**BEST HIGHWAY SAFETY PRACTICES:**

**A SURVEY ABOUT SAFETY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES**

##  AMONG THE SAFEST MOTOR CARRIERS 

**Thomas M. Corsi**

**Richard E. Barnard**

**The Supply Chain Management Center**

**The Robert H. Smith School of Business**

**University of Maryland**

**College Park, MD 20742**

**March 2003**

**Prepared for the Data Analysis Division**

**Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration**

**U.S. Department of Transportation**

**Washington, D.C.**

####### TABLE OF CONTENTS

**Executive
Summary**..................................................................................
2

**Introduction and Study
Objectives**...............................................................
10

**Methodology**..........................................................................................
11

# Analysis of Questionnaire Results

Section
1...........................................................................................
17

Section
2...........................................................................................
22

Section
3...........................................................................................
32

Section
4...........................................................................................
43

Section
5...........................................................................................
51

Section
6...........................................................................................
54

**Appendix**

Questionnaire................................................................................
64

Responses in tabular
format............................................................... 80

####### EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Supply Chain Management Center at the R.H. Smith School of Business,
University of Maryland, has conducted a series of studies under a
cooperative agreement with the Federal Motor Carrier Safety
Administration (FMCSA) examining the diversity of this nation's motor
carrier industry. In conducting this investigation, the analysis team
has produced three reports. The first provided a profile of the
structure, operations, and financial performance of the major segments
in the industry. The second report focused on the safety performance
profile of the individual segments. The third report provided a linkage
between safety performance and financial performance. The completion of
the three reports provides a wealth of new information about the
financial performance and the safety performance of the individual motor
carrier segments.

In its continuing efforts to improve the safety performance of the motor
carrier industry, FMCSA requested the Supply Chain Management Center
continue its examination of the diverse motor carrier industry by
focusing on the safety management practices of the industry's safety
leaders. The first objective is to identify the commercial motor carrier
industry's safety performance leaders based on a series of objective
safety measures and indicators. Upon identification of these safety
leaders, a second objective is to systematically define their safety
management programs and policies. The ultimate goal of the effort is to
communicate the safety management policies and programs of the
industry's safety performance leaders to companies with safety
performance problems or to companies seeking to enhance already strong
safety programs and policies, thereby providing guidance and direction
for improvements as they emulate some of the best practices of the
industry's safety leaders.

The process of identifying the "best safety performers" relied on a
combination of safety performance data compiled by FMCSA's Motor Carrier
Management Information System (MCMIS) via the SafeStat identification
and assessment process[^1], and the knowledge and expertise of FMCSA
Division Administrators. The set of scored and un-scored carriers from
the SafeStat run of September 2000 were grouped based on size and
commodity transported (as designated by the carrier on its DOT Motor
Carrier census form). All carriers were stratified into three equal
groups based on the number of power units in their fleets (as indicated
by the carrier on its DOT Motor Carrier census form). Thus, the number
of carriers in each size group varied by commodity segment.

### 

The study results are based on responses from 148 carriers. Throughout
the analysis, results are reported for all 148 carriers as a group as
well as for sub-sets of respondents based on carrier size and commodity
handled. The analysis team stratified the 148 carriers into three equal
groups based on the number of power units in their fleets. The first
third (33 percent) of the respondents are designated as the "small"
carrier group. Each of the carriers in this group has between one and 24
power units. The second group of respondents is designated as the
"medium" carrier group. Each of the medium sized carriers has between 25
and 94 power units. The third group of respondents is designated as the
"large" carrier group. Each of the carriers in this group has more than
94 power units.

### Section 1: General Information

The initial section of the questionnaire probed management's overall
attitude concerning the importance of safety issues as well as their
willingness to create an atmosphere in which safety issues are freely
discussed among employees and their managers. With respect to their
general safety outlook, the questionnaire considered potential conflicts
of interest when a firm's commitment to safety practices were not in
line with the company's financial outlook or its commitment to customer
service. Results from safety leaders' responses demonstrate a strong
verbal commitment toward safety, even when in competition with economic
and customer service issues. Companies consider safety regulations to be
critical in satisfying their highway safety objectives, but some may
feel that complying with safety regulations does not completely satisfy
safety objectives. To that end, cost is not a driving factor in making
safety decisions. Managers also feel strongly that customer service,
employee relations, and highway safety performance go hand-in-hand.

With respect to communications about safety, the questionnaire probed
carriers about the depth of their commitment to safety and how well that
commitment is communicated to their employees. In essence, did the
carrier create an atmosphere in which employees could feel comfortable
and were encouraged to share safety concerns? Results illustrate that
management feel they communicate safety policies to employees and their
employees feel comfortable in raising safety concerns with their
supervisors. Ultimately, employees are the source of safety improvement
initiatives, management publicizes its safety concerns to the employees,
and employees frequently voice their safety concerns to their
supervisors. These results demonstrate that safety leaders create an
atmosphere in which employees are free to raise safety concerns and
there is open and continuous dialogue among employees, supervisors, and
managers about safety issues.

### Section 2: Driver Hiring Practices

The second section of the questionnaire explores the driver hiring
practices of the safety performance leaders. It addresses whether or not
the respondent carriers employ the services of owner-operators and, if
owner-operators are used, what share of their total drivers are
owner-operators. It looks at a series of driver characteristics and asks
carriers to evaluate the importance of each characteristic in the hiring
decision (both for owner-operators and for company drivers). It probes
carriers regarding the importance of a series of personality traits in
their selection process. It also evaluates a set of hiring practices to
see how effective each practice is in helping the company to assess the
safety risk of the applicants. Finally, this section concludes by
determining how clearly each of a set of safety-related criteria is
stated in the company's written hiring policy.

[Frequency and Mix between Company Drivers and
Owner-Operators]{.underline}

First, the questionnaire assessed the level of hiring that companies
engage in. Over 90 percent of companies hire one hundred drivers or less
each year, with 60 percent hiring twenty or fewer drivers annually. Not
unexpectedly, 80 percent of the small-sized carriers hire ten or fewer
drivers annually, while an additional 11 percent hire between 11 and 20
drivers annually. Clearly, carrier size dictates the magnitude of
drivers hired on an annual basis. With this level of driver turnover,
hiring new drivers is an important component for maintaining business
and safety operations for any carrier.

A fundamental question faced by carriers in their driver hiring policies
is the mix between owner-operator and company employee drivers. This is
a fundamental decision reflecting basic carrier attitude about managing
a workforce. There are significant advantages and disadvantages
associated with the decision to hire all owner-operators, all company
drivers, or a mix of both types of drivers. The questionnaire addressed
whether or not the respondent carriers employ the services of
owner-operators and, if owner-operators are used, what share of their
total drivers are owner-operators. The safe carriers studied in this
report indicated that 54 percent do not have a policy against hiring
owner-operator drivers. This percentage ranges from a high of 63 among
the general freight carriers and 62 among the large-sized carriers to a
low of 48 among the medium-sized carriers. However, approximately
one-third of the companies that do not have a policy against hiring
owner-operator drivers report that they do not hire any owner-operators.
Thus among all respondent carriers, only 36 percent report that they
hire owner-operators and only 7 percent hire 50 percent or more of their
drivers as owner-operators.

[Driver Characteristics]{.underline}

The second section of the questionnaire probed the best practice
carriers concerning the importance of selected driver characteristics in
their hiring decision. In all, respondents were asked to evaluate the
importance of ten driver characteristics ranging from age to past
driving experience and driving record. For both owner operators and
company drivers, managers were asked to consider what driver
qualifications were important when making a hiring decision. The results
illustrate that few differences exist between attractive characteristics
for employees and owner operators.

The categories of driver qualifications that were considered important
in the survey are demographics, experience, training, and driver
records. In evaluating a company's decision to hire a driver, the
questionnaire asked managers to evaluate what personality traits they
considered important for driver applicants. It is very important to note
that the three most important characteristics all involve an analysis of
the individual's past driving performance with a special emphasis on the
avoidance of dismissals for alcohol or drugs and the absence of any
chargeable crashes. Specific results indicate that age and training were
less important to carriers when considering hiring decisions compared to
the applicant's safety record. Of all driver qualifications, carriers
rated no chargeable crashes and prior dismissals for alcohol or drug
related violations as most important when considering a hiring decision.
Other important considerations were driving experience, speeding and
traffic violations, as well as recommendations from other carriers.

An applicant's personality is also important to carriers when
considering hiring decisions. Carriers are most interested in hiring
drivers that are honest, reliable, and self-disciplined. Drivers are on
the road and not on a job site. As a result, the employer needs to be
able to count on the driver's reliability. The employer needs to feel
certain that the driver will be where he or she is supposed to be and at
the designated time. Furthermore, the driver has direct contact with the
shipper and handles valuable commodities in transit. Hence, honesty
becomes a critical factor as well.

[Assessing the Safety Risk of Driver Applicants]{.underline}

The questionnaire then attempted to isolate companies that had written
hiring policies that contained safety-related criteria when considering
driver applicants. The results indicate that 70 percent of all companies
(90 percent of large carriers) use safety-related criteria to evaluate
driver applicants. The questionnaire presented the managers with a
series of hiring practices and asked them to evaluate the effectiveness
of each practice in helping their company assess the safety risk of
driver applicants. The practices ranged from drug testing to records
checks to job interviews. Most common are companies that are required to
review an applicant's driving record before they are considered for
hire.

Specific results indicate that 90 percent or more of carriers use drug
testing, past traffic records, on-road tests for evaluating driver
behavior, and license qualification checks as effective means of
assessing the safety risk of driver applicants. Among the carriers, a
higher percentage of the large-sized carriers than of the medium-sized
and small-sized carriers view these practices as effective or very
effective in helping them to assess the safety risk of the applicants.
In fact, a higher percentage of the large-sized carriers than of all
carriers overall view seven of the eight hiring practices as effective
or very effective in the assessment process. A higher percentage of the
liquid gas carriers than of all carriers overall view seven of these
eight practices as effective or very effective in assessing driver
safety risk.

The questionnaire included an item regarding how clearly carriers state
a set of safety-related criteria in their written policies regarding
hiring. Obviously, if carriers were going to base hiring decisions on
applicants meeting specific criteria, it would be helpful if these
criteria or thresholds were clearly stated in written guidelines. The
most common criteria for establishing driver safety are requiring review
of applicant's past driving record, and setting a number of moving
violations and crashes that disqualify an applicant. Overall, a higher
percentage of the large-size carriers than of carriers overall included
these safety-related criteria clearly or very clearly in their written
hiring policies.

### Section 3: Driver Training Practices

The third section of the questionnaire to motor carriers probed their
senior management about pre-service and in-service training programs.
Senior management responded to questions about duration of training
programs, subjects covered, training venues, evaluation methods,
outsourcing policies and general attitudes toward training and how it
relates to their safety management goals. The results suggest that pre-
and in-service training programs for employees and owner operators are
strategic safety investments for companies. Close to 90 percent of all
carriers require training programs; the majority of which require 1-2
weeks of training. The results also indicate that employees appreciate
the relevance of training programs and their importance in maintaining
safe carrier performance. Specific results for training subjects,
venues, and outsourcing include:

-   [Training Subjects]{.underline}. Over 90 percent of carriers
    incorporate the following training subjects for employees and over
    80 percent of carriers incorporate the following training subjects
    for owner-operators: pre-trip inspections, federal safety
    regulations, accident notification, hours of service regulations,
    post-trip inspections, driver disciplinary policies and dispatch
    procedures. Small carriers are less likely than an average carrier
    to train drivers on hour-of-service regulations. Topics that are
    covered during pre-service and in-service training by less than
    one-third of the carriers are: CPR training, first-aid training, and
    team driving training. The overall conclusion is that carriers
    include a broad array of topics in both pre-and in-service training.
    There seems to an overwhelming emphasis in both pre-and in-service
    training on the topics dealing directly with the regulatory
    environment---i.e., hours-of-service regulations, accident
    notification, and general safety regulations.

-   [Venues for Training and Evaluation]{.underline}. The most effective
    venue for training programs is in-vehicle, on-road training with
    classroom training as the second most effective venue. The majority
    of firms require 1-2 weeks of training. During training programs,
    driver evaluations are issued in the similar venues as the training
    programs. For example, the most common evaluation exam takes place
    in-vehicle and on-road. The second and third most common evaluation
    exams are oral and written exams. A small minority of the carriers
    uses either computer-assisted or internet-based exams to evaluate
    their drivers. These patterns are common across the various carrier
    size groups. Liquid gas, chemical, and large carriers are more
    likely to issue oral and written classroom exams than other carrier
    groups.

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-   [Outsourcing]{.underline}. A majority of the respondent group of
    carriers runs their pre- and in-service training programs entirely
    with company personnel. Outsourcing is uncommon for both pre-service
    and in-service training programs. For example, just 12 percent and
    24 percent of carriers surveyed outsource a portion of their
    company's training programs, respectively. Only 3 percent of
    carriers outsource all of their training to one source. Popular
    sources for outsourcing include insurance companies and training
    consultants.

In the final portion of this section of the questionnaire, managers were
asked to evaluate the importance of driver training and to make
comparisons between pre-service and in-service training. Indeed, it is
prudent management practice to closely monitor both pre- and in-service
driver training expenses, making sure that every dollar is well spent,
regardless of the purpose of the expense. Over 57 percent of all
carriers indicate that both pre-service and in-service driver training
have an equal impact on the company's highway safety performance.
However, more companies consider in-service driver training to be more
critical than pre-service training. A larger percent of carriers
consider in-service training as a strategic safety investment, and half
of all carriers consider their company's investments for in-service
training to be more than other carriers. Overall, training is very
important to the safety leaders surveyed here, with training directors
having a strong influence over safety management decisions and being
well respected by employees. An argument can be made that drivers would
learn the most by sharing experiences with existing drivers, and results
support the notion that peer-to-peer training among drivers exists and
is strongly supported.

### Section 4: Encouraging and Reinforcing Safe Driving Behavior

The fourth section of the questionnaire to motor carriers probed their
senior management about company practices that encourage and reinforce
safe driving. Senior management was asked to consider their approaches
to rewarding safe drivers and disciplining unsafe drivers. With respect
to driver awards, the questionnaire asked managers to identify which
personnel/organizational units were rewarded, how frequently they were
rewarded, and the specific type of awards used to encourage safe
driving. Furthermore, the questionnaire included items on the specific
standards/achievements that were used by companies as the basis for the
safety awards.

In addition to rewarding drivers for safe behavior, the questionnaire
sought management reaction to the use of disciplinary actions in view of
unsafe driving behavior. In fact, the questionnaire asked managers to
compare rewards and disciplinary actions in terms of their relative
effectiveness in improving company safety performance. A majority of
carriers also use discipline to reinforce safe driving behavior. The
questionnaire attempted to understand how companies discipline drivers
for unsafe driving, whether they find the methods for disciplining to be
effective, and how disciplinary actions compare to driver awards in
impacting highway safety performance.

-   [Safety Rewards]{.underline}. Over three fourths of all respondent
    carriers have safety award programs for individual drivers. Safe
    drivers get promoted over unsafe drivers in over 89 percent of
    companies. Safety awards are also presented in order to encourage
    and reinforce safe driving, most commonly to individual drivers,
    driver teams, terminals, and garages. Awards are issued on monthly,
    quarterly, and annual bases with annual being the most common. Many
    awards are used, such as verbal praise, public recognition,
    congratulatory letters from management, safety decorations, safety
    banquets, cash and merchandise. Awards are most frequently based on
    established criteria or driver accomplishments, such as crashes,
    violations, or traffic convictions during a specified time period.
    The awards are much more frequently time-based than mileage based.
    Small carriers award individual drivers and driver teams less
    frequently than large carriers.

-   [Disciplining Drivers]{.underline}. Carriers feel that disciplining
    drivers is more important or equally important as rewards in
    encouraging and reinforcing safe driving behavior. Carriers
    discipline drivers for poor safety performance when drivers violate
    Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations, violate company safety
    policies, or demonstrate generally unsafe driving performance. The
    type of disciplinary actions varies from verbal warnings to
    termination of employment. The most effective discipline actions are
    termination of employment and suspension from service. A greater
    percentage of small carriers feel more strongly that disciplining
    drivers does little to impact company's highway safety.

The results suggest that carriers feel that safety training is effective
for reinforcing safe behavior with or without an incentive system. Close
to forty-four percent of senior managers agree that rewards and
disciplinary actions are both important, if not equal, components for
promoting safe driving behavior. However, 33 percent of the carriers
thought that safety awards had a greater impact on safety performance
than did disciplinary actions, but only 22 percent said that
disciplinary actions rather than safety awards had a greater impact on
safety performance.

### Section 5: Managing and Monitoring Driver Activities

The fifth section of the questionnaire to motor carriers probed their
senior management about company practices used to manage and monitor
driver activities. Initially, the questionnaire sought to divide
respondents on the basis of the type of their operations, specifically
addressing the issue of the balance between local and long haul
operations. Senior managers were asked to indicate the average
length-of-haul, percent of the company's drivers active in local
operations, and percent of the company's annual vehicle miles that occur
through local operations. The results indicate that one-third of
carriers are focused on local operations, while another third are active
in long-distance operations. However, the average length of haul for
drivers depends on commodity group and carrier size. For example, small
carrier drivers travel an average of less than 250 miles over each haul;
the liquid gas commodity group and medium carriers have two-thirds of
their drivers traveling between 250 and 500 miles over each haul; and 40
percent of large carriers travel between 250 and 500 miles, with 30
percent traveling over 500 miles.

Managers were also questioned about whether or not particular
technologies were used to monitor driver performance. The results
indicate that companies use a variety of technologies to monitor driver
performance and promote safe driving. The most common practices are to
use speed regulators on vehicles and engine diagnostics. Companies
manage driver fatigue by encouraging drivers to refuse dispatches if
they do not feel alert enough to handle the drive, equip trucks so they
are easier to handle, and provide unrestricted break times for drivers.
One practice that is not encouraged is urging drivers to talk on radios
while driving. Although one might assume that larger companies have more
resources to invest in expensive diagnostic technologies, the results do
not show variations across commodity groups or carrier size.

### Section 6: Managing Vehicle Maintenance

The sixth section of the questionnaire to motor carriers probed their
senior management about practices used to manage the amount of wear and
tear that their vehicles are exposed to. Ultimately, vehicles that are
not properly maintained are unsafe; therefore, the questionnaire probed
into maintenance activities and management's attitude toward maintenance
practices and the company's safety performance. The results indicate
that approximately 90 percent of carriers consider cost as a non-issue
when it comes to keeping their vehicles defect-free. 90 percent also
agree that deploying a defect-free fleet is the most important thing
they do to ensure highway safety. Since preventative maintenance is
critical to deploying a safe fleet, 80 percent of carriers rarely need
to conduct unscheduled maintenance.

[Computerized Equipment Maintenance]{.underline}

The questionnaire isolated companies that use a computerized equipment
maintenance (CEM) management program and identified which maintenance
activities it supported. As an entity, 56 percent of carriers surveyed
use CEM management programs. Companies' CEM management programs are used
to collect data to develop proper equipment specifications, develop
equipment maintenance procedures, monitor equipment maintenance
activities, and schedule equipment repairs. To a lesser degree, CEM
management programs are used to determine mechanic training needs and
analyze part failure. The use of computerized equipment within
maintenance management programs largely depends on carrier size. Small
carriers, most likely with limited funds for investment, are less likely
to invest in this capability. Approximately 23 percent of small carriers
use computerized equipment, compared to over 70 percent for other-sized
carriers.

[Outsourcing Fleet Maintenance Activities]{.underline}

Close to 75 percent of carriers outsource one or more of its fleet
maintenance activities. The use of outsourcing largely depends on
carrier size. Small companies tend to outsource more of their
maintenance activities, due to their limited resources and expertise.
The level and style for managing vehicle maintenance largely depends on
carrier size. For example, 39 percent of small carriers have employees
perform 0 percent of power unit service and repairs. This is compared to
13 percent of large carrier companies. Fifty percent of large carriers
surveyed have their employees perform over 75 percent of the company's
power unit service and repairs internally by employees. The most common
activities that are outsourced by all carriers surveyed are
out-of-engine chassis repairs, major drive train repairs, in-chassis
engine repairs, and tire repairs.

[Maintenance Schedules]{.underline}

The number of mechanics that are hired within each firm depends on its
size. A majority of those mechanics that are hired by carriers have
formal mechanic's training. The amount of training varies, ranging from
1-6 weeks (40 percent) to more than 24 weeks of training (23 percent).
Maintenance schedules depend on the activity and the relative importance
of preventing operational failure. Small carriers are more likely to
conduct in-frame and out-of-chassis overhauls sooner than larger
carriers. This might be because maintenance is scheduled over a time
period, rather than miles driven. Eight-five percent of larger carriers
travel between 10 and 50 million miles per year compared to smaller
carriers (100 percent travel less than 10 million miles per year).
Specific results indicate that maintenance inspections, overhauls and
trailer repairs are scheduled frequently in order to guarantee safety.

-   *Preventative Maintenance*. Schedule A, B, C preventative
    maintenance inspections are scheduled on a routine basis. Half of
    carriers inspect before every 10,000 miles, while half of carriers
    inspect every 10-20,000 miles.

-   *Overhauls*. In-frame versus out-of-chassis engine/train overhauls
    are scheduled after 700,000 miles and 800,000 miles respectively.
    However, this depends on the carrier's size.

-   *Trailers*. Routine inspections of trailer conditions and brake
    systems are common. Approximately 53 percent of carriers inspect
    these systems after less than 10,000 miles and 75-85 percent inspect
    these systems between 10 and 20,000 miles.

## INTRODUCTION AND STUDY OBJECTIVES

The Supply Chain Management Center at the R.H. Smith School of Business
has conducted a series of studies under a cooperative agreement with the
Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) examining the
diversity of this nation's motor carrier industry. In conducting this
investigation, the analysis team has produced three reports. The first
provided a profile of the structure, operations, and financial
performance of the major segments in the industry. These segments
included the following specific activities: refrigerated carriers, tank
carriers, moving/household goods carriers, heavy equipment haulers,
general freight carriers, bulk material, and building material haulers.
The second report developed safety performance profiles of the
individual segments. The safety profiles were multi-dimensional in their
orientation. Profile coverage involved the following major areas of
safety performance: driver management, vehicle management, overall
safety management, and crash rates. The third report provided a linkage
between safety performance and financial performance. Its major
objective was to investigate the extent to which a firm's financial
performance influenced its safety performance. Intervening variables,
such as firm size and use of owner-operators, were also included as
potential explanatory variables. These three reports provide a wealth of
valuable information about the financial and safety performance of the
individual motor carrier industry segments.

In its continuing efforts to improve the safety performance of the motor
carrier industry, FMCSA requested the Supply Chain Management Center to
continue its examination of the diverse motor carrier industry by
focusing on the safety management practices of the industry's safety
leaders. By mandate, the FMCSA enforces the nation's safety regulations.
It emphasizes detection of safety performance deficiencies in carrying
out its legislative mandate. Clearly, one of FMCSA's primary objectives
is to identify carriers with safety problems and require them to correct
these deficiencies.

The overall goal of the FMCSA is to improve highway safety and reduce
crashes involving large trucks and buses. In addition to removing unsafe
vehicles and drivers from the highways, an important component of
highway safety is to encourage the safe operation of drivers and
vehicles on the nation's highways. FMCSA believes that highway safety
would be enhanced if more carriers patterned their safety management
policies and practices after those of carriers with excellent safety
records.

The specific objective of this current effort, then, is to identify the
industry's safety performance leaders based on a series of objective
safety measures and indicators. Upon identification of these safety
leaders, a second objective is to systematically define their safety
management programs and policies. The ultimate goal of the effort is to
communicate the safety management policies and programs of the
industry's safety performance leaders to companies with safety
performance problems or to companies seeking to enhance already strong
programs and policies, thereby providing guidance and direction for
improvements as they emulate some of the best practices of the
industry's safety leaders.

The next section provides a detailed discussion of the methodology used
to identify the industry safety leaders as well as the survey instrument
used to identify the safety management programs and policies of the
performance leaders. Subsequent sections provide a discussion of the
study's major results and findings regarding the programs and policies
that have been implemented by the safety leaders.

## METHODOLOGY

###### Initial Selection Process

The process of identifying the "best safety performers" relied on a
combination of safety performance data complied by FMCSA's Motor Carrier
Management Information System (MCMIS) via the SafeStat identification
and assessment process and the knowledge and expertise of FMCSA Division
Administrators (DA). The set of scored and un-scored carriers from the
SafeStat run of September 2000 were grouped based on size and commodity
transported (as designated by the carrier on its DOT Motor Carrier
census form). All carriers were stratified into three equal groups based
on the number of power units in their fleets (as indicated by the
carrier on its DOT Motor Carrier census form). Thus, the number of
carriers in each size group varied by commodity segment.

Within each size category for each segment, carriers were ranked from
best safety performance to worst safety performance. The ranking was
based on the sum of each carrier's score on the following three safety
performance indicators: accident involvement indicator, vehicle
inspection indicator, and driver inspection indicator. The accident
involvement indicator is based on state-reported crash data normalized
by power unit data from the Motor Carrier census forms and weighted by
time and crash severity. The driver inspection indicator is based on
driver roadside out-of-service violations and weighted by time (date of
inspection). The vehicle inspection indicator is based on vehicle
roadside out-of-service violations and weighted by time (date of
inspection).

Carriers with the lowest sum on the three measures were at the top of
the list, while those with the highest score were at the bottom of the
list. For each measure, score increases are directly related to
declining safety performance---i.e., the higher the score, the worse the
performance. For each segment, the best twenty safety performers in the
largest and the medium-sized groups were forwarded to the respective
FMCSA DA for consideration as the set of best performers.

# 

# Review by DAs

The respective FMCSA DAs reviewed the list of carriers forwarded by the
initial selection process. FMCSA DAs were given the opportunity to add
their own perspective on what constituted the set of "best safety
performers" in their respective states. They were informed of the
criteria used by the analysts to select the initial top 20 carriers in
each size/commodity group. However, each DA was free to select the final
list of motor carriers to participate in the survey from either the list
provided by the analysis team or from their own list of "best carriers."
They were also asked to survey at least five 'best performers' from
their state, with the goal of acquiring a sample size of approximately
250 carriers. The focus was on tapping the expertise of the DAs who had
direct experience with the carriers and opinions about which carriers
were the safest.

# Final Real-Time Review

The analysis team recognized that the process of using a combination of
SafeStat indicators as well as expert judgment by FMCSA DAs to identify
the "best safety performers" might lead to different performance
standards among the selected carriers. As a result, the analysis team
screened all returned questionnaires against a specific set of
performance indicators to ensure that carriers included in the analysis
met or exceeded defined performance thresholds.

After all the questionnaires were returned, the analysis team used the
Analysis and Information (A&I) Online website to evaluate each carrier
respondent's safety performance on each of the indicators. This website
provides up-to-date safety performance information and provides a near
real-time check on carrier safety performance.

For a carrier's results to be included in the analysis of "best safety
performers," the carrier had to meet or exceed the following established
thresholds. First, the carrier had to have a total crash per power unit
rate (ratio of the total number of crashes to the total number of power
units) of equal to or less than 0.25. Second, the carrier had to have a
vehicle out-of-service rate (ratio of the number of vehicles
out-of-service to the total number of vehicles inspected) of equal to or
less than 30 percent and a driver out-of-service rate (ratio of the
number of drivers out-of-service to the total number of drivers) of
equal to or less than 15 percent. Third, if recently given a CR, it had
to have a satisfactory rating (based on a weighted set of evaluation
criteria). Carriers with no recent review, however, could still be
considered as "best safety performers" if they met or exceeded all other
criteria. Fourth, the carrier had to have an Inspection Selection System
(ISS) value[^2] of between 1 and 49 and could not be in safety group
1-15. Safety groups (1-15) signify carriers with high (75 or greater)
SafeStat scores in at least one SEA category. Inspection groups 16 or
higher signify carriers with no single SEA score higher than 74.
Finally, in order to receive a SafeStat score, a carrier must have
deficiencies in multiple SafeStat evaluation categories (driver,
vehicle, accident, safety management). These thresholds are summarized
below.

-   Total crashes per power unit, \< or = 0.25

-   Vehicle out-of-service rate, \< or = 30 percent.

-   Driver out-of-service rate, \< or = 15 percent.

-   Rating, Satisfactory or None From Compliance Review

-   ISS Inspection Value, 1-49.

-   ISS Safety Group, Not equal to 1-15.

-   SafeStat, Unscored

Thus, in the final analysis, all "best performing carriers" included in
the results meet or exceed the thresholds established for the set of
safety performance indicators. The process thus incorporates objective
results from safety performance indicators, but also makes use of the
expertise of the FMCSA DA's with knowledge about the safety management
practices and procedures of individual carriers.

**Development of Survey Instrument**

A survey of best highway safety practices was sent out to motor carriers
that were designated as the safest motor carriers in order to learn
about their safety management practices. The survey is broken down into
six sections: 1) General Information, 2) Driver Hiring Practices, 3)
Driver Training Practices, 4) Encouraging and Reinforcing Safe Driving
Behavior, 5) Managing Service Conditions for Drivers, and 6) Managing
Vehicle Maintenance. Each section is composed of general questions
common among all carriers with additional questions more specific to
particular safety practices. Therefore, the number of responses to each
question varies depending on the questions relevant to that company.

The analysis team took great care in designing the survey instrument.
Initially, the team reviewed past efforts to define the management
practices and programs of the safest carriers. These included studies
sponsored by the American Trucking Associations Foundation and the
Western Highway Institute.[^3] Second, the analysis team drew upon
experiences from their own analysis efforts about the relationship
between safety inputs and safety outputs.[^4] After developing an
initial survey design and draft questions, the analysis team submitted
the survey to the FMCSA DAs for their review and assessment. After
appropriate changes had been incorporated based on these suggestions,
the survey team secured the cooperation of several DAs to conduct pilot
tests of the survey instrument. The survey team developed the final
survey instrument based on input from the DAs as well as results from
carriers filling out the instrument on a pilot basis.

**Analysis of Survey Responses**

Carriers were asked to respond to the survey and return it completed to
the Supply Chain Management Center at the University of Maryland. This
ensured anonymity for respondent carriers, since the FMCSA only saw
compiled results and not individual carrier names. Therefore, all survey
responses should be considered unbiased and accurately representative of
carrier's practices and perspectives.

The study results are based on responses from 148 carriers. Throughout
the analysis, results are reported for all 148 carriers as a group as
well as for sub-sets of respondents based on carrier size and commodity
handled. The analysis team stratified the 148 carriers into three equal
groups based on the number of power units in their fleets. The first
third (33 percent) of the respondents are designated as the "small"
carrier group. Each of the carriers in this group has between one and 24
power units. The second group of respondents is designated as the
"medium size" carrier group. Each of the medium sized carriers has
between 25 and 94 power units. The third group of respondents is
designated as the "large size" carrier group. Each of the carriers in
this group has more than 94 power units.

Among the 148 carriers, there were a number of commodity groups with a
sufficient number of respondents to warrant special identification for
analysis purposes. The analysis team felt that some of the responses to
questionnaires might be different based on the individual operating
segment. The five largest commodity groups represented by the
respondents are general freight, liquid gas, chemical, paper products,
and dry bulk. The number of carriers in each commodity group is shown in
Table 1 below. As demonstrated, the commodity groups each have
approximately 20-30 percent of their members who are small firms, 32-40
percent of their members who are medium size firms, and 29-48 percent of
their members who are large firms. Note that a firm could transport
multiple commodities, so the total of firms in the commodity groups is
larger than the total of firms based on carrier size.

Table 1. Respondent Carriers by Commodity Group and Size

![](media/image1.wmf){width="5.995138888888889in"
height="1.1722222222222223in"}Source: Supply Chain Management Center,
Robert H. Smith School of Business, University of Maryland.

Survey of Best Safety Management Practices, Federal Motor Carrier Safety
Administration, 2002.

Tables 2 through 5 provide the empirical evidence that each of the 148
respondents meets or exceed the safety performance thresholds
established for carriers to be included in the list of best safety
performers. Table 2 below addresses the ISS Inspection Value Indicator.
This indicator provides direction to field personnel regarding the
targeting of a carrier's vehicles for inspection. Higher scores on this
indicator will result in greater targeting of a carrier's vehicles for
roadside inspections. Overall, 27 percent of all respondents had an
inspection value less than 19 (an excellent rating); 39 percent had a
value between 20 and 25 (a very good rating); and 34 percent had a value
between 26 and 49 (a good rating). Respondents in the paper products
segment had the highest percentage of carriers achieving an excellent
Inspection Value with 23.3 percent of these carriers achieving this
rating. Considering size of carriers, 44 percent of the small carriers
had an excellent Inspection Value, while only 28 percent of the
medium-sized carriers and 9 percent of the large-sized carriers achieved
this level of performance.

**Table 2. Inspection Value Measure: Performance by Carrier Size and
Commodity Group.**

![](media/image2.wmf){width="3.6597222222222223in"
height="2.161111111111111in"}Source: Supply Chain Management Center,
Robert H. Smith School of Business, University of Maryland.

Survey of Best Safety Management Practices, Federal Motor Carrier Safety
Administration, 2002.

Table 3 below addresses the vehicle out-of-service rate. Overall, 43
percent of the carrier respondents had a vehicle out-of-service rate of
nine percent or less, 28 percent had a rate between 9.1 percent and 14
percent and 28 percent had a rate of between 14.1 and 30.0 percent. The
highest percentage of carriers with the lowest out-of-service rate
occurred among the paper products and dry bulk carriers. Over half of
the small and medium-sized carriers achieved the lowest level of vehicle
out-of-service rate. In contrast, only 15 percent of the largest sized
carriers had a vehicle out-of-service rate of nine percent or less.

![](media/image3.wmf){width="3.95in" height="2.158333333333333in"}Table
3. Vehicle Out-of-Service Measure (Percent of Vehicles Placed Out-of
Service): Respondent Performance by Carrier Size and Commodity Group.

Source: Supply Chain Management Center, Robert H. Smith School of
Business, University of Maryland.

Survey of Best Safety Management Practices, Federal Motor Carrier Safety
Administration, 2002.

Table 4 below provides information on the driver out-of-service rate for
respondents. Overall, 64.9 percent of the respondents had driver
out-of-service rates of 2.1 percent or less, 16.2 percent achieved a
driver out-of-service rate between 2.1 percent and 4.2 percent and 18.9
percent were between 4.21 percent and 15 percent. Once again, the small
carrier group had the highest percentage of their carriers in the
excellent performance category, although the percentage of medium sized
carriers in the excellent performance category is nearly equal to the
percentage of small carriers in the excellent category. Paper products
carriers had the highest percentage of their members in the excellent
performance category, followed by the liquid gas carriers with 60
percent of their carriers having driver out-of-service rates of 2.1
percent or less.

