown with vegetation, restricting access and maintaining the
resources in fair and good condition. Two gun platforms were observed
and mapped in the northwest and southwest angles. Field guns here were
sited to command all avenues of approach from the west. Two angles in
the south face likely held artillery to generate a crossing fire with
the single gun at Fort Heiman. The north face of the fort shows evidence
of purposeful destruction, probably by vacating Federal troops. The
protective breastwork has been partially leveled; earth was thrown back
into the fort and down into the ditch. The sally port is in the
northeast angle of the fort. Leading from the rear of the sally port,
two road traces join a very well defined wagon road that extends all the
way to the water, and the original river landing. The area is
crisscrossed with old road traces, but the wagon road appears the oldest
and maintains a steady 5 percent grade.

The Federal Fort effectively secured a defensive perimeter extending
from Fort Heiman in the south to the next ravine north of the site -- an
enclave of about 225 acres. Based on the terrain, the siting and
configuration of the earthworks here and at Fort Heiman, and practices
at other military sites, it would be reasonable to assume that the
garrison camps were in the ravine southeast of the fort. The NPS survey
team examined this ravine and located what appeared to be a hut pad on
the slope south of the fort with an easy, perhaps, reworked descent to
the ravine floor. Several rectangular dugouts, measuring about 2 x 2 x 1
meters (6 x 6 x 3 feet), were also mapped. Although suggestive, this was
certainly not conclusive evidence of an encampment. The floor of the
ravine has suffered serious erosion over the years and in some areas may
be three to four feet below the Civil War era grade.

In terms of military earthworks, the Federal Fort is the most oustanding
resource at the site. It was, however, only the key installation of an
extensive fortification, encampment, and road complex that is likely to
yield extensive archeological information. At the time of the 2002
survey, loggers were clearcutting a parcel north of the Federal Fort.
Although not directly impacting the earthworks, this logging will
obliterate the old road trace leading through the parcel.

2.  **Ten Eligible Battlefield Core Area Properties**

As emphasized in Section One, FODO's current boundaries encompass only
about 20 percent of the core area of the historic battlefield, as
identified by the American Battlefield Protection Program. The ten
properties discussed below each contain significant historic resources
that retain a high degree of integrity. They also have relatively high
potential for archeological survey and research. Although impacted by
erosion and the expansion of Dover, these lands and their immediate
surroundings generally possess a high degree of their historic woodlands
and pastoral character. They contain historically significant resources
and scenic vistas in which significant elements of the Battle of Fort
Donelson can be interpreted.

**Forge Road Parcel (Cherry and Bagard properties).** At daybreak on
February 15, 1862, after having positioned most of their forces opposite
the Union right flank, the Confederates launched an attack to open an
escape route to Nashville, Tennessee. The extreme Union right was pushed
back fairly easily as this concentrated Confederate attack pressed them.
They fell back to other units of Brig. Gen. John A. McClernand\'s
division and began to hold. McClernand\'s division turned and met the
Confederate attack, and for about three hours fought battle line to
battle line while slowly and grudgingly giving ground. Lack of
ammunition and the determined Confederate attack forced McClernand\'s
division to give way.

This three-hour time period saw the heaviest infantry fighting of the
Battle of Fort Donelson. In this general area near the Forge Road, 70
percent of the Union casualties fell. Confederate casualty records are
not as good, but we can assume an equal or higher percentage of their
casualties fell in this same area. The Forge Road parcel is FODO's
equivalent to Shiloh's Hornets Nest, Antietam's Bloody Lane, and the
area of Pickett's Charge at Gettysburg.

**French's Battery and Erin Hollow Parcels (Bell and Carson
properties).** Following the success of the Confederates at Forge Road,
McClernand\'s division fell back hoping to regroup. Brig. Gen. Lew
Wallace brought his division to McClernand\'s aid and formed a battle
line across Wynns Ferry Road. This line created a new obstacle for the
attacking Confederate forces.

The French\'s Battery and Erin Hollow parcels are located between the
Confederate earthworks (park boundary) and the Wallace position along
Wynns Ferry Road (south of park boundary) and are contiguous to the
present park boundary. Men from Brig. Gen. Simon B. Buckner\'s Division
fell back to their earthworks to regroup and issue ammunition. Once they
were reformed into battle lines, they charged across these parcels and
attacked the Wallace position on Wynns Ferry Road. These attacks were
unsuccessful, and the Confederate offensive began to falter. Although
the desired escape routes were open, the Confederate generals decided
not to make their escape, but rather to return inside their earthworks
without leaving forces to protect those routes. This decision would
result in the capture of the Confederate force at Fort Donelson. This
Confederate withdrawal of forces crossed the French's Battery and Erin
Hollow parcels.

**Wynns Ferry Road Parcel (Grant Rallies the Troops) (Wallace
property).** Before daylight on February 15, Grant decided to travel
several miles downstream to the riverbank where the Union gunboats had
tied up. He was unaware of the impending Confederate attack on his right
flank. As the Confederate attack pressed forward, riders were sent and
eventually found Grant at the river. They informed him of the dire
situation, and Grant began making his way back to his troubled lines.
Hurrying along his lines, Grant found McClernand\'s division trying to
reform and Wallace\'s division on Wynns Ferry Road. He found officers
and men wandering around not knowing what to do. From captured
Confederate soldiers, Grant deduced quickly that they were trying to
leave; he also concluded that if the Confederates hit hard in one place,
other positions must be poorly defended. Thus, he ordered that the area
lost earlier in the day be retaken and that a poorly defended position
be attacked. Confederate inability to take this position and Grant\'s
ability to rally his troops assured a Union victory.