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Table 4. Driver Out-of-Service Measure (Percent of Drivers Placed   |
| Out-of-Service): Respondent Performance by Carrier Size and Commodity |
| Group.**                                                              |
|                                                                       |
| ![](media/image4.wmf){width="3.9097222222222223in"                    |
| height="2.1590277777777778in"}                                        |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Source: Supply Chain Management Center, Robert H. Smith School of     |
| Business, University of Maryland.                                     |
|                                                                       |
| Survey of Best Safety Management Practices, Federal Motor Carrier     |
| Safety Administration, 2002.                                          |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

Finally, Table 5 below addresses the safety performance indicator
(crashes per power unit). Overall, 61 percent of the respondent carriers
have 0.032 or fewer crashes per power unit on an annual basis. An
additional 19 percent have crashes per power unit of between 0.0321 and
0.055, while 20 percent have rates from 0.0551 to 0.025. Once again, the
group with the highest percentage of carriers in the excellent
performance group is the small sized carriers. Thus, while 83 percent of
the smallest carriers had 0.032 or fewer crashes per power unit, only 38
percent of the largest sized carriers achieved this level of excellence.
The dry bulk carrier segment had the highest percentage (60) of carriers
with 0.032 or fewer crashes per power unit.

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Table 5. Crashes Per Power Unit Measure (Annual Crashes per         |
| Vehicle): Respondent Performance by Carrier Size and Commodity        |
| Group.**                                                              |
|                                                                       |
| ![](media/image5.wmf){width="4.059722222222222in"                     |
| height="2.1618055555555555in"}                                        |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Source: Supply Chain Management Center, Robert H. Smith School of     |
| Business, University of Maryland.                                     |
|                                                                       |
| Survey of Best Safety Management Practices, Federal Motor Carrier     |
| Safety Administration, 2002.                                          |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

Overall, the 148 respondent carriers met or exceeded established
criteria on a comprehensive set of safety performance measures. The mean
VOOS and DOOS rates for each size group were 10 and 2 percent,
respectively. These mean scores are a good indication that this study
captures the best industry performers in the survey group, since the
average VOOS and DOOS rates for U.S. carriers in fiscal year 2001 were
24 and 8 percent, respectively.[^5] On most dimensions, a substantially
higher percentage of carriers in the small carrier group achieved the
best safety performance scores compared with the percentage of medium
sized and large carriers with the best scores.

For each survey question, the report analyzed response frequency for the
entire set of 148 respondents as well as highlighted response
differences on the basis of commodity groups and carrier size groups.
Appendix 1 presents the frequency tables that list each question and the
frequency of response as a percentage of the total number of responses.
The total number of responses and those within each sub-group are noted
below each table. The response frequency for each commodity group,
carrier size, and total sample can be compared against each other. Some
of the analysis tables are intermingled throughout the text for easy
reference. However, the complete set of questions and responses are
included in Appendix 1.

SECTION 1: PERCEIVED IMPORTANCE OF SAFETY MANAGEMENT AND COMMUNICATION
ABOUT SAFETY ISSUES

The initial section of the questionnaire probed management's overall
attitude concerning the importance of safety issues as well as their
willingness to create an atmosphere in which safety issues are freely
discussed among employees and their managers.

####### Importance of Safety Issues

Clearly, the implementation of safe management policies and programs has
direct costs. Managers with a bottom-line orientation recognize the
relationship between costs and profits. The initial question in this
section of the questionnaire probes managers on how deep of a commitment
they have to safety management programs and policies. Is the commitment
superficial and not extensive, just meeting legal requirements, or is it
broad and have the highest priority? The questionnaire included a
four-part question to probe this issue.

The first part of the initial question asked the respondent about how
much they agreed or disagreed with the following statement: "Complying
with public safety regulations completely satisfies our highway safety
objectives." Overall, over sixty-five percent of the respondents
slightly agree, agree, or strongly agree with this statement (Table 6
below). However, approximately 30 percent of the respondents slightly
disagree, disagree, or strongly disagree with it. It could be argued
that those who disagree feel that compliance with safety regulations
does not completely satisfy a company's highway safety objectives. They
might feel that more actions are needed in order to completely satisfy
safety objectives. The highest expression of disagreement occurs among
the medium-sized and the general freight carriers.

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 20%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="18"><p><strong>Table 6: Level of Agreement with Statement
that Complying with Regulations Completely</strong></p>
<p><strong>Satisfies Highway Safety Objectives (Percent of carriers in
each category)</strong></p>
<p><img src="media/image6.wmf"
style="width:6.29028in;height:2.14028in" />Source: Supply Chain
Management Center, Robert H. Smith School of Business, University of
Maryland.</p>
<p>Survey of Best Safety Management Practices, Federal Motor Carrier
Safety Administration, 2002.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Responses (#): Gen. Frt,</td>
<td>74</td>
<td>; Liq. Gas,</td>
<td>45</td>
<td>; Chem,</td>
<td>44</td>
<td>; Paper,</td>
<td>42</td>
<td>; Dry Blk,</td>
<td>34</td>
<td>; Small,</td>
<td>46</td>
<td>; Med,</td>
<td>52</td>
<td>; Lrg,</td>
<td>45</td>
<td>; Tot Size,</td>
<td>143</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

The strong verbal commitment to the importance of safety objectives even
in competition with economic objectives is displayed in the response to
the next part of the initial question. Respondents were asked their
level of agreement with the following question: "Cost is no issue when
it comes to highway safety decisions at our company." Over 76 percent of
all respondents express some level of agreement with this statement
(Table 7 below). The level of agreement is strong across all respondent
carrier size groups and commodity groups.

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 20%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="18"><p><strong>Table 7: Level of Agreement with Statement
that Cost is No Issue When It Comes To</strong></p>
<p><strong>Highway Safety Decisions (Percent of carriers in each
category)</strong></p>
<p><img src="media/image7.wmf"
style="width:6.32014in;height:2.16667in" />Source: Supply Chain
Management Center, Robert H. Smith School of Business, University of
Maryland.</p>
<p>Survey of Best Safety Management Practices, Federal Motor Carrier
Safety Administration, 2002.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Responses (#): Gen. Frt,</td>
<td>74</td>
<td>; Liq. Gas,</td>
<td>45</td>
<td>; Chem,</td>
<td>44</td>
<td>; Paper,</td>
<td>42</td>
<td>; Dry Blk,</td>
<td>34</td>
<td>; Small,</td>
<td>46</td>
<td>; Med,</td>
<td>51</td>
<td>; Lrg,</td>
<td>46</td>
<td>; Tot Size,</td>
<td>143</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

The third part of the initial question asked respondents about the
relationship between customer service and safety performance. The
specific question is: "Customer service and highway safety performance
go hand-in-hand at our company." This question received overwhelming
agreement among the respondents. In fact, almost 57 percent strongly
agree with it and an additional 31 percent agree with it (Table 8
below). The strength of support is nearly equal across all size groups
and commodity categories.

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 20%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="18"><p><strong>Table 8: Level of Agreement with Statement
that Customer Service Go Hand-in-Hand</strong></p>
<p><img src="media/image8.wmf"
style="width:6.3in;height:2.13472in" /><strong>With Highway Safety
Performance (Percent of carriers in each category)</strong></p>
<p>Source: Supply Chain Management Center, Robert H. Smith School of
Business, University of Maryland.</p>
<p>Survey of Best Safety Management Practices, Federal Motor Carrier
Safety Administration, 2002.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Responses (#): Gen. Frt,</td>
<td>75</td>
<td>; Liq. Gas,</td>
<td>45</td>
<td>; Chem,</td>
<td>44</td>
<td>; Paper,</td>
<td>42</td>
<td>; Dry Blk,</td>
<td>34</td>
<td>; Small,</td>
<td>46</td>
<td>; Med,</td>
<td>52</td>
<td>; Lrg,</td>
<td>46</td>
<td>; Tot Size,</td>
<td>144</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

The final part of the question probing a manager's general commitment to
safety in view of other priorities looked at the connection between
employee relations and highway safety performance. The specific question
asked whether the respondents agree with the statement "employee
relations go hand-in-hand with highway safety performance at our
company." Once again, this question received overwhelming agreement
among the respondents regardless of size or commodity group (Table 9
below).

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Table 9: Level of Agreement with Statement that Employee Relations  |
| Go Hand-in-Hand**                                                     |
|                                                                       |
| **With Highway Safety Performance (Percent of carriers in each        |
| category)**                                                           |
|                                                                       |
| ![](media/image9.wmf){width="5.070138888888889in"                     |
| height="2.2847222222222223in"}Source: Supply Chain Management Center, |
| Robert H. Smith School of Business, University of Maryland.           |
|                                                                       |
| Survey of Best Safety Management Practices, Federal Motor Carrier     |
| Safety Administration, 2002.                                          |
|                                                                       |
| Responses (#): Gen. Frt, 75; Liq. Gas, 45; Chem, 44; Paper, 42; Dry   |
| Blk, 34; Small, 46; Med, 41; Lrg, 46; Tot Size, 144                   |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

####### 

####### 

####### 

####### Communication of Safety Issues between Employees, Supervisors, and Managers

This fourth part of the initial question provided the transition to the
second topic of this section: i.e., communication about safety matters
between managers and employees. The specific issue is how free employees
are to raise safety issues and how willing management is to listen to
employee concerns. The second topic of the section is covered by a
question with four parts.

The initial part of the second question asked managers how much they
agreed with the following statement: "Our employees feel comfortable
discussing highway safety issues with their supervisors." Overall, 97
percent of the respondent carriers agree with this statement. These
results are strong across all carrier size groups and all commodity
groups (Table 10 below).

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Table 10: Level of Agreement with Statement that Employees Feel     |
| Comfortable Discussing**                                              |
|                                                                       |
| **Highway Safety Issues (Percent of carriers in each category)**      |
|                                                                       |
| ![](media/image10.wmf){width="4.420138888888889in"                    |
| height="2.307638888888889in"}Source: Supply Chain Management Center,  |
| Robert H. Smith School of Business, University of Maryland.           |
|                                                                       |
| Survey of Best Safety Management Practices, Federal Motor Carrier     |
| Safety Administration, 2002.                                          |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Responses (#): Gen. Frt, 75; Liq. Gas, 45; Chem, 44; Paper, 42; Dry   |
| Blk, 34; Small, 46; Med, 41; Lrg, 46; Tot Size, 144                   |
|                                                                       |
| The second part of this question probed the managers' response to the |
| following statement: "Many ideas about improving the firm's highway   |
| safety comes from our employees." Overall, 90 percent of the          |
| respondent carriers agreed with the statement (Table 11 below).       |
| However, among the small-sized carriers, 15 percent neither agree nor |
| disagree with this statement. This percentage of carriers expressing  |
| a neutral point of view is higher for the small-sized carriers than   |
| it is for either the large-sized or medium-sized carriers.            |
|                                                                       |
| **Table 11: Level of Agreement with Statement that Many Ideas About   |
| Improving Highway**                                                   |
|                                                                       |
| ![](media/image11.wmf){width="5.729861111111111in"                    |
| height="2.3125in"}**Safety Come From Employees (Percent of carriers   |
| in each category)**                                                   |
|                                                                       |
| Source: Supply Chain Management Center, Robert H. Smith School of     |
| Business, University of Maryland.                                     |
|                                                                       |
| Survey of Best Safety Management Practices, Federal Motor Carrier     |
| Safety Administration, 2002.                                          |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

Responses (#): Gen. Frt, 75; Liq. Gas, 45; Chem, 44; Paper, 42; Dry Blk,
34; Small, 46; Med, 41; Lrg, 46; Tot Size, 144

  --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
                                                                      

  --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

The final two parts of this question indicated that an overwhelming
portion of the respondents (over 90 percent) agree that management
publicizes its safety concerns to the employees (Table 12 below) and
that employees frequently voice their safety concerns to their
supervisors (Table 13 below).

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 20%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="18"><p><strong>Table 12: Level of Agreement with Statement
that Management’s Highway Safety</strong></p>
<p><strong>Concerns are Publicized Among Employees (Percent of carriers
in each category)</strong></p>
<p><img src="media/image12.wmf"
style="width:4.44028in;height:2.30278in" />Source: Supply Chain
Management Center, Robert H. Smith School of Business, University of
Maryland.</p>
<p>Survey of Best Safety Management Practices, Federal Motor Carrier
Safety Administration, 2002.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Responses (#): Gen. Frt,</td>
<td>75</td>
<td>; Liq. Gas,</td>
<td>45</td>
<td>; Chem,</td>
<td>44</td>
<td>; Paper,</td>
<td>42</td>
<td>; Dry Blk,</td>
<td>34</td>
<td>; Small,</td>
<td>46</td>
<td>; Med,</td>
<td>52</td>
<td>; Lrg,</td>
<td>46</td>
<td>; Tot Size,</td>
<td>144</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="18"><p><strong>Table 13: Level of Agreement with Statement
that Employees Frequently Voice Highway</strong></p>
<p><strong>Safety Concerns to Supervisors (Percent of carriers in each
category)</strong></p>
<p><img src="media/image13.wmf"
style="width:5.07014in;height:2.29375in" />Source: Supply Chain
Management Center, Robert H. Smith School of Business, University of
Maryland.</p>
<p>Survey of Best Safety Management Practices, Federal Motor Carrier
Safety Administration, 2002.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Responses (#): Gen. Frt,</td>
<td>75</td>
<td>; Liq. Gas,</td>
<td>45</td>
<td>; Chem,</td>
<td>44</td>
<td>; Paper,</td>
<td>42</td>
<td>; Dry Blk,</td>
<td>34</td>
<td>; Small,</td>
<td>46</td>
<td>; Med,</td>
<td>52</td>
<td>; Lrg,</td>
<td>46</td>
<td>; Tot Size,</td>
<td>144</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

Overall, this section reveals that the safety performance leaders have a
very strong verbal commitment to safety that prevails even in the face
of strong economic pressures to control costs. Furthermore, managers see
a strong linkage between customer service and safety performance. Within
their companies, the safety leaders overwhelmingly attempt to create an
atmosphere in which employees are free to raise safety concerns and
there is open and continuous dialogue among employees, supervisors, and
managers about safety issues.

# SECTION 2: DRIVER HIRING PRACTICES

The second section of the questionnaire explores the driver hiring
practices of the safety performance leaders. It addresses whether or not
the respondent carriers employ the services of owner-operators and, if
owner-operators are used, what share of their total drivers are
owner-operators. It looks at a series of driver characteristics and asks
carriers to evaluate the importance of each characteristic in the hiring
decision (both for owner-operators and for company drivers). It probes
carriers regarding the importance of a series of personality traits in
their selection process. It also evaluates a set of hiring practices to
see how effective each practice is in helping the company to assess the
safety risk of the applicants. Finally, this section concludes by
determining how clearly each of a set of safety-related criteria is
stated in the company's written hiring policy.

**Hiring Drivers: Frequency and Mix between Company Drivers and
Owner-Operators**

Table 14 below provides a distribution of the respondent carriers on the
basis of the number of drivers hired on an annual basis. It shows that
47 percent of the respondents hire between one and ten drivers on an
annual basis, while an additional 12 percent hire between 11 and 20
drivers. Thus, nearly 60 percent of the respondents hire twenty or fewer
drivers annually. At the other extreme, just less than twelve percent of
the respondents hire more than 100 drivers annually, with 5 percent
hiring 250 or more on an annual basis. Not unexpectedly, 80 percent of
the small-sized carriers hire ten or fewer drivers annually, while an
additional 11 percent hire between 11 and 20 drivers annually. On the
basis of commodity group, the general freight carriers have the highest
percentage hiring 200 or more drivers on an annual basis. Clearly,
carrier size dictates the magnitude of drivers hired on an annual basis.

## ![](media/image14.wmf){width="7.779861111111111in" height="2.046527777777778in"}Table 14: Annual Number of Drivers Hired By Respondent Carriers

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 20%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="18"><p>Source: Supply Chain Management Center, Robert H.
Smith School of Business, University of Maryland.</p>
<p>Survey of Best Safety Management Practices, Federal Motor Carrier
Safety Administration, 2002.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Responses (#): Gen. Frt,</td>
<td>75</td>
<td>; Liq. Gas,</td>
<td>45</td>
<td>; Chem,</td>
<td>44</td>
<td>; Paper,</td>
<td>42</td>
<td>; Dry Blk,</td>
<td>34</td>
<td>; Small,</td>
<td>45</td>
<td>; Med,</td>
<td>52</td>
<td>; Lrg,</td>
<td>46</td>
<td>; Tot Size,</td>
<td>143</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

A fundamental question faced by carriers in their driver hiring policies
is the mix between owner-operator and company employee drivers. This is
a fundamental decision reflecting basic carrier attitude about managing
a workforce. There are significant advantages and disadvantages
associated with the decision to hire all owner-operators, all company
drivers, or a mix of both types of drivers. One of the fundamental
attractions of hiring owner-operators is the flexibility they provide to
management. During a period of economic uncertainty or significant
variability in demand, owner-operators provide management with some
flexibility in being able to expand capacity quickly without having a
continuing commitment to pay salaries and benefits. The carrier only
pays the owner-operator on the basis of trips handled. However, this
flexibility comes at a price. There are issues of owner-operator
availability at the time the manager would like to add capacity as well
as the general issue that owner-operators like their independence and
can move quickly from carrier to carrier as the situation dictates. This
uncertainty and greater challenge in control are fundamental reasons
that some managers will not hire any owner-operators. These managers
prefer employee drivers over whom they have greater control. Obviously,
this ability to have more control comes at a price. The employee driver
will have benefits and insurance and limits the manager's ability to
increase and decrease capacity based on economic upturns or downturns,
respectively.

Table 15 below indicates that 54 percent of the respondent carriers do
not have a policy against hiring owner-operator drivers. This percentage
ranges from a high of 63 among the general freight carriers and 62 among
the large-sized carriers to a low of 48 among the medium-sized carriers
and 55 percent among Liquid Gas carriers. Table 16 below indicates that
among the respondent carriers who do not have a policy against hiring
owner operators, 33 percent report that they do not hire owner-operators
and 33 percent hire 10 percent or more of their drivers as
owner-operators. The dry bulk commodity category and large-sized
carriers hire close to 80 percent of their drivers as owner operators.

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 20%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="18"><p><strong>Table 15: Policy Toward Hiring Owner
Operators (Percent of carriers in each category)</strong></p>
<p><img src="media/image15.wmf"
style="width:2.82014in;height:2.44167in" />Source: Supply Chain
Management Center, Robert H. Smith School of Business, University of
Maryland.</p>
<p>Survey of Best Safety Management Practices, Federal Motor Carrier
Safety Administration, 2002.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Responses (#): Gen. Frt,</td>
<td>75</td>
<td>; Liq. Gas,</td>
<td>44</td>
<td>; Chem,</td>
<td>43</td>
<td>; Paper,</td>
<td>39</td>
<td>; Dry Blk,</td>
<td>33</td>
<td>; Small,</td>
<td>44</td>
<td>; Med,</td>
<td>52</td>
<td>; Lrg,</td>
<td>45</td>
<td>; Tot Size,</td>
<td>141</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 21%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="18"><p><strong>Table 16: Percentage of Drivers Hired Who
Are Owner Operators</strong></p>
<p><strong>(Percent of carriers in each category)</strong></p>
<p><img src="media/image16.wmf"
style="width:5.29028in;height:2.16319in" />Source: Supply Chain
Management Center, Robert H. Smith School of Business, University of
Maryland.</p>
<p>Survey of Best Safety Management Practices, Federal Motor Carrier
Safety Administration, 2002.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Responses (#): Gen. Frt,</td>
<td>50</td>
<td>; Liq. Gas,</td>
<td>22</td>
<td>; Chem,</td>
<td>24</td>
<td>; Paper,</td>
<td>22</td>
<td>; Dry Blk,</td>
<td>19</td>
<td>; Small,</td>
<td>25</td>
<td>; Med,</td>
<td>24</td>
<td>; Lrg,</td>
<td>31</td>
<td>; Tot Size,</td>
<td>80</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

Among the carriers that do hire owner-operators, 52 percent hire 10
percent or less of drivers as owner operators and only 20 percent hire
50 percent or more of their drivers on an annual basis as
owner-operators. However, among the general freight carriers who do hire
owner-operators, 26 percent hire 50 percent or more of their drivers as
owner-operators.

**Driver Characteristics**

The second section of the questionnaire probed the best practice
carriers concerning the importance of selected driver characteristics in
their hiring decisions. Tables 17 and 18 below combine important and
very important responses for each characteristic and summarize the
results for all carrier respondents as well as for respondents
disaggregated by size and commodity type. In all, respondents were asked
to evaluate the importance of ten driver characteristics ranging from
age to past driving experience and driving record. Table 17 relates to
employee drivers while Table 18 focuses on the owner-operator driver.

## Table 17. Importance of Selected Driver Characteristics in 

**Hiring Decisions -- Company Drivers**

**(Percent of carriers in each category who responded with**

**"Important" or "Very Important")**

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 17%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="2"><strong>Characteristic</strong></td>
<td rowspan="2"><strong>Overall</strong></td>
<td colspan="4"><strong>Size</strong></td>
<td colspan="4"><strong>Commodity Category</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>Small</strong></td>
<td><strong>Medium</strong></td>
<td><strong>Large</strong></td>
<td><strong>Gen. Frt.</strong></td>
<td><strong>Liq. Gas.</strong></td>
<td><strong>Chem.</strong></td>
<td><strong>Paper</strong></td>
<td><strong>Dry Blk.</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><h2 id="age-21-25">Age: 21-25</h2></td>
<td>48.9</td>
<td>41.3</td>
<td>45.1</td>
<td>61.3</td>
<td>56.8</td>
<td>51.1</td>
<td>54.8</td>
<td>51.3</td>
<td>50.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><h1 id="age-25">Age: 25+</h1></td>
<td>58.8</td>
<td>47.9</td>
<td>62.9</td>
<td>65.2</td>
<td>59.8</td>
<td>68.9</td>
<td>63.7</td>
<td>60.5</td>
<td>65.8</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Professional Truck Driver School</td>
<td>30.5</td>
<td>25.5</td>
<td>32.1</td>
<td>34.1</td>
<td>38.2</td>
<td>33.3</td>
<td>46.4</td>
<td>41.8</td>
<td>37.2</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Driving Experience with other Carriers</td>
<td>85.0</td>
<td>80.8</td>
<td>83.3</td>
<td>91.3</td>
<td>88.3</td>
<td>84.5</td>
<td>86.3</td>
<td>86.1</td>
<td>82.9</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>No Chargeable Crashes</td>
<td>92.6</td>
<td>87.5</td>
<td>94.5</td>
<td>95.7</td>
<td>94.8</td>
<td>93.4</td>
<td>93.2</td>
<td>97.7</td>
<td>97.1</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>No Prior Dismissals for Alcohol &amp; Drugs</td>
<td>96.0</td>
<td>91.6</td>
<td>96.3</td>
<td>100.0</td>
<td>97.4</td>
<td>95.5</td>
<td>95.5</td>
<td>97.6</td>
<td>100.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>No Prior Speeding Tickets</td>
<td>74.4</td>
<td>62.5</td>
<td>81.5</td>
<td>78.3</td>
<td>74.1</td>
<td>82.2</td>
<td>79.6</td>
<td>79.0</td>
<td>77.2</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>No Prior Traffic Violation Convictions</td>
<td>73.0</td>
<td>60.4</td>
<td>79.6</td>
<td>78.3</td>
<td>72.8</td>
<td>80.0</td>
<td>77.3</td>
<td>76.8</td>
<td>71.4</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Recommendation From Other Carriers</td>
<td>65.8</td>
<td>63.9</td>
<td>66.7</td>
<td>66.7</td>
<td>67.6</td>
<td>62.8</td>
<td>66.7</td>
<td>62.8</td>
<td>57.1</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Solo Driving Experience</td>
<td>71.9</td>
<td>70.2</td>
<td>71.7</td>
<td>73.9</td>
<td>75.4</td>
<td>68.9</td>
<td>70.4</td>
<td>72.1</td>
<td>65.7</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

Source: Supply Chain Management Center, Robert H. Smith School of
Business, University of Maryland.

Survey of Best Safety Management Practices, Federal Motor Carrier Safety
Administration, 2002.

####### Table 18. Importance of Selected Driver Characteristics in

**Hiring Decisions -- Owner Operators**

**(Percent of carriers in each category who responded with**

"Important" or "Very Important")

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 17%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="2"><strong>Characteristic</strong></td>
<td rowspan="2"><p id="overall" class="heading">Overall</p></td>
<td colspan="4"><strong>Size</strong></td>
<td colspan="4"><strong>Commodity Category</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>Small</strong></td>
<td><strong>Medium</strong></td>
<td><strong>Large</strong></td>
<td><strong>Gen. Frt.</strong></td>
<td><strong>Liq. Gas.</strong></td>
<td><strong>Chem.</strong></td>
<td><strong>Paper</strong></td>
<td><strong>Dry Blk.</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><h2 id="age-21-25-1">Age: 21-25</h2></td>
<td>60.9</td>
<td>52.7</td>
<td>52.6</td>
<td>73.1</td>
<td>72.5</td>
<td>56.3</td>
<td>70.0</td>
<td>73.7</td>
<td>50.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><h1 id="age-25-1">Age: 25+</h1></td>
<td>69.1</td>
<td>55.0</td>
<td>66.7</td>
<td>81.4</td>
<td>69.8</td>
<td>83.4</td>
<td>81.0</td>
<td>80.0</td>
<td>66.7</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Professional Truck Driver School</td>
<td>43.1</td>
<td>35.0</td>
<td>40.0</td>
<td>52.0</td>
<td>56.1</td>
<td>37.5</td>
<td>61.1</td>
<td>63.2</td>
<td>41.2</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Driving Experience with other Carriers</td>
<td>89.1</td>
<td>75.0</td>
<td>95.2</td>
<td>96.2</td>
<td>88.1</td>
<td>100.0</td>
<td>100.0</td>
<td>90.0</td>
<td>88.9</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>No Chargeable Carriers</td>
<td>92.6</td>
<td>90.0</td>
<td>90.5</td>
<td>96.3</td>
<td>95.3</td>
<td>100.0</td>
<td>100.0</td>
<td>95.0</td>
<td>94.4</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>No Prior Dismissals for Alcohol &amp; Drugs</td>
<td>97.0</td>
<td>95.0</td>
<td>100.0</td>
<td>96.3</td>
<td>97.7</td>
<td>100.0</td>
<td>100.0</td>
<td>95.0</td>
<td>100.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>No Prior Speeding Tickets</td>
<td>69.1</td>
<td>55.0</td>
<td>76.2</td>
<td>74.0</td>
<td>67.5</td>
<td>88.8</td>
<td>80.9</td>
<td>60.0</td>
<td>66.6</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>No Prior Traffic Violation Convictions</td>
<td>69.1</td>
<td>60.0</td>
<td>71.5</td>
<td>74.0</td>
<td>67.4</td>
<td>94.5</td>
<td>85.7</td>
<td>60.0</td>
<td>72.2</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Recommendation From Other Carriers</td>
<td>64.2</td>
<td>55.0</td>
<td>57.1</td>
<td>77.0</td>
<td>71.5</td>
<td>76.5</td>
<td>85.0</td>
<td>75.0</td>
<td>50.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Solo Driving Experience</td>
<td>73.2</td>
<td>65.0</td>
<td>71.4</td>
<td>80.8</td>
<td>73.9</td>
<td>76.5</td>
<td>75.0</td>
<td>70.0</td>
<td>55.5</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

Source: Supply Chain Management Center, Robert H. Smith School of
Business, University of Maryland.

Survey of Best Safety Management Practices, Federal Motor Carrier Safety
Administration, 2002.

Overall, over 90 percent of the respondents said that the following
characteristics were either important or very important in the selection
process for employee drivers: a driving record with no prior dismissals
for both alcohol or drug violations and a driving record without any
chargeable crashes. The third most important characteristic for employee
driver selection involves an individual's driving experience with other
carriers. Eighty-five percent of the respondents viewed this
characteristic as either important or very important in the selection
process. It is very important to note that the three most important
characteristics all involve an analysis of the individual's past driving
performance with a special emphasis on the avoidance of dismissals for
alcohol or drugs and the absence of any chargeable crashes. Among the
respondents, a slightly higher percentage of the large-sized carriers
than of the medium-sized or small carriers view these three
characteristics as important or very important. Furthermore, dry bulk
carriers, paper product carriers, and general freight carriers have a
slightly higher percentage of their carriers compared to the percentage
of liquid gas or chemical carriers viewing these three characteristics
as important or very important.

The second tier of important characteristics in selecting the employee
driver also deals with the candidate's past driving record.
Specifically, the fourth, fifth, and sixth most important driver
characteristics involve: no prior speeding tickets, no prior traffic
violation convictions, and evidence of solo driving experience.
Specifically, 74 percent of all respondents said that an employee
candidate having no prior speeding tickets is an important or very
important characteristic in the selection process. The comparable
percentage for the importance of having no prior traffic violation is 73
and the percentage for the importance of having some solo driving
experience is 72 percent.

The four remaining driver characteristics divide into two groups: those
that are considered important or very important by 50 percent or more of
the respondents and those that are considered important or very
important by less than 50 percent of the respondents. The former group
consists of the following characteristics: a recommendation from another
carrier and a candidate's age of 25 or more. The latter group consists
of the following characteristics: candidate's age between 21 and 25 and
completion of a professional truck driver-training program.

Approximately 66 percent of all respondents said that having a
recommendation from another carrier about a prospective employee driver
is an important or very important consideration in the selection
process. Approximately, 59 percent said that having a candidate at least
25 years of age is an important or very important consideration in the
selection process. The age criterion seemed to be of particular
importance for the largest-sized carriers and for the liquid gas and dry
bulk carriers.

The only two characteristics not considered as important or very
important by at least half of the respondent carriers are: candidates in
the 21 to 25 age bracket and candidates with certificates to show they
had completed a certified training program. However, over 60 percent of
the largest-sized carriers viewed the 21-25-age bracket criterion as an
important or very important one in contrast to the overall perception of
the importance of this criterion. Also, 46 percent of the chemical
carriers view a candidate's completion of a professional driver training
program as important or very important in the selection process.

Overall, the six leading characteristics in the employee driver
selection process all involve an analysis of a prospective employee's
past driving record. It should be emphasized, however, that these
results do not mean carriers will not hire any prospective employees if
they have a prior speeding ticket or traffic violation conviction. All
that is being presented here is that the best practice carriers regard
these driving record components as important or very important in the
selection process.

Table 18 above focuses on the driver characteristics for the
owner-operator driver. Overall, the results are quite consistent with
the identification of important characteristics in the selection of
employee drivers. The three characteristics identified as being
important or very important by the highest percentage of carriers in the
selection of owner-operators are the same characteristics that are
important or very important by the highest percentage of carriers in
selecting an employee driver: no prior dismissals for alcohol or drugs,
no chargeable crashes, and driving experience with other carriers. The
second tier of important characteristics in selecting the owner-operator
driver has four components: evidence of solo driving experience, no
prior speeding tickets, no prior traffic violation convictions, and
being in the 25 and over age bracket. The second tier of important
characteristics for the owner-operators versus the employee drivers
includes the age 25 or above characteristic which fell into the third
tier of importance in selecting the employee driver. The characteristic
considered important or very important by the lowest percentage of
carriers in selecting owner-operators is the same characteristic
considered important or very important by the lowest percentage of
carriers in selecting company drivers: i.e., completion of a
professional truck driving school.

In selecting owner-operator drivers, a higher percentage of the
large-sized carriers than of all carriers overall view the stated
characteristics as important or very important in selecting
owner-operator drivers. Thus, for nine of the ten characteristics, the
percentage of the large-sized carriers viewing a particular
characteristic as important or very important exceeds the percentage of
all carrier respondents viewing the characteristics as important or very
important in the owner-operator selection process. Similarly, a higher
percentage of the liquid gas and chemical carriers than of all carrier
respondents view these characteristics as important or very important in
the owner-operator selection process. Specifically, a higher percentage
of liquid gas carriers than of all respondents view eight of the ten
characteristics as being important or very important. A higher
percentage of chemical carriers than of all respondents view all ten
characteristics as being important or very important in the
owner-operator selection process.

####### Driver Personality Traits

Table 19 below focuses on a set of personality traits that employers
might use to evaluate candidates for the driver position. The question
asked the respondent motor carriers to rate whether each set of
personality traits is important in their decision to hire drivers. Table
19 shows the percentage of carriers who said each characteristic was
either important or very important in the driver hiring decision.
Overall results in Table 19 are disaggregated based on carrier size and
commodity type.

**Table 19. Importance of Driver Personality Traits in Decision to
Hire**

**(Percent of carriers in each category who responded with**

**"Important" or "Very Important")**

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 15%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 11%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="2"><p id="characteristic"
class="heading">Characteristic</p></td>
<td rowspan="2"><strong>Overall</strong></td>
<td colspan="4"><strong>Size</strong></td>
<td colspan="4"><strong>Commodity Category</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>Small</strong></td>
<td><strong>Medium</strong></td>
<td><strong>Large</strong></td>
<td><strong>Gen. Frt.</strong></td>
<td><strong>Liq. Gas.</strong></td>
<td><strong>Chem.</strong></td>
<td><strong>Paper</strong></td>
<td><strong>Dry Blk.</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><h2 id="honest">Honest</h2></td>
<td>99.3</td>
<td>97.9</td>
<td>100.0</td>
<td>100.0</td>
<td>100.0</td>
<td>97.7</td>
<td>97.7</td>
<td>100.0</td>
<td>100.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><h1 id="patient">Patient</h1></td>
<td>88.4</td>
<td>85.2</td>
<td>88.8</td>
<td>90.1</td>
<td>88.1</td>
<td>86.3</td>
<td>88.3</td>
<td>90.7</td>
<td>91.1</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Reliable</td>
<td>99.3</td>
<td>100.0</td>
<td>98.2</td>
<td>100.0</td>
<td>100.0</td>
<td>97.8</td>
<td>100.0</td>
<td>100.0</td>
<td>100.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Self-Disciplined</td>
<td>93.9</td>
<td>89.6</td>
<td>94.5</td>
<td>97.8</td>
<td>96.1</td>
<td>91.1</td>
<td>90.9</td>
<td>93.1</td>
<td>94.3</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Self-Motivated</td>
<td>90.5</td>
<td>87.5</td>
<td>92.6</td>
<td>91.3</td>
<td>89.6</td>
<td>91.1</td>
<td>90.9</td>
<td>93.0</td>
<td>97.2</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Sociable</td>
<td>58.1</td>
<td>50.0</td>
<td>57.4</td>
<td>67.4</td>
<td>58.4</td>
<td>60.0</td>
<td>63.7</td>
<td>65.1</td>
<td>71.4</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

Source: Supply Chain Management Center, Robert H. Smith School of
Business, University of Maryland.

Survey of Best Safety Management Practices, Federal Motor Carrier Safety
Administration, 2002.

Based on the results shown in Table 19 there are two characteristics
viewed as important or very important by almost all carriers, regardless
of size or commodity type. These characteristics are: honesty and
reliability. It seems above all else carriers expect their drivers to be
honest and reliable. It is not hard to understand why these particular
characteristics are the ones most frequently mentioned as important or
very important. Drivers are on the road and not on a job site. As a
result, the employer needs to be able to count on the driver's
reliability. The employer needs to feel certain that the driver will be
where he or she is supposed to be and at the designated time.
Furthermore, the driver has direct contact with the shipper and handles
valuable commodities in transit. Hence, honesty becomes a critical
factor as well.

Two characteristics that are close in importance to honesty and
reliability are: self-discipline and self-motivation. Approximately 94
percent of the carriers indicated that self-discipline is an important
or very important personality trait to look for in hiring a driver and
about 91 percent indicated that self-motivation is an important or very
important personality trait. Drivers often find themselves in difficult
situations in which they might be blamed for things that are not their
fault, but because they are representing the carrier to the customer,
they might have to bear the brunt of customer dissatisfaction. Drivers
who are capable of exercising self-discipline have advantages in dealing
with difficult situations. Indeed, 88 percent of the carriers suggested
that patience is an important or very important personality trait to
look for in hiring drivers.

The only listed personality trait that didn't resonate with an
overwhelming majority of the carriers is sociability. Only 58 percent of
the respondent carriers said that this trait is important or very
important in the driver selection process. It should be noted, however,
that 67 percent of the large-sized carriers and 71 percent of the dry
bulk carriers viewed this trait as important or very important.

####### Hiring Practices for Assessing the Safety Risk of Driver Applicants

The questionnaire presented the managers with a series of hiring
practices and asked them to evaluate the effectiveness of each practice
in helping their company assess the safety risk of driver applicants.
The practices ranged from drug testing to records checks to job
interviews. Table 20 below presents the results of the answers of the
best practice carriers to this question. Specifically, Table 20 presents
the percentage of all carriers who viewed each of the hiring practices
as effective or very effective in helping them assess the safety risk of
potential driver candidates. Table 20 breaks out the results by carrier
size and type of commodity as well.

**Table 20. Effectiveness of Selected Hiring Practices in Assessing
Driver Safety Risk**

(Percent of carriers in each category who responded with "Effective" or
"Very Effective")

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 15%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="2"><strong>Characteristic</strong></td>
<td rowspan="2"><strong>Overall</strong></td>
<td colspan="4"><strong>Size</strong></td>
<td colspan="4"><strong>Commodity Category</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>Small</strong></td>
<td><strong>Medium</strong></td>
<td><strong>Large</strong></td>
<td><strong>Gen. Frt.</strong></td>
<td><strong>Liq. Gas.</strong></td>
<td><strong>Chem.</strong></td>
<td><strong>Paper</strong></td>
<td><strong>Dry Blk.</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><h2 id="dotfit-for-work-physical">DOT/Fit for Work
Physical</h2></td>
<td>73.6</td>
<td>64.6</td>
<td>75.9</td>
<td>80.4</td>
<td>70.2</td>
<td>75.5</td>
<td>70.5</td>
<td>72.1</td>
<td>74.3</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><h1 id="drug-testing">Drug Testing</h1></td>
<td>92.5</td>
<td>87.5</td>
<td>94.5</td>
<td>95.5</td>
<td>93.4</td>
<td>93.2</td>
<td>88.4</td>
<td>88.4</td>
<td>87.5</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Follow-up on Previous Employment</td>
<td>65.5</td>
<td>64.6</td>
<td>57.4</td>
<td>76.1</td>
<td>68.9</td>
<td>60.0</td>
<td>63.6</td>
<td>55.8</td>
<td>42.9</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Job Interview</td>
<td>87.7</td>
<td>87.5</td>
<td>90.6</td>
<td>84.5</td>
<td>82.9</td>
<td>88.9</td>
<td>84.1</td>
<td>83.8</td>
<td>91.4</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>License Qualification Check</td>
<td>88.4</td>
<td>79.2</td>
<td>92.4</td>
<td>93.5</td>
<td>84.5</td>
<td>93.3</td>
<td>86.3</td>
<td>83.7</td>
<td>80.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Reference Check</td>
<td>62.2</td>
<td>60.4</td>
<td>61.1</td>
<td>65.3</td>
<td>62.4</td>
<td>66.7</td>
<td>61.4</td>
<td>60.5</td>
<td>54.3</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Test Drive</td>
<td>90.6</td>
<td>77.1</td>
<td>100.0</td>
<td>93.5</td>
<td>90.9</td>
<td>93.4</td>
<td>90.9</td>
<td>88.4</td>
<td>85.7</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Traffic Record Check</td>
<td>94.0</td>
<td>89.6</td>
<td>96.3</td>
<td>95.7</td>
<td>92.2</td>
<td>95.6</td>
<td>90.9</td>
<td>95.3</td>
<td>91.4</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

Source: Supply Chain Management Center, Robert H. Smith School of
Business, University of Maryland.

Survey of Best Safety Management Practices, Federal Motor Carrier Safety
Administration, 2002.

There are three practices that ninety percent or more of the carriers
view as effective or very effective in assessing safety risk of driver
applicants. These practices are: drug testing, a test drive to observe
applicant's on-the-road behavior, and a traffic records check. A second
tier of practices viewed as effective or very effective by 80 percent of
the respondent carriers are: a job interview and a license qualification
check. The third tier of effective practices, mentioned as effective or
very effective by fewer than 74 percent of the carriers are: DOT
physical, follow-up on previous employment record, and reference checks.

Among the carriers, a higher percentage of the large-sized carriers than
of the medium-sized and small-sized carriers view these practices as
effective or very effective in helping them to assess the safety risk of
the applicants. In fact, a higher percentage of the large-sized carriers
than of all carriers overall view seven of the eight hiring practices as
effective in the assessment process. A higher percentage of the liquid
gas carriers than of all carriers overall view seven of these eight
practices as effective or very effective in assessing driver safety
risk.

####### Statements of Safety Related Criteria in Written Policies

The questionnaire included an item regarding how clearly carriers state
a set of safety-related criteria in their written policies regarding
hiring. Obviously, if carriers were going to base hiring decisions on
applicants meeting specific criteria, it would be helpful if these
criteria or thresholds were clearly stated in written guidelines. This
question asked carriers how clearly their written guidelines state
criteria concerning the following safety matters: the number of crashes
that can disqualify applicants, the number of moving violations that can
disqualify an applicant, whether the applicant's driving record will be
reviewed; and whether an applicant's participation in a training program
is a pre-condition for consideration or whether the training program is
a requirement after hiring.

Table 21 below presents the results of this question on the basis of the
percentage of carriers who clearly or very clearly state each of the
safety related criteria in their written hiring policies. The results
are presented for all carriers taken together and are broken out by
carrier size and major commodity carried. Over 97 percent of the
carriers indicate that their hiring policies clearly or very clearly
state that an applicant's driving record will be reviewed prior to
consideration for employment. The second most clearly stated safety
criterion is the number of moving violations that would disqualify a
candidate as an applicant. Seventy-seven percent of the respondent
carriers indicated that their written hiring policy clearly or very
clearly stated the number of moving violations that would disqualify a
candidate as an applicant. Furthermore, seventy percent of the carriers
said that their written hiring policy also clearly or very clearly
stated the number of crashes that would disqualify an applicant from a
job consideration. Almost two-thirds of the carriers said that their
written policies clearly or very clearly stated that candidates would
have to participate in a driver training program after being hired, but
only one-third of the carriers said that their written policies required
drivers to have completed a training course as a pre-condition for being
hired.

**Table 21. Clarity of Safety Criteria in Written Hiring Policies**

**(Percent of carriers in each category who responded with "Clearly" or
"Very Clearly")**

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 15%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="2"><strong>Characteristic</strong></td>
<td rowspan="2"><strong>Overall</strong></td>
<td colspan="4"><strong>Size</strong></td>
<td colspan="4"><strong>Commodity Category</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>Small</strong></td>
<td><strong>Medium</strong></td>
<td><strong>Large</strong></td>
<td><strong>Gen. Frt.</strong></td>
<td><strong>Liq. Gas.</strong></td>
<td><strong>Chem.</strong></td>
<td><strong>Paper</strong></td>
<td><strong>Dry Blk.</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><h2 id="of-crashes-that-disqualify-applicant"># of Crashes that
Disqualify Applicant</h2></td>
<td>70.4</td>
<td>38.1</td>
<td>78.4</td>
<td>80.0</td>
<td>77.8</td>
<td>71.0</td>
<td>66.7</td>
<td>70.4</td>
<td>68.2</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><h1 id="of-violations-that-disqualify-applicant"># of Violations
that Disqualify Applicant</h1></td>
<td>77.0</td>
<td>50.0</td>
<td>81.6</td>
<td>87.5</td>
<td>80.0</td>
<td>80.7</td>
<td>72.8</td>
<td>74.1</td>
<td>81.8</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Required Review of Driving Record</td>
<td>97.1</td>
<td>95.6</td>
<td>100.0</td>
<td>100.0</td>
<td>96.4</td>
<td>100.0</td>
<td>97.0</td>
<td>96.4</td>
<td>95.6</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Requirement for Safety Course Before Hiring</td>
<td>33.7</td>
<td>31.6</td>
<td>39.4</td>
<td>29.7</td>
<td>35.3</td>
<td>48.1</td>
<td>40.0</td>
<td>34.8</td>
<td>30.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Requirement for Safety Course After Hiring</td>
<td>66.3</td>
<td>47.6</td>
<td>76.3</td>
<td>66.7</td>
<td>63.6</td>
<td>68.9</td>
<td>68.8</td>
<td>61.6</td>
<td>66.6</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

Source: Supply Chain Management Center, Robert H. Smith School of
Business, University of Maryland.

Survey of Best Safety Management Practices, Federal Motor Carrier Safety
Administration, 2002.

Overall, a higher percentage of the large-size carriers than of carriers
overall included these safety-related criteria clearly or very clearly
in their written hiring policies. Specifically on all criteria with the
exception of the requirement that a candidate complete a training course
prior to being considered, a higher percentage of the large-sized
carriers than of all the carriers together clearly or very clearly
stated the criteria in their written policies.

## SECTION 3: DRIVER TRAINING PRACTICES

The third section of the questionnaire queried carrier senior management
about pre-service and in-service training programs. Senior management
responded to questions about duration of training programs, subjects
covered, training venues, evaluation methods, outsourcing policies, and
general attitudes toward training and how it relates to their safety
management goals. The results suggest that pre and in-service training
programs for employees and owner operators are strategic safety
investments for companies. Close to 90 percent of all carriers require
training programs; the majority of which require 1-2 weeks of training.
The results also indicate that employees appreciate the relevance of
training programs and their importance in maintaining safe carrier
performance. This section is broken down into the following three
subsections: Existence and Amount of Pre- and In-Service Training;
Training Content, Venue, Evaluation Methods, and Use of Company
Personnel as Trainers; and Value of Training and Its Effectiveness.

####### Existence and Amount of Pre- and In-Service Training

Table 22 below provides a distribution of respondent carriers broken
down by carrier size and commodity type based on their requirements for
both pre- and in-service driver training for company drivers. Table 23
below focuses on the length of the pre-service driver training programs
initiated by the carriers for company drivers. Finally, Table 24 below
looks at the pre- and in-service driver training programs for
owner-operators among the set of carriers who hire owner-operators.

Table 22. Requirements for Pre- and In-Service Training for Company
Drivers (Percent of carriers in each category)

  ------------ ----------- ------------- -------- --------- ------------ -------- ---------
                           **Required                       **Required            
                           Pre-Service                      In-Service            
                           Training**                       Training**            

                           **Yes**       **No**   **N/A**   **Yes**      **No**   **N/A**

  Commodity    General     84.4          11.7     3.9       88.2         9.2      2.6
  Group        Freight                                                            

               Liquid Gas  88.9          4.4      6.7       93.3         2.2      4.4

               Chemical    88.6          9.1      2.3       95.5         2.3      2.3

               Paper       83.7          9.3      7.0       86.0         7.0      7.0
               Products                                                           

               Dry Bulk    80.0          14.3     5.7       85.7         8.6      5.7

  Size         Small       70.8          20.8     8.3       74.5         21.3     4.3

               Medium      90.7          7.4      1.9       94.4         1.9      3.7

               Large       87.0          6.5      6.5       91.3         4.3      4.3

               Total       83.1          11.5     5.4       87.1         8.8      4.1
  ------------ ----------- ------------- -------- --------- ------------ -------- ---------

Source: Supply Chain Management Center, Robert H. Smith School of
Business, University of Maryland.

Survey of Best Safety Management Practices, Federal Motor Carrier Safety
Administration, 2002.

<table style="width:100%;">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 20%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="18"><p><strong>Table 23. Number of Weeks of Pre-Service
Training for Company Drivers</strong></p>
<p><strong>(Percent of carriers in each category)</strong></p>
<p><img src="media/image17.wmf"
style="width:5.85in;height:2.00486in" /></p>
<p>Source: Supply Chain Management Center, Robert H. Smith School of
Business, University of Maryland.</p>
<p>Survey of Best Safety Management Practices, Federal Motor Carrier
Safety Administration, 2002.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Responses (#): Gen. Frt,</td>
<td>66</td>
<td>; Liq. Gas,</td>
<td>40</td>
<td>; Chem,</td>
<td>38</td>
<td>; Paper,</td>
<td>37</td>
<td>; Dry Blk,</td>
<td>28</td>
<td>; Small,</td>
<td>36</td>
<td>; Med,</td>
<td>49</td>
<td>; Lrg,</td>
<td>39</td>
<td>; Tot Size,</td>
<td>124</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

As shown in Table 22, 83 percent of all respondent carriers require
pre-service training for drivers who are employees. This is consistent
across the top commodity category groups. However, small carriers are
somewhat less likely (71 percent) than medium-sized or large-sized
carriers to require pre-service training of their employees. Of the
carriers that do require pre-service training, results in Table 23 show
that 22 percent of the carriers require less than 1 week for pre-service
training, 53 percent require 1-2 weeks, 16 percent require 3-4 weeks,
and slightly more than 8 percent require a pre-service training program
of five or more weeks.

Results displayed in Table 22 also show how extensive in-service
training is among the respondent carriers. A slightly higher percentage
of the respondents require in-service training compared to the
percentage that require pre-service training. In fact, 87 percent of the
respondent carriers require in-service training for their employee
drivers. The percentage of liquid gas and chemical carrier groups
requiring in-service training are higher than the percentage of all
carriers combined that require such training. Indeed, 93 percent of the
liquid gas and 96 percent of the chemical carriers require in-service
training for employee drivers. Furthermore, the portion of medium-sized
and large-sized carriers requiring in-service training for employee
drivers exceeds 90 percent.

Table 24 focuses on the pre-and in-service training programs for
owner-operators among the group of carriers who hire owner-operators (as
determined in the previous section). Among the carriers who hire
owner-operators, 80 percent require a pre-service training program for
the owner-operators, while 89 percent require an in-service program for
them. However, small carriers hiring owner-operators are less likely to
require pre-service and in-service training than are either medium-sized
or large-sized carriers. Liquid gas and chemical carriers are the
carrier groups most likely to require both pre-service and in-service
training programs for the owner-operator drivers. Of the carriers who
hire owner-operators and have pre-service training programs, 51 percent
require less than 1 week and an additional 41 percent require between
1-2 weeks of pre-service training.

**Table 24: Pre- and In-Service Training Programs for Owner-Operators:
Distribution of**

**Carriers Who Hire Owner-Operators by Commodity Type and Carrier Size**

  -------------- ---------- ------------ --------- ------------- --------- ------------ ---------
  **Category**              **\# of      **% of    **Required              **Required   
                            Carriers**   Total**   Pre-Service             In-Service   
                                                   Training**              Training**   

                                                   **\# of       **% of    **\# of      **% of
                                                   Carriers**    Total**   Carriers**   Total**

  Commodity      General    35           65%       28            80%       30           86%
                 Freight                                                                

                 Liquid Gas 16           30%       15            94%       16           100%

                 Chemical   15           28%       16            100%      19           100%

                 Paper      17           31%       12            71%       12           71%

                 Dry Bulk   15           28%       11            73%       15           100%

  Size           Small      14           26        5             57%       11           79%

                 Medium     16           30        14            88%       15           94%

                 Large      24           44        21            88%       22           92%

                 Total      54           100       43            80%       48           89%
  -------------- ---------- ------------ --------- ------------- --------- ------------ ---------

Source: Supply Chain Management Center, Robert H. Smith School of
Business, University of Maryland.

Survey of Best Safety Management Practices, Federal Motor Carrier Safety
Administration, 2002.

####### Training: Content, Venue, Evaluation Methods, and Use of Company Personnel as Trainers

Once carriers have initiated training programs, they face a series of
decisions about that training. Carriers must develop content for the
training as well as venues for the delivery of that content (classroom
versus in-vehicle, etc.). Furthermore, the carriers must develop
procedures in order to evaluate whether the drivers have retained the
course content. Finally, carriers must decide on who will deliver the
course content---i.e., do they outsource the education function to
professionals or use company personnel. This subsection provides the
responses from the set of respondents to these important questions.

Table 25 below presents a series of topics to be covered during both
pre- and in-service training and reports on the percentage of carriers
overall and by size group who include each of the topics in their
training. Over 90 percent of the respondent carriers overall incorporate
the following subjects in their pre-service training for employees:
accident notification, dispatch procedures, driver disciplinary
policies, federal safety regulations, hours-of-service regulations,
post-trip inspections, and pre-trip inspections. Over 90 percent of the
respondent carriers overall incorporate the following subjects in their
in-service training: accident notification, federal safety regulations,
hours-of-service regulations, and pre- and post-trip inspections. Topics
that are covered during pre-service and in-service training by less than
one-third of the carriers are: CPR training, first-aid training, and
team driving training.

**Table 25. Coverage of Topics in Pre- and In-Service Training**

**(Percent of carriers in each category)**

+---------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| **      | **P  |      |      |      | **   |      |      |      |
| Topic** | re-S |      |      |      | In-S |      |      |      |
|         | ervi |      |      |      | ervi |      |      |      |
|         | ce** |      |      |      | ce** |      |      |      |
|         |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
|         | *    |      |      |      | *    |      |      |      |
|         | *Per |      |      |      | *Per |      |      |      |
|         | cent |      |      |      | cent |      |      |      |
|         | of   |      |      |      | of   |      |      |      |
|         | F    |      |      |      | F    |      |      |      |
|         | irms |      |      |      | irms |      |      |      |
|         | Cove |      |      |      | Cove |      |      |      |
|         | ring |      |      |      | ring |      |      |      |
|         | Top  |      |      |      | Top  |      |      |      |
|         | ic** |      |      |      | ic** |      |      |      |
+---------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
|         | **O  | *    | **Me | *    | **O  | *    | **Me | *    |
|         | vera | *Sma | d.** | *Lar | vera | *Sma | d.** | *Lar |
|         | ll** | ll** |      | ge** | ll** | ll** |      | ge** |
+---------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| A       | 95.0 | 93.9 | 93.6 | 97.6 | 91.5 | 88.2 | 92.9 | 92.7 |
| ccident |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
| Notif   |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
| ication |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+---------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| CPR     | 3.4  | 6.3  | 0.0  | 4.9  | 11.0 | 14.7 | 6.7  | 12.8 |
| T       |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
| raining |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+---------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| De      | 80.2 | 77.4 | 77.8 | 85.0 | 87.4 | 73.5 | 93.3 | 92.5 |
| fensive |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
| Driving |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+---------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| D       | 91.7 | 84.8 | 95.7 | 92.7 | 81.7 | 83.9 | 81.8 | 80.0 |
| ispatch |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
| Pro     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
| cedures |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+---------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Driver  | 91.7 | 84.8 | 93.6 | 95.1 | 84.5 | 80.6 | 88.6 | 82.9 |
| Disci   |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
| plinary |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
| P       |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
| olicies |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+---------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Federal | 95.0 | 88.2 | 97.8 | 97.6 | 93.1 | 87.1 | 93.2 | 97.6 |
| Safety  |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
| Regu    |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
| lations |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+---------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Fi      | 9.2  | 14.3 | 4.5  | 9.8  | 21.2 | 21.9 | 23.9 | 17.5 |
| rst-aid |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
| t       |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
| raining |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+---------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Ha      | 60.8 | 47.1 | 64.4 | 68.3 | 67.5 | 48.3 | 70.5 | 78.0 |
| zardous |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
| Ma      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
| terials |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
| H       |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
| andling |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+---------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Ho      | 95.1 | 91.2 | 95.7 | 97.6 | 92.2 | 83.9 | 95.5 | 95.1 |
| urs-of- |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
| Service |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
| Regu    |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
| lations |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+---------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Injury  | 77.7 | 69.7 | 80.9 | 80.5 | 83.6 | 77.4 | 91.1 | 80.0 |
| Pre     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
| vention |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+---------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Po      | 93.4 | 87.9 | 95.7 | 95.2 | 92.3 | 90.6 | 95.6 | 90.0 |
| st-trip |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
| Insp    |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
| ections |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+---------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| P       | 95.1 | 90.9 | 95.7 | 97.6 | 93.1 | 90.6 | 93.2 | 95.0 |
| re-trip |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
| Insp    |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
| ections |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+---------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Team    | 23.5 | 25.0 | 25.6 | 20.0 | 29.7 | 34.5 | 28.6 | 27.5 |
| Driving |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
| T       |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
| raining |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+---------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Truck   | 68.9 | 66.7 | 67.4 | 72.5 | 70.2 | 66.7 | 71.1 | 71.8 |
| Main    |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
| tenance |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+---------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+

Source: Supply Chain Management Center, Robert H. Smith School of
Business, University of Maryland.

Survey of Best Safety Management Practices, Federal Motor Carrier Safety
Administration, 2002.

In general, a lower percentage of the small-sized carriers in comparison
to the medium-sized and large-sized carriers cover each of the listed
topics during both pre- and in-service training. However, the percentage
of medium-sized and large-sized firms including each of the topics in
their training is quite similar. The overall conclusion is that carriers
include a broad array of topics in both pre- and in-service training.
There seems to an overwhelming emphasis in both pre- and in-service
training on the topics dealing directly with the regulatory
environment---i.e., hours-of-service regulations, accident notification,
and general safety regulations.

Tables 26 and 27 below address the issue of training venue for both
pre-and in-service training for drivers. As shown, the highest
percentage of carriers for both pre- and in-service training rely on
in-vehicle, on-road training. Indeed, over 88 percent of all respondents
use this venue for their pre-service training, while 86 percent use it
for their in-service driver training. The second most popular venue for
training is the classroom with 77 percent of all respondents indicating
their use of the classroom for pre-service training and 81 percent using
it for in-service training as well. The least popular venue for training
is in-vehicle, off-road. Approximately, 69 percent of all respondents
used an in-vehicle, off-road venue for pre-service training and 67
percent used it for in-service training.

**Table 26. Training Venues for Pre- and In-Service Training**

**(Percent of carriers in each category)**

+---------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| **      | **P  |      |      |      | **   |      |      |      |
| Venue** | re-S |      |      |      | In-S |      |      |      |
|         | ervi |      |      |      | ervi |      |      |      |
|         | ce** |      |      |      | ce** |      |      |      |
|         |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
|         | *    |      |      |      | *    |      |      |      |
|         | *Per |      |      |      | *Per |      |      |      |
|         | cent |      |      |      | cent |      |      |      |
|         | of   |      |      |      | of   |      |      |      |
|         | F    |      |      |      | F    |      |      |      |
|         | irms |      |      |      | irms |      |      |      |
|         | U    |      |      |      | U    |      |      |      |
|         | sing |      |      |      | sing |      |      |      |
|         | Ven  |      |      |      | Ven  |      |      |      |
|         | ue** |      |      |      | ue** |      |      |      |
+---------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
|         | **O  | *    | **Me | *    | **O  | *    | **Me | *    |
|         | vera | *Sma | d.** | *Lar | vera | *Sma | d.** | *Lar |
|         | ll** | ll** |      | ge** | ll** | ll** |      | ge** |
+---------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Cl      | 77.0 | 58.8 | 78.7 | 90.2 | 81.2 | 60.0 | 85.1 | 92.5 |
| assroom |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+---------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| In-v    | 68.6 | 56.3 | 68.1 | 79.5 | 67.0 | 71.9 | 57.1 | 74.3 |
| ehicle, |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
| off     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
| road    |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+---------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| In-v    | 82.8 | 81.3 | 89.6 | 92.7 | 85.7 | 91.2 | 80.0 | 87.5 |
| ehicle, |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
| on-road |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+---------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+

Source: Supply Chain Management Center, Robert H. Smith School of
Business, University of Maryland.

Survey of Best Safety Management Practices, Federal Motor Carrier Safety
Administration, 2002.

**Table 27. Length of Pre-Service Training By Venue**

**(Percent of carriers in each category)**

  ------------------ ------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
  **Venue**          **Percent of                              
                     Firms With                                
                     Two (2) Weeks                             
                     or Fewer of                               
                     Training**                                

                     **Overall**   **Small**     **Med.**      **Large**

  Classroom          98.5          97.0          97.8          100.0

  In-vehicle, off    92.5          94.1          89.2          95.0
  road                                                         

  In-vehicle,        85.6          85.3          69.5          85.7
  on-road                                                      
  ------------------ ------------- ------------- ------------- -------------

Source: Supply Chain Management Center, Robert H. Smith School of
Business, University of Maryland.

Survey of Best Safety Management Practices, Federal Motor Carrier Safety
Administration, 2002.

These patterns are common across the various carrier size groups.
However, among the small-sized carriers for in-service driver training,
a higher percentage of the small-sized carriers used the in-vehicle, off
road option versus the classroom option in contrast to the overall
pattern and the pattern for both medium-sized and large-sized carriers.
Indeed, 72 percent of the small-sized carriers used the in-vehicle, off
road venue, while only 60 percent used the classroom venue for
in-service driver training.

Table 27 addresses the issue of length of pre-service driver training by
venue. It shows that, overwhelmingly, carriers train for two weeks or
fewer in each of the three venues: classroom; in-vehicle, off-road; and
in-vehicle, on-road. Indeed, 99 percent of the carriers report a
classroom training experience for pre-service training of two or fewer
weeks. The comparable percentage for the in-vehicle, off-road option is
93 percent, while it is 86 percent for the in-vehicle, on-road options.
If carriers do have longer programs, the highest percentage involves the
in-vehicle, on-road option. There appears to be no major variations in
patterns based on carrier size.

Table 28 below presents information on the training methods used by the
respondent carriers to evaluate both their pre-service and in-service
driver training. Consistent with training venue preferences, the highest
percentage of carriers uses in-vehicle, on the road tests to evaluate
both their pre-service and in-service training. Indeed, nearly 83
percent of all respondent carriers use this evaluation method for
pre-service training and 74 percent use it for in-service training. It
is the most popular training evaluation method regardless of carrier
size. The second most frequently mentioned evaluation method, selected
by 63 percent of the carriers for pre-service training and 61 percent
for in-service training, is the oral classroom exam. Closely following
this method in frequency of use is the written classroom exam. Nearly 61
percent of all respondents for pre-service training and almost 59
percent for in-service training select this method.

**Table 28. Training Evaluation Methods (Percent of carriers in each
category)**

+---------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| **M     | **P  |      |      |      | **   |      |      |      |
| ethod** | re-S |      |      |      | In-S |      |      |      |
|         | ervi |      |      |      | ervi |      |      |      |
|         | ce** |      |      |      | ce** |      |      |      |
|         |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
|         | *    |      |      |      | *    |      |      |      |
|         | *Per |      |      |      | *Per |      |      |      |
|         | cent |      |      |      | cent |      |      |      |
|         | of   |      |      |      | of   |      |      |      |
|         | F    |      |      |      | F    |      |      |      |
|         | irms |      |      |      | irms |      |      |      |
|         | U    |      |      |      | U    |      |      |      |
|         | sing |      |      |      | sing |      |      |      |
|         | Meth |      |      |      | Meth |      |      |      |
|         | od** |      |      |      | od** |      |      |      |
+---------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
|         | **O  | *    | **Me | *    | **O  | *    | **Me | *    |
|         | vera | *Sma | d.** | *Lar | vera | *Sma | d.** | *Lar |
|         | ll** | ll** |      | ge** | ll** | ll** |      | ge** |
+---------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Com     | 9.9  | 0.0  | 11.1 | 16.7 | 12.5 | 3.0  | 10.6 | 22.5 |
| puter-A |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
| ssisted |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
| Exams   |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+---------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Interne | 3.3  | 3.0  | 4.4  | 2.4  | 5.1  | 3.1  | 8.7  | 2.5  |
| t-based |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
| Exams   |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+---------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| In-v    | 57.9 | 44.1 | 58.7 | 68.3 | 49.2 | 50.0 | 47.9 | 50.0 |
| ehicle, |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
| o       |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
| ff-road |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+---------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| In-v    | 82.8 | 79.4 | 85.1 | 82.9 | 74.4 | 81.8 | 69.4 | 73.2 |
| ehicle, |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
| on-road |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+---------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Oral    | 62.9 | 50.0 | 59.1 | 77.5 | 60.7 | 50.0 | 57.1 | 73.2 |
| Cl      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
| assroom |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
| Exam    |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+---------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Questi  | 53.4 | 43.8 | 42.2 | 73.2 | 52.5 | 40.6 | 50.0 | 65.0 |
| onnaire |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+---------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Written | 60.7 | 41.9 | 60.0 | 75.5 | 58.5 | 33.3 | 58.3 | 77.5 |
| Cl      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
| assroom |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
| Exam    |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+---------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+

Source: Supply Chain Management Center, Robert H. Smith School of
Business, University of Maryland.

Survey of Best Safety Management Practices, Federal Motor Carrier Safety
Administration, 2002.

Over half of the respondents selected in-vehicle, off-road tests and
questionnaires as methods used for training evaluation. Specifically,
nearly 58 percent of the carriers use in-vehicle, off-road training,
while 53 percent administer questionnaires to evaluate their pre-service
training program. The comparable percentages for these methods to
evaluate in-service training are 49 and 53 percent. These results are
fairly consistent across the various carrier size groups.

The questionnaire asked the frequency with which carriers use either
computer-assisted or internet-based exams to evaluate their drivers.
Results in Table 28 demonstrate that only a small minority of the
carriers uses these methods. Indeed, only 10 percent of the carriers use
computer-assisted exams to evaluated pre-service training, while 13
percent use them to evaluate in-service training. The frequency with
which computer-assisted exams are used decreases among the small-sized
carriers.

As shown in Table 29 below, overwhelmingly, the respondent group of
carriers runs their pre- and in-service training programs entirely with
company personnel. In fact, 88 percent of all respondents run their
pre-service training entirely with company personnel. The percentage
using company personnel entirely ranges from a low of 86 percent among
the medium-sized carriers to a high of 91 percent among the small-sized
carriers. Focusing on commodity type, the percentages range from a low
of 83 percent for chemical haulers to 90 percent among the liquid gas
carriers.

<table style="width:100%;">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 20%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="18"><p><img src="media/image18.wmf"
style="width:2.82014in;height:2.57292in" /><strong>Table 29. Outsourcing
of the Training Function (Percent of carriers in each
category)</strong></p>
<p>Source: Supply Chain Management Center, Robert H. Smith School of
Business, University of Maryland.</p>
<p>Survey of Best Safety Management Practices, Federal Motor Carrier
Safety Administration, 2002.</p>
<p>Responses (#):</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Pre-service: Gen. Frt,</td>
<td>68</td>
<td>; Liq. Gas,</td>
<td>41</td>
<td>; Chem,</td>
<td>40</td>
<td>; Paper,</td>
<td>38</td>
<td>; Dry Blk,</td>
<td>29</td>
<td>; Small,</td>
<td>35</td>
<td>; Med,</td>
<td>49</td>
<td>; Lrg,</td>
<td>43</td>
<td>; Tot Size,</td>
<td>127</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>In-service: Gen. Frt,</td>
<td>71</td>
<td>; Liq. Gas,</td>
<td>43</td>
<td>; Chem,</td>
<td>41</td>
<td>; Paper,</td>
<td>40</td>
<td>; Dry Blk,</td>
<td>32</td>
<td>; Small,</td>
<td>36</td>
<td>; Med,</td>
<td>51</td>
<td>; Lrg,</td>
<td>44</td>
<td>; Tot Size,</td>
<td>131</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

Regarding in-service training, there is somewhat more use of non-company
personnel in training. In fact, overall 24 percent of the carriers use
some instructors outside of company personnel for in-service training.
The use of outside personnel ranges from 22 percent among the
small-sized carriers to 26 percent among the medium-sized carriers.
Based on commodity type, the percentage use of outside personnel for
training ranges from a low of 23 for general freight carriers to a high
of 29 for the chemical carriers.

####### Value of Training and Its Effectiveness

In the final portion of this section, the questionnaire asked the
mangers to evaluate the importance of driver training and to make
comparisons between pre-service and in-service training. The general
focus of these questions is to determine management's perception of the
importance of the driver training function in meeting overall safety
goals. Tables 30 through 32 capture the results of these questions.

Managers were asked about their level of agreement with three statements
about both pre-service and in-service training programs. Table 30 below
summarizes the respondent carriers' answers to these questions. The
percentage of respondent carriers overall as well as the percentage of
individual sub-groups of respondents based on carrier size and commodity
group are shown in Table 30. The managers were initially asked if they
considered pre-service and in-service driver training to be a strategic
safety investment. Overwhelmingly, the respondent carriers agreed or
strongly agreed with this statement. About 88 percent of all carriers
agreed that pre-service driver training is a strategic safety
investment. This percentage rose to 90 when carriers were asked about
their in-service driver training. Over three-fourth of all carrier
sub-groups, based on size or commodity group, agreed or strongly agreed
that both pre- and in-service driver training is a strategic safety
investment.