News accounts of Grant chewing on a dead cigar and his demand for an
\"Unconditional Surrender\" gave him a new nickname and helps to explain
how a clerk in a leather store could rise to major general in command of
the Union army and become its first hero in such a short time. Grant was
propelled into national prominence, eventually accepting Confederate
surrender at Appomattox. His popularity ultimately carried him to the
White House. Grant's early victories had a great effect on his career,
the outcome of the Civil War, and American history.

The effect the victory at Fort Donelson had on Grant\'s career is an
important interpretive theme for this park. The Wynns Ferry Road Parcel
contains some of the area where Wallace\'s division deployed to stop the
Confederate attack and the area where Grant rode up to his rendevous
with destiny. This area is not contiguous with the present boundaries of
FODO. It is in an area of development.

**Smith\'s Attack Parcel (Smith, Truitt, Norfleet and Herndon
properties).** By daybreak on February 15, Confederate generals had
massed their forces opposite the Union right and were preparing an
attack in order to open an escape route to Nashville, Tennessee. The
attack was launched and was initially successful. The Union right was
pushed off the battlefield and the escape routes were opened. When Grant
reached the battlefield and made his assessment of the situation, he
concluded that the Confederates must have weakened their lines someplace
else to be able to hit his forces so hard in this location. After
rallying the troops on his right, he rode off to his left flank occupied
by Brig. Gen. Charles F. Smith\'s division. He informed Smith that the
enemy was trying to escape but had been stopped and must be demoralized.
Now was the time to attack and carry the fort. Smith moved his division
against the Confederate works in his front. Because most of the
Confederates were massed on the other side of the earthworks (more than
a mile away), Union soldiers were able to climb the hill and sweep over
the Confederate works. Reinforcements and lateness in the day prevented
Smith\'s division from taking the main fort. Still, the Union had a firm
grip on the Confederate right flank. During the night of February 15,
Union soldiers camped where Confederate soldiers had camped the night
before. This action gave the Confederate generals another reason to
consider surrender as they discussed their next course of action.

During this attack a corporal in the color guard picked up the flag
after other color guards had been wounded. Although wounded himself, the
corporal bore the flag to the end of the engagement. For this feat
Voltaire Twombly was awarded the Medal of Honor. His Medal of Honor is
on display in the Fort Donelson National Battlefield Visitor Center.

This area was between Union and Confederate lines, and the right flank
of Smith\'s division crossed it during the attack. This parcel is
contiguous to the park boundary, very near the visitor center.

**Freedmen\'s Camp Parcel (Lee property).** The effects of the fall of
Fort Donelson were felt across the country economically, socially, and
militarily. In the middle Tennessee area, it had an immediate effect on
the slave population. The presence of the Union Army provided another
opportunity for slaves willing to seek freedom. Grant, lacking any
established policy from Washington, decided not to return slaves to
their owners and put them to work helping the Union Army. As word of the
surrender went out across the land, freedom-seeking slaves began leaving
their owners and traveling secretly to Dover, Tennessee, and the
protection of the Union Army. Before long, fugitive slaves were housed
in sheds, cellars, and barns in town. If not free to come and go as they
pleased, they were at least protected from their owners as long as they
were under the watchful eye of the Union army. Unofficial and later
formal camps were set up for them. Thousands of freedom-seeking former
slaves came through this camp during its existence. Some men were
recruited into the Union Army. Soldiers and civilians helped a few of
the former slaves to travel farther north in hopes of finding the
freedom they so desperately desired.

This parcel is contiguous to the park boundary and included the area of
the Freedmen\'s Camp. Acquiring this parcel would protect the site and
provide an excellent location to interpret this largely untold and
misunderstood story. Fort Donelson National Battlefield is a designated
site for the National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom program,
and this parcel would enable the National Park Service to interpret this
significant theme.

**3.3 VISITOR USE AND EXPERIENCE**

Visitor or recreation experience is defined as "the psychological and
physiological response from participating in a particular recreation
activity in a specific park setting" (Haas, 2001). Visitor use and
experience are a function of the interaction between an individual's
expectations, motivations, past experiences, and personality traits and
the recreational carrying capacity of a park. Recreational carrying
capacity is defined as "a prescribed number and type of people that an
area will accommodate given the desired natural/cultural resource
conditions, visitor experiences, and management program" (Haas, 2001).
The carrying capacity for a park is formed by the convergence of two
human and physical constraints: 1) what is considered to be a crowded
condition, given the park's physical and environmental resources and the
visitor experience intended by management, and 2) the level of use that
a park can sustain without suffering environmental degradation.

The NPS defines recreational carrying capacity as "the type and level of
visitor use that can be accommodated while sustaining the desired
resource and social conditions that complement the purpose of a park
unit and its management objectives" (VERP, 1997). Broadly, it is the
maximum number of people that can use a site on an hourly, daily,
monthly, or annual basis without degrading the resource base, and while
maintaining the integrity of the historic experience. A site's carrying
capacity is restricted by several factors, including:

1)  the type of visitor experience desired by park managers;

2)  the level of resource protection needed to maintain that visitor
    experience;

3)  assurance of visitor safety; and

4)  park staffing levels (NPS, 2000b).