**Table 30. Evaluation of Importance of Driver Training (Percent of
carriers in each**

**category who responded with "Agree" or "Strongly Agree")**

<table style="width:100%;">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 19%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="2"><p id="evaluation-statement" class="heading">Evaluation
Statement</p></td>
<td rowspan="2"><strong>Overall</strong></td>
<td colspan="4"><strong>Size</strong></td>
<td colspan="4"><strong>Commodity Category</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>Small</strong></td>
<td><strong>Medium</strong></td>
<td><strong>Large</strong></td>
<td><strong>Gen. Frt.</strong></td>
<td><strong>Liq. Gas.</strong></td>
<td><strong>Chem.</strong></td>
<td><strong>Paper</strong></td>
<td><strong>Dry Blk.</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><h2
id="our-company-considers-pre-service-driver-training-a-strategic-safety-investment">Our
company considers pre-service driver training a strategic safety
investment</h2></td>
<td>87.5</td>
<td>77.8</td>
<td>91.8</td>
<td>90.7</td>
<td>88.6</td>
<td>100.0</td>
<td>95.0</td>
<td>92.4</td>
<td>83.3</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><h1
id="our-company-considers-in-service-driver-training-a-strategic-safety-investment">Our
company considers in-service driver training a strategic safety
investment</h1></td>
<td>90.0</td>
<td>80.0</td>
<td>94.1</td>
<td>93.2</td>
<td>93.0</td>
<td>92.8</td>
<td>87.5</td>
<td>85.0</td>
<td>84.4</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Our company spends more on pre-service driver training than do most
carriers</td>
<td>31.8</td>
<td>17.2</td>
<td>34.7</td>
<td>40.5</td>
<td>31.8</td>
<td>50.0</td>
<td>48.7</td>
<td>23.0</td>
<td>27.6</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Our company spends more on in-service driver training than do most
carriers</td>
<td>46.1</td>
<td>25.0</td>
<td>51.0</td>
<td>58.1</td>
<td>44.3</td>
<td>57.2</td>
<td>62.5</td>
<td>45.0</td>
<td>45.2</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Our company closely monitors pre-service driver training
expenses</td>
<td>35.2</td>
<td>22.2</td>
<td>34.7</td>
<td>46.5</td>
<td>35.7</td>
<td>43.9</td>
<td>37.5</td>
<td>30.8</td>
<td>33.3</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Our company closely monitors in-service driver training
expenses.</td>
<td>35.1</td>
<td>25.0</td>
<td>33.3</td>
<td>45.5</td>
<td>35.2</td>
<td>39.5</td>
<td>36.6</td>
<td>27.5</td>
<td>31.3</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

Source: Supply Chain Management Center, Robert H. Smith School of
Business, University of Maryland.

Survey of Best Safety Management Practices, Federal Motor Carrier Safety
Administration, 2002.

Carriers were next asked whether their individual company spends more on
pre- and in-service driver training than do most carriers. About 32
percent of all carriers agreed or strongly agreed that they spend more
on pre-service than do most carriers, while 46 percent agreed or
strongly agreed that they spend more on in-service training than do
other carriers. In general, a lower percentage of the small-sized
carriers agreed or strongly agreed with this statement.

Finally, carriers were questioned about how closely they monitor both
the pre- and in service driver training expenses. About 35 percent of
all carriers agree or strongly agree with the comment that they closely
monitor their driver training expenses. Concern for the expenses of
training should in no way be correlated with some lack of support for
safety matters. Indeed, it is prudent management practice to make sure
that every dollar of expense is well spent and monitored, regardless of
the purpose of the expense.

This section has focused on both pre-service and in-service driver
training. The questionnaire included an item asking the managers to
assess the comparative impact of both types of training on the company's
highway safety performance. The results of this question are provided in
Table 31 below. As displayed, over 57 percent of all carriers indicate
that both pre-service and in-service driver training have an equal
impact on the company's highway safety performance. However, about 31
percent of the respondent carriers said that in-service training has a
greater impact on safety performance than pre-service training has. This
contrasts with the 12 percent of respondents who indicate that
pre-service training has a greater impact. A higher percentage of the
small-sized carriers than of the medium- or large-sized carriers
indicate that in-service training has a greater impact than does
pre-service training. Indeed, about 38 percent of the small-sized
carriers believe that in-service training has a greater impact on safety
performance than does pre-service training. In contrast, 68 percent of
the large-sized carriers argue that both pre-service and in-service
training have an equal impact on the company's highway safety
performance.

**Table 31. Comparison in Impact on Highway Performance: Pre- versus**

In-service Training (Percent of carriers in each category)

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 20%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="18"><p><img src="media/image20.wmf"
style="width:4.55in;height:2.65in" />Source: Supply Chain Management
Center, Robert H. Smith School of Business, University of Maryland.</p>
<p>Survey of Best Safety Management Practices, Federal Motor Carrier
Safety Administration, 2002.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Responses (#): Gen. Frt,</td>
<td>70</td>
<td>; Liq. Gas,</td>
<td>42</td>
<td>; Chem,</td>
<td>40</td>
<td>; Paper,</td>
<td>40</td>
<td>; Dry Blk,</td>
<td>32</td>
<td>; Small,</td>
<td>37</td>
<td>; Med,</td>
<td>50</td>
<td>; Lrg,</td>
<td>44</td>
<td>; Tot Size,</td>
<td>131</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

A final question in this section tapped executive attitudes toward three
statements about driver training personnel and their position within the
company. Carriers were asked whether training directors have a strong
influence over management safety decisions. As shown in Table 32 below,
79 percent of the respondent carriers agree or strongly agree with this
statement. Among the medium-sized and large --sized carriers this
percentage increases to 82 and 84 percent, respectively.

**Table 32. Statements About Driver Training Personnel (Percent of
carriers in each**

**category who responded with "Agree" or "Strongly Agree")**

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 17%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="2"><p id="statement" class="heading">Statement</p></td>
<td rowspan="2"><strong>Overall</strong></td>
<td colspan="4"><strong>Size</strong></td>
<td colspan="4"><strong>Commodity Category</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>Small</strong></td>
<td><strong>Medium</strong></td>
<td><strong>Large</strong></td>
<td><strong>Gen. Frt.</strong></td>
<td><strong>Liq. Gas.</strong></td>
<td><strong>Chem.</strong></td>
<td><strong>Paper</strong></td>
<td><strong>Dry Blk.</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><h2
id="training-director-strongly-influences-our-safety-management-decisions">Training
Director Strongly Influences our Safety Management Decisions</h2></td>
<td>78.6</td>
<td>66.7</td>
<td>82.4</td>
<td>84.1</td>
<td>78.8</td>
<td>76.8</td>
<td>70.8</td>
<td>80.0</td>
<td>68.8</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><h1
id="our-trainers-enjoy-high-prestige-among-company-employees">Our
Trainers Enjoy High Prestige Among Company Employees</h1></td>
<td>53.4</td>
<td>41.7</td>
<td>52.9</td>
<td>63.6</td>
<td>59.1</td>
<td>65.1</td>
<td>51.3</td>
<td>55.0</td>
<td>56.3</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Peer-to-Peer Training is a Vital Element of our Driver Safety
Program</td>
<td>84.1</td>
<td>78.3</td>
<td>40.2</td>
<td>81.8</td>
<td>81.6</td>
<td>88.4</td>
<td>85.4</td>
<td>80.0</td>
<td>78.2</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

Source: Supply Chain Management Center, Robert H. Smith School of
Business, University of Maryland.

Survey of Best Safety Management Practices, Federal Motor Carrier Safety
Administration, 2002.

Managers were then asked whether trainers enjoy high prestige among
company employees. Overall, 53 percent of the respondents agreed or
strongly agreed with the statement that trainers enjoy high prestige
among the company employees. This percentage ranges from a low of 42 for
the small-sized carriers to 64 percent for the large sized carriers. The
liquid gas carriers provided the highest level of agreement with this
question. Over 65 percent of these carriers agreed or strongly agreed
with the statement that trainers enjoy high prestige.

A final question of this section deals with the issue of peer-to-peer
training. Indeed, an argument can be made that drivers would learn the
most by sharing experiences with existing drivers. Results shown in
Table 32 support the notion that peer-to-peer training among drivers
exists and is strongly supported. Indeed, 84 percent of the respondent
carriers said that peer-to-peer training is a critical element of the
carrier's overall driver safety program. Indeed, the agreement with this
statement is widespread among the various carrier sized groups as well
as the various commodity types.

####### SECTION 4: ENCOURAGING AND REINFORCING SAFE DRIVING BEHAVIOR

The fourth section of the questionnaire focused on management's
attitudes toward encouraging and reinforcing safe driving behavior
through a combination of rewards and disciplinary actions. With respect
to awards, the questionnaire asked managers to identify which
personnel/organizational units are rewarded, how frequently they are
awarded, and the specific type of awards used to encourage safe driving.
Furthermore the questionnaire included items on the specific standards
used by companies as the basis for the safety awards, i.e., what
achievements did drivers have to accomplish in order to receive their
awards. In addition to rewarding drivers for safe behavior, the
questionnaire sought management reaction to the use of disciplinary
actions in view of unsafe driving behavior. In fact, the questionnaire
asked managers to compare rewards and disciplinary actions in terms of
their relative effectiveness in improving company safety performance.

####### Safety Award Programs: Type of Rewards and Basis for Selection

Results in Table 33 below reveal that over three-fourths of all
respondent carriers have safety award programs for individual drivers.
The percent of respondent carriers with such programs varies from a high
of 91 percent for the large-sized carriers to a low of 48 percent for
the small-sized carriers. Across the various commodity types, at least
81 percent of the carriers in each group have individual driver safety
award programs. In contrast, only 18 percent of all respondent carriers
have safety award programs for driver teams. This may reflect the fact
that many carriers do not use driver teams in their operations. The use
of awards for driver teams varies with carrier size. A higher proportion
of the large-sized carriers than small-sized carriers have award
programs for driver teams. Slightly more than one-fourth of the carriers
have safety reward programs that recognize the contribution of terminals
and hubs to the overall safety performance of the drivers. This
percentage varies, once again, by carrier size. Over 45 percent of the
large-sized carriers have safety award programs for their terminals and
hubs, while only 7 percent of the small-sized carriers have such
programs. The commodity segments with the highest percentage of carriers
having the terminal award programs are the general freight and chemical
segments.

Table 33. Existence of Safety Award Programs (Percent of carriers in
each category)

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 15%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="2"><strong>Personnel or Organizational Unit</strong></td>
<td rowspan="2"><strong>Overall</strong></td>
<td colspan="4"><strong>Size</strong></td>
<td colspan="4"><strong>Commodity Category</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>Small</strong></td>
<td><strong>Medium</strong></td>
<td><strong>Large</strong></td>
<td><strong>Gen. Frt.</strong></td>
<td><strong>Liq. Gas.</strong></td>
<td><strong>Chem.</strong></td>
<td><strong>Paper</strong></td>
<td><strong>Dry Blk.</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><h2 id="individual-drivers">Individual Drivers</h2></td>
<td>76.6</td>
<td>47.9</td>
<td>90.4</td>
<td>91.1</td>
<td>81.1</td>
<td>81.4</td>
<td>81.0</td>
<td>82.5</td>
<td>81.3</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><h1 id="driver-teams">Driver Teams</h1></td>
<td>17.9</td>
<td>4.8</td>
<td>18.9</td>
<td>28.9</td>
<td>24.7</td>
<td>15.9</td>
<td>23.3</td>
<td>29.3</td>
<td>25.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Terminals/Hubs</td>
<td>26.2</td>
<td>6.8</td>
<td>25.5</td>
<td>45.7</td>
<td>31.5</td>
<td>29.5</td>
<td>32.6</td>
<td>20.0</td>
<td>22.6</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

Source: Supply Chain Management Center, Robert H. Smith School of
Business, University of Maryland.

Survey of Best Safety Management Practices, Federal Motor Carrier Safety
Administration, 2002.

Table 34 below reports on the frequency of awards for individual
drivers, with the majority of carriers (52 percent) having annual
awards, while an additional 17 percent have quarterly ones. Only 11
percent of the carriers have awards on a monthly basis.

Table 34. Frequencies of Awards for Individual Drivers (Percent of
carriers in each category)

<table style="width:100%;">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 20%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="18"><p><img src="media/image21.wmf"
style="width:5.99375in;height:2.34375in" /></p>
<p>Source: Supply Chain Management Center, Robert H. Smith School of
Business, University of Maryland.</p>
<p>Survey of Best Safety Management Practices, Federal Motor Carrier
Safety Administration, 2002.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Responses (#): Gen. Frt,</td>
<td>67</td>
<td>; Liq. Gas,</td>
<td>40</td>
<td>; Chem,</td>
<td>38</td>
<td>; Paper,</td>
<td>39</td>
<td>; Dry Blk,</td>
<td>31</td>
<td>; Small,</td>
<td>28</td>
<td>; Med,</td>
<td>51</td>
<td>; Lrg,</td>
<td>44</td>
<td>; Tot Size,</td>
<td>123</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

Table 35 below shows the types of rewards used by managers to encourage
safe driving behavior. The results are shown for all carriers taken
together as well as for the carriers broken out into the various size
groupings. Overall, 93 percent of the carriers use verbal praise as a
type of reward. The next most popular forms of reward used by carriers
in descending order, are: public recognition (72 percent), letters from
management (70 percent), safety decorations (69 percent), cash (66
percent), safety banquets (66 percent), merchandise (65 percent), and
certificates of merit (64 percent). Cash awards are very popular
regardless of carrier size. Indeed, 73 percent of the small-sized
carriers, 66 percent of the medium-sized carriers, and 63 percent of the
large-sized carriers use cash as a way to reward their drivers for safe
behavior.

Table 36 below focuses on the standards used by carriers for determining
their safety awards. Specifically, it addresses the accomplishment
drivers need to achieve in order to obtain a safety award. Ninety-three
percent of the carriers base safety awards, in part, on the total number
of crashes in which drivers are involved within a specified time period.
In contrast, only 32 percent of the carriers base their awards on the
number of crashes by number of miles driven. Thus, the awards are much
more frequently time-based rather than mileage based. Drivers earn
awards by avoiding crashes during a specified time period\-\--one year,
one quarter, one month, etc. A majority of carriers overall also base
their driver awards on each of the following standards: traffic
convictions (or lack thereof) during a specified time period and
violations of federal motor carrier safety regulations (or lack thereof)
during a specified time period. Just slightly less than half the
carriers base their awards on public complaints (or lack thereof)
received in the name of the driver. The highest percentage of
small-sized, medium-sized, and large-sized carriers use crash avoidance
during a specified time period as a standard for determining driver
safety awards.

**Table 35. Types of Rewards Used to Encourage Safe Driving Behavior**

**(Percent of carriers in each category)**

  ----------------------------- ------------- ----------- ---------- -----------
  **Type of Reward**            **Percent of                         
                                Firms Using                          
                                Reward**                             

                                **Overall**   **Small**   **Med.**   **Large**

  Cash                          66.4          73.1        66.0       62.8

  Certificates of Merit         63.6          29.2        68.0       77.3

  Letters from Management       69.8          52.0        65.3       85.7

  Extra Holidays                7.8           16.7        8.2        2.4

  Favorable Consideration for   35.9          42.3        42.9       23.8
  Promotion                                                          

  Free CDL Renewal              8.9           14.3        10.4       4.7

  Free Meals                    40.9          37.5        32.7       52.4

  Insurance Rebates             2.7           0.0         0.0        7.3

  Lottery Tickets               3.5           4.3         2.0        4.8

  Merchandise                   64.7          45.8        61.2       79.1

  Public Recognition            72.2          50.0        71.4       85.7

  Safety Banquets               65.8          41.7        67.3       77.3

  Safety Decorations            69.0          39.1        71.4       81.8

  Savings Bonds                 10.5          4.3         8.2        16.7

  Travel Packages               17.4          8.7         16.3       23.3

  Upgrade Vehicle Options       19.3          16.7        18.8       21.4

  Verbal Praise                 93.2          92.0        91.8       95.5
  ----------------------------- ------------- ----------- ---------- -----------

Source: Supply Chain Management Center, Robert H. Smith School of
Business, University of Maryland.

Survey of Best Safety Management Practices, Federal Motor Carrier Safety
Administration, 2002.

Table 36. Standards Used for Driver Safety Awards (Percent of carriers
in each category)

  ----------------------------- ------------- ----------- ---------- -----------
  **Standards**                 **Percent of                         
                                Firms**                              

                                **Overall**   **Small**   **Med.**   **Large**

  Crashes Over Specified Time   93.0          79.2        95.9       97.6

  Crashes Over Specified Number 32.4          17.4        27.7       46.3
  of Miles                                                           

  Traffic Convictions Over      56.8          56.5        68.1       43.9
  Specified Time                                                     

  Traffic Convictions Over      12.0          4.3         13.3       15.0
  Specified Number of Miles                                          

  FMCSR Violations Over         62.5          69.6        64.6       56.1
  Specified Time                                                     

  FMCSR Violations Over         14.5          17.4        12.8       15.0
  Specified Number of Miles                                          

  Public Complaints During      48.1          43.5        54.5       43.9
  Specified Time                                                     
  ----------------------------- ------------- ----------- ---------- -----------

Source: Supply Chain Management Center, Robert H. Smith School of
Business, University of Maryland.

Survey of Best Safety Management Practices, Federal Motor Carrier Safety
Administration, 2002.

######## Driver Disciplinary Actions

In addition to rewarding drivers for safe driving, carriers have the
option of initiating disciplinary action against their unsafe drivers.
The questionnaire sought information from managers about their use of
disciplinary actions as well as comparisons of the effectiveness of
disciplinary actions versus rewards to encourage safe driving behavior.

Table 37 below shows that almost all carriers, regardless of size, base
disciplinary actions on the following driver actions: violations of the
federal motor carrier safety regulations (96 percent); violations of
company safety policies (98 percent); and unsafe driving performance in
general (99 percent).

Table 38 below indicates that the type of disciplinary actions varies
from verbal warnings to termination of employment. Among respondents
overall, 91 percent use termination of employment as a disciplinary
method. Approximately 79 percent of all carriers use suspension from
service as a disciplinary method, while 79 percent use a written
warning. Only about half the carriers use a verbal warning as a
disciplinary method. These results are quite consistent among the
various carrier size groups as well as the different commodity
categories.

Table 37. Basis for Disciplinary Actions (Percent of carriers in each
category)

  ----------------------------- ------------- ----------- ---------- -----------
                                **Percent of                         
                                Firms**                              

                                **Overall**   **Small**   **Med.**   **Large**

  Violations of FMCSR           96.5          93.2        96.2       100.0

  Violating Company Safety      97.9          95.5        98.1       100.0
  Policies                                                           

  Unsafe Driving Performance in 99.3          100.0       98.1       100.0
  General                                                            
  ----------------------------- ------------- ----------- ---------- -----------

Source: Supply Chain Management Center, Robert H. Smith School of
Business, University of Maryland.

Survey of Best Safety Management Practices, Federal Motor Carrier Safety
Administration, 2002.

**Table 38. Techniques for Disciplinary Drivers (Percent of carriers in
each category**

**who responded with "Effective" or "Very Effective")**

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 13%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="2"><p id="techniques" class="heading">Techniques</p></td>
<td rowspan="2"><p id="overall-1" class="heading">Overall</p></td>
<td colspan="4"><strong>Size</strong></td>
<td colspan="4"><strong>Commodity Category</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>Small</strong></td>
<td><strong>Medium</strong></td>
<td><strong>Large</strong></td>
<td><strong>Gen. Frt.</strong></td>
<td><strong>Liq. Gas.</strong></td>
<td><strong>Chem.</strong></td>
<td><strong>Paper</strong></td>
<td><strong>Dry Blk.</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><h2 id="suspension-from-service">Suspension from Service</h2></td>
<td>79.1</td>
<td>60.5</td>
<td>86.6</td>
<td>88.6</td>
<td>76.4</td>
<td>86.4</td>
<td>81.0</td>
<td>65.8</td>
<td>72.7</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><h1 id="termination-of-employment">Termination of
Employment</h1></td>
<td>90.6</td>
<td>87.4</td>
<td>94.3</td>
<td>95.4</td>
<td>90.3</td>
<td>90.9</td>
<td>88.1</td>
<td>90.3</td>
<td>93.9</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Verbal Warning</td>
<td>49.6</td>
<td>46.5</td>
<td>48.0</td>
<td>54.5</td>
<td>48.6</td>
<td>50.0</td>
<td>38.1</td>
<td>42.5</td>
<td>37.6</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Written Warning</td>
<td>78.9</td>
<td>60.9</td>
<td>82.7</td>
<td>90.9</td>
<td>84.7</td>
<td>83.7</td>
<td>76.2</td>
<td>72.5</td>
<td>68.8</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

Source: Supply Chain Management Center, Robert H. Smith School of
Business, University of Maryland.

Survey of Best Safety Management Practices, Federal Motor Carrier Safety
Administration, 2002.

Carriers were next asked to compare safety awards and disciplinary
actions regarding their effectiveness in impacting safety performance
(Table 39 below). Taking all respondents together, 44 percent rated
disciplinary actions and safety awards as having an equal impact on
safety performance. However, 33 percent of the carriers thought that
safety awards had a greater impact on safety performance than did
disciplinary actions, but only 22 percent said that disciplinary actions
rather than safety awards had a greater impact on safety performance.
The percentage of carriers believing that safety rewards have a greater
impact than do disciplinary actions ranged from a high of 42 percent
among the large-sized carriers to 29 percent among the medium-sized
carriers and 30 percent among the small-sized carriers. In fact, 34
percent of the small-sized carriers believe that disciplinary actions
have more impact on safety performance than do rewards. For all other
carrier-sized groups and for all commodity type groups, a higher
percentage of carriers believe that rewards have greater impact on
safety performance than do disciplinary actions.

Table 39. Comparative Evaluation of Impact of Safety Awards versus
Disciplinary Actions (Percent of carriers in each category)

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 20%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="18"><p><img src="media/image22.wmf"
style="width:3.94028in;height:2.44306in" />Source: Supply Chain
Management Center, Robert H. Smith School of Business, University of
Maryland.</p>
<p>Survey of Best Safety Management Practices, Federal Motor Carrier
Safety Administration, 2002.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Responses (#): Gen. Frt,</td>
<td>75</td>
<td>; Liq. Gas,</td>
<td>43</td>
<td>; Chem,</td>
<td>42</td>
<td>; Paper,</td>
<td>42</td>
<td>; Dry Blk,</td>
<td>34</td>
<td>; Small,</td>
<td>47</td>
<td>; Med,</td>
<td>52</td>
<td>; Lrg,</td>
<td>45</td>
<td>; Tot Size,</td>
<td>144</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

Section 4 concludes with a series of statements about best practices in
reinforcing driver safety and managers' reaction to them (Table 40
below). The first statement is the following: "disciplining drivers does
little to impact company's highway safety." Only 13 percent of the all
carrier respondents agreed with this statement. The level of agreement
with this question was quite low among the small-sized, medium-sized,
and large-sized carriers. It was, furthermore, quite low among the
different commodity groups of carriers.

## Table 40. Assessment of Best Practices in Reinforcing Driver Safety 

**(Percent of carriers in each category)**

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 17%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="2"><strong>Best Practices</strong></td>
<td rowspan="2"><strong>Overall</strong></td>
<td colspan="4"><strong>Size</strong></td>
<td colspan="4"><strong>Commodity Category</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>Small</strong></td>
<td><strong>Medium</strong></td>
<td><strong>Large</strong></td>
<td><strong>Gen. Frt.</strong></td>
<td><strong>Liq. Gas.</strong></td>
<td><strong>Chem.</strong></td>
<td><strong>Paper</strong></td>
<td><strong>Dry Blk.</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><h2
id="disciplining-drivers-does-little-to-impact-companys-highway-safety">Disciplining
drivers does little to impact company’s highway safety</h2></td>
<td>13.1</td>
<td>18.8</td>
<td>9.3</td>
<td>11.4</td>
<td>10.5</td>
<td>16.3</td>
<td>9.5</td>
<td>16.3</td>
<td>22.9</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><h1 id="only-safe-drivers-get-promoted-at-out-company">Only safe
drivers get promoted at out company</h1></td>
<td>52.1</td>
<td>48.8</td>
<td>62.9</td>
<td>41.9</td>
<td>54.1</td>
<td>52.4</td>
<td>47.6</td>
<td>46.5</td>
<td>42.4</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Rewards are the best way to get drivers to drive safely</td>
<td>30.1</td>
<td>25.5</td>
<td>27.8</td>
<td>37.7</td>
<td>29.0</td>
<td>44.2</td>
<td>44.2</td>
<td>27.9</td>
<td>37.2</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Safety training without incentives is useless</td>
<td>19.8</td>
<td>21.3</td>
<td>16.7</td>
<td>22.3</td>
<td>21.1</td>
<td>27.9</td>
<td>20.9</td>
<td>16.3</td>
<td>22.8</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

Source: Supply Chain Management Center, Robert H. Smith School of
Business, University of Maryland.

Survey of Best Safety Management Practices, Federal Motor Carrier Safety
Administration, 2002.

The second statement is the following: "only safe drivers get promoted
at my company." The highest percentage of carriers agreed with this
statement. In fact, 52 percent of all carrier respondents agreed with it
as did 63 percent of the medium-sized carriers, 49 percent of the
small-sized carriers, and 42 percent of the large-sized carriers.

The third statement is the following: "rewards are the best way to get
drivers to drive safely." However, only 30 percent of all carrier
respondents agreed with this statement. However, 38 percent of the
large-sized carriers and 44 percent of the liquid gas and chemical
carriers agreed with it.

A final question said, "safety training without incentives is useless."
However, only 20 percent of the carriers agreed with it. The percentage
agreement was highest among the liquid gas carriers and the dry bulk
carriers.

The overall results seem to show that managers believe that there is a
role for both disciplinary and reward actions to improve safety
performance. However, while the majority felt there was no difference in
the effectiveness of each technique, twice as high a percentage of
carriers felt that rewards were more effective than were disciplinary
actions.

## SECTION 5: MANAGING AND MONITORING DRIVER ACTIVITIES

The fifth section of the questionnaire probes senior carrier managers
about company practices used to manage and monitor driver activities.
Initially, the questionnaire sought to divide respondents on the basis
of the type of their operations, specifically addressing the issue of
the balance between local and long haul operations. Senior managers were
asked to indicate the average length-of-haul for their company's long
haul drivers as well as the percent of the company's drivers who are
active in local operations. Managers were also questioned about whether
or not particular technologies were used to monitor driver performance.
The results indicate that companies use a variety of technologies to
monitor driver performance and promote safe driving. Finally, managers
were asked their level of agreement with a series of statements about
how they address driver fatigue.

**Type of Operations**

Tables 41 and 42 below address the issue of the balance of respondent
carriers between local and long haul operations. As shown in Table 41,
37 percent of all carriers indicate that the average length-of-haul for
their company's over-the-road drivers is 250 miles or less, with an
additional 34 percent reporting an average length of haul of between 251
and 500 miles. Less than one-third of all carriers report an average
length of haul for their company's drivers of more than 500 miles.

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 20%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="18"><h1
id="table-41.-average-length-of-haul-for-companys-over-the-road-drivers">Table
41. Average Length-of-Haul for Company’s Over-the-Road Drivers</h1>
<p><img src="media/image23.wmf"
style="width:4.85972in;height:2.25347in" />Source: Supply Chain
Management Center, Robert H. Smith School of Business, University of
Maryland.</p>
<p>Survey of Best Safety Management Practices, Federal Motor Carrier
Safety Administration, 2002.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Responses (#): Gen. Frt,</td>
<td>74</td>
<td>; Liq. Gas,</td>
<td>44</td>
<td>; Chem,</td>
<td>42</td>
<td>; Paper,</td>
<td>42</td>
<td>; Dry Blk,</td>
<td>34</td>
<td>; Small,</td>
<td>48</td>
<td>; Med,</td>
<td>52</td>
<td>; Lrg,</td>
<td>45</td>
<td>; Tot Size,</td>
<td>145</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 20%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="18"><p><strong>Table 42. Percent of Company Drivers Who
Work in Local Operations</strong></p>
<p><img src="media/image24.wmf"
style="width:5.14028in;height:2.24375in" />Source: Supply Chain
Management Center, Robert H. Smith School of Business, University of
Maryland.</p>
<p>Survey of Best Safety Management Practices, Federal Motor Carrier
Safety Administration, 2002.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Responses (#): Gen. Frt,</td>
<td>76</td>
<td>; Liq. Gas,</td>
<td>44</td>
<td>; Chem,</td>
<td>43</td>
<td>; Paper,</td>
<td>43</td>
<td>; Dry Blk,</td>
<td>35</td>
<td>; Small,</td>
<td>48</td>
<td>; Med,</td>
<td>53</td>
<td>; Lrg,</td>
<td>45</td>
<td>; Tot Size,</td>
<td>146</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

Not surprisingly, small carriers have the highest percentage of their
members reporting that their over-the-road drivers average less than 250
miles (48 percent) or between 251 and 500 miles (23 percent). However,
the small-sized carriers also have the highest percentage of their
members (15 percent) who report that their drivers average more than
1,000 miles per haul. The commodities group with the highest percentage
of carriers whose over-the-road drivers average 250 miles or less is the
liquid gas group (36 percent). The commodities group with the highest
percentage of carriers whose over the road drivers average more than
1,000 miles is the general freight group (8 percent).

Table 42 focuses on the percentage of a company's drivers who work in
local operations. About 36 percent of the carriers report that between
75 and 100 percent of their drivers participate in local operations.
This percentage ranges from a low of 30 percent for the medium-sized
carriers to a high of 46 percent for the large-sized carriers. Among the
different commodities groups, the one with the highest percentage of
their members having between 75 and 100 percent of their members in
local operations is the liquid gas group (41 percent). Clearly, a
substantial group of respondent carriers (slightly more than a third)
have very extensive local operations involving an overwhelming portion
of their respective driver pool.

**Use of Technologies to Monitor Driver Performance**

Table 43 below provides information on carrier use of a variety of
technologies that monitor driver behavior and performance. The
techniques range from speed regulators and two-way radios all the way to
satellite tracking and global positioning. The two technologies used by
the highest percentage of carriers are speed regulators on vehicles and
engine diagnostics. Specifically, 64 percent of all carriers use engine
diagnostics to monitor performance. Yet an even higher percentage of all
carriers (71 percent) use speed regulators to monitor and check up on
performance. Two other popular technologies to monitor behavior are
two-way radios and wireless messaging. Finally, two technologies,
real-time vehicle routing and satellite global positioning, have an
usage rate of less than 30 percent by carriers in the survey.

## Table 43. Use of Various Technologies to Monitor Driver Performance 

**(Percent of carriers in each category)**

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 15%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="2"><strong>Technology</strong></td>
<td rowspan="2"><strong>Overall</strong></td>
<td colspan="4"><strong>Size</strong></td>
<td colspan="4"><strong>Commodity Category</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>Small</strong></td>
<td><strong>Medium</strong></td>
<td><strong>Large</strong></td>
<td><strong>Gen. Frt.</strong></td>
<td><strong>Liq. Gas.</strong></td>
<td><strong>Chem.</strong></td>
<td><strong>Paper</strong></td>
<td><strong>Dry Blk.</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><h2 id="engine-diagnostics">Engine Diagnostics</h2></td>
<td>64.0</td>
<td>54.5</td>
<td>66.7</td>
<td>70.5</td>
<td>72.6</td>
<td>63.6</td>
<td>64.3</td>
<td>67.5</td>
<td>73.5</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><h1 id="real-time-vehicle-routing-software">Real-time Vehicle
Routing Software</h1></td>
<td>27.3</td>
<td>13.6</td>
<td>27.5</td>
<td>40.9</td>
<td>27.4</td>
<td>31.8</td>
<td>28.6</td>
<td>35.0</td>
<td>20.6</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Satellite Tracking Global Positioning System</td>
<td>29.3</td>
<td>13.6</td>
<td>29.4</td>
<td>44.4</td>
<td>31.1</td>
<td>34.1</td>
<td>38.1</td>
<td>34.1</td>
<td>17.6</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Speed Regulators on Vehicles</td>
<td>71.2</td>
<td>53.5</td>
<td>76.9</td>
<td>81.8</td>
<td>78.1</td>
<td>73.3</td>
<td>79.1</td>
<td>73.2</td>
<td>80.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Two-way Radios</td>
<td>42.5</td>
<td>50.0</td>
<td>40.8</td>
<td>37.2</td>
<td>43.7</td>
<td>53.3</td>
<td>46.3</td>
<td>46.2</td>
<td>54.5</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Wireless Messaging</td>
<td>43.3</td>
<td>41.9</td>
<td>37.5</td>
<td>51.2</td>
<td>44.4</td>
<td>37.2</td>
<td>35.0</td>
<td>43.6</td>
<td>45.5</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

Source: Supply Chain Management Center, Robert H. Smith School of
Business, University of Maryland.

Survey of Best Safety Management Practices, Federal Motor Carrier Safety
Administration, 2002.

Engine diagnostics and speed regulators are used by a substantially
higher percentage (82 percent) of the larger carriers. This compares to
a figure of 54 percent for the small-sized carriers. 71 percent of
large-sized carriers and only 55 percent of the small-sized carriers use
engine diagnostics.

**Company Practices to Manage Fatigue**

Table 44 below displays results from five statements presented to
managers about practices to manage fatigue. Of the five statements
presented to managers, only two seem to draw substantial interest among
the managers. About 74 percent of the respondent carriers agree or
strongly agree with the following statement: "We equip our trucks so
that they are easier to handle." Furthermore, 70 percent agree or
strongly agree with the statement "our drivers refuse dispatches if they
don't feel alert." This percentage increases from a low of 65 percent
for the large-sized carriers to a high of 77 percent for small-sized
carriers.

**Table 44. Company Practices to Manage Fatigue (Percent of carriers in
each category**

who responded with "Agree" or "Strongly Agree")

<table style="width:100%;">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 15%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="2"><strong>Practice</strong></td>
<td rowspan="2"><p id="overall-2" class="heading">Overall</p></td>
<td colspan="4"><strong>Size</strong></td>
<td colspan="4"><strong>Commodity Category</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>Small</strong></td>
<td><strong>Medium</strong></td>
<td><strong>Large</strong></td>
<td><strong>Gen. Frt.</strong></td>
<td><strong>Liq. Gas.</strong></td>
<td><strong>Chem.</strong></td>
<td><strong>Paper</strong></td>
<td><strong>Dry Blk.</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><h2 id="our-drivers-refuse-dispatches-if-they-dont-feel-alert.">Our
drivers refuse dispatches if they don’t feel alert.</h2></td>
<td>70.0</td>
<td>76.8</td>
<td>69.2</td>
<td>64.5</td>
<td>70.7</td>
<td>66.7</td>
<td>60.4</td>
<td>66.7</td>
<td>62.9</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><h1 id="our-drivers-never-suffer-from-sleep-deprivation.">Our
drivers never suffer from sleep deprivation.</h1></td>
<td>27.4</td>
<td>31.8</td>
<td>26.5</td>
<td>24.5</td>
<td>24.0</td>
<td>22.2</td>
<td>21.0</td>
<td>23.8</td>
<td>25.8</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>We equip our trucks so they are easier to handle.</td>
<td>74.4</td>
<td>65.1</td>
<td>80.7</td>
<td>75.0</td>
<td>78.1</td>
<td>75.6</td>
<td>74.4</td>
<td>73.8</td>
<td>68.6</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>We strongly restrict drivers break times.</td>
<td>11.9</td>
<td>15.9</td>
<td>13.2</td>
<td>6.6</td>
<td>10.6</td>
<td>11.1</td>
<td>11.6</td>
<td>16.6</td>
<td>20.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>We urge drivers to talk on the radio.</td>
<td>5.6</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>7.6</td>
<td>8.8</td>
<td>5.4</td>
<td>6.6</td>
<td>4.8</td>
<td>4.8</td>
<td>8.6</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

Source: Supply Chain Management Center, Robert H. Smith School of
Business, University of Maryland.

Survey of Best Safety Management Practices, Federal Motor Carrier Safety
Administration, 2002.

Two statements in this section generated very little support among the
respondents. The first found that only 12 percent agreed with the
following statement: "We strongly restrict drivers' break times."
Furthermore, only 6 percent encourage their drivers to talk on the radio
during driving.

## SECTION 6: MANAGING VEHICLE MAINTENANCE

The sixth section of the questionnaire asked senior managers about their
fleet management policies and procedures. Ultimately, vehicles that are
not properly maintained are unsafe and represent a potential crash
causation factor. The questionnaire probed into maintenance activities
and management's attitude toward maintenance practices and the company's
safety performance. The following subsections review the extent to which
carriers have adopted a computerized equipment maintenance management
program and what elements are specifically included in the adopted
programs; the use of outsourcing for fleet maintenance requirements and
the balance with company mechanics; the company's vehicle purchase
schedule as well as its schedule for major maintenance actions; and some
general attitudes about the importance of vehicle maintenance.

**Computerized Equipment Maintenance Management**

The questionnaire isolated companies that use a computerized equipment
maintenance (CEM) management program and identified which maintenance
activities it supported. Overall, 56 percent of carriers use a CEM
management program. As shown in Table 45 below, the use of CEM
management programs largely depends on carrier size. Small carriers,
most likely with limited funds for investment, are less likely to invest
in this capability. Approximately 23 percent of small-sized carriers use
computerized equipment maintenance programs, compared to a high of 78
percent among the large-sized carriers. Based on commodity type, the use
of a CEM ranges from a high of 73 percent among the liquid gas carriers
to a low of 55 percent among the paper products carriers.

# Table 45. Use of Computerized Equipment Maintenance Management Programs

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 20%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="18"><p><img src="media/image25.wmf"
style="width:4.12986in;height:2.08403in" /></p>
<p>Source: Supply Chain Management Center, Robert H. Smith School of
Business, University of Maryland.</p>
<p>Survey of Best Safety Management Practices, Federal Motor Carrier
Safety Administration, 2002</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Responses (#): Gen. Frt,</td>
<td>75</td>
<td>; Liq. Gas,</td>
<td>44</td>
<td>; Chem,</td>
<td>42</td>
<td>; Paper,</td>
<td>42</td>
<td>; Dry Blk,</td>
<td>34</td>
<td>; Small,</td>
<td>44</td>
<td>; Med,</td>
<td>52</td>
<td>; Lrg,</td>
<td>45</td>
<td>; Tot Size,</td>
<td>141</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

The CEM management programs are used to collect data to develop proper
equipment specifications, develop equipment maintenance procedures,
monitor equipment maintenance activities, and schedule equipment
repairs. To a lesser degree, CEM management programs are used to
determine mechanic training needs and analyze part failure. Table 46
below shows the percentage of carriers with CEMs whose systems include
specific elements in them. Of particular note is that 61 percent of the
CEMs do have the capability to perform part failure analysis. This
percentage varies from a high of 63 percent for the large-sized carriers
to a low of 30 percent for the small-sized carriers with CEMs. Across
commodity types, the general freight carriers with CEMs have the highest
percentage with a part failure analysis capability.

# Table 46. Computerized Equipment Maintenance Management Programs Support of the Following Activities

**(Percent of carriers in each category)**

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 15%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="2"><p id="activity" class="heading">Activity</p></td>
<td rowspan="2"><strong>Overall</strong></td>
<td colspan="4"><strong>Size</strong></td>
<td colspan="4"><strong>Commodity Category</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>Small</strong></td>
<td><strong>Medium</strong></td>
<td><strong>Large</strong></td>
<td><strong>Gen. Frt.</strong></td>
<td><strong>Liq. Gas.</strong></td>
<td><strong>Chem.</strong></td>
<td><strong>Paper</strong></td>
<td><strong>Dry Blk.</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><h2 id="develop-proper-equipment-specifications">Develop Proper
Equipment Specifications</h2></td>
<td>83.3</td>
<td>70.0</td>
<td>78.8</td>
<td>91.4</td>
<td>84.4</td>
<td>83.3</td>
<td>84.6</td>
<td>81.8</td>
<td>78.9</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><h1 id="develop-equipment-maintenance-procedures">Develop Equipment
Maintenance Procedures</h1></td>
<td>93.6</td>
<td>90.0</td>
<td>90.9</td>
<td>97.1</td>
<td>97.8</td>
<td>93.3</td>
<td>96.2</td>
<td>95.5</td>
<td>84.2</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Monitor Equipment Maintenance Activities</td>
<td>97.4</td>
<td>80.0</td>
<td>100.0</td>
<td>100.0</td>
<td>100.0</td>
<td>100.0</td>
<td>96.2</td>
<td>95.5</td>
<td>94.7</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Determine Mechanic Training Needs</td>
<td>56.6</td>
<td>44.4</td>
<td>56.3</td>
<td>60.0</td>
<td>57.8</td>
<td>58.6</td>
<td>50.0</td>
<td>59.1</td>
<td>61.1</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Perform Part Failure Analysis</td>
<td>61.0</td>
<td>30.0</td>
<td>62.5</td>
<td>69.6</td>
<td>66.7</td>
<td>46.7</td>
<td>53.8</td>
<td>54.5</td>
<td>63.2</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Schedule Equipment Repairs</td>
<td>93.5</td>
<td>100.0</td>
<td>87.9</td>
<td>97.1</td>
<td>93.2</td>
<td>100.0</td>
<td>100.0</td>
<td>95.2</td>
<td>89.5</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

Source: Supply Chain Management Center, Robert H. Smith School of
Business, University of Maryland.

Survey of Best Safety Management Practices, Federal Motor Carrier Safety
Administration, 2002.

####### Maintenance Outsourcing and Use of Company Mechanics

Results in Table 47 below reveal that over three-fourths of respondent
carriers outsource one or more of their fleet maintenance activities.
This statistic is consistent across commodity categories and carrier
size groups. However, when carriers are questioned about the outsourcing
of specific maintenance activities, small-sized carriers indicate use of
outsourcing at a higher rate than medium-sized and large-sized carriers.

Table 47. Percentage of Companies in Each Category Who Outsource One or
More of Its Fleet Maintenance Activities.

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 20%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="18"><p>Source: Supply Chain Management Center, Robert H.
Smith School of Business, University of Maryland.</p>
<p><img src="media/image26.wmf"
style="width:2.82014in;height:2.43333in" />Survey of Best Safety
Management Practices, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration,
2002</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Responses (#): Gen. Frt,</td>
<td>74</td>
<td>; Liq. Gas,</td>
<td>44</td>
<td>; Chem,</td>
<td>42</td>
<td>; Paper,</td>
<td>41</td>
<td>; Dry Blk,</td>
<td>34</td>
<td>; Small,</td>
<td>43</td>
<td>; Med,</td>
<td>52</td>
<td>; Lrg,</td>
<td>45</td>
<td>; Tot Size,</td>
<td>140</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

As seen in Table 48 below, for all carriers combined, the maintenance
activities where the highest use of outsourcing occurs are the
following: out-of-chassis engine repairs (84 percent); major drive train
repairs (78 percent); in-chassis engine repairs (72 percent); and tire
repairs (71 percent). The maintenance activities least likely to be
outsourced by all carriers combined are the following: electrical light
system repairs (43 percent); preventive maintenance (44 percent); and
brake system repair (46 percent).

Yet, even within these categories, the small-sized carriers have a
higher rate of outsourcing than do the medium-sized and large-sized
carriers. For example, while 84 percent of all carriers combined
outsource the out-of-chassis engine repairs, this figure increases to 97
percent for the small-sized carriers and decreases to 71 percent for the
large-sized carriers. Furthermore, even though only 43 percent of all
carriers combined outsource electrical light system repairs, this
increases to 59 percent for the small-sized carriers and falls to 37
percent for the large-sized carriers. These results might suggest a
resource issue. The small-sized carriers have inadequate resources to
pay for a permanent maintenance staff.

## Table 48. Outsourced Maintenance Activities Among Respondents Who Outsource 

**(Percent of carriers in each category)**

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 13%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="2"><strong>Activity</strong></td>
<td rowspan="2"><strong>Overall</strong></td>
<td colspan="4"><strong>Size</strong></td>
<td colspan="4"><strong>Commodity Category</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>Small</strong></td>
<td><strong>Medium</strong></td>
<td><strong>Large</strong></td>
<td><strong>Gen. Frt.</strong></td>
<td><strong>Liq. Gas.</strong></td>
<td><strong>Chem.</strong></td>
<td><strong>Paper</strong></td>
<td><strong>Dry Blk.</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><h2 id="brake-system-repair">Brake system repair</h2></td>
<td>46.3</td>
<td>68.6</td>
<td>31.6</td>
<td>40.0</td>
<td>40.0</td>
<td>40.6</td>
<td>46.9</td>
<td>42.4</td>
<td>55.6</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><h1 id="electrical-light-system-repairs">Electrical light system
repairs</h1></td>
<td>42.5</td>
<td>58.8</td>
<td>32.4</td>
<td>37.1</td>
<td>29.6</td>
<td>40.6</td>
<td>46.9</td>
<td>45.5</td>
<td>53.8</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>In-chassis engine repairs</td>
<td>71.7</td>
<td>94.3</td>
<td>61.1</td>
<td>60.0</td>
<td>65.5</td>
<td>71.9</td>
<td>74.2</td>
<td>62.5</td>
<td>84.6</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Major drive train repairs</td>
<td>78.2</td>
<td>94.3</td>
<td>72.5</td>
<td>68.6</td>
<td>73.2</td>
<td>81.8</td>
<td>81.8</td>
<td>76.5</td>
<td>81.5</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Minor drive train repairs</td>
<td>50.5</td>
<td>71.4</td>
<td>35.1</td>
<td>45.7</td>
<td>43.6</td>
<td>37.5</td>
<td>45.2</td>
<td>50.0</td>
<td>55.6</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Out-of-chassis engine repairs</td>
<td>84.4</td>
<td>97.1</td>
<td>85.0</td>
<td>70.6</td>
<td>76.4</td>
<td>90.6</td>
<td>81.3</td>
<td>73.5</td>
<td>88.5</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Preventative maintenance</td>
<td>44.4</td>
<td>67.6</td>
<td>27.5</td>
<td>41.2</td>
<td>32.7</td>
<td>42.4</td>
<td>48.5</td>
<td>45.5</td>
<td>55.6</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Tire repairs</td>
<td>70.7</td>
<td>85.7</td>
<td>52.5</td>
<td>74.3</td>
<td>67.9</td>
<td>72.7</td>
<td>75.8</td>
<td>73.5</td>
<td>70.4</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Tire replacement</td>
<td>62.7</td>
<td>77.1</td>
<td>55.0</td>
<td>57.1</td>
<td>57.1</td>
<td>63.6</td>
<td>63.6</td>
<td>61.8</td>
<td>63.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Truck washing</td>
<td>65.7</td>
<td>68.6</td>
<td>61.5</td>
<td>67.6</td>
<td>59.3</td>
<td>68.8</td>
<td>68.8</td>
<td>63.6</td>
<td>66.7</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

Source: Supply Chain Management Center, Robert H. Smith School of
Business, University of Maryland.

Survey of Best Safety Management Practices, Federal Motor Carrier Safety
Administration, 2002

Table 49 below focuses on the flip side of the outsourcing issue by
looking at the use of company personnel to perform power unit service
and repair. As shown, overall 20 percent of the carriers do not use
their employees to perform power unit service and repair. However, this
percentage ranges from a low of 13 percent among the large-sized
carriers to a high of 39 percent among the small-sized carriers. At the
other end of the spectrum, 41 percent of the respondent carriers use
their company employees to perform at least 76 percent of all power unit
service and repair activity. This figure ranges from a high of 50
percent among the large-sized carriers to a low of 25 percent among the
small sized carriers.

Table 49. Percentage of Company's Power Unit Service and Repairs that
are Performed By Company Employees.

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 20%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="18"><p>Source: Supply Chain Management Center, Robert H.
Smith School of Business, University of Maryland.</p>
<p><img src="media/image27.wmf"
style="width:5.27986in;height:2.28889in" />Survey of Best Safety
Management Practices, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration,
2002</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Responses (#): Gen. Frt,</td>
<td>75</td>
<td>; Liq. Gas,</td>
<td>45</td>
<td>; Chem,</td>
<td>44</td>
<td>; Paper,</td>
<td>42</td>
<td>; Dry Blk,</td>
<td>34</td>
<td>; Small,</td>
<td>44</td>
<td>; Med,</td>
<td>54</td>
<td>; Lrg,</td>
<td>46</td>
<td>; Tot Size,</td>
<td>144</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

An important question is the extent to which company mechanics have had
formal training. Table 50 below addresses the issue of training for
mechanics. Results show that 58 percent of the respondent companies who
hire company mechanics provide formal training for at least
three-fourths of the mechanics. This figure ranges from a high of 68
percent for the large-sized carriers to a low of 42 percent for the
small-sized carriers. Again, this reflects a resource constraint among
the small-sized carriers regarding their ability to pay for formal
training for their mechanics. Chemical carriers have the highest
mechanic training rates. Specifically, 72 percent of these carriers
provide formal training for at least three-fourths of their mechanics.
This training rate is lowest among the dry bulk carriers. Only 54
percent of these carriers provide formal training for at least
three-fourths of their company mechanics.

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 20%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="18"><p><img src="media/image28.wmf"
style="width:4.55in;height:2.41042in" /><strong>Table 50. Percentage of
Company’s Mechanics that Have Formal Mechanics Training.</strong></p>
<p>Source: Supply Chain Management Center, Robert H. Smith School of
Business, University of Maryland.</p>
<p>Survey of Best Safety Management Practices, Federal Motor Carrier
Safety Administration, 2002</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Responses (#): Gen. Frt,</td>
<td>71</td>
<td>; Liq. Gas,</td>
<td>41</td>
<td>; Chem,</td>
<td>39</td>
<td>; Paper,</td>
<td>35</td>
<td>; Dry Blk,</td>
<td>26</td>
<td>; Small,</td>
<td>33</td>
<td>; Med,</td>
<td>48</td>
<td>; Lrg,</td>
<td>44</td>
<td>; Tot Size,</td>
<td>125</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

Table 51 below addresses the issue of training length. It shows that 42
percent of the carriers providing mechanic training have between a one-
and six-week training course for their mechanics. There are some longer
training programs, however. Approximately 9 percent of the carriers with
training programs have between a 7- and 12-week training program, 15
percent have between a 12- and 24-week program, and 23 percent have a
training program greater than 24 weeks.

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 20%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="18"><p><img src="media/image29.wmf"
style="width:4.95972in;height:2.3in" /><strong>Table 51. Number of Weeks
that the Average Mechanic Has Received.</strong></p>
<p>Source: Supply Chain Management Center, Robert H. Smith School of
Business, University of Maryland.</p>
<p>Survey of Best Safety Management Practices, Federal Motor Carrier
Safety Administration, 2002</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Responses (#): Gen. Frt,</td>
<td>70</td>
<td>; Liq. Gas,</td>
<td>40</td>
<td>; Chem,</td>
<td>39</td>
<td>; Paper,</td>
<td>35</td>
<td>; Dry Blk,</td>
<td>25</td>
<td>; Small,</td>
<td>32</td>
<td>; Med,</td>
<td>48</td>
<td>; Lrg,</td>
<td>43</td>
<td>; Tot Size,</td>
<td>123</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

####### Schedules for Vehicle Purchases and Major Maintenance Actions

A key component of a successful vehicle maintenance program is a regular
cycle for vehicle purchases. Carriers may extend their equipment
purchase cycles if they have a very extensive vehicle maintenance
program. Therefore, it is important not to equate longer equipment
purchase cycles with unsafe behavior. Table 52 below presents data on
the equipment (power unit) purchase cycles among the respondent
carriers. As shown, the highest percentage of carriers (28 percent) has
a five-year power-unit replacement cycle. However, 26 percent have an
eight-year or more equipment purchase cycle. A very small minority of
the carriers (7 percent) has a three-year or less equipment purchase
cycle.

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 20%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="18"><p><img src="media/image30.wmf"
style="width:5.29028in;height:2.31944in" /><strong>Table 52. Number of
Years a Company Operates a New Power Unit Before Replacing
It.</strong></p>
<p>Source: Supply Chain Management Center, Robert H. Smith School of
Business, University of Maryland.</p>
<p>Survey of Best Safety Management Practices, Federal Motor Carrier
Safety Administration, 2002</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Responses (#): Gen. Frt,</td>
<td>77</td>
<td>; Liq. Gas,</td>
<td>45</td>
<td>; Chem,</td>
<td>44</td>
<td>; Paper,</td>
<td>43</td>
<td>; Dry Blk,</td>
<td>34</td>
<td>; Small,</td>
<td>47</td>
<td>; Med,</td>
<td>52</td>
<td>; Lrg,</td>
<td>46</td>
<td>; Tot Size,</td>
<td>145</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

Table 53 below addresses the issue of the frequency with which carriers
conduct out-of-chassis engine overhauls. As shown, the overwhelming
majority of respondents (64 percent) conduct out-of-chassis engine
overhauls every 800,000 or more miles of operation. This percentage
varies from a high of 79 percent among the large-sized carriers to a low
of 53 percent among the small-sized carriers. It could be argued that a
higher percentage of the large-sized carriers than of the small-sized
carriers drive more miles between overhauls because they do a better job
of maintenance between overhauls.

Table 53. Number of Miles Company's New Power Units Travel Before
Needing an Out-of-Chassis Engine Overhaul

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 20%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="18"><p>Source: Supply Chain Management Center, Robert H.
Smith School of Business, University of Maryland.</p>
<p><img src="media/image31.wmf"
style="width:4.8in;height:2.30972in" />Survey of Best Safety Management
Practices, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, 2002</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Responses (#): Gen. Frt,</td>
<td>58</td>
<td>; Liq. Gas,</td>
<td>34</td>
<td>; Chem,</td>
<td>32</td>
<td>; Paper,</td>
<td>27</td>
<td>; Dry Blk,</td>
<td>18</td>
<td>; Small,</td>
<td>30</td>
<td>; Med,</td>
<td>36</td>
<td>; Lrg,</td>
<td>34</td>
<td>; Tot Size,</td>
<td>100</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

## 

##  At the other extreme of frequency is the extent to which carriers conduct routine service of trailer brake systems. The majority of respondents (53 percent) conduct routine trailer brake service every 10,000 miles. An additional 22 percent of the carriers conduct routine service between 10,000 and 20,000 miles (Table 54 below). 

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 20%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="18"><h1 id="section-6"></h1>
<h1
id="table-54.-number-of-miles-company-trailers-travel-between-routine">Table
54. Number of Miles Company Trailers Travel Between Routine</h1>
<p><strong>Servicing of its Brake Systems</strong></p>
<p><img src="media/image32.wmf"
style="width:5.47014in;height:2.15764in" />Source: Supply Chain
Management Center, Robert H. Smith School of Business, University of
Maryland.</p>
<p>Survey of Best Safety Management Practices, Federal Motor Carrier
Safety Administration, 2002</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Responses (#): Gen. Frt,</td>
<td>65</td>
<td>; Liq. Gas,</td>
<td>43</td>
<td>; Chem,</td>
<td>39</td>
<td>; Paper,</td>
<td>34</td>
<td>; Dry Blk,</td>
<td>29</td>
<td>; Small,</td>
<td>36</td>
<td>; Med,</td>
<td>46</td>
<td>; Lrg,</td>
<td>40</td>
<td>; Tot Size,</td>
<td>122</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

# General Attitudes About Importance of Maintenance

Carriers in our survey spend significant resources toward maintaining
their vehicle fleets in order to enhance safety. Table 55 below provides
information on how carriers responded to a series of questions about the
importance of vehicle safety. Approximately 90 percent of the carriers
consider cost as a non-issue when it comes to keeping their vehicles
defect-free. A similar percentage of the respondents agree that
deploying a defect-free fleet is the most important thing they do to
ensure highway safety. Finally, 90 percent of the carriers say they
rarely need to conduct unscheduled maintenance, presumably since their
schedule of maintenance is adequate enough to prevent unscheduled
breakdowns.

**Table 55. Statements About Company's Overall Vehicle Maintenance**

**(Percent of carriers in each category who responded with "Agree" or
"Strongly Agree")**

<table style="width:100%;">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 15%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="2"><p id="practice" class="heading">Practice</p></td>
<td rowspan="2"><strong>Overall</strong></td>
<td colspan="4"><strong>Size</strong></td>
<td colspan="4"><strong>Commodity Category</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>Small</strong></td>
<td><strong>Medium</strong></td>
<td><strong>Large</strong></td>
<td><strong>Gen. Frt.</strong></td>
<td><strong>Liq. Gas.</strong></td>
<td><strong>Chem.</strong></td>
<td><strong>Paper</strong></td>
<td><strong>Dry Blk.</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><h2
id="cost-is-no-issue-when-it-comes-to-keeping-our-vehicles-defect-free">Cost
is no issue when it comes to keeping our vehicles defect free</h2></td>
<td>75.7</td>
<td>66.7</td>
<td>84.9</td>
<td>73.4</td>
<td>75.6</td>
<td>73.4</td>
<td>76.7</td>
<td>63.4</td>
<td>78.8</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><h1
id="deploying-a-defect-free-fleet-is-the-most-important-thing-we-do-to-ensure-highway-safety">Deploying
a defect-free fleet is the most important thing we do to ensure highway
safety</h1></td>
<td>79.8</td>
<td>71.5</td>
<td>84.6</td>
<td>82.2</td>
<td>79.7</td>
<td>82.2</td>
<td>81.4</td>
<td>75.7</td>
<td>84.8</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Our vehicles rarely need unscheduled repairs</td>
<td>57.9</td>
<td>59.5</td>
<td>52.8</td>
<td>62.2</td>
<td>60.8</td>
<td>51.1</td>
<td>51.1</td>
<td>48.7</td>
<td>57.6</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

Source: Supply Chain Management Center, Robert H. Smith School of
Business, University of Maryland.

Survey of Best Safety Management Practices, Federal Motor Carrier Safety
Administration, 2002

**[APPENDIX]{.underline}**

> This questionnaire seeks information about the safety management
> practices that enable your company to consistently rank among the
> safest of carriers.
>
> The gray areas containing uppercase letters that appear throughout the
> questionnaire areas are instructions to guide you through the
> questionnaire. Please be sure to read them carefully.
>
> Please answer all questions. If the answer categories to a question do
> not accurately represents your response to the question, select the
> category that best approximates your answer. If you wish to comment on
> any aspect of the questions or qualify your answers, please feel free
> to use the space in the margins. Your comments will be read and taken
> into account.
>
> In case we need further clarification of your responses, would you
> please provide your company name, your name and title, and a telephone
> number that we can reach you at below. However, please do write your
> name or your company's name anywhere else on the questionnaire.
>
> When you have completed the questionnaire, please return it by mailing
> it in the self-addressed stamped envelope that came with it.
>
> Your responses to the questions will be strictly confidential. They
> will not be associated in any way with your name nor your company's
> name. They will be used along with responses from other participating
> carriers to provide summaries about the best safety practices in the
> motor carrier industry.
>
> Thank you for your participation.

SECTION 1

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| QUESTIONS 1 AND 2 ARE OF A GENERAL NATURE. THEY SEEK INFORMATION      |
| ABOUT THE IMPORTANCE OF SAFETY MANAGEMENT AND OF COMMUNICATION ABOUT  |
| SAFETY ISSUES AT YOUR COMPANY.                                        |
|                                                                       |
| **PLEASE BEGIN BY ANSWERING QUESTION 1 BELOW.**                       |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

**Q-1 Would you indicate how much you agree or disagree with each of the
following statements about safety management at your company?** *(Circle
the appropriate number on the scale to the right of each statement.)*

+-----------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
|                             | St  | Di  | Sl  | N   | Sl  | Ag  | St  |
|                             | ron | sag | igh | eit | igh | ree | ron |
|                             | gly | ree | tly | her | tly |     | gly |
|                             | Di  |     | Di  | Ag  | Ag  |     | Ag  |
|                             | sag |     | sag | ree | ree |     | ree |
|                             | ree |     | ree | nor |     |     |     |
|                             |     |     |     | Di  |     |     |     |
|                             |     |     |     | sag |     |     |     |
|                             |     |     |     | ree |     |     |     |
+-----------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| A.  Complying with public   | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
|     safety regulations      |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     completely satisfies    | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
|     our highway safety      |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     objecti                 | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
| ves........................ |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| .......................\... | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
|                             |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| B.  Cost is no issue when   |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     it comes to highway     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     safety decisions at our |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     company...              |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| ........................... |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|                             |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| C.  Customer service and    |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     highway safety          |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     performance go          |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     hand-in-hand at our     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     co                      |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| mpany...................... |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|                             |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| D.  Employee relations go   |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     hand-in-hand with       |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     highway safety          |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     performance at our      |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|                             |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| company................\... |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+

**Q-2 Would you indicate how much you agree or disagree with each of the
following statements about the communication of highway safety issues at
your company?** *(Circle the appropriate number on the scale to the
right of each statement.)*

+-----------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
|                             | St  | Di  | Sl  | N   | Sl  | Ag  | St  |
|                             | ron | sag | igh | eit | igh | ree | ron |
|                             | gly | ree | tly | her | tly |     | gly |
|                             | Di  |     | Di  | Ag  | Ag  |     | Ag  |
|                             | sag |     | sag | ree | ree |     | ree |
|                             | ree |     | ree | nor |     |     |     |
|                             |     |     |     | Di  |     |     |     |
|                             |     |     |     | sag |     |     |     |
|                             |     |     |     | ree |     |     |     |
+-----------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| A.  Our employees feel      | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
|     comfortable discussing  |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     highway safety issues   | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
|     with their              |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     supervisors........     | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
|                             |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| B.  Many ideas about        | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
|     improving the firm's    |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     highway safety come     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     from our                |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     empl                    |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| oyees...................... |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|                             |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| C.  Management's highway    |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     safety concerns are     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     greatly publicized      |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     among our               |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     employees............   |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|                             |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| D.  Our employees           |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     frequently voice        |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     highway safety concerns |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     to their immediate      |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|                             |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|    supervisors............. |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+

**SECTION 2**

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **QUESTIONS 3 THROUGH QUESTION 11 SEEK INFORMATION ABOUT YOUR         |
| COMPANY'S DRIVER HIRING PRACTICES. WHENEVER THE TERM "COMPANY DRIVER" |
| APPEARS IN A QUESTION IT WILL REFER TO**                              |
|                                                                       |
| > "A CARRIER EMPLOYEE WHO HOLDS A DRIVER'S POSITION WITH THE          |
| > CARRIER."                                                           |
|                                                                       |
| **PLEASE CONTINUE BY ANSWERING QUESTION 3 BELOW.**                    |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

**Q-3** Approximately how many drivers (including owner-operators) does
your company hire each year?

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| -   1-10 drivers per year                                             |
|                                                                       |
| -   11-20 drivers per year                                            |
|                                                                       |
| -   21-30 drivers per year                                            |
|                                                                       |
| -   31-40 drivers per year                                            |
|                                                                       |
| -   41-50 drivers per year                                            |
|                                                                       |
| -   51-100 drivers per year                                           |
|                                                                       |
| -   101-150 drivers per year                                          |
|                                                                       |
| -   151-200 drivers per year                                          |
|                                                                       |
| -   200-250 drivers per year                                          |
|                                                                       |
| -   250 or more drivers per year                                      |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

Q-4 Would you rate how important or unimportant each of the following
driver characteristics is to your company's decision to hire a company
driver? ***(Circle the appropriate number on the scale to the right of
each characteristic.)***

+--------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| ### Qualification        | V   | Un  | Sl  | N   | Sl  | Imp | V   |
|                          | ery | imp | igh | eit | igh | ort | ery |
|                          | Un  | ort | tly | her | tly | ant |     |
|                          | imp | ant | Un  | Imp | Imp |     | Imp |
|                          | ort |     | imp | ort | ort |     | ort |
|                          | ant |     | ort | ant | ant |     | ant |
|                          |     |     | ant |     |     |     |     |
|                          |     |     |     | nor |     |     |     |
|                          |     |     |     | Un  |     |     |     |
|                          |     |     |     | imp |     |     |     |
|                          |     |     |     | ort |     |     |     |
|                          |     |     |     | ant |     |     |     |
+--------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| A.  Applicant is 21-25   | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
|     years of             |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     age..............    | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
|                          |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| B.  Applicant is over 25 | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
|     years of             |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     age.........\...     | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
|                          |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| C.  Completed a          | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
|     Professional Truck   |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     Driver               | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
|     Institute-certified  |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     training             | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
|     program.........     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|                          | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
| D.  Driving experience   |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     with other           | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
|     carriers......       |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|                          | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
| E.  No chargeable        |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     crashes..            | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
| ....................\... |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|                          | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
| F.  No prior dismissals  |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     for alcohol or       | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
|     drug-related         |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     violations......     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| ........................ |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|                          |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| G.  No prior speeding    |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     ticke                |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| ts..................\... |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|                          |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| H.  No prior traffic     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     violation            |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     convictions.....\... |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|                          |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| I.  Recommendation from  |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     other                |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     carrier(s).....      |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|                          |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| J.  Solo driving         |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     experienc            |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| e....................... |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|                          |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| K.  Other qualifications |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     (Specify below)      |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|                          |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| \_\_\_\_                 |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+--------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+

**Q-5 Does your company have a policy that does not allow it to hire
owner operators?**

-   Yes

-   No

**Q-6 Approximately what percent of the drivers that your company hires
each year are owner-operators?**

-   Zero percent

-   1-10 percent

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   11-20 percent

-   21-30 percent

-   31-40 percent

-   41-50 percent

-   More than 50 percent

**Q-7 Would you rate how important or unimportant each of the following
driver characteristics is to your company's decision to hire *[an
owner-operator]{.underline}*?** *(Circle the appropriate number on the
scale to the right of each characteristic.)*

+--------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| ### Qualification        | V   | Un  | Sl  | N   | Sl  | Imp | V   |
|                          | ery | imp | igh | eit | igh | ort | ery |
|                          | Un  | ort | tly | her | tly | ant |     |
|                          | imp | ant | Un  | Imp | Imp |     | Imp |
|                          | ort |     | imp | ort | ort |     | ort |
|                          | ant |     | ort | ant | ant |     | ant |
|                          |     |     | ant |     |     |     |     |
|                          |     |     |     | nor |     |     |     |
|                          |     |     |     | Un  |     |     |     |
|                          |     |     |     | imp |     |     |     |
|                          |     |     |     | ort |     |     |     |
|                          |     |     |     | ant |     |     |     |
+--------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| A.  Applicant is 21-25   | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
|     years of             |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     age..............    | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
|                          |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| B.  Applicant is over 25 | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
|     years of             |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     age.........\...     | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
|                          |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| C.  Completed a          | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
|     Professional Truck   |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     Driver               | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
|     Institute-certified  |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     training             | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
|     program.........     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|                          | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
| D.  Driving experience   |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     with other           | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
|     carriers......       |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|                          | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
| E.  No chargeable        |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     crashes..            | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
| ....................\... |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|                          | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
| F.  No prior dismissals  |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     for alcohol or       | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
|     drug-related         |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     violations......     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| ........................ |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|                          |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| G.  No prior speeding    |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     ticke                |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| ts..................\... |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|                          |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| H.  No prior traffic     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     violation            |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     convictions.....\... |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|                          |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| I.  Recommendation from  |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     other                |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     carrier(s).....      |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|                          |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| J.  Solo driving         |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     experienc            |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| e....................... |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|                          |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| K.  Other qualifications |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     (Specify below)      |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|                          |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| \_\_\_\_                 |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+--------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+

**Q-8 Would you rate how important or unimportant each of the following
personality traits is to your company's decision to hire a driver?**
*(Circle the appropriate number on the scale to the right of each
trait.)*

+--------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| ### Appli                | V   | Un  | Sl  | N   | Sl  | Imp | V   |
| cant's personality trait | ery | imp | igh | eit | igh | ort | ery |
|                          | Un  | ort | tly | her | tly | ant | Imp |
|                          | imp | ant | Un  | Imp | Imp |     | ort |
|                          | ort |     | imp | ort | ort |     | ant |
|                          | ant |     | ort | ant | ant |     |     |
|                          |     |     | ant |     |     |     |     |
|                          |     |     |     | nor |     |     |     |
|                          |     |     |     | Un  |     |     |     |
|                          |     |     |     | imp |     |     |     |
|                          |     |     |     | ort |     |     |     |
|                          |     |     |     | ant |     |     |     |
+--------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| A.  Hon                  | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
| est..................... |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| ........................ | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
|                          |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| B.  Patie                | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
| nt...................... |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| ....................\... | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
|                          |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| C.  Rel                  | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
| iable................... |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| ........................ | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
|                          |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| D.  Se                   |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| lf-disciplined.......... |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| ........................ |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|                          |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| E.  S                    |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| elf-motivated........... |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| ........................ |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|                          |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| F.  So                   |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| ciable.................. |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| ........................ |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+--------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+