Visitor use and experience at a national park is defined by undergoing a
carrying capacity analysis (VERP, 1997). The bases for such an analysis
are mission, purpose, and significance statements. A mission statement
lays the foundation for the management of a national park. The purpose
statement indicates why the park became a part of the national park
system. The significance statement describes the park's role in the
regional and national context (NPS, 2000b). A VERP analysis is typically
done as part of a park's General Management Plan (GMP). Fort Heiman and
the eligible properties, if added to Fort Donelson National Battlefield,
will be incorporated in FODO's GMP when it is updated in the next
several years. To date, there has not been an official carrying capacity
analysis done for either of the two sites.

Currently, because Fort Heiman and the battlefield core area properties
are mostly private property, they receive very little visitation by the
public. There are no designated parking facilities, no interpretive
signs, no access trails and no comfort facilities for the public.
Nonetheless, both Fort Heiman and the battlefield core area properties
would lend themselves to visitation and interpretation. They provide
excellent opportunities for interpretive/ recrea­tional trail
possibilities, interpretive media, waysides, related exhibits,
small-scale off-road parking, and non-personal services.

Forts Heiman, Henry and Donelson are all located in an area with
extensive recreational infrastructure, resources, activities and
opportunities, focused on the natural and historic features of the
region. Fort Donelson's educational and recreational value has already
been described in Chapter One. It attracts approximately one million
visitors per year. The other most important major recreational
facilities of the area are listed below:

###### *Land Between the Lakes National Recreation Area*

The northwest-southeast lobe of land between Kentucky Lake on the
Tennessee River to the west and Lake Barkley on the Cumberland River to
the east is called Land Between the Lakes. It was formed when these two
reservoirs were created by the construction of Kentucky Dam and Barkley
Dam. In 1963, President John F. Kennedy designated the peninsula as
"Land Between The Lakes National Recreation Area" in an effort to
demonstrate how an area with limited forest, agricultural and industrial
resources could be developed into a recreational asset that would
stimulate economic growth in the region. Forty decades later, LBL
remains the country\'s only such demonstration and is the cornerstone of
the region\'s \$600 million tourism industry (LBL, 2002b).

LBL, formerly managed by the Tennessee Valley Authority, is now managed
by the U.S. Forest Service. It attracts more than two million visitors
annually (Madell, 2002), with visitors arriving from all 50 states and
over 30 foreign countries (LBL, 2002b). LBL is the largest inland
peninsula in the United States. It is also the second-largest contiguous
block of forested public land east of the Mississippi. There are 300
miles of undeveloped shoreline within LBL.

LBL includes 26 lake access areas with boat ramps, five courtesy docks,
four fishing piers and six beaches. It contains 420 miles of roads, more
than 90 bridges; and 5 dams. LBL's recreational facilities include a
nature center, living history farm, planetarium and observatory,
resident center, horseback riding campground, public horse stable,
off-highway vehicle area, Elk & Bison prairie, interpretive site (iron
industry), and three visitor information centers. It has over 200 miles
of hiking and biking trails and over 80 miles of horse and wagon trails.
Four developed campgrounds contain 1,535 campsites in four developed
campgrounds. There are also five lake access areas with primitive
camping and unlimited backcountry camping.

In addition to Fort Henry, LBL has two other sites listed on the
National Register of Historic Places -- the Center Furnace and the Great
Western Iron Furnace -- both of which are remnants of the regional iron
industry which reached is heyday in the mid-1800s. Seventeen iron
furnaces operated within what is now LBL.

LBL has abundant wildlife resources. It includes the largest
publicly-owned buffalo herd east of the Mississippi River, more than
1,300 plant species, over 230 bird species, and 53 different mammal
species. LBL is participating in the nation\'s efforts to re-establish
the bald eagle population in Western Kentucky and Tennessee: between
1980-1988, 44 Bald Eagles were reintroduced to the shorelines of LBL.
Currently, LBL is home to a wintering eagle population of more than 150
birds, and there are 11 active nesting sites. In February 1996, after a
150-year absence in the region, LBL reintroduced elk into a 700-acre Elk
& Bison Prairie. Since 1991, LBL has maintained a captive breeding pair
of red wolves as part of the USFWS's Red Wolf Recovery effort.

###### *Paris Landing State Park* 

![](media/image5.jpeg){width="4.089583333333334in"
height="2.714583333333333in"}

The 841-acre Paris Landing State Park is situated on the western shore
of Kentucky Lake, 18 miles east of the town of Paris and approximately
15 miles west of Dover, on US Highway 79 (TA, 2002). Paris Landing State
Park is named for a steamboat and freight landing on the Tennessee
River, dating back to the mid-nineteenth century.  From here and other
landings on the Tennessee River and Big Sandy River, supplies were
transported to surrounding towns and communities by ox cart.

Among other facilities, the state park has a conference center, resort
inn, restaurant, cabins, and golf course (Figure 3-4). Paris Landing
provides opportunities for camping, boating, fishing, hiking, picnics
and swimming. Annual visitation averages approximately 1.0 to 1.2
million (Noble, 2002).