**Q-9 Would you rate how effective or ineffective each of the following
hiring practices is at helping your company assess the safety risk of
applicants seeking driver positions with your company?** *(Circle the
appropriate number on the scale to the right of each practice.)*

+--------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| ### Hiring practice      | V   | In  | So  | N   | So  | Eff | V   |
|                          | ery | eff | mew | eit | mew | ect | ery |
|                          | In  | ect | hat | her | hat | ive |     |
|                          | eff | ive | In  | Eff | Eff |     | Eff |
|                          | ect |     | eff | ect | ect |     | ect |
|                          | ive |     | ect | ive | ive |     | ive |
|                          |     |     | ive | nor |     |     |     |
|                          |     |     |     | In  |     |     |     |
|                          |     |     |     | eff |     |     |     |
|                          |     |     |     | ect |     |     |     |
|                          |     |     |     | ive |     |     |     |
+--------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| A.  DOT/Fit for work     | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
|     physic               |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| al..................\... | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
|                          |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| B.  Drug                 | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
|                          |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|    testing.............. | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
| ........................ |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|                          | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
| C.  Follow up on         |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     previous             | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
|     employment.......... |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|                          | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
| D.  Job                  |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|                          | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
|  interview.............. |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| ....................\... |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|                          |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| E.  License              |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     qualification        |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     c                    |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| heck.................... |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|                          |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| F.  Reference            |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     check..........      |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| ....................\... |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|                          |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| G.  Test drive to        |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     observe applicant's  |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     on-the-road          |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     behavior...........  |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| ........................ |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|                          |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| H.  Traffic record       |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     check.....           |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| ....................\... |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+--------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+

**Q-10 Does your company have a written hiring policy that contains
safety-related criteria for applicants seeking driver positions with the
company?**

-   Yes

-   No

Q-11 Would you rate how clearly or unclearly each of following
safety-related criteria or ones similar to these are stated in your
company's written hiring policy? ***(Circle the appropriate number on
the scale to the right of each practice. If a criterion or one similar
to it is not stated in your company's hiring policy, circle NA in the
last column to the right.)***

+-------------------------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
| [Criterion for driver   | Ve | U  | Sl | N  | Sl | C  | Ve | N  |
| safety]{.underline}     | ry | nc | ig | ei | ig | le | ry | ot |
|                         | U  | le | ht | th | ht | ar | C  | in |
|                         | nc | ar | ly | er | ly | ly | le | Hi |
|                         | le | ly | U  | C  | C  |    | ar | ri |
|                         | ar |    | nc | le | le |    | ly | ng |
|                         | ly |    | le | ar | ar |    |    | Po |
|                         |    |    | ar | ly | ly |    |    | li |
|                         |    |    | ly | n  |    |    |    | cy |
|                         |    |    |    | or |    |    |    |    |
|                         |    |    |    | U  |    |    |    |    |
|                         |    |    |    | nc |    |    |    |    |
|                         |    |    |    | le |    |    |    |    |
|                         |    |    |    | ar |    |    |    |    |
|                         |    |    |    | ly |    |    |    |    |
+-------------------------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
| A.  Number of crashes   | 1  | 2  | 3  | 4  | 5  | 6  | 7  | NA |
|     that disqualify an  |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
|     applicant as a      | 1  | 2  | 3  | 4  | 5  | 6  | 7  | NA |
|     candidate for       |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
|     employment....      | 1  | 2  | 3  | 4  | 5  | 6  | 7  | NA |
|                         |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
| B.  Number of moving    | 1  | 2  | 3  | 4  | 5  | 6  | 7  | NA |
|     violations that     |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
|     disqualifies        | 1  | 2  | 3  | 4  | 5  | 6  | 7  | NA |
|     applicant as a      |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
|     candidate for       |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
|     e                   |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
| mployment.............. |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
| ....................... |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
|                         |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
| C.  Required review of  |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
|     applicant's driving |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
|     record before being |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
|     considered for      |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
|     hire...\...         |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
|                         |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
| D.  Requirement that    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
|     applicant complete  |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
|     an approved safety  |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
|     training program    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
|     before being        |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
|     considered for      |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
|     hire.               |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
| ...................\... |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
|                         |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
| E.  Requirement that    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
|     applicant           |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
|     participate in      |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
|     driver training     |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
|     after being         |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
|                         |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
|   hired............\... |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+-------------------------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+

**SECTION 3**

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **QUESTIONS 12 THROUGH QUESTION 24 SEEK INFORMATION ABOUT YOUR        |
| COMPANY'S DRIVER TRAINING PRACTICES. WHENEVER THE TERMS "PRE-SERVICE" |
| AND "IN-SERVICE" APPEAR IN A QUESTION THEY WILL REFER TO THE          |
| FOLLOWING.**                                                          |
|                                                                       |
| > PRE-SERVICE: "THE TIME PERIOD THAT BEGINS AFTER A DRIVER IS HIRED   |
| > BY YOUR COMPANY [BUT]{.underline} BEFORE THEY BEGIN DRIVING FOR     |
| > YOUR COMPANY."                                                      |
| >                                                                     |
| > IN-SERVICE: "THE TIME PERIOD THAT BEGINS AFTER A HIRED DRIVER       |
| > BEGINS DRIVING FOR YOUR COMPANY."                                   |
|                                                                       |
| **PLEASE CONTINUE BY ANSWERING QUESTION 12 BELOW**.                   |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

**Q-12** **Would you indicate whether or not your company requires
pre-service training for hired drivers who are company employees and
those who are owner-operators?** *(Mark an "X" in the appropriate
boxes.)*

+--------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| #########  {#section-7}        | Pr  |     |     |     |            |
|                                | e-s |     |     |     |            |
|                                | erv |     |     |     |            |
|                                | ice |     |     |     |            |
|                                | tr  |     |     |     |            |
|                                | ain |     |     |     |            |
|                                | ing |     |     |     |            |
|                                | re  |     |     |     |            |
|                                | qui |     |     |     |            |
|                                | red |     |     |     |            |
|                                | of  |     |     |     |            |
|                                | th  |     |     |     |            |
|                                | ese |     |     |     |            |
|                                | ind |     |     |     |            |
|                                | ivi |     |     |     |            |
|                                | dua |     |     |     |            |
|                                | ls? |     |     |     |            |
+--------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| #########  {#section-8}        | Yes |     | No  |     | Not        |
|                                |     |     |     |     | Applicable |
+--------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| A.  Drivers who are company    | -   |     | -   |     | -          |
|     em                         |     |     |     |     | -          |
| ployees....................... | -   |     | -   |     |            |
|                                |     |     |     |     |            |
| B.  Owner-operators who drive  |     |     |     |     |            |
|     for the                    |     |     |     |     |            |
|     company..............      |     |     |     |     |            |
+--------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **IF YOU ANSWERED "NO" OR "NOT APPLICABLE" TO PARTS (A.) AND (B.), SKIP
  TO QUESTION 14.**

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

Q-13 Approximately how weeks of *[pre-service]{.underline}* training
does your company require of hired drivers who are company employees and
those who are owner-operators? ***(Mark an "X" in the appropriate
boxes.)***

+---------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
|                                 | ### |     |     |     |     |     |
|                                 |  Nu |     |     |     |     |     |
|                                 | mbe |     |     |     |     |     |
|                                 | r o |     |     |     |     |     |
|                                 | f w |     |     |     |     |     |
|                                 | eek |     |     |     |     |     |
|                                 | s o |     |     |     |     |     |
|                                 | f p |     |     |     |     |     |
|                                 | re- |     |     |     |     |     |
|                                 | ser |     |     |     |     |     |
|                                 | vic |     |     |     |     |     |
|                                 | e t |     |     |     |     |     |
|                                 | rai |     |     |     |     |     |
|                                 | nin |     |     |     |     |     |
|                                 | g r |     |     |     |     |     |
|                                 | equ |     |     |     |     |     |
|                                 | ire |     |     |     |     |     |
|                                 | d?  |     |     |     |     |     |
+---------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
|                                 | 0   | 1-2 | 3-4 | 5-6 | 7-8 | O   |
|                                 |     |     |     |     |     | ver |
|                                 |     |     |     |     |     | 8   |
+---------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| A.  Drivers who are company     | -   | -   | -   | -   | -   | -   |
|     emp                         |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| loyees......................... | -   | -   | -   | -   | -   | -   |
|                                 |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| B.  Owner-operators who drive   |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     for the                     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     company................     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+---------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+

**Q-14 Would you indicate whether or not your company requires
in-service training for drivers who are company employees and for those
who are owner-operators?** *(Mark an "X" in the appropriate boxes.)*

+---------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| #########  {#section-9}         | I   |     |     |     |            |
|                                 | n-s |     |     |     |            |
|                                 | erv |     |     |     |            |
|                                 | ice |     |     |     |            |
|                                 | tr  |     |     |     |            |
|                                 | ain |     |     |     |            |
|                                 | ing |     |     |     |            |
|                                 | re  |     |     |     |            |
|                                 | qui |     |     |     |            |
|                                 | red |     |     |     |            |
|                                 | of  |     |     |     |            |
|                                 | th  |     |     |     |            |
|                                 | ese |     |     |     |            |
|                                 | ind |     |     |     |            |
|                                 | ivi |     |     |     |            |
|                                 | dua |     |     |     |            |
|                                 | ls? |     |     |     |            |
+---------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| #########  {#section-10}        | Yes |     | No  |     | Not        |
|                                 |     |     |     |     | Applicable |
+---------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| A.  Drivers who are company     | -   |     | -   |     | -          |
|     e                           |     |     |     |     | -          |
| mployees....................... | -   |     | -   |     |            |
|                                 |     |     |     |     |            |
| B.  Owner-operators who drive   |     |     |     |     |            |
|     for the                     |     |     |     |     |            |
|     company..............       |     |     |     |     |            |
+---------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **IF YOU ANSWERED "NO" OR "NOT APPLICABLE" TO PARTS (A.) AND (B.) FOR
  QUESTION 12 [AND]{.underline} QUESTION 14, SKIP TO QUESTION 25 IN
  SECTION IV.**

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

**Q-15 Would you please indicate whether or not the following subjects
are covered in your company's (a) pre-service training and (b)
in-service training programs?** *(Mark an "X" in the appropriate
boxes.)*

+-----------------------------------+------+------+------+------+------+
| ##  {#section-11}                 | \    |      |      | \    |      |
|                                   | (a\) |      |      | (b\) |      |
|                                   | Cov  |      |      | Cov  |      |
|                                   | ered |      |      | ered |      |
|                                   | du   |      |      | du   |      |
|                                   | ring |      |      | ring |      |
|                                   |      |      |      |      |      |
|                                   | pre  |      |      | in   |      |
|                                   | -ser |      |      | -ser |      |
|                                   | vice |      |      | vice |      |
|                                   | t    |      |      | t    |      |
|                                   | rain |      |      | rain |      |
|                                   | ing? |      |      | ing? |      |
+-----------------------------------+------+------+------+------+------+
| ## Subject                        | Yes  | No   |      | Yes  | No   |
+-----------------------------------+------+------+------+------+------+
| A.  Accident                      | -    | -    |      | -    | -    |
|     Notification                  | -    | -    |      | -    | -    |
| ................................. | -    | -    |      | -    | -    |
|                                   | -    | -    |      | -    | -    |
| B.  CPR                           | -    | -    |      | -    | -    |
|     training...........           | -    | -    |      | -    | -    |
| ................................. | -    | -    |      | -    | -    |
|                                   | -    | -    |      | -    | -    |
| C.  Defensive                     | -    | -    |      | -    | -    |
|     driving.....                  | -    | -    |      | -    | -    |
| ................................. | -    | -    |      | -    | -    |
|                                   | -    | -    |      | -    | -    |
| D.  Dispatch                      | -    | -    |      | -    | -    |
|     procedures..                  | -    | -    |      | -    | -    |
| ................................. | -    | -    |      | -    | -    |
|                                   | -    | -    |      | -    | -    |
| E.  Driver disciplinary           |      |      |      |      |      |
|     pol                           |      |      |      |      |      |
| icies........................\... |      |      |      |      |      |
|                                   |      |      |      |      |      |
| F.  Federal safety                |      |      |      |      |      |
|     regulat                       |      |      |      |      |      |
| ions............................. |      |      |      |      |      |
|                                   |      |      |      |      |      |
| G.  First-aid                     |      |      |      |      |      |
|     training......                |      |      |      |      |      |
| ................................. |      |      |      |      |      |
|                                   |      |      |      |      |      |
| H.  Hazardous materials           |      |      |      |      |      |
|                                   |      |      |      |      |      |
| handling............\............ |      |      |      |      |      |
|                                   |      |      |      |      |      |
| I.  Hours-of-service              |      |      |      |      |      |
|     reg                           |      |      |      |      |      |
| ulations......................... |      |      |      |      |      |
|                                   |      |      |      |      |      |
| J.  Injury                        |      |      |      |      |      |
|     prevention......              |      |      |      |      |      |
| ................................. |      |      |      |      |      |
|                                   |      |      |      |      |      |
| K.  Post-trip                     |      |      |      |      |      |
|     inspections..                 |      |      |      |      |      |
| ................................. |      |      |      |      |      |
|                                   |      |      |      |      |      |
| L.  Pre-trip                      |      |      |      |      |      |
|     inspections...                |      |      |      |      |      |
| ................................. |      |      |      |      |      |
|                                   |      |      |      |      |      |
| M.  Team driving                  |      |      |      |      |      |
|     training..                    |      |      |      |      |      |
| .\............................... |      |      |      |      |      |
|                                   |      |      |      |      |      |
| N.  Truck                         |      |      |      |      |      |
|     maintenance.....              |      |      |      |      |      |
| ....................\............ |      |      |      |      |      |
|                                   |      |      |      |      |      |
| O.  Other subjects (Specify       |      |      |      |      |      |
|     below)                        |      |      |      |      |      |
|     \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\           |      |      |      |      |      |
| _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |      |      |      |      |      |
| \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |      |      |      |      |      |
| _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |      |      |      |      |      |
| \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |      |      |      |      |      |
| _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |      |      |      |      |      |
+-----------------------------------+------+------+------+------+------+

**Q-16 Would you indicate whether or not your company's (a) pre-service
training and (b) in-service training occurs in each of the following
training venues?** *(Mark an "X" in the appropriate boxes.)*

+-----------------------------------+------+------+------+------+------+
|                                   | \    |      |      | \    |      |
|                                   | (a\) |      |      | (b\) |      |
|                                   | Pre  |      |      | In   |      |
|                                   | -ser |      |      | -ser |      |
|                                   | vice |      |      | vice |      |
|                                   | t    |      |      | t    |      |
|                                   | rain |      |      | rain |      |
|                                   | ing? |      |      | ing? |      |
+-----------------------------------+------+------+------+------+------+
| ######## Training venue           | Yes  | No   |      | Yes  | No   |
+-----------------------------------+------+------+------+------+------+
| A.  Classroom                     | -    | -    |      | -    | -    |
|     tra                           | -    | -    |      | -    | -    |
| ining..................\......... | -    | -    |      | -    | -    |
|                                   | -    | -    |      | -    | -    |
| B.  In-vehicle, off-road          | -    | -    |      | -    | -    |
|     training......\...........    |      |      |      |      |      |
|                                   |      |      |      |      |      |
| C.  In-vehicle, on-road           |      |      |      |      |      |
|     training.........\......\...  |      |      |      |      |      |
|                                   |      |      |      |      |      |
| D.  Other venues (Specify below.) |      |      |      |      |      |
|                                   |      |      |      |      |      |
| >                                 |      |      |      |      |      |
| \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |      |      |      |      |      |
| _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |      |      |      |      |      |
| >                                 |      |      |      |      |      |
| >                                 |      |      |      |      |      |
| \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |      |      |      |      |      |
| _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |      |      |      |      |      |
+-----------------------------------+------+------+------+------+------+

Q-17 Approximately how many weeks of *[pre-service]{.underline}*
training in each of the following venues does your company require of
its hired drivers? ***(Mark an "X" in the appropriate boxes.)***

+---------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
|                                 | ### |     |     |     |     |     |
|                                 |  Nu |     |     |     |     |     |
|                                 | mbe |     |     |     |     |     |
|                                 | r o |     |     |     |     |     |
|                                 | f w |     |     |     |     |     |
|                                 | eek |     |     |     |     |     |
|                                 | s o |     |     |     |     |     |
|                                 | f p |     |     |     |     |     |
|                                 | re- |     |     |     |     |     |
|                                 | ser |     |     |     |     |     |
|                                 | vic |     |     |     |     |     |
|                                 | e t |     |     |     |     |     |
|                                 | rai |     |     |     |     |     |
|                                 | nin |     |     |     |     |     |
|                                 | g r |     |     |     |     |     |
|                                 | equ |     |     |     |     |     |
|                                 | ire |     |     |     |     |     |
|                                 | d?  |     |     |     |     |     |
+---------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| [Training venue]{.underline}    | 0   | 1-2 | 3-4 | 5-6 | 7-8 | O   |
|                                 |     |     |     |     |     | ver |
|                                 |     |     |     |     |     | 8   |
+---------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| A.  Classroom                   | -   | -   | -   | -   | -   | -   |
|     training............\...... |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| ...........................\... | -   | -   | -   | -   | -   | -   |
|                                 |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| B.  In-vehicle, off-road        | -   | -   | -   | -   | -   | -   |
|     training.....               |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| ............................... | -   | -   | -   | -   | -   | -   |
|                                 |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| C.  In-vehicle, on-road         | -   | -   | -   | -   | -   | -   |
|     training                    |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     ......                      |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| ...........................\... |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|                                 |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| D.  Other venues (Specify       |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     below.)                     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|                                 |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_  |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|                                 |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_  |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+---------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+

Q-18 Would you indicate whether or not your company uses each of the
following methods for evaluating an individual's performance during its
(a) pre-service training and (b) in-service training programs? ***(Mark
an "X" in the appropriate boxes.)***

+-------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
|                                     | \(  |     |     | \(  |     |
|                                     | a\) |     |     | b\) |     |
|                                     | U   |     |     | U   |     |
|                                     | sed |     |     | sed |     |
|                                     | dur |     |     | dur |     |
|                                     | ing |     |     | ing |     |
|                                     |     |     |     |     |     |
|                                     | Pr  |     |     | I   |     |
|                                     | e-s |     |     | n-s |     |
|                                     | erv |     |     | erv |     |
|                                     | ice |     |     | ice |     |
|                                     | tra |     |     | tra |     |
|                                     | ini |     |     | ini |     |
|                                     | ng? |     |     | ng? |     |
+-------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| ######## Evaluation method          | Yes | No  |     | Yes | No  |
+-------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| A.  Computer-assisted               | -   | -   |     | -   | -   |
|     examinat                        |     |     |     |     |     |
| ion................................ | -   | -   |     | -   | -   |
|                                     |     |     |     |     |     |
| B.  Internet-based                  | -   | -   |     | -   | -   |
|     examination..                   |     |     |     |     |     |
| ................................... | -   | -   |     | -   | -   |
|                                     |     |     |     |     |     |
| C.  In-vehicle, off-road training   | -   | -   |     | -   | -   |
|     examinations .................. |     |     |     |     |     |
|                                     | -   | -   |     | -   | -   |
| D.  In-vehicle, on-road training    |     |     |     |     |     |
|                                     | -   | -   |     | -   | -   |
|    examinations.................... |     |     |     |     |     |
|                                     | -   | -   |     | -   | -   |
| E.  Oral classroom                  |     |     |     |     |     |
|     examination..                   | -   | -   |     | -   | -   |
| ...............................\... |     |     |     |     |     |
|                                     |     |     |     |     |     |
| F.  Questionnaire.................. |     |     |     |     |     |
| ................................... |     |     |     |     |     |
|                                     |     |     |     |     |     |
| G.  Written classroom examination   |     |     |     |     |     |
|     ............................... |     |     |     |     |     |
|                                     |     |     |     |     |     |
| H.  Other methods (Specify below)   |     |     |     |     |     |
|     \_\_\                           |     |     |     |     |     |
| _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |     |     |     |     |     |
| \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |     |     |     |     |     |
| _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |     |     |     |     |     |
| \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |     |     |     |     |     |
| _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |     |     |     |     |     |
+-------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+

Q-19 Would you please indicate whether or not your company's pre-service
and in-service training programs are run entirely by your company's
personnel? ***(Mark an "X" in the appropriate boxes.)***

+-----------------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+
| ##  {#section-12}                       | Run    |        |        |
|                                         | en     |        |        |
|                                         | tirely |        |        |
|                                         | by     |        |        |
|                                         | your   |        |        |
|                                         | com    |        |        |
|                                         | pany's |        |        |
|                                         | pers   |        |        |
|                                         | onnel? |        |        |
+-----------------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+
| ##  {#section-13}                       | Yes    |        | No     |
+-----------------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+
| A.  Pre-service training                | -      |        | -      |
|     programs.................           | -      |        | -      |
|                                         |        |        |        |
| B.  In-service training                 |        |        |        |
|     programs..................          |        |        |        |
+-----------------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  IF YOU ANSWERED "YES" TO PARTS (A.) AND (B.), SKIP TO QUESTION 21.

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

Q-20 Would you indicate whether or not each of the following outside
sources *provides all*, *provides some but not all*, or *provides none*
of your company's (a) pre-service training and (b) in-service training
programs?

> *(Mark an "X" in the appropriate boxes.)*

+--------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| ##  {#section-14}        | \(  |     |     |     | \(  |     |     |
|                          | a\) |     |     |     | b\) |     |     |
|                          | Pr  |     |     |     | I   |     |     |
|                          | e-s |     |     |     | n-s |     |     |
|                          | erv |     |     |     | erv |     |     |
|                          | ice |     |     |     | ice |     |     |
|                          | tra |     |     |     | tra |     |     |
|                          | ini |     |     |     | ini |     |     |
|                          | ng? |     |     |     | ng? |     |     |
+--------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| ## Outside source        | Pr  | Pr  | Pr  |     | Pr  | Pr  | Pr  |
|                          | ovi | ovi | ovi |     | ovi | ovi | ovi |
|                          | des | des | des |     | des | des | des |
|                          |     | S   | N   |     |     | S   | N   |
|                          | All | ome | one |     | All | ome | one |
|                          |     | But |     |     |     | But |     |
|                          |     | Not |     |     |     | Not |     |
|                          |     | All |     |     |     | All |     |
+--------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| A.  Insurance            | -   | -   | -   |     | -   | -   | -   |
|     companies...         |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| ........................ | -   | -   | -   |     | -   | -   | -   |
|                          |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| B.  Professional         | -   | -   | -   |     | -   | -   | -   |
|     training             |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     s                    | -   | -   | -   |     | -   | -   | -   |
| chools.................. |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|                          | -   | -   | -   |     | -   | -   | -   |
| C.  Training             |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     consultants....      |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| ........................ |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|                          |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| D.  Other sources        |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     (Specify below)      |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+--------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+

**Q-21 Would you indicate how much you agree or disagree with the
following three statements about *[pre-service]{.underline}* driver
training for your company?** *(Circle the appropriate number on the
scale to the right of each statement.)*

+--------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
|                          | St  | Di  | Sl  | N   | Sl  | Ag  | St  |
|                          | ron | sag | igh | eit | igh | ree | ron |
|                          | gly | ree | tly | her | tly |     | gly |
|                          | Di  |     | Di  | Ag  | Ag  |     | Ag  |
|                          | sag |     | sag | ree | ree |     | ree |
|                          | ree |     | ree | nor |     |     |     |
|                          |     |     |     | Di  |     |     |     |
|                          |     |     |     | sag |     |     |     |
|                          |     |     |     | ree |     |     |     |
+--------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| A.  Our company          | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
|     considers            |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     pre-service driver   | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
|     training a strategic |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     safety               | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
|     investment........   |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|                          |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| B.  Our company spends   |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     more on pre-service  |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     driving training     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     than do most         |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     carriers........     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|                          |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| C.  Our company closely  |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     monitors pre-service |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     driver-training      |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     expense              |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| s....................... |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+--------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+

**Q-22 Would you indicate how much you agree or disagree with the
following three statements about *[in-service]{.underline}* driver
training for your company?** *(Circle the appropriate number on the
scale to the right of each statement.)*

+--------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
|                          | St  | Di  | Sl  | N   | Sl  | Ag  | St  |
|                          | ron | sag | igh | eit | igh | ree | ron |
|                          | gly | ree | tly | her | tly |     | gly |
|                          | Di  |     | Di  | Ag  | Ag  |     | Ag  |
|                          | sag |     | sag | ree | ree |     | ree |
|                          | ree |     | ree | nor |     |     |     |
|                          |     |     |     | Di  |     |     |     |
|                          |     |     |     | sag |     |     |     |
|                          |     |     |     | ree |     |     |     |
+--------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| A.  Our company          | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
|     considers in-service |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     driver training a    | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
|     strategic safety     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     investment........   | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
|                          |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| B.  Our company spends   |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     more on in-service   |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     driving training     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     than do most         |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     carriers........     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|                          |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| C.  Our company closely  |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     monitors in-service  |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     driver-training      |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     expenses             |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| ........................ |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+--------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+

**Q-23 Would you say that pre-service driver training has greater impact
than in-service driver training, that in-service driver training has
greater impact than pre-service driver training, or that both have equal
impact on your company's highway safety performance? *(Mark an "X" in
the appropriate box.)***

-   Pre-service training has more impact than in-service training

-   In-service training has more impact than pre-service training

-   Pre-service and in-service training have equal impact

**Q-24 Would you indicate how much you agree or disagree with following
three statements about your company's driver training personnel?**
*(Circle the appropriate number on the scale to the right of each
statement.)*

+--------------------------------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
|                                | St | Di | Sl | N  | Sl | A  | St |
|                                | ro | sa | ig | ei | ig | gr | ro |
|                                | ng | gr | ht | th | ht | ee | ng |
|                                | ly | ee | ly | er | ly |    | ly |
|                                | Di |    | Di | A  | A  |    | A  |
|                                | sa |    | sa | gr | gr |    | gr |
|                                | gr |    | gr | ee | ee |    | ee |
|                                | ee |    | ee | n  |    |    |    |
|                                |    |    |    | or |    |    |    |
|                                |    |    |    | Di |    |    |    |
|                                |    |    |    | sa |    |    |    |
|                                |    |    |    | gr |    |    |    |
|                                |    |    |    | ee |    |    |    |
+--------------------------------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
| A.  Training directors         | 1  | 2  | 3  | 4  | 5  | 6  | 7  |
|     strongly influence our     |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
|     safety management          | 1  | 2  | 3  | 4  | 5  | 6  | 7  |
|     decisions.............     |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
| ..........................\... | 1  | 2  | 3  | 4  | 5  | 6  | 7  |
|                                |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
| B.  Our trainers enjoy high    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
|     prestige among company     |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
|     empl                       |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
| oyees......................... |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
| .............................. |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
|                                |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
| C.  Peer-to-peer training is a |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
|     vital element of our       |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
|     driver safety              |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
|                                |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
|    program.................... |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
| .............................. |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+--------------------------------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+

SECTION 4

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| QUESTIONS 25 THROUGH QUESTION 32 SEEK INFORMATION ABOUT PRACTICES     |
| THAT YOUR COMPANY USES TO ENCOURAGE AND REINFORCE SAFE DRIVING        |
| BEHAVIOR.                                                             |
|                                                                       |
| **PLEASE CONTINUE BY ANSWERING QUESTION 25.**                         |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

**Q-25 Would you indicate whether or not your company has safety award
programs for the following categories of personnel or organizational
units?** *(Mark an "X" in the appropriate boxes.)*

+-------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+--------+
|                                     | D   |     |     |     |        |
|                                     | oes |     |     |     |        |
|                                     | the |     |     |     |        |
|                                     | c   |     |     |     |        |
|                                     | omp |     |     |     |        |
|                                     | any |     |     |     |        |
|                                     | h   |     |     |     |        |
|                                     | ave |     |     |     |        |
|                                     | a   |     |     |     |        |
|                                     | saf |     |     |     |        |
|                                     | ety |     |     |     |        |
|                                     | aw  |     |     |     |        |
|                                     | ard |     |     |     |        |
|                                     | p   |     |     |     |        |
|                                     | rog |     |     |     |        |
|                                     | ram |     |     |     |        |
|                                     | for |     |     |     |        |
|                                     | th  |     |     |     |        |
|                                     | em? |     |     |     |        |
+-------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+--------+
| > [Personnel or organizational      | Yes |     | No  |     | Not    |
| > unit]{.underline}                 |     |     |     |     | Appl   |
|                                     |     |     |     |     | icable |
+-------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+--------+
| A.  Individual                      | -   |     | -   |     | -      |
|     drivers.............            |     |     |     |     | -      |
| ................................... | -   |     | -   |     | -      |
|                                     |     |     |     |     | -      |
| B.  Driver                          | -   |     | -   |     | -      |
|     teams...................        |     |     |     |     |        |
| ................................... | -   |     | -   |     |        |
|                                     |     |     |     |     |        |
| C.  Terminals or                    | -   |     | -   |     |        |
|     hubs.............               |     |     |     |     |        |
| ................................... |     |     |     |     |        |
|                                     |     |     |     |     |        |
| D.  Other personnel or              |     |     |     |     |        |
|     organizational units (Specify   |     |     |     |     |        |
|     below)                          |     |     |     |     |        |
|     \_\_\_\_\                       |     |     |     |     |        |
| _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |     |     |     |     |        |
| \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |     |     |     |     |        |
| _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |     |     |     |     |        |
| \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |     |     |     |     |        |
| _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |     |     |     |     |        |
+-------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+--------+

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **IF YOU ANSWERED "NO" OR "NOT APPLICABLE" TO ALL OF THE CATEGORIES
  ABOVE, SKIP TO QUESTION 29.**

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

Q-26 Would you indicate how frequently your company presents safety
awards to the following personnel or organizational units? ***(Mark an
"X" in all appropriate boxes to the right of each personnel or
organizational unit..)***

+---------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| [Personnel or Organizational    | No  | Wee | M   | Qua | Se  | Ann |
| Unit]{.underline}               | Awa | kly | ont | rte | mi- | ual |
|                                 | rds | Awa | hly | rly | ann | Awa |
|                                 | at  | rds | Awa | Awa | ual | rds |
|                                 | All |     | rds | rds | Awa |     |
|                                 |     |     |     |     | rds |     |
+---------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| A.  Individual                  | -   | -   | -   | -   | -   | -   |
|     drivers................     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| ............................... | -   | -   | -   | -   | -   | -   |
|                                 |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| B.  Driver                      | -   | -   | -   | -   | -   | -   |
|     teams...................... |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| ............................... | -   | -   | -   | -   | -   | -   |
|                                 |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| C.  Terminal                    | -   | -   | -   | -   | -   | -   |
|     units.....................  |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| ...........................\... |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|                                 |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| D.  Other personnel or          |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     organizational units        |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     (Specify below)             |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|                                 |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| > \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+---------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+

**Q-27 Would you indicate whether or not your company uses each of the
following types of rewards to encourage safe driving behavior?** *(Mark
an "X" in the appropriate boxes.)*

+---------------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+
| ###  {#section-15}                          | Uses  |       |       |
|                                             | this  |       |       |
|                                             | type  |       |       |
|                                             | of    |       |       |
|                                             | re    |       |       |
|                                             | ward? |       |       |
+---------------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+
| ### Type of Reward                          | Yes   |       | No    |
+---------------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+
| A.  Cash...................                 | -     |       | -     |
| ........................................... | -     |       | -     |
|                                             | -     |       | -     |
| B.  Certificates of                         | -     |       | -     |
|     merit....                               | -     |       | -     |
| .............................\.........\... | -     |       | -     |
|                                             | -     |       | -     |
| C.  Congratulatory letters from             | -     |       | -     |
|     management.................\...         | -     |       | -     |
|                                             | -     |       | -     |
| D.  Extra                                   | -     |       | -     |
|     holidays.........                       | -     |       | -     |
| .......................................\... | -     |       | -     |
|                                             | -     |       | -     |
| E.  Favorable consideration for             | -     |       | -     |
|     promotion...................\...        | -     |       | -     |
|                                             | -     |       | -     |
| F.  Free CDL                                | -     |       | -     |
|     renewal...                              | -     |       | -     |
| ........................................... |       |       |       |
|                                             |       |       |       |
| G.  Free                                    |       |       |       |
|     meals..............                     |       |       |       |
| .......................................\... |       |       |       |
|                                             |       |       |       |
| H.  Insurance                               |       |       |       |
|     rebates.......                          |       |       |       |
| .............................\.........\... |       |       |       |
|                                             |       |       |       |
| I.  Lottery                                 |       |       |       |
|     tickets.........                        |       |       |       |
| .......................................\... |       |       |       |
|                                             |       |       |       |
| J.  Merchandise..........                   |       |       |       |
| ........................................... |       |       |       |
|                                             |       |       |       |
| K.  Public                                  |       |       |       |
|     recognition.....                        |       |       |       |
| .......................................\... |       |       |       |
|                                             |       |       |       |
| L.  Safety                                  |       |       |       |
|     banquets........                        |       |       |       |
| .......................................\... |       |       |       |
|                                             |       |       |       |
| M.  Safety decorations (e.g., badges,       |       |       |       |
|     patches)................\...            |       |       |       |
|                                             |       |       |       |
| N.  Savings                                 |       |       |       |
|     bonds.........                          |       |       |       |
| .......................................\... |       |       |       |
|                                             |       |       |       |
| O.  Travel                                  |       |       |       |
|     packages.......                         |       |       |       |
| .......................................\... |       |       |       |
|                                             |       |       |       |
| P.  Upgraded vehicle                        |       |       |       |
|     opt                                     |       |       |       |
| ions...................................\... |       |       |       |
|                                             |       |       |       |
| Q.  Verbal                                  |       |       |       |
|     praise.........                         |       |       |       |
| ........................................... |       |       |       |
|                                             |       |       |       |
| R.  Other rewards (Please specify)          |       |       |       |
|     \_\_\_\_                                |       |       |       |
| \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |       |       |       |
| _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |       |       |       |
| \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |       |       |       |
| _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |       |       |       |
+---------------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+

**Q-28 Are the standards your company uses for driver safety awards
based on the following criteria or ones similar to them? For example, if
your company gives safety awards to drivers who are crash-free for a
year, you would mark the "Yes" box to the right of "Crashes during a
specified time period."** *(Mark an "X" in the appropriate boxes.)*