###### *Cross Creeks National Wildlife Refuge*

Cross Creeks NWR is located four miles east of Dover at the confluence
of North Cross Creek and South Cross Creek with the Cumberland River /
Lake Barkley (USFWS, 1999). The 8,862-acre refuge straddles the
Cumberland River and provides feeding and resting habitat for migratory
waterfowl in the Tennessee-Kentucky portion of the Mississippi flyway.

Cross Creeks also supports over 650 species of plants and 480 species of
birds, mammals, fish, reptiles and amphibians. Annual visitation at the
refuge averages 65,000-70,000 and includes wildlife observation,
fishing, archery hunting for deer, and hunting for wild turkey (Welker,
2002).

###### *Lake Barkley State Resort Park*

This Kentucky state park is located on the east side of Lake Barkley,
about half way up the LBL peninsula, approximately 20 miles north of
Fort Donelson. It has a 120-room lodge, 10-room lodge, cottages, dinning
room, convention center, fitness center and marina (Kentucky State
Parks, 2002). The park provides opportunities and facilities for water
sports, tennis, golf, horseback riding, hiking and nature trails, and
mountain biking. Annual visitation averages 1.25 million for all
purposes (Jordan, 2002).

Kenlake State Resort Park on the west side of Kentucky Lake northeast of
Murray, and Kentucky Dam Village State Resource Park further to the
north also offer a wide variety of outdoor recreation opportunities.

In sum, the region in which Fort Heiman, Fort Henry and Fort Donelson
are situated draws millions of visitors annually for outdoor recreation,
ecotourism and heritage tourism.

**3.4 SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT**

1.  **Population, Economy, and Social Conditions**

Table 3-5 displays key basic demographic and socioeconomic data about
the populations of Calloway County, Kentucky (location of Fort Heiman)
and Stewart County, Tennessee (location of Fort Henry). Both counties
have populations that have grown at a faster rate than their respective
states over the past decade (USCB, 200a; USCB, 2000b). Both counties are
overwhelmingly non-Hispanic white. The median household incomes of both
counties are slightly below the their state medians. Their predominantly
rural character would account for this. Poverty rates in each county are
also below the state average. They differ in one important respect:
while Calloway County's non-farm employment grew at twice the rate
Kentucky's in the 1990's, Stewart County's actually shrank by 22% during
the same period.

+---------------------------+--------+---------+---------+----------+
| **Table 3-5. Demographic  |        |         |         |          |
| and Economic Data for     |        |         |         |          |
| Calloway County,          |        |         |         |          |
| Kentucky**                |        |         |         |          |
|                           |        |         |         |          |
| **and Stewart County,     |        |         |         |          |
| Tennessee**               |        |         |         |          |
+---------------------------+--------+---------+---------+----------+
|                           | **Ca   | **Ken   | **      | **Ten    |
|                           | lloway | tucky** | Stewart | nessee** |
|                           | Co     |         | C       |          |
|                           | unty** |         | ounty** |          |
+---------------------------+--------+---------+---------+----------+
| Population, 2001 estimate | 34,206 | 4,      | 12,650  | 5        |
|                           |        | 065,556 |         | ,740,021 |
+---------------------------+--------+---------+---------+----------+
| Population, percent       | 11.2%  | 9.6%    | 30.5%   | 16.7%    |
| change, 1990 to 2000      |        |         |         |          |
+---------------------------+--------+---------+---------+----------+
| White persons, % 2000 (a) | 93.5%  | 90.1%   | 95.3%   | 80.2%    |
+---------------------------+--------+---------+---------+----------+
| Black or African American | 3.6%   | 7.3%    | 1.3%    | 16.4%    |
| persons, percent, 2000    |        |         |         |          |
| (a)                       |        |         |         |          |
+---------------------------+--------+---------+---------+----------+
| American Indian and       | 0.2%   | 0.2%    | 0.6%    | 0.3%     |
| Alaska Native persons,    |        |         |         |          |
| percent, 2000 (a)         |        |         |         |          |
+---------------------------+--------+---------+---------+----------+
| Asian persons, percent,   | 1.3%   | 0.7%    | 1.5%    | 1.5%     |
| 2000 (a)                  |        |         |         |          |
+---------------------------+--------+---------+---------+----------+
| Persons of Hispanic or    | 1.4%   | 1.5%    | 1.0%    | 2.2%     |
| Latino origin, percent,   |        |         |         |          |
| 2000 (b)                  |        |         |         |          |
+---------------------------+--------+---------+---------+----------+
| White persons, not of     | 92.7%  | 89.3%   | 94.6%   | 79.2%    |
| Hispanic /Latino origin,  |        |         |         |          |
| percent, 2000             |        |         |         |          |
+---------------------------+--------+---------+---------+----------+
| Housing units, 2000       | 16,069 | 1,      | 5,977   | 2        |
|                           |        | 750,927 |         | ,439,443 |
+---------------------------+--------+---------+---------+----------+
| Homeownership rate, 2000  | 68.4%  | 70.8%   | 79.2%   | 69.9%    |
+---------------------------+--------+---------+---------+----------+
| Median household money    | \$     | \       | \       | \$32,047 |
| income, 1997 model-based  | 29,853 | $31,730 | $28,473 |          |
| estimate                  |        |         |         |          |
+---------------------------+--------+---------+---------+----------+
| Persons below poverty,    | 14.5%  | 16.0%   | 13.2%   | 13.6%    |
| percent, 1997 model-based |        |         |         |          |
| estimate                  |        |         |         |          |
+---------------------------+--------+---------+---------+----------+
| Private non-farm          | 11,776 | 1,      | 984     | 2        |
| employment, 1999          |        | 469,315 |         | ,338,780 |
+---------------------------+--------+---------+---------+----------+
| Private non-farm          | 47.0%  | 23.9%   | -21.7%  | 25.1%    |
| employment, percent       |        |         |         |          |
| change 1990-1999          |        |         |         |          |
+---------------------------+--------+---------+---------+----------+