+----------------------------------------+-----------+-----+-----------+
| > [Criterion]{.underline}              | Based on  |     | Not based |
|                                        | this or a |     | on this   |
|                                        | similar   |     | or a      |
|                                        | c         |     | similar   |
|                                        | riterion? |     | c         |
|                                        |           |     | riterion? |
+----------------------------------------+-----------+-----+-----------+
| A.  Crashes during a specified time    | -         |     | -         |
|     period........................     | -         |     | -         |
|                                        | -         |     | -         |
| B.  Crashes over a specified number of | -         |     | -         |
|     miles....................          | -         |     | -         |
|                                        | -         |     | -         |
| C.  Traffic convictions during a       | -         |     | -         |
|     specified time period...\........  | -         |     | -         |
|                                        | -         |     | -         |
| D.  Traffic convictions over a         |           |     |           |
|     specified number of miles......    |           |     |           |
|                                        |           |     |           |
| E.  FMCSR violations during a          |           |     |           |
|     specified time period........\...  |           |     |           |
|                                        |           |     |           |
| F.  FMCSR violations over a specified  |           |     |           |
|     number of miles.......             |           |     |           |
|                                        |           |     |           |
| G.  Public complaints during a         |           |     |           |
|     specified time period ...........  |           |     |           |
|                                        |           |     |           |
| H.  Other standards (Please specify    |           |     |           |
|     below)                             |           |     |           |
|                                        |           |     |           |
| \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_                 |           |     |           |
| \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |           |     |           |
| \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |           |     |           |
|                                        |           |     |           |
| \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_                 |           |     |           |
| \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |           |     |           |
| \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |           |     |           |
+----------------------------------------+-----------+-----+-----------+

**Q-29 Does your company discipline its drivers for each of the
following?** *(Mark an "X" in the appropriate boxes.)*

+----------------------------------------+-----------+-----+-----------+
|                                        | Yes       |     | No        |
+----------------------------------------+-----------+-----+-----------+
| A.  Violations of Federal Motor        | -         |     | -         |
|     Carrier Safety Regulations\....    | -         |     | -         |
|                                        | -         |     | -         |
| B.  Violating company safety           |           |     |           |
|                                        |           |     |           |
|  policies............................. |           |     |           |
|                                        |           |     |           |
| C.  Unsafe driving performance in      |           |     |           |
|     general.........\...               |           |     |           |
|     ...\......\...                     |           |     |           |
+----------------------------------------+-----------+-----+-----------+

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **IF YOU ANSWERED "NO" TO PARTS (A.), (B.), AND (C.), SKIP TO QUESTION
  32.**

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

**Q-30 Would you rate how effective or ineffective the following actions
are at helping your firm discipline drivers for unsafe driving
behavior?** *(Circle the appropriate number on the scale to the right of
each action.)*

+--------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| ### Action               | V   | In  | So  | N   | So  | Eff | V   |
|                          | ery | eff | mew | eit | mew | ect | ery |
|                          | In  | ect | hat | her | hat | ive |     |
|                          | eff | ive | In  | Eff | Eff |     | Eff |
|                          | ect |     | eff | ect | ect |     | ect |
|                          | ive |     | ect | ive | ive |     | ive |
|                          |     |     | ive | nor |     |     |     |
|                          |     |     |     | In  |     |     |     |
|                          |     |     |     | eff |     |     |     |
|                          |     |     |     | ect |     |     |     |
|                          |     |     |     | ive |     |     |     |
+--------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| A.  Suspension from      | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
|     serv                 |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| ice..................... | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
|                          |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| B.  Termination of       | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
|     emp                  |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| loyment................. | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
|                          |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| C.  Verbal               | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
|     warning..........    |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| ....................\... | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
|                          |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| D.  Written              |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     warning.......       |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| ........................ |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|                          |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| E.  Other action         |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     (Specify below)      |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|                          |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| > \_\_\_\_\_\_           |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+--------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+

**Q-31 Would you say that safety rewards have greater impact than
disciplinary actions, that disciplinary actions have greater impact than
safety rewards, or that both have equal impact on your company's highway
safety performance?** *(Mark an "X" in the appropriate box.)*

-   Safety rewards have more impact than disciplinary actions

-   Disciplinary actions have more impact than safety rewards

-   Safety rewards and disciplinary actions have equal impact

**Q-32 Would you indicate how much you agree or disagree with the
following four statements about reinforcing driver safety at your
company?** *(Circle the appropriate number on the scale to the right of
each source.)*

+-----------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
|                             | St  | Di  | Sl  | N   | Sl  | Ag  | St  |
|                             | ron | sag | igh | eit | igh | ree | ron |
|                             | gly | ree | tly | her | tly |     | gly |
|                             | Di  |     | Di  | Ag  | Ag  |     | Ag  |
|                             | sag |     | sag | ree | ree |     | ree |
|                             | ree |     | ree | nor |     |     |     |
|                             |     |     |     | Di  |     |     |     |
|                             |     |     |     | sag |     |     |     |
|                             |     |     |     | ree |     |     |     |
+-----------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| A.  Disciplining drivers    | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
|     does little to impact   |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     on our company's        | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
|     highway safety          |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     .                       | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
| ........................... |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|                             | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
| B.  Only safe drivers get   |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     promoted at our         |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     compa                   |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| ny......................... |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| ...............\........... |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|                             |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| C.  Rewards are the best    |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     way to get drivers to   |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     drive                   |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     safely.                 |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| ........................... |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| .......................\... |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|                             |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| D.  Safety training without |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     incentives to reinforce |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     the training is         |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     useless..............   |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| .......................\... |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+

**SECTION 5**

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **QUESTIONS 33 THROUGH QUESTION 37 SEEK INFORMATION ABOUT THE         |
| PRACTICES YOUR COMPANY USES TO MANAGE THE CONDITIONS ITS DRIVERS FACE |
| WHILE IN SERVICE.**                                                   |
|                                                                       |
| **PLEASE CONTINUE BY ANSWERING QUESTION 33 BELOW.**                   |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

**Q-33 What is the average length-of-haul for your company's
over-the-road drivers?**

-   0-250 miles

-   251-500 miles

-   501-750 miles

-   750-1000 miles

-   More than 1000 miles

**Q-34 Approximately what percent of your company's annual vehicle miles
occur in local operations?**

-   Zero percent

-   1-25 percent

-   26-50 percent

-   51-75 percent

-   75-100 percent

**Q-35 Approximately what percent of your company's drivers work in
local operations?**

-   Zero percent

-   1-25 percent

-   26-50 percent

-   51-75 percent

-   75-100 percent

**Q-36 Would you indicate whether or not your company use each of the
following technologies to monitor driver performance?** *(Mark an "X" in
the appropriate boxes.)*

+--------------------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+
|                                            | Used   |        |        |
|                                            | by     |        |        |
|                                            | your   |        |        |
|                                            | co     |        |        |
|                                            | mpany? |        |        |
+--------------------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+
| > [Technolog***y***]{.underline}           | Yes    |        | No     |
+--------------------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+
| A.  Engine                                 | -      |        | -      |
|     diagno                                 | -      |        | -      |
| stics..................................... | -      |        | -      |
|                                            | -      |        | -      |
| B.  Real-time vehicle routing              | -      |        | -      |
|     software...............\...            | -      |        | -      |
|                                            | -      |        | -      |
| C.  Satellite-tracking/global positioning  | -      |        | -      |
|     system.......                          |        |        |        |
|                                            |        |        |        |
| D.  Speed regulators on                    |        |        |        |
|     vehicles.........................      |        |        |        |
|                                            |        |        |        |
| E.  Two-way                                |        |        |        |
|     radi                                   |        |        |        |
| os........................................ |        |        |        |
|                                            |        |        |        |
| F.  Wireless messaging                     |        |        |        |
|     systems..........................      |        |        |        |
|                                            |        |        |        |
| G.  Other technologies (Please specify     |        |        |        |
|     below.)                                |        |        |        |
|                                            |        |        |        |
| > \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_           |        |        |        |
| \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |        |        |        |
| \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |        |        |        |
| \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |        |        |        |
+--------------------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+

**Q-37 Would you indicate how much you agree or disagree with each of
the following statements about how your company manages driver
fatigue?** *(Circle the appropriate number on the scale to the right of
each statement.)*

+-----------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
|                             | St  | Di  | Sl  | N   | Sl  | Ag  | St  |
|                             | ron | sag | igh | eit | igh | ree | ron |
|                             | gly | ree | tly | her | tly |     | gly |
|                             | Di  |     | Di  | Ag  | Ag  |     | Ag  |
|                             | sag |     | sag | ree | ree |     | ree |
|                             | ree |     | ree | nor |     |     |     |
|                             |     |     |     | Di  |     |     |     |
|                             |     |     |     | sag |     |     |     |
|                             |     |     |     | ree |     |     |     |
+-----------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| A.  Our drivers refuse      | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
|     dispatches if they do   |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     not feel alert enough   | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
|     to handle the           |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     dr                      | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
| ive........................ |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|                             | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
| B.  Our drivers never       |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     suffer from sleep       | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
|     deprivation.....        |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|                             |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| C.  We equip our trucks so  |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     they are easier to      |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     handle...               |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|                             |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| D.  We strongly restrict    |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     drivers' break          |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     times.............      |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|                             |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| E.  We urge drivers to talk |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     on radios while         |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     driving.....            |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+

**SECTION 6**

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **QUESTIONS 38- 53 SEEK INFORMATION ABOUT PRACTICES YOUR COMPANY USES |
| TO MANAGE THE AMOUNT OF WEAR AND TEAR THAT ITS VEHICLES ARE EXPOSED   |
| TO.**                                                                 |
|                                                                       |
| **PLEASE CONTINUE BY ANSWERING QUESTION 38 BELOW.**                   |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

**Q-38 Does your company currently use a computerized equipment
maintenance management program?**

-   No

-   Yes

**Q-39 Would you indicate whether or not the data collected from your
company's computerized equipment maintenance (CEM) management program is
used to support the following activities?** *(Mark an "X" in the
appropriate boxes.)*

+--------------------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+
|                                            | Sup    |        |        |
|                                            | ported |        |        |
|                                            | by CEM |        |        |
|                                            | data?  |        |        |
+--------------------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+
| > [Activity]{.underline}                   | Yes    |        | No     |
+--------------------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+
| A.  Developing proper equipment            | -      |        | -      |
|     specifications........                 | -      |        | -      |
|                                            | -      |        | -      |
| B.  Developing equipment maintenance       | -      |        | -      |
|     procedures....                         | -      |        | -      |
|                                            | -      |        | -      |
| C.  Monitoring equipment maintenance       |        |        |        |
|     activities.......                      |        |        |        |
|                                            |        |        |        |
| D.  Determining mechanic training          |        |        |        |
|     needs................                  |        |        |        |
|                                            |        |        |        |
| E.  Performing part failure                |        |        |        |
|     analysis.....................\...      |        |        |        |
|                                            |        |        |        |
| F.  Scheduling equipment                   |        |        |        |
|     repairs..........................      |        |        |        |
+--------------------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+

**Q-40 Does your company outsource one or more of its fleet maintenance
activities?**

-   No

-   Yes

**Q-41 Would you please indicate whether or not your company outsources
each of the following maintenance activities?** *(Mark an "X" in the
appropriate boxes.)*

+-----------------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+
|                                         | Outs   |        |        |
|                                         | ourced |        |        |
|                                         | by     |        |        |
|                                         | your   |        |        |
|                                         | co     |        |        |
|                                         | mpany? |        |        |
+-----------------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+
| > [Activity]{.underline}                | Yes    |        | No     |
+-----------------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+
| A.  Brake system                        | -      |        | -      |
|     repairs........................\... | -      |        | -      |
|                                         | -      |        | -      |
| B.  Electrical/light system             | -      |        | -      |
|     repairs................             | -      |        | -      |
|                                         | -      |        | -      |
| C.  In-chassis engine                   | -      |        | -      |
|     repairs.......................      | -      |        | -      |
|                                         | -      |        | -      |
| D.  Major drive train                   | -      |        | -      |
|     repairs.......................      |        |        |        |
|                                         |        |        |        |
| E.  Minor drive train                   |        |        |        |
|     repairs.......................      |        |        |        |
|                                         |        |        |        |
| F.  Out-of-chassis engine               |        |        |        |
|     repairs.................            |        |        |        |
|                                         |        |        |        |
| G.  Preventive                          |        |        |        |
|                                         |        |        |        |
|    maintenance.....................\... |        |        |        |
|                                         |        |        |        |
| H.  Tire                                |        |        |        |
|     repair                              |        |        |        |
| s...................................... |        |        |        |
|                                         |        |        |        |
| I.  Tire                                |        |        |        |
|     repl                                |        |        |        |
| acement................................ |        |        |        |
|                                         |        |        |        |
| J.  Truck                               |        |        |        |
|     w                                   |        |        |        |
| ashing................................. |        |        |        |
+-----------------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+

**Q-42 Approximately what percent of your company's power unit service
and repairs do company employees perform?**

-   Zero percent

-   1-25 percent

-   26-50 percent

-   51-75 percent

-   76-100 percent

**Q-43 About how many mechanics does your company employ to service its
fleet?**

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| -   1-10 mechanics                                                    |
|                                                                       |
| -   11-20 mechanics                                                   |
|                                                                       |
| -   21-30 mechanics                                                   |
|                                                                       |
| -   31-40 mechanics                                                   |
|                                                                       |
| -   41-50 mechanics                                                   |
|                                                                       |
| -   51-100 mechanics                                                  |
|                                                                       |
| -   101-250 mechanics                                                 |
|                                                                       |
| -   251-500 mechanics                                                 |
|                                                                       |
| -   500-1000 mechanics                                                |
|                                                                       |
| -   1001 or more mechanics                                            |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

**Q-44 Approximately what percentage of your company's mechanics have
had formal mechanic's training, either prior to or during service with
the company?**

-   0-25 percent

-   26-50 percent

-   51-75 percent

-   76-100 percent

**Q-45 Approximately how many weeks of formal training has the average
mechanic at your company received?**

-   0 weeks

-   1-6 weeks

-   7-12 weeks

-   12-24 weeks

-   24 or more weeks

**Q-46 Which of the following ranges best describes the number of power
units in your company's fleet?**

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| -   1-10 power units                                                  |
|                                                                       |
| -   11-20 power units                                                 |
|                                                                       |
| -   21-30 power units                                                 |
|                                                                       |
| -   31-40 power units                                                 |
|                                                                       |
| -   41-50 power units                                                 |
|                                                                       |
| -   51-100 power units                                                |
|                                                                       |
| -   101-250 power units                                               |
|                                                                       |
| -   251-500 power units                                               |
|                                                                       |
| -   501-1000 power units                                              |
|                                                                       |
| -   1001 or more power units                                          |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

**Q-47 On average, how many years does your company operate a new power
unit before replacing it?**

-   3 years or less

-   4 years

-   5 years

-   6 years

-   7 years

-   8 or more years

**Q-48 Which of the following ranges best describes the total vehicle
miles that your company's fleet travels in a year?**

-   10 million miles or less

-   More than 10 million, but less than 50 million miles

-   More than 50 million, but less than 100 million miles

-   More than 100 million, but less than 150 million miles

-   More than 150 million miles

**Q-49 Roughly how many miles do your company power units travel between
Schedule A, Schedule B, and Schedule C preventive maintenance (PM)
inspections?** *(Mark an "X" in the appropriate boxes.)*

+----------------------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
|                                  | Schedule  | Schedule  | Schedule  |
|                                  |           |           |           |
|                                  | A         | B         | C         |
+----------------------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| A.  Less than                    | -         | -         | -         |
|     10,00                        | -         | -         | -         |
| 0miles...\...................... | -         | -         | -         |
|                                  | -         | -         | -         |
| B.  10,001-20,000                | -         | -         | -         |
|     m                            | -         | -         | -         |
| iles........................\... |           |           |           |
|                                  |           |           |           |
| C.  20,001-30,000                |           |           |           |
|     m                            |           |           |           |
| iles........................\... |           |           |           |
|                                  |           |           |           |
| D.  30,001-40,000                |           |           |           |
|     m                            |           |           |           |
| iles........................\... |           |           |           |
|                                  |           |           |           |
| E.  40,001-50,000                |           |           |           |
|     m                            |           |           |           |
| iles........................\... |           |           |           |
|                                  |           |           |           |
| F.  50,001 or more               |           |           |           |
|                                  |           |           |           |
|   miles......................... |           |           |           |
+----------------------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+

**Q-50 On average, how many miles do your company's new power units
travel before needing an (a) in-frame engine overhaul and (b) in-frame
drive train overhaul?**

+----------------------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
|                                  | \(a\)     |           | \(b\)     |
|                                  | In-frame  |           | In-frame  |
|                                  | engine    |           | drive     |
|                                  | overhaul  |           | train     |
|                                  |           |           | overhaul  |
+----------------------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| A.  Less than                    | -         |           | -         |
|     300,00                       | -         |           | -         |
| 0miles...\..................\... | -         |           | -         |
|                                  | -         |           | -         |
| B.  300,001-400,000              | -         |           | -         |
|                                  | -         |           | -         |
|   miles.....................\... |           |           |           |
|                                  |           |           |           |
| C.  400,001-500,000              |           |           |           |
|                                  |           |           |           |
|   miles.....................\... |           |           |           |
|                                  |           |           |           |
| D.  500,001-600,000              |           |           |           |
|                                  |           |           |           |
|   miles.....................\... |           |           |           |
|                                  |           |           |           |
| E.  600,001-700,000              |           |           |           |
|                                  |           |           |           |
|   miles.....................\... |           |           |           |
|                                  |           |           |           |
| F.  700,001 or more              |           |           |           |
|                                  |           |           |           |
|   miles.....................\... |           |           |           |
+----------------------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+

**Q-51 Roughly how many miles do your company's new power units travel
before needing an (a) out-of-chassis engine overhaul and (b)
out-of-chassis drive train overhaul?**

+-------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
|                                     | \(a\)    |          | \(b\)    |
|                                     | Out-of   |          | Out-of   |
|                                     | -chassis |          | -chassis |
|                                     | engine   |          | drive    |
|                                     | overhaul |          | train    |
|                                     |          |          | overhaul |
+-------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| A.  Less than                       | -        |          | -        |
|     500,000m                        | -        |          | -        |
| iles............................... | -        |          | -        |
|                                     | -        |          | -        |
| B.  500,001-600,000                 | -        |          | -        |
|     mi                              |          |          |          |
| les................................ |          |          |          |
|                                     |          |          |          |
| C.  600,001-700,000                 |          |          |          |
|     mi                              |          |          |          |
| les................................ |          |          |          |
|                                     |          |          |          |
| D.  700,001-800,000                 |          |          |          |
|     mi                              |          |          |          |
| les................................ |          |          |          |
|                                     |          |          |          |
| E.  800,001 or more                 |          |          |          |
|     mile                            |          |          |          |
| s..............................\... |          |          |          |
+-------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+

**Q-52 Roughly how many miles do your company trailers travel between
(a) inspections of the trailer's general condition and (b) routine
servicing of it brake systems?** *(Mark an "X" in the appropriate
boxes.)*

+-------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
|                                     | \(a\)    |          | \(b\)    |
|                                     | In       |          | Routine  |
|                                     | spection |          | service  |
|                                     | of       |          | of       |
|                                     | trailer  |          | trailer  |
|                                     | general  |          | brake    |
|                                     | c        |          | system   |
|                                     | ondition |          |          |
+-------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| A.  Less than                       | -        |          | -        |
|     10,000mile                      | -        |          | -        |
| s...\.............................. | -        |          | -        |
|                                     | -        |          | -        |
| B.  10,001-20,000                   | -        |          | -        |
|     miles                           | -        |          | -        |
| ................................... |          |          |          |
|                                     |          |          |          |
| C.  20,001-30,000                   |          |          |          |
|     miles                           |          |          |          |
| ................................... |          |          |          |
|                                     |          |          |          |
| D.  30,001-40,000                   |          |          |          |
|     miles                           |          |          |          |
| ................................... |          |          |          |
|                                     |          |          |          |
| E.  40,001-50,000                   |          |          |          |
|     miles                           |          |          |          |
| ................................... |          |          |          |
|                                     |          |          |          |
| F.  50,001 or more                  |          |          |          |
|     mile                            |          |          |          |
| s.................................. |          |          |          |
+-------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+

**Q-53 Would you indicate how much you agree or disagree with following
three statements about your company's overall vehicle management?**
*(Circle the appropriate number on the scale to the right of each
statement.)*

+-----------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
|                             | St  | Di  | Sl  | N   | Sl  | Ag  | St  |
|                             | ron | sag | igh | eit | igh | ree | ron |
|                             | gly | ree | tly | her | tly |     | gly |
|                             | Di  |     | Di  | Ag  | Ag  |     | Ag  |
|                             | sag |     | sag | ree | ree |     | ree |
|                             | ree |     | ree | nor |     |     |     |
|                             |     |     |     | Di  |     |     |     |
|                             |     |     |     | sag |     |     |     |
|                             |     |     |     | ree |     |     |     |
+-----------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| A.  Cost is no issue when   | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
|     it comes to keeping our |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     vehicles                | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
|     defect-free..........   |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| ........................... | 1   | 2   | 3   | 4   | 5   | 6   | 7   |
|                             |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| B.  Deploying a defect-free |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     fleet is the most       |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     important thing we do   |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     to ensure highway       |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     safety................  |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|                             |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| C.  Our vehicles rarely     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     need unscheduled        |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     repairs\.               |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| ........................... |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| .......................\... |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+

**SECTION 1: GENERAL INFORMATION**

Questions 1 & 2 seek information about the importance of safety
management and of communication about safety issues at your company.

  --------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----
  ![](media/image6.wmf){width="6.290277777777778in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.140277777777778in"}                                                                                                                             

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                            74   ; Liq. 45   ; Chem, 44   ; Paper, 42   ; Dry  34   ; Small, 46   ; Med, 52   ; Lrg, 45   ; Tot   143
                                                           Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                            

  ![](media/image7.wmf){width="6.320138888888889in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.1666666666666665in"}                                                                                                                            

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                            74   ; Liq. 45   ; Chem, 44   ; Paper, 42   ; Dry  34   ; Small, 46   ; Med, 51   ; Lrg, 46   ; Tot   143
                                                           Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                            

  ![](media/image8.wmf){width="6.3in"                                                                                                                       
  height="2.1347222222222224in"}                                                                                                                            

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                            75   ; Liq. 45   ; Chem, 44   ; Paper, 42   ; Dry  34   ; Small, 46   ; Med, 52   ; Lrg, 46   ; Tot   144
                                                           Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   
  --------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----

**Questions 1 & 2 (cont.)**

  ---------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----
  ![](media/image9.wmf){width="5.070138888888889in"                                                                                                          
  height="2.2847222222222223in"}                                                                                                                             

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                             75   ; Liq. 45   ; Chem, 44   ; Paper, 42   ; Dry  34   ; Small, 46   ; Med, 52   ; Lrg, 46   ; Tot   144
                                                            Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                             

  ![](media/image10.wmf){width="4.420138888888889in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.307638888888889in"}                                                                                                                              

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                             75   ; Liq. 45   ; Chem, 44   ; Paper, 42   ; Dry  34   ; Small, 46   ; Med, 52   ; Lrg, 46   ; Tot   144
                                                            Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                             

  ![](media/image11.wmf){width="5.995833333333334in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.4194444444444443in"}                                                                                                                             

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                             75   ; Liq. 45   ; Chem, 44   ; Paper, 42   ; Dry  34   ; Small, 46   ; Med, 52   ; Lrg, 46   ; Tot   144
                                                            Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   
  ---------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----

**Questions 1 & 2 (cont.)**

  ---------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----
  ![](media/image12.wmf){width="4.440277777777778in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.3027777777777776in"}                                                                                                                             

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                             75   ; Liq. 45   ; Chem, 44   ; Paper, 42   ; Dry  34   ; Small, 46   ; Med, 52   ; Lrg, 46   ; Tot   144
                                                            Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                             

  ![](media/image13.wmf){width="5.997916666666667in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.7131944444444445in"}                                                                                                                             

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                             75   ; Liq. 45   ; Chem, 44   ; Paper, 42   ; Dry  34   ; Small, 46   ; Med, 52   ; Lrg, 46   ; Tot   144
                                                            Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                             

                                                                                                                                                             

                                                                                                                                                             
  ---------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----

**SECTION 2: DRIVER HIRING PRACTICES**

![](media/image14.wmf){width="7.670138888888889in"
height="2.017361111111111in"}Question 3 inquires about the number of
drivers hired each year. Question 4 is about the importance of a number
of driver characteristics when hiring a company driver.

  ---------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----
  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                             75   ; Liq. 45   ; Chem, 44   ; Paper, 42   ; Dry  34   ; Small, 45   ; Med, 52   ; Lrg, 46   ; Tot   143
                                                            Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                             

  ![](media/image33.wmf){width="6.4in"                                                                                                                       
  height="2.1798611111111112in"}                                                                                                                             

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                             74   ; Liq. 43   ; Chem, 42   ; Paper, 41   ; Dry  32   ; Small, 46   ; Med, 51   ; Lrg, 44   ; Tot   141
                                                            Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                             

  ![](media/image34.wmf){width="5.997222222222222in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.3097222222222222in"}                                                                                                                             

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                             77   ; Liq. 45   ; Chem, 44   ; Paper, 43   ; Dry  35   ; Small, 48   ; Med, 54   ; Lrg, 46   ; Tot   148
                                                            Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   
  ---------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----

Questions 3 & 4 (cont.)

  ---------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----
  ![](media/image35.wmf){width="6.4in"                                                                                                                       
  height="2.1798611111111112in"}                                                                                                                             

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                             76   ; Liq. 42   ; Chem, 41   ; Paper, 43   ; Dry  35   ; Small, 47   ; Med, 53   ; Lrg, 44   ; Tot   144
                                                            Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                             

  ![](media/image36.wmf){width="5.190277777777778in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.2993055555555557in"}                                                                                                                             

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                             77   ; Liq. 45   ; Chem, 44   ; Paper, 43   ; Dry  35   ; Small, 47   ; Med, 54   ; Lrg, 46   ; Tot   147
                                                            Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                             

  ![](media/image37.wmf){width="5.220138888888889in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.2875in"}                                                                                                                                         

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                             77   ; Liq. 45   ; Chem, 44   ; Paper, 43   ; Dry  35   ; Small, 48   ; Med, 54   ; Lrg, 46   ; Tot   148
                                                            Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   
  ---------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----

Questions 3 & 4 (cont.)

  ---------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----
  ![](media/image38.wmf){width="4.45in"                                                                                                                      
  height="2.4381944444444446in"}                                                                                                                             

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                             77   ; Liq. 45   ; Chem, 44   ; Paper, 43   ; Dry  35   ; Small, 48   ; Med, 54   ; Lrg, 46   ; Tot   148
                                                            Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                             

  ![](media/image39.wmf){width="4.440277777777778in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.310416666666667in"}                                                                                                                              

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                             77   ; Liq. 45   ; Chem, 44   ; Paper, 43   ; Dry  35   ; Small, 48   ; Med, 54   ; Lrg, 46   ; Tot   148
                                                            Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                             

  ![](media/image40.wmf){width="4.45in"                                                                                                                      
  height="2.2993055555555557in"}                                                                                                                             

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                             77   ; Liq. 45   ; Chem, 44   ; Paper, 43   ; Dry  35   ; Small, 48   ; Med, 54   ; Lrg, 46   ; Tot   148
                                                            Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   
  ---------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----

**Questions 3 & 4 (cont.)**

  ---------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----
  ![](media/image41.wmf){width="5.220138888888889in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.2875in"}                                                                                                                                         

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                             77   ; Liq. 43   ; Chem, 42   ; Paper, 43   ; Dry  35   ; Small, 47   ; Med, 54   ; Lrg, 45   ; Tot   146
                                                            Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                             

  ![](media/image42.wmf){width="5.997222222222222in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.3097222222222222in"}                                                                                                                             

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                             77   ; Liq. 45   ; Chem, 44   ; Paper, 43   ; Dry  35   ; Small, 47   ; Med, 53   ; Lrg, 46   ; Tot   146
                                                            Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                             

  ![](media/image43.wmf){width="5.190277777777778in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.2993055555555557in"}                                                                                                                             

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                             40   ; Liq. 30   ; Chem, 24   ; Paper, 25   ; Dry  21   ; Small, 23   ; Med, 31   ; Lrg, 28   ; Tot   82
                                                            Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   
  ---------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----

**Questions 5 -- 7 are questions for companies that have drivers that
are owner-operators. Question 7 asks about the importance of driver
characteristics for driver applicants who are owner operators.**

  ----------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----
  ![](media/image44.wmf){width="3.0902777777777777in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.240972222222222in"}                                                                                                                               

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              75   ; Liq. 44   ; Chem, 43   ; Paper, 39   ; Dry  33   ; Small, 44   ; Med, 52   ; Lrg, 45   ; Tot   141
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                              

  ![](media/image16.wmf){width="5.170138888888889in"                                                                                                          
  height="2.113888888888889in"}                                                                                                                               

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              50   ; Liq. 22   ; Chem, 24   ; Paper, 22   ; Dry  19   ; Small, 25   ; Med, 24   ; Lrg, 31   ; Tot   80
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                              

  ![](media/image45.wmf){width="5.079861111111111in"                                                                                                          
  height="2.2256944444444446in"}                                                                                                                              

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              40   ; Liq. 16   ; Chem, 20   ; Paper, 19   ; Dry  16   ; Small, 19   ; Med, 19   ; Lrg, 26   ; Tot   64
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   
  ----------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----

**Questions 5 -- 7 (cont.)**

  ---------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- ----
  ![](media/image46.wmf){width="5.190277777777778in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.2993055555555557in"}                                                                                                                             

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                             43   ; Liq. 18   ; Chem, 21   ; Paper, 20   ; Dry  18   ; Small, 20   ; Med, 21   ; Lrg, 27   ; Tot   68
                                                            Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                             

  ![](media/image47.wmf){width="6.4in"                                                                                                                       
  height="2.1798611111111112in"}                                                                                                                             

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                             41   ; Liq. 16   ; Chem, 18   ; Paper, 19   ; Dry  17   ; Small, 20   ; Med, 20   ; Lrg, 25   ; Tot   65
                                                            Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                             

  ![](media/image48.wmf){width="4.45in"                                                                                                                      
  height="2.2993055555555557in"}                                                                                                                             

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                             42   ; Liq. 17   ; Chem, 20   ; Paper, 20   ; Dry  18   ; Small, 20   ; Med, 21   ; Lrg, 26   ; Tot   67
                                                            Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   
  ---------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- ----

**Questions 5 -- 7 (cont.)**

  ----------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- ----
  ![](media/image49.wmf){width="5.220138888888889in"                                                                                                          
  height="2.2875in"}                                                                                                                                          

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              43   ; Liq. 18   ; Chem, 21   ; Paper, 20   ; Dry  18   ; Small, 20   ; Med, 21   ; Lrg, 27   ; Tot   68
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                              

  ![](media/image50.wmf){width="3.8097222222222222in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.4381944444444446in"}                                                                                                                              

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              43   ; Liq. 18   ; Chem, 21   ; Paper, 20   ; Dry  18   ; Small, 20   ; Med, 21   ; Lrg, 27   ; Tot   68
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                              

  ![](media/image51.wmf){width="4.45in"                                                                                                                       
  height="2.2993055555555557in"}                                                                                                                              

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              43   ; Liq. 18   ; Chem, 21   ; Paper, 20   ; Dry  18   ; Small, 20   ; Med, 21   ; Lrg, 27   ; Tot   68
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   
  ----------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- ----

**Questions 5 -- 7 (cont.)**

  ---------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- ----
  ![](media/image52.wmf){width="4.459722222222222in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.3041666666666667in"}                                                                                                                             

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                             43   ; Liq. 18   ; Chem, 21   ; Paper, 20   ; Dry  18   ; Small, 20   ; Med, 21   ; Lrg, 27   ; Tot   68
                                                            Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                             

  ![](media/image53.wmf){width="5.220138888888889in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.2875in"}                                                                                                                                         

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                             42   ; Liq. 17   ; Chem, 20   ; Paper, 20   ; Dry  18   ; Small, 20   ; Med, 21   ; Lrg, 26   ; Tot   67
                                                            Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                             

  ![](media/image54.wmf){width="5.170138888888889in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.3069444444444445in"}                                                                                                                             

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                             42   ; Liq. 17   ; Chem, 20   ; Paper, 20   ; Dry  18   ; Small, 20   ; Med, 21   ; Lrg, 26   ; Tot   67
                                                            Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   
  ---------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- ----

**Questions 5 -- 7 (cont.)**

  ---------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ --- -------- --- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- ----
  ![](media/image55.wmf){width="4.440277777777778in"                                                                                                       
  height="2.310416666666667in"}                                                                                                                            

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                             20   ; Liq. 11   ; Chem, 11   ; Paper, 11   ; Dry  9   ; Small, 7   ; Med, 10   ; Lrg, 16   ; Tot   33
                                                            Gas,                                   Blk,                                            Size,   

                                                                                                                                                           

                                                                                                                                                           

                                                                                                                                                           

                                                                                                                                                           

                                                                                                                                                           

                                                                                                                                                           
  ---------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ --- -------- --- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- ----

Question 8 is about the importance of driver personality traits for
driver applicants. Question 9 is about the effectiveness of hiring
practices for assessing safety risk of driver applicants.