*Sources: USCB, 2002a; USCB, 2002b*

Table 3-6 shows employment by major industry in Calloway County:

  --------------------------------------- ----------------- -------------
  **Table 3-6. Employment by Major                          
  Industry in Calloway County, Kentucky**                   

                                          **Employment**    **Percent**

  All Industries                          16,052            100\.

  Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing         115               0.7

  Mining and Quarrying                    N/A               N/A

  Contract Construction                   894               5.6

  Manufacturing                           3,212             20.0

  Transportation & Public Utilities       1,245             7.8

  Wholesale Trade                         663               4.1

  Retail Trade                            3,640             22.7

  Finance, Insurance and Real Estate      332               2.1

  Services                                3,694             23.0

  State and Local Government              448               2.8

  Other                                   3                 0.0
  --------------------------------------- ----------------- -------------

> *Sources: WKC, 2002b; U.S. Dept. of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics*

Murray is the county seat of Calloway County, and contains almost half
its residents (WKC, 2002b). The town is home to Murray State University,
with an enrollment of about 9,100. One of the town and county's major
employers, a Mattel factory, announced in April 2001 that it would be
closing down, with the loss of some 1,000 jobs (Gordon, 2002). In June
2002, a company manufacturing custom windows and doors factory announced
that it would open in a portion of the vacated space, employing some 250
at first. Murray is located approximately 12 miles to the northwest of
Fort Heiman.

The Calloway County community has expressed strong support for
protection of the Fort Heiman site by the National Park Service. A May
2002 public meeting at Murray State University organized by the NPS and
local historic preservationists drew some 70 participants who were
unanimous in the support of the proposed action. County government is
supportive as well (Gordon, 2002).

+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------+
| **Table 3-7. Employment by Occupation in** |                         |
|                                            |                         |
| **Stewart County, Tennessee**              |                         |
+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------+
| Technical, Sales                           | 24%                     |
+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------+
| Handlers, Laborers                         | 8%                      |
+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------+
| Transportation                             | 8%                      |
+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------+
| Farm, Forestry                             | 7%                      |
+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------+
| Production, Craft, Repair                  | 20%                     |
+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------+
| Service                                    | 16%                     |
+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------+
| Administrative, Executive                  | 18%                     |
+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------+

> *Source: CLS, 1995*

In recent years, Stewart County has attracted new residents from around
the state and region, many of whom are retirees, drawn by the area's low
cost of living and amenities (Hanks, 2002; Wallace, 2002). Both the
public and the county government in Stewart County are supportive of
efforts to provide greater protection and interpretation of Civil War
resources associated with Fort Donelson National Battlefield (Wallace,
2002). County government itself is participating in efforts to enhance
recreational opportunities and the quality of life in the area; for
example, Stewart County, in cooperation with the USFS and LBL, has
received matching funds from the Tennessee Department of Transportation
to construct the Fort Donelson/Kentucky Lake Hike and Bike Trail in two
phases. When completed, this trail will connect Dover and Fort Donelson
with the Fort Henry area of LBL, and beyond to Paris Landing State Park
on the western side of Kentucky Lake (Stewart County, 2002) (Figure
3-5).

**3.4.2 Utilities and Public Services**

**[Utilities]{.underline}** include the following kinds of facilities
and infrastructure:

-   Energy -- gas pipelines and substations, electricity transmission
    and distribution lines, and electrical substations;

-   Communications -- telephone lines, cable TV lines, and
    communications towers;

-   Water supply -- water lines and water storage tanks; and

-   Wastewater -- sewage pipelines and sewage treatment plants.

**[Public services]{.underline}** generally include the following
services provided by local municipalities:

-   Fire protection;

-   Law enforcement; and

-   Emergency medical response.

![](media/image6.jpeg){width="5.778472222222222in"
height="4.353472222222222in"}

In Calloway County, electricity is supplied by the Murray Electric
System and West Kentucky RECC (WKC, 2002b). Murray Electric System also
furnishes cable and telephone service to residents of that area (MES,
2000). Natural gas is supplied by the Murray Natural Gas System. Water
and sewer are supplied by the Murray Water and Wastewater System.
Outlying areas may have their own water wells and septic tanks. There
are no overhead utility lines evident at the Fort Heiman site.

The Murray Calloway County Hospital furnishes ambulance service in the
county (MCCH, 2000). The Calloway County Sheriff's Office in Murray
provides law enforcement as well as initial response in emergencies and
some search and rescue (USACOPS, 2002a). Calloway County Fire-Rescue in
Murray provides fire and hazardous materials (hazmat) protection,
extrication (people and pets stuck in tight places) as well as search
and rescue services in the county (CCFR, 2001). The fire-rescue
department operates out of nine stations that protect a primarily rural
area; it is a public department whose members are volunteers.

In Stewart County, the TVA is the source of electricity and the local
supplier is the Cumberland Electric Memorial Corp. (MTIDA. 2002). In the
county seat and largest town of Dover, the city itself is the water
supplier and sewer authority. Water is withdrawn from the Cumberland
River. There is no local distributor of natural gas. BellSouth supplies
telephone service to Dover and Stewart County (Kentucky Lake
Productions, 2002). No overhead utility lines are evident at the Fort
Henry site.

The town of Dover has a budget of about \$1.4 million annually, which
includes services like water, sewer, police, fire, garbage pickup, and
limb removal.  The city has five full-time police officers.  The Dover
Fire Department has four engines and 24 volunteer fire fighters
(Kentucky Lake Productions, 2002).  The Stewart County Sheriff's Office
is also located in Dover (USACOPS, 2002b).

There is no 24-hour emergency room located in Stewart County.  The
nearest emergency room is located at Trinity Hospital in Erin,
Tennessee, approximately 15-20 minutes from Dover.  Emergency rooms are
also found in nearby Murray, Kentucky, and Clarksville, Tennessee
(Kentucky Lake Productions, 2002).

**3.5 TRANSPORTATION**

The principal east-west route connecting Fort Donelson and Dover in
eastern Stewart County with Fort Henry in western Stewart County and
Fort Heiman in Calloway County, Kentucky, is U.S. Route 79, which in
this segment is coincident with State Route 76. Rte. 79-76 is mostly two
lanes with several three-lane passing sections on longer hills. The
speed limit is 55 mph and traffic generally flows unimpeded. Across
Kentucky Lake and into Calloway County, Kentucky, a traveler to Fort
Heiman coming from Fort Donelson would turn north on Kentucky State
Route 121, before turning onto smaller roads to access the fort itself.

The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) classifies roads based on
their function. According to the FHWA, an arterial road is one that
provides the highest level of mobility, at the highest speed, for long,
uninterrupted travel. Arterial roads generally have higher design
standards than other roads, and they typically have multiple lanes and
some degree of access control. An example of an arterial network is the
Interstate Highway System. Urban areas are generally defined by FHWA as
metropolitan areas with populations greater than 25,000 people (FHWA,
1999). Dover does not fit this criterion; therefore, Highway 79-76 is
classified as a rural principal arterial. The FHWA divides the rural
principal arterial network into two subsystems: interstate highways and
other principal arterials (FHWA, 1999). Highway 79-76 can be classified
as a principal rural arterial road.

The main roads in the affected areas of Calloway County, Kentucky and
Stewart County, Tennessee are arterial, collector and local roads, both
rural and urban. The roads leading to Fort Heiman are rural while those
leading to the ten eligible battlefield core area properties around Fort
Donelson proper, are both rural and urban, in that they are located
within Dover itself and in the urbanizing periphery of Dover between the
town and surrounding countryside.

Collector roads provide a lower degree of mobility than arterial roads.
They are designed for travel at lower speeds and for shorter distances.
Collector roads are typically two-lane roads that collect and distribute
traffic from the arterial system. The rural collector system is divided
into two subsystems: major and minor collector roads. Major collector
roads provide service to county seats and important industrial or
agricultural centers that generate significant traffic volumes, but are
avoided by arterial roads. Rural minor collector roads collect traffic
from local roads (FHWA, 1999). Urban collector streets are not divided
into two categories.

All public road mileage below the collector system is considered local.
Local roads provide basic access between residential and commercial
properties, connecting with collector roads and arterial roads (FHWA,
1999). This road classification system is shown in Figure 3-6.

![](media/image7.png){width="5.751388888888889in"
height="2.1013888888888888in"}

Examples of the classifications for roads in the affected areas of
Kentucky and Tennessee are shown in Table 3-8. All five kind of rural
road classifications are represented. These roads are built with road
widths, design speeds, and number of lanes to handle a certain traffic
capacity and flow. To access Fort Heiman and the eligible battlefield
core area properties from Fort Donelson, motorists would have to utilize
these roads at a minimum.

The evaluation of existing roadway conditions focuses on capacity, which
reflects the ability of the road network to serve the traffic demand and
volume. The capacity of a roadway depends mainly on the street width,
number of lanes, intersection control, horizontal and vertical
line-of-sight and other physical factors. Traffic volumes typically are
reported, depending on the project

  ----------------- ------------------ ------------ ------------ ------------- --- ------------- --- --------- --- ------------- ---------
  **Table 3-8. Road                                                                                                              
  Classifications                                                                                                                
  in the Affected                                                                                                                
  Areas of Calloway                                                                                                              
  and Stewart                                                                                                                    
  Counties**                                                                                                                     

                    **Road                                                                                                       
                    Classification**                                                                                             

  **Road**                             **Rural      **Rural      **Rural Major     **Rural Minor     **Rural       **Urban       **Urban
                                       Principal    Minor        Collector**       Collector**       Local**       Collector**   Local**
                                       Arterial**   Arterial**                                                                   

  U.S. Highway      X                                                                                                            
  79/TN Rte. 76                                                                                                                  

  KY Rte. 121                                       X                                                                            

  Kline Trail                                                                  X                                                 

  Cypress Trail                                                                X                                                 

  Fort Heiman Rd.                                                                                X                               

  The Trace (LBL)                                                X                                                               

  Main Street                                                                                                  X                 

  Wynns Ferry Rd.                                                                                X                               

  Forge Road                                                                                                                     X
  ----------------- ------------------ ------------ ------------ ------------- --- ------------- --- --------- --- ------------- ---------

and database available, as the daily number of vehicular movements
(e.g., passenger vehicles and trucks) in both directions on a segment of
roadway, averaged over one full calendar year (average annual daily
traffic (AADT)), or averaged over a period of less than a year (average
daily traffic (ADT)). They can also be calculated for peak hour traffic.
These values are useful indicators in determining the extent to which
the roadway segment is used and in assessing the potential for
congestion and other problems.

Both the Fort Heiman and battlefield core area sites are reached by
driving on a State arterial road, and then turning onto County or
Federal collector road or local roads. The Kentucky Transportation
Cabinet (KYTC) and the Tennessee Department of Transportation (TDOT)
maintain ADT counts on many of the County arterial and collector roads,
as seen in Figures 3-7 and 3-8. The traffic counts are non-directional,
meaning that all lanes of traffic are counted; that is, in the case of a
two-lane road, both directions are added together to derive the ADT.

The most relevant ADT in Figure 3-7 is visible in the lower right of the
map. The ADT for SR 121 in 2000 is 1870 vehicle trips. ADT's are not
available for the collector and local roads leading to the Fort Heiman
site from SR 121 in the extreme lower right (southeast) of the map, but
they would be a good deal less than the 1870 for SR 121 itself, since
these roads and others feed into the arterial.

Figure 3-8 shows a portion of Stewart County, Tennessee that includes
Dover, Forts Donelson and Henry, and Land Between the Lakes NRA. The
most relevant ADT on this map is the 4050 figure for Route 79-76 in the
lower left, just south of Fort Henry (not designated on the map). This
means that on average, 4050 vehicles pass this point each day headed
east or west on 70-76 between Dover to the east and Kentucky Lake to the
west.

The performance of a roadway segment and the level of congestion on a
road are generally expressed in terms of the level of service (LOS) of
the road. The LOS scale ranges from A to F, with each level defined by a
range of volume to capacity ratios. LOS A, B, and C are considered

![](media/image8.jpeg){width="6.5472222222222225in" height="4.10625in"}

good operating conditions, where motorists experience minor to tolerable
delays. LOS D represents below average conditions. LOS E corresponds to
the maximum capacity of the roadway. LOS F represents a gridlock
situation. Table 3-9 describes the LOS designations. These levels are
based on the *Highway Capacity Manual* (TRB, 1994).

[]{.mark}

+----+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| #  |                                                                 |
| #  |                                                                 |
| Ta |                                                                 |
| bl |                                                                 |
| e  |                                                                 |
| 3- |                                                                 |
| 9. |                                                                 |
|  L |                                                                 |
| ev |                                                                 |
| el |                                                                 |
|  o |                                                                 |
| f  |                                                                 |
| Se |                                                                 |
| rv |                                                                 |
| ic |                                                                 |
| e  |                                                                 |
| De |                                                                 |
| sc |                                                                 |
| ri |                                                                 |
| pt |                                                                 |
| io |                                                                 |
| ns |                                                                 |
+----+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| *  | **Description**                                                 |
| *L |                                                                 |
| OS |                                                                 |
| ** |                                                                 |
+----+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| #  | Free flow, with low volumes and high speeds, and with users     |
| ## | unaffected by the presence of other users of the roadway.       |
|  A |                                                                 |
+----+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| B  | Reasonably free flow, but presence of the users in traffic      |
|    | stream becomes noticeable, and speeds begin to be restricted by |
|    | traffic conditions.                                             |
+----+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| C  | Stable flow, but operation of single users becomes affected by  |
|    | interactions with others in traffic stream (users are           |
|    | restricted in the freedom to select their own speeds).          |
+----+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| D  | High density, but stable flow; speed and freedom of movement    |
|    | are severely restricted; poor levels of comfort and             |
|    | convenience.                                                    |
+----+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| E  | Unstable flow; operating conditions at capacity with reduced    |
|    | speeds, maneuvering difficulty, and extremely poor levels of    |
|    | comfort and convenience.                                        |
+----+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| F  | Forced or breakdown flow with traffic demand exceeding          |
|    | capacity; unstable stop-and-go traffic.                         |
+----+-----------------------------------------------------------------+

> *Source: TRB, 1994*

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On all of the roads in the vicinity of both forts, there are few
impediments to traffic flow (i.e., congestion). Traffic generally flows
freely and unimpeded. Thus, depending on the time of day, these roads
would operate at A or B, with occasional period of LOS C along SR 121
west of Fort Heiman in Calloway County.

**3.6 LAND USE**

###### *Fort Heiman*

Calloway County does not have a planning commission, land use plan or
comprehensive zoning (Gordon, 2002). Land use in the vicinity of the
fort site is low-density, rural residential with generally large lot
sizes and modest to affluent single family dwellings. Due to its
proximity to the recreational opportunities and amenities provided by
Kentucky Lake, there is a good deal of real estate development occurring
in this portion of Calloway County, aiming at retirees, second-home
owners, and town dwellers who wish to move into the country. Forestry
and agriculture are also present, and a large area just north of the
"Federal Fort" property was clear-cut logged in 2002. All land in the
area is privately-owned, except for Kentucky Lake itself, which is owned
by the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). Most of Calloway County's land
area continues to be rural.

Fort Heiman itself is entirely privately owned.

###### *Ten Eligible Battlefield Core Area Properties*

All but one of the ten eligible properties within the core area of the
Fort Donelson National Battlefield are privately owned. The exception is
one property owned by the Civil War Preservation Trust, which purchased
it with a view toward protecting its historic resources. Most of the
properties are wooded open space, but some include overgrown fields and
meadows. One property is a cleared city lot. Several houses have also
been built on two of the properties. Each of the ten properties is
located within or adjacent to the town of Dover, which is expanding
steadily into these areas. New homes, apartments and other structures
are being constructed and all of the eligible properties are under
considerable "development pressure." Except for several properties
contiguous with the national battlefield, the eligible properties are
bordered by other private lands, typically either other open space or
low-density residential areas.

**3.7 VISUAL RESOURCES**

Nowadays in the United States, after millennia of human settlement and
two centuries of industrialized civilization and development, the
physical setting of most places is the product of both natural processes
and human activities. Scenery results from the interaction of both
natural elements -- including landforms, water, and vegetation -- and
human elements from society's utilization of the land and its resources.
These human elements include both structures like dams, power lines,
bridges, and buildings and land uses like farm fields or forest
clearcuts.

The two manmade reservoirs formed behind Kentucky Dam and Barkley Dam
are a good example of natural phenomena and human enterprise combining
to create a physical setting -- and the aesthetic or scenic values
associated with that setting. The hydrologic cycle, the river valleys,
the rivers themselves, geologic or fluvial processes associated with the
rivers, nearby geology, landforms, climate and vegetative communities
all contribute to the physical setting and landscape. Similarly, the
products of human enterprise, like the dams themselves, roads, power
lines, buildings, and bridges are salient features in the landscape,
some more than others because they are less screened by trees. The
impounded water in the two reservoirs, and the visual appearance of the
water surface, integrate both natural and artificial elements.

Fort Heiman is located in a distinctly rural setting while the ten
eligible properties within the Fort Donelson battlefield core area are
located in the semi-rural, urbanizing fringe of Dover. At Fort Heiman,
the surrounding landscape is rolling and dominated by gentle hills and
bluffs above Kentucky Lake. It is a rustic mixture of farmland,
woodlots, and scattered residential development (houses, ancillary
structures, and yards). The nearby presence of the large expanse of
water comprising Kentucky Lake, surrounded by largely wooded bluffs and
low hills, adds to the scenic quality of the area. Visual resources in
the area are distinctly positive attributes. While they may not be
outstanding in a national context, because the hills are not high
enough, the forests not extensive enough, the countryside not wild
enough and the air not clean enough, in a regional context they are
indeed quite valuable and they are appreciated.

Fort Heiman's lands are virtually entirely wooded with well-developed,
second-growth forest. A closed forest canopy is present over most of the
site. In some places the understory and undergrowth are dense as well
and in other places they are less so. The features of historic value,
principally earthworks and parapets, and even the Confederate Cemetery
at Fort Henry, tend to be visible only at close range, both because they
are usually less than ten feet high and are often hidden by trees
growing on and around them. Two private homes, one already built and one
under construction, are now visible from some of the Fort Heiman
property. Lakeside bluffs at the edge of Fort Heiman offer views
eastward of Kentucky Lake and its backdrop of low hills within Land
Between the Lakes on the opposite side.

The properties within the battlefield core area near Fort Donelson are
in or adjacent to a growing town. Most of the properties contain
woodlands or old pastures that convey a pastoral or bucolic image, while
two of the sites contain several houses and one or two sites are in more
built-up portions of Dover. In general, the ten eligible properties have
positive visual attributes, though they not as wild or natural as Fort
Heiman. Nevertheless, their generally undeveloped, open-space condition
is at least reminiscent of their character at the time they were a stage
for important historic events in141 years ago.

**3.8 HUMAN HEALTH AND SAFETY**

In Calloway County, the public/non-for-profit Murray Calloway County
Hospital provides acute and long-term medical care for the region,
including West Kentucky and Northwest Tennessee (MCCH, 2000). It has a
total of 366 beds, of which 140 are for acute care and 226 for long-term
care. Among the services it provides are:

-   Ambulance

-   Blood Bank

-   Apheresis (platelet donation)

-   Whole Blood

-   Cardiac Rehab

-   Cardiovascular

-   Respiratory Care

-   Vascular Lab

-   Critical Care/Progressive Care

-   Emergency

-   Foundation

-   Health and Wellness Center

-   Health Express Mobile Screening Unit

-   Hospice

-   Laboratory

-   Long Term Care

-   Medical Records

-   Medical/Surgical Inpatient Care

-   Nutrition

-   Obstetrics

-   Pastoral Care

-   Radiology

Stewart County has three community medical clinics with five doctors
located throughout Dover (MTIDA. 2002). These are the Gateway Medical
Clinic, LBL Medical Center and Stewart County Medical Center. Some of
these are equipped with x-ray technology and have the ability to perform
minor laser surgery and family medical care (Kentucky Lake Productions,
2002).