  ----------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----
  ![](media/image56.wmf){width="3.5597222222222222in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.245833333333333in"}                                                                                                                               

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              77   ; Liq. 45   ; Chem, 44   ; Paper, 43   ; Dry  35   ; Small, 48   ; Med, 54   ; Lrg, 46   ; Tot   148
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                              

  ![](media/image57.wmf){width="4.320138888888889in"                                                                                                          
  height="2.247916666666667in"}                                                                                                                               

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              76   ; Liq. 44   ; Chem, 43   ; Paper, 43   ; Dry  34   ; Small, 47   ; Med, 54   ; Lrg, 45   ; Tot   146
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                              

  ![](media/image58.wmf){width="3.620138888888889in"                                                                                                          
  height="2.317361111111111in"}                                                                                                                               

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              77   ; Liq. 45   ; Chem, 44   ; Paper, 43   ; Dry  35   ; Small, 48   ; Med, 54   ; Lrg, 46   ; Tot   148
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   
  ----------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----

**Questions 8 & 9 (cont.)**

  ---------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----
  ![](media/image59.wmf){width="4.440277777777778in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.310416666666667in"}                                                                                                                              

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                             77   ; Liq. 45   ; Chem, 44   ; Paper, 43   ; Dry  35   ; Small, 48   ; Med, 54   ; Lrg, 46   ; Tot   148
                                                            Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                             

  ![](media/image60.wmf){width="4.440277777777778in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.310416666666667in"}                                                                                                                              

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                             77   ; Liq. 45   ; Chem, 44   ; Paper, 43   ; Dry  35   ; Small, 48   ; Med, 54   ; Lrg, 46   ; Tot   148
                                                            Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                             

  ![](media/image61.wmf){width="6.4in"                                                                                                                       
  height="2.1798611111111112in"}                                                                                                                             

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                             77   ; Liq. 45   ; Chem, 44   ; Paper, 43   ; Dry  35   ; Small, 48   ; Med, 54   ; Lrg, 46   ; Tot   148
                                                            Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   
  ---------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----

**Questions 8 & 9 (cont.)**

  ---------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----
  ![](media/image62.wmf){width="5.85in"                                                                                                                      
  height="2.2944444444444443in"}                                                                                                                             

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                             77   ; Liq. 45   ; Chem, 44   ; Paper, 43   ; Dry  35   ; Small, 48   ; Med, 54   ; Lrg, 46   ; Tot   148
                                                            Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                             

  ![](media/image63.wmf){width="5.220138888888889in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.2875in"}                                                                                                                                         

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                             76   ; Liq. 44   ; Chem, 43   ; Paper, 43   ; Dry  34   ; Small, 48   ; Med, 54   ; Lrg, 45   ; Tot   147
                                                            Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                             

  ![](media/image64.wmf){width="6.220138888888889in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.19375in"}                                                                                                                                        

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                             77   ; Liq. 45   ; Chem, 44   ; Paper, 43   ; Dry  35   ; Small, 48   ; Med, 54   ; Lrg, 46   ; Tot   148
                                                            Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   
  ---------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----

**Questions 8 & 9 (cont.)**

  ---------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----
  ![](media/image65.wmf){width="5.220138888888889in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.2875in"}                                                                                                                                         

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                             76   ; Liq. 45   ; Chem, 44   ; Paper, 43   ; Dry  35   ; Small, 48   ; Med, 53   ; Lrg, 45   ; Tot   146
                                                            Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                             

  ![](media/image66.wmf){width="5.220138888888889in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.2875in"}                                                                                                                                         

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                             77   ; Liq. 45   ; Chem, 44   ; Paper, 43   ; Dry  35   ; Small, 48   ; Med, 53   ; Lrg, 46   ; Tot   147
                                                            Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                             

  ![](media/image67.wmf){width="6.220138888888889in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.19375in"}                                                                                                                                        

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                             77   ; Liq. 45   ; Chem, 44   ; Paper, 43   ; Dry  35   ; Small, 48   ; Med, 54   ; Lrg, 46   ; Tot   148
                                                            Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   
  ---------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----

Questions 8 & 9 (cont.)

  ---------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----
  ![](media/image68.wmf){width="5.079861111111111in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.4298611111111112in"}                                                                                                                             

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                             77   ; Liq. 45   ; Chem, 44   ; Paper, 43   ; Dry  35   ; Small, 48   ; Med, 54   ; Lrg, 46   ; Tot   148
                                                            Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                             

  ![](media/image69.wmf){width="4.490277777777778in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.3027777777777776in"}                                                                                                                             

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                             77   ; Liq. 45   ; Chem, 44   ; Paper, 43   ; Dry  35   ; Small, 48   ; Med, 54   ; Lrg, 46   ; Tot   148
                                                            Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                             

                                                                                                                                                             

                                                                                                                                                             
  ---------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----

**Questions 10 & 11 are questions about written hiring policies.
Question 11 is about how clearly safety-related criteria are stated in
company's written hiring policies.**

  ---------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----
  ![](media/image70.wmf){width="5.729861111111111in"                                                                                                         
  height="1.9215277777777777in"}                                                                                                                             

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                             70   ; Liq. 43   ; Chem, 40   ; Paper, 39   ; Dry  34   ; Small, 46   ; Med, 51   ; Lrg, 43   ; Tot   140
                                                            Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                             

  ![](media/image71.wmf){width="5.997916666666667in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.267361111111111in"}                                                                                                                              

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                             54   ; Liq. 31   ; Chem, 33   ; Paper, 27   ; Dry  22   ; Small, 21   ; Med, 37   ; Lrg, 40   ; Tot   98
                                                            Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                             

  ![](media/image72.wmf){width="6.4in"                                                                                                                       
  height="2.426388888888889in"}                                                                                                                              

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                             55   ; Liq. 31   ; Chem, 33   ; Paper, 27   ; Dry  22   ; Small, 22   ; Med, 38   ; Lrg, 40   ; Tot   100
                                                            Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   
  ---------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----

Questions 10 & 11 (cont.)

  ---------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----
  ![](media/image73.wmf){width="4.8in"                                                                                                                       
  height="2.3069444444444445in"}                                                                                                                             

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                             55   ; Liq. 31   ; Chem, 34   ; Paper, 28   ; Dry  23   ; Small, 23   ; Med, 40   ; Lrg, 40   ; Tot   103
                                                            Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                             

  ![](media/image74.wmf){width="6.4in"                                                                                                                       
  height="2.4194444444444443in"}                                                                                                                             

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                             51   ; Liq. 27   ; Chem, 30   ; Paper, 23   ; Dry  20   ; Small, 19   ; Med, 33   ; Lrg, 37   ; Tot   89
                                                            Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                             

  ![](media/image75.wmf){width="6.079861111111111in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.3555555555555556in"}                                                                                                                             

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                             55   ; Liq. 29   ; Chem, 32   ; Paper, 26   ; Dry  21   ; Small, 21   ; Med, 38   ; Lrg, 39   ; Tot   98
                                                            Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   
  ---------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----

**SECTION 3: DRIVER TRAINING PRACTICES**

Questions 12 -- 14 are about general information for companies that
require driver pre- and in-service training.

  ----------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----
  ![](media/image76.wmf){width="3.4298611111111112in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.2979166666666666in"}                                                                                                                              

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              77   ; Liq. 45   ; Chem, 44   ; Paper, 43   ; Dry  35   ; Small, 48   ; Med, 54   ; Lrg, 46   ; Tot   148
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                              

  ![](media/image77.wmf){width="3.4298611111111112in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.2979166666666666in"}                                                                                                                              

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              69   ; Liq. 42   ; Chem, 41   ; Paper, 42   ; Dry  35   ; Small, 42   ; Med, 50   ; Lrg, 43   ; Tot   135
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                              

  ![](media/image17.wmf){width="5.85in"                                                                                                                       
  height="2.004861111111111in"}                                                                                                                               

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              66   ; Liq. 40   ; Chem, 38   ; Paper, 37   ; Dry  28   ; Small, 36   ; Med, 49   ; Lrg, 39   ; Tot   124
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   
  ----------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----

Questions 12 - 14 (cont.)

  ----------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----
  ![](media/image78.wmf){width="4.05in"                                                                                                                       
  height="2.3006944444444444in"}                                                                                                                              

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              35   ; Liq. 17   ; Chem, 18   ; Paper, 17   ; Dry  15   ; Small, 18   ; Med, 20   ; Lrg, 23   ; Tot   61
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                              

  ![](media/image79.wmf){width="3.4298611111111112in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.2979166666666666in"}                                                                                                                              

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              76   ; Liq. 45   ; Chem, 44   ; Paper, 43   ; Dry  35   ; Small, 47   ; Med, 54   ; Lrg, 46   ; Tot   147
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                              

  ![](media/image80.wmf){width="3.4298611111111112in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.4291666666666667in"}                                                                                                                              

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              62   ; Liq. 37   ; Chem, 36   ; Paper, 36   ; Dry  29   ; Small, 37   ; Med, 44   ; Lrg, 40   ; Tot   121
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   
  ----------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----

**Question 15 is about specific subjects covered in pre- and in-service
training programs.**

  --------------------------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----
  ![](media/image81.wmf){width="3.170138888888889in"                                                                                                                          
  height="1.88125in"}Responses (#):                                                                                                                                           

  a)Pre-service: Gen. Frt,                                              65   ; Liq. 38   ; Chem, 36   ; Paper, 35   ; Dry  27   ; Small, 33   ; Med, 47   ; Lrg, 41   ; Tot   121
                                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  b)In-service: Gen. Frt,                                               63   ; Liq. 36   ; Chem, 36   ; Paper, 35   ; Dry  26   ; Small, 34   ; Med, 42   ; Lrg, 41   ; Tot   117
                                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                                              

  ![](media/image83.wmf){width="3.25in"                                                                                                                                       
  height="1.9284722222222221in"}Responses (#):                                                                                                                                

  a)Pre-service: Gen. Frt,                                              63   ; Liq. 38   ; Chem, 36   ; Paper, 34   ; Dry  26   ; Small, 32   ; Med, 43   ; Lrg, 41   ; Tot   116
                                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  b)In-service: Gen. Frt,                                               63   ; Liq. 37   ; Chem, 37   ; Paper, 36   ; Dry  27   ; Small, 34   ; Med, 45   ; Lrg, 39   ; Tot   118
                                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                                              

  ![](media/image85.wmf){width="3.25in"                                                                                                                                       
  height="1.9284722222222221in"}![](media/image86.wmf){width="3.25in"                                                                                                         
  height="1.9284722222222221in"}                                                                                                                                              

  a)Pre-service: Gen. Frt,                                              62   ; Liq. 38   ; Chem, 36   ; Paper, 34   ; Dry  26   ; Small, 31   ; Med, 45   ; Lrg, 40   ; Tot   116
                                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  b)In-service: Gen. Frt,                                               64   ; Liq. 36   ; Chem, 36   ; Paper, 35   ; Dry  28   ; Small, 34   ; Med, 45   ; Lrg, 40   ; Tot   119
                                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----

**Questions 15 (cont.)**

  -------------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----
  Responses                                                                                                                                                      
  (#):![](media/image87.wmf){width="3.170138888888889in"                                                                                                         
  height="1.8805555555555555in"}                                                                                                                                 

  a)Pre-service: Gen. Frt,                                 65   ; Liq. 39   ; Chem, 36   ; Paper, 35   ; Dry  27   ; Small, 33   ; Med, 46   ; Lrg, 41   ; Tot   120
                                                                Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  b)In-service: Gen. Frt,                                  63   ; Liq. 35   ; Chem, 37   ; Paper, 35   ; Dry  28   ; Small, 31   ; Med, 44   ; Lrg, 40   ; Tot   115
                                                                Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                                 

  Responses                                                                                                                                                      
  (#):![](media/image89.wmf){width="3.170138888888889in"                                                                                                         
  height="1.8805555555555555in"}                                                                                                                                 

  a)Pre-service: Gen. Frt,                                 65   ; Liq. 39   ; Chem, 36   ; Paper, 36   ; Dry  27   ; Small, 33   ; Med, 47   ; Lrg, 41   ; Tot   121
                                                                Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  b)In-service: Gen. Frt,                                  63   ; Liq. 35   ; Chem, 37   ; Paper, 35   ; Dry  28   ; Small, 31   ; Med, 44   ; Lrg, 41   ; Tot   116
                                                                Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                                 

  Responses                                                                                                                                                      
  (#):![](media/image91.wmf){width="3.170138888888889in"                                                                                                         
  height="1.8805555555555555in"}                                                                                                                                 

  a)Pre-service: Gen. Frt,                                 66   ; Liq. 38   ; Chem, 36   ; Paper, 36   ; Dry  27   ; Small, 34   ; Med, 46   ; Lrg, 41   ; Tot   121
                                                                Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  b)In-service: Gen. Frt,                                  62   ; Liq. 35   ; Chem, 37   ; Paper, 35   ; Dry  28   ; Small, 31   ; Med, 44   ; Lrg, 41   ; Tot   116
                                                                Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   
  -------------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----

**Questions 15 (cont.)**

  --------------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----
  Responses                                                                                                                                                       
  (#):![](media/image93.wmf){width="3.1798611111111112in"                                                                                                         
  height="1.8715277777777777in"}                                                                                                                                  

  a)Pre-service: Gen. Frt,                                  64   ; Liq. 39   ; Chem, 36   ; Paper, 35   ; Dry  26   ; Small, 35   ; Med, 44   ; Lrg, 41   ; Tot   120
                                                                 Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  b)In-service: Gen. Frt,                                   63   ; Liq. 35   ; Chem, 36   ; Paper, 35   ; Dry  28   ; Small, 32   ; Med, 46   ; Lrg, 40   ; Tot   118
                                                                 Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                                  

  Responses                                                                                                                                                       
  (#):![](media/image95.wmf){width="3.1798611111111112in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.0006944444444446in"}                                                                                                                                  

  a)Pre-service: Gen. Frt,                                  64   ; Liq. 39   ; Chem, 36   ; Paper, 36   ; Dry  27   ; Small, 34   ; Med, 45   ; Lrg, 41   ; Tot   120
                                                                 Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  b)In-service: Gen. Frt,                                   61   ; Liq. 35   ; Chem, 37   ; Paper, 34   ; Dry  27   ; Small, 29   ; Med, 44   ; Lrg, 41   ; Tot   114
                                                                 Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                                  

  Responses                                                                                                                                                       
  (#):![](media/image97.wmf){width="3.170138888888889in"                                                                                                          
  height="1.8805555555555555in"}                                                                                                                                  

  a)Pre-service: Gen. Frt,                                  65   ; Liq. 40   ; Chem, 37   ; Paper, 35   ; Dry  27   ; Small, 34   ; Med, 46   ; Lrg, 42   ; Tot   122
                                                                 Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  b)In-service: Gen. Frt,                                   64   ; Liq. 35   ; Chem, 37   ; Paper, 36   ; Dry  28   ; Small, 31   ; Med, 44   ; Lrg, 41   ; Tot   116
                                                                 Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   
  --------------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----

**Questions 15 (cont.)**

  --------------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----
  Responses                                                                                                                                                       
  (#):![](media/image99.wmf){width="3.170138888888889in"                                                                                                          
  height="1.8805555555555555in"}                                                                                                                                  

  a)Pre-service: Gen. Frt,                                  66   ; Liq. 38   ; Chem, 36   ; Paper, 36   ; Dry  27   ; Small, 33   ; Med, 47   ; Lrg, 41   ; Tot   121
                                                                 Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  b)In-service: Gen. Frt,                                   63   ; Liq. 34   ; Chem, 36   ; Paper, 35   ; Dry  28   ; Small, 31   ; Med, 45   ; Lrg, 40   ; Tot   116
                                                                 Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                                  

  Responses                                                                                                                                                       
  (#):![](media/image101.wmf){width="3.170138888888889in"                                                                                                         
  height="1.8805555555555555in"}                                                                                                                                  

  a)Pre-service: Gen. Frt,                                  66   ; Liq. 40   ; Chem, 37   ; Paper, 36   ; Dry  26   ; Small, 33   ; Med, 47   ; Lrg, 42   ; Tot   122
                                                                 Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  b)In-service: Gen. Frt,                                   63   ; Liq. 35   ; Chem, 36   ; Paper, 35   ; Dry  28   ; Small, 32   ; Med, 45   ; Lrg, 40   ; Tot   117
                                                                 Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                                  

  Responses                                                                                                                                                       
  (#):![](media/image103.wmf){width="3.170138888888889in"                                                                                                         
  height="1.8805555555555555in"}                                                                                                                                  

  a)Pre-service: Gen. Frt,                                  66   ; Liq. 40   ; Chem, 37   ; Paper, 36   ; Dry  26   ; Small, 33   ; Med, 47   ; Lrg, 42   ; Tot   122
                                                                 Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  b)In-service: Gen. Frt,                                   62   ; Liq. 35   ; Chem, 35   ; Paper, 34   ; Dry  27   ; Small, 32   ; Med, 44   ; Lrg, 40   ; Tot   116
                                                                 Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   
  --------------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----

Questions 15 (cont.)

  ---------------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----
  Responses                                                                                                                                                        
  (#):![](media/image105.wmf){width="3.1902777777777778in"                                                                                                         
  height="1.8847222222222222in"}                                                                                                                                   

  a)Pre-service: Gen. Frt,                                   62   ; Liq. 37   ; Chem, 35   ; Paper, 35   ; Dry  26   ; Small, 32   ; Med, 43   ; Lrg, 40   ; Tot   115
                                                                  Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  b)In-service: Gen. Frt,                                    60   ; Liq. 36   ; Chem, 36   ; Paper, 33   ; Dry  25   ; Small, 29   ; Med, 42   ; Lrg, 40   ; Tot   111
                                                                  Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                                   

  Responses                                                                                                                                                        
  (#):![](media/image107.wmf){width="3.1798611111111112in"                                                                                                         
  height="1.8715277777777777in"}                                                                                                                                   

  a)Pre-service: Gen. Frt,                                   65   ; Liq. 38   ; Chem, 36   ; Paper, 35   ; Dry  27   ; Small, 33   ; Med, 46   ; Lrg, 40   ; Tot   119
                                                                  Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  b)In-service: Gen. Frt,                                    61   ; Liq. 35   ; Chem, 36   ; Paper, 35   ; Dry  28   ; Small, 30   ; Med, 45   ; Lrg, 39   ; Tot   114
                                                                  Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                                   

  Responses                                                                                                                                                        
  (#):![](media/image109.wmf){width="3.170138888888889in"                                                                                                          
  height="1.8805555555555555in"}                                                                                                                                   

  a)Pre-service: Gen. Frt,                                   30   ; Liq. 18   ; Chem, 16   ; Paper, 12   ; Dry  9    ; Small, 12   ; Med, 20   ; Lrg, 21   ; Tot   53
                                                                  Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  b)In-service: Gen. Frt,                                    33   ; Liq. 18   ; Chem, 18   ; Paper, 13   ; Dry  10   ; Small, 12   ; Med, 19   ; Lrg, 25   ; Tot   56
                                                                  Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   
  ---------------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----

Questions 16-18 are about training venues and evaluation methods used
for pre- and in-service training programs.

  ---------------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----
  Responses                                                                                                                                                        
  (#):![](media/image111.wmf){width="2.8097222222222222in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.1458333333333335in"}                                                                                                                                   

  a)Pre-service: Gen. Frt,                                   66   ; Liq. 39   ; Chem, 37   ; Paper, 36   ; Dry  26   ; Small, 34   ; Med, 47   ; Lrg, 41   ; Tot   122
                                                                  Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  b)In-service: Gen. Frt,                                    63   ; Liq. 37   ; Chem, 37   ; Paper, 35   ; Dry  26   ; Small, 30   ; Med, 47   ; Lrg, 40   ; Tot   117
                                                                  Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                                   

  Responses                                                                                                                                                        
  (#):![](media/image113.wmf){width="2.8097222222222222in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.1625in"}                                                                                                                                               

  a)Pre-service: Gen. Frt,                                   62   ; Liq. 37   ; Chem, 34   ; Paper, 34   ; Dry  25   ; Small, 32   ; Med, 47   ; Lrg, 39   ; Tot   118
                                                                  Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  b)In-service: Gen. Frt,                                    59   ; Liq. 33   ; Chem, 31   ; Paper, 32   ; Dry  26   ; Small, 32   ; Med, 42   ; Lrg, 35   ; Tot   109
                                                                  Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                                   

  Responses                                                                                                                                                        
  (#):![](media/image115.wmf){width="2.8097222222222222in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.1625in"}                                                                                                                                               

  a)Pre-service: Gen. Frt,                                   66   ; Liq. 38   ; Chem, 36   ; Paper, 36   ; Dry  25   ; Small, 32   ; Med, 48   ; Lrg, 41   ; Tot   121
                                                                  Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  b)In-service: Gen. Frt,                                    66   ; Liq. 39   ; Chem, 38   ; Paper, 36   ; Dry  27   ; Small, 34   ; Med, 45   ; Lrg, 40   ; Tot   119
                                                                  Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   
  ---------------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----

**Questions 16 -- 18 (cont.)**

  ---------------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----
  Responses                                                                                                                                                        
  (#):![](media/image117.wmf){width="2.8097222222222222in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.03125in"}                                                                                                                                              

  a)Pre-service: Gen. Frt,                                   7    ; Liq. 6    ; Chem, 4    ; Paper, 5    ; Dry  7    ; Small, 5    ; Med, 9    ; Lrg, 5    ; Tot   19
                                                                  Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  b)In-service: Gen. Frt,                                    7    ; Liq. 6    ; Chem, 4    ; Paper, 6    ; Dry  6    ; Small, 5    ; Med, 8    ; Lrg, 6    ; Tot   19
                                                                  Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  ![](media/image119.wmf){width="3.420138888888889in"                                                                                                              
  height="2.029166666666667in"}                                                                                                                                    

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                                   66   ; Liq. 38   ; Chem, 38   ; Paper, 36   ; Dry  25   ; Small, 34   ; Med, 45   ; Lrg, 42   ; Tot   121
                                                                  Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                                   

                                                                                                                                                                   

                                                                                                                                                                   
  ---------------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----

**Questions 16 -- 18 (cont.)**

  ----------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----
  ![](media/image120.wmf){width="4.040277777777778in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.032638888888889in"}                                                                                                                               

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              64   ; Liq. 38   ; Chem, 38   ; Paper, 38   ; Dry  26   ; Small, 34   ; Med, 46   ; Lrg, 40   ; Tot   120
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                              

  ![](media/image121.wmf){width="4.65in"                                                                                                                      
  height="2.029861111111111in"}                                                                                                                               

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              66   ; Liq. 38   ; Chem, 38   ; Paper, 37   ; Dry  27   ; Small, 34   ; Med, 46   ; Lrg, 42   ; Tot   122
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                              

  ![](media/image122.wmf){width="3.420138888888889in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.029166666666667in"}                                                                                                                               

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              6    ; Liq. 1    ; Chem, 2    ; Paper, 3    ; Dry  4    ; Small, 4    ; Med, 5    ; Lrg, 2    ; Tot   11
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   
  ----------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----

Questions 16 -- 18 (cont.)

  ---------------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----
  Responses                                                                                                                                                        
  (#):![](media/image123.wmf){width="2.8201388888888888in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.441666666666667in"}                                                                                                                                    

  a)Pre-service: Gen. Frt,                                   65   ; Liq. 40   ; Chem, 37   ; Paper, 35   ; Dry  26   ; Small, 34   ; Med, 45   ; Lrg, 42   ; Tot   121
                                                                  Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  b)In-service: Gen. Frt,                                    66   ; Liq. 39   ; Chem, 37   ; Paper, 36   ; Dry  28   ; Small, 33   ; Med, 47   ; Lrg, 40   ; Tot   120
                                                                  Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  Responses                                                                                                                                                        
  (#):![](media/image125.wmf){width="2.8201388888888888in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.441666666666667in"}                                                                                                                                    

  a)Pre-service: Gen. Frt,                                   64   ; Liq. 40   ; Chem, 37   ; Paper, 35   ; Dry  26   ; Small, 33   ; Med, 45   ; Lrg, 42   ; Tot   120
                                                                  Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  b)In-service: Gen. Frt,                                    65   ; Liq. 38   ; Chem, 36   ; Paper, 36   ; Dry  28   ; Small, 32   ; Med, 46   ; Lrg, 40   ; Tot   118
                                                                  Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  Responses                                                                                                                                                        
  (#):![](media/image127.wmf){width="2.8201388888888888in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.433333333333333in"}                                                                                                                                    

  a)Pre-service: Gen. Frt,                                   64   ; Liq. 39   ; Chem, 36   ; Paper, 34   ; Dry  25   ; Small, 34   ; Med, 46   ; Lrg, 41   ; Tot   121
                                                                  Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  b)In-service: Gen. Frt,                                    65   ; Liq. 38   ; Chem, 37   ; Paper, 35   ; Dry  28   ; Small, 32   ; Med, 48   ; Lrg, 40   ; Tot   120
                                                                  Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   
  ---------------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----

Questions 16 -- 18 (cont.)

  ---------------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----
  Responses                                                                                                                                                        
  (#):![](media/image129.wmf){width="2.8201388888888888in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.433333333333333in"}                                                                                                                                    

  a)Pre-service: Gen. Frt,                                   66   ; Liq. 38   ; Chem, 36   ; Paper, 34   ; Dry  26   ; Small, 34   ; Med, 47   ; Lrg, 41   ; Tot   122
                                                                  Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  b)In-service: Gen. Frt,                                    65   ; Liq. 39   ; Chem, 39   ; Paper, 37   ; Dry  30   ; Small, 33   ; Med, 49   ; Lrg, 41   ; Tot   123
                                                                  Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  Responses                                                                                                                                                        
  (#):![](media/image131.wmf){width="2.8201388888888888in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.433333333333333in"}                                                                                                                                    

  a)Pre-service: Gen. Frt,                                   62   ; Liq. 37   ; Chem, 35   ; Paper, 31   ; Dry  25   ; Small, 32   ; Med, 44   ; Lrg, 40   ; Tot   116
                                                                  Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  b)In-service: Gen. Frt,                                    64   ; Liq. 40   ; Chem, 38   ; Paper, 35   ; Dry  28   ; Small, 32   ; Med, 49   ; Lrg, 41   ; Tot   122
                                                                  Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  Responses                                                                                                                                                        
  (#):![](media/image133.wmf){width="2.8201388888888888in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.29375in"}                                                                                                                                              

  a)Pre-service: Gen. Frt,                                   63   ; Liq. 37   ; Chem, 35   ; Paper, 33   ; Dry  26   ; Small, 32   ; Med, 45   ; Lrg, 41   ; Tot   118
                                                                  Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  b)In-service: Gen. Frt,                                    64   ; Liq. 39   ; Chem, 37   ; Paper, 35   ; Dry  28   ; Small, 32   ; Med, 48   ; Lrg, 40   ; Tot   120
                                                                  Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   
  ---------------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----

Questions 16 -- 18 (cont.)

  ---------------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----
  Responses                                                                                                                                                        
  (#):![](media/image135.wmf){width="2.8201388888888888in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.433333333333333in"}                                                                                                                                    

  a)Pre-service: Gen. Frt,                                   61   ; Liq. 39   ; Chem, 36   ; Paper, 31   ; Dry  26   ; Small, 31   ; Med, 45   ; Lrg, 41   ; Tot   117
                                                                  Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  b)In-service: Gen. Frt,                                    63   ; Liq. 38   ; Chem, 37   ; Paper, 34   ; Dry  28   ; Small, 30   ; Med, 48   ; Lrg, 40   ; Tot   118
                                                                  Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  Responses                                                                                                                                                        
  (#):![](media/image137.wmf){width="2.829861111111111in"                                                                                                          
  height="2.303472222222222in"}                                                                                                                                    

  a)Pre-service: Gen. Frt,                                   14   ; Liq. 4    ; Chem, 5    ; Paper, 5    ; Dry  6    ; Small, 8    ; Med, 10   ; Lrg, 7    ; Tot   25
                                                                  Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  b)In-service: Gen. Frt,                                    15   ; Liq. 6    ; Chem, 6    ; Paper, 6    ; Dry  8    ; Small, 7    ; Med, 10   ; Lrg, 9    ; Tot   26
                                                                  Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                                   

                                                                                                                                                                   
  ---------------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----

Questions 19 & 20 are about companies who use outside sources for pre-
and in-service training programs.

  ------------------------------------------------------ ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----
  ![](media/image139.wmf){width="2.8201388888888888in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.573611111111111in"}Responses (#):                                                                                                                  

  19a: Gen. Frt,                                         68   ; Liq. 41   ; Chem, 40   ; Paper, 38   ; Dry  29   ; Small, 35   ; Med, 49   ; Lrg, 43   ; Tot   127
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  19b: Gen. Frt,                                         71   ; Liq. 43   ; Chem, 41   ; Paper, 40   ; Dry  32   ; Small, 36   ; Med, 51   ; Lrg, 44   ; Tot   131
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                               

  ![](media/image141.wmf){width="3.1902777777777778in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.0708333333333333in"}Responses (#):                                                                                                                 

  20a.a: Gen. Frt,                                       27   ; Liq. 19   ; Chem, 15   ; Paper, 16   ; Dry  13   ; Small, 14   ; Med, 28   ; Lrg, 21   ; Tot   63
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  20b.a: Gen. Frt,                                       30   ; Liq. 23   ; Chem, 18   ; Paper, 18   ; Dry  14   ; Small, 16   ; Med, 29   ; Lrg, 22   ; Tot   67
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  ![](media/image143.wmf){width="3.1902777777777778in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.0708333333333333in"}Responses (#):                                                                                                                 

  20a.b: Gen. Frt,                                       27   ; Liq. 20   ; Chem, 16   ; Paper, 14   ; Dry  11   ; Small, 13   ; Med, 27   ; Lrg, 21   ; Tot   61
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  20b.b: Gen. Frt,                                       30   ; Liq. 24   ; Chem, 19   ; Paper, 18   ; Dry  14   ; Small, 15   ; Med, 30   ; Lrg, 22   ; Tot   67
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   
  ------------------------------------------------------ ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----

**Questions 19 & 20 (cont.)**

<table style="width:100%;">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 20%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="18"><img src="media/image145.wmf"
style="width:3.19028in;height:2.07083in" />Responses (#):</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>20a.c: Gen. Frt,</td>
<td>27</td>
<td>; Liq. Gas,</td>
<td>19</td>
<td>; Chem,</td>
<td>15</td>
<td>; Paper,</td>
<td>16</td>
<td>; Dry Blk,</td>
<td>13</td>
<td>; Small,</td>
<td>13</td>
<td>; Med,</td>
<td>28</td>
<td>; Lrg,</td>
<td>21</td>
<td>; Tot Size,</td>
<td>62</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>20b.c: Gen. Frt,</td>
<td>30</td>
<td>; Liq. Gas,</td>
<td>23</td>
<td>; Chem,</td>
<td>18</td>
<td>; Paper,</td>
<td>18</td>
<td>; Dry Blk,</td>
<td>14</td>
<td>; Small,</td>
<td>15</td>
<td>; Med,</td>
<td>29</td>
<td>; Lrg,</td>
<td>22</td>
<td>; Tot Size,</td>
<td>66</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="18"><p><img src="media/image147.wmf"
style="width:3.19028in;height:2.07083in" /></p>
<p>Responses (#):</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>20a.d: Gen. Frt,</td>
<td>7</td>
<td>; Liq. Gas,</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>; Chem,</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>; Paper,</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>; Dry Blk,</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>; Small,</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>; Med,</td>
<td>7</td>
<td>; Lrg,</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>; Tot Size,</td>
<td>16</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>20b.c: Gen. Frt,</td>
<td>8</td>
<td>; Liq. Gas,</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>; Chem,</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>; Paper,</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>; Dry Blk,</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>; Small,</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>; Med,</td>
<td>8</td>
<td>; Lrg,</td>
<td>7</td>
<td>; Tot Size,</td>
<td>17</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="18"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

Questions 21 -- 24 are other general questions about the importance of
pre- and in-service training programs.

  ----------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----
  ![](media/image149.wmf){width="6.290277777777778in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.140277777777778in"}                                                                                                                               

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              70   ; Liq. 41   ; Chem, 40   ; Paper, 39   ; Dry  30   ; Small, 36   ; Med, 49   ; Lrg, 43   ; Tot   128
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                              

  ![](media/image150.wmf){width="6.3in"                                                                                                                       
  height="2.1347222222222224in"}                                                                                                                              

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              69   ; Liq. 40   ; Chem, 39   ; Paper, 39   ; Dry  29   ; Small, 35   ; Med, 49   ; Lrg, 42   ; Tot   126
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                              

  ![](media/image151.wmf){width="6.320138888888889in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.158333333333333in"}                                                                                                                               

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              70   ; Liq. 41   ; Chem, 40   ; Paper, 39   ; Dry  30   ; Small, 36   ; Med, 49   ; Lrg, 43   ; Tot   128
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   
  ----------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----

**Questions 21 -- 24(cont.)**

  ----------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----
  ![](media/image152.wmf){width="5.079861111111111in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.3208333333333333in"}                                                                                                                              

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              71   ; Liq. 42   ; Chem, 40   ; Paper, 40   ; Dry  32   ; Small, 35   ; Med, 51   ; Lrg, 44   ; Tot   130
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                              

  ![](media/image153.wmf){width="6.3in"                                                                                                                       
  height="2.1347222222222224in"}                                                                                                                              

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              70   ; Liq. 42   ; Chem, 40   ; Paper, 40   ; Dry  31   ; Small, 36   ; Med, 51   ; Lrg, 43   ; Tot   130
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                              

  ![](media/image154.wmf){width="6.3in"                                                                                                                       
  height="2.1347222222222224in"}                                                                                                                              

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              71   ; Liq. 43   ; Chem, 41   ; Paper, 40   ; Dry  32   ; Small, 36   ; Med, 51   ; Lrg, 44   ; Tot   131
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   
  ----------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----

Questions 21 -- 24(cont.)

  ----------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----
  ![](media/image20.wmf){width="3.9298611111111112in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.2888888888888888in"}                                                                                                                              

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              70   ; Liq. 42   ; Chem, 40   ; Paper, 40   ; Dry  32   ; Small, 37   ; Med, 50   ; Lrg, 44   ; Tot   131
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                              

  ![](media/image155.wmf){width="6.3in"                                                                                                                       
  height="2.1347222222222224in"}                                                                                                                              

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              71   ; Liq. 43   ; Chem, 41   ; Paper, 40   ; Dry  32   ; Small, 36   ; Med, 51   ; Lrg, 44   ; Tot   131
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                              

  ![](media/image156.wmf){width="5.709722222222222in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.1590277777777778in"}                                                                                                                              

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              71   ; Liq. 43   ; Chem, 41   ; Paper, 40   ; Dry  32   ; Small, 36   ; Med, 51   ; Lrg, 44   ; Tot   131
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   
  ----------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----

Questions 21 -- 24(cont.)

  ----------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----
  ![](media/image157.wmf){width="5.995833333333334in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.2805555555555554in"}                                                                                                                              

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              71   ; Liq. 43   ; Chem, 41   ; Paper, 40   ; Dry  32   ; Small, 37   ; Med, 51   ; Lrg, 44   ; Tot   132
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                                              
  ----------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----

**SECTION 4: COMPANY PRACTICES FOR ENCOURAGING AND REINFORCING SAVE
DRIVING BEHAVIOR**

**Questions 25 -- 26 are about safety award programs for various
personnel categories or organizational units.**

  ------------------------------------------------------ ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----
  ![](media/image158.wmf){width="3.1798611111111112in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.0006944444444446in"}                                                                                                                               

  25a: Gen. Frt,                                         76   ; Liq. 45   ; Chem, 43   ; Paper, 42   ; Dry  34   ; Small, 48   ; Med, 53   ; Lrg, 46   ; Tot   147
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  25b: Gen. Frt,                                         73   ; Liq. 44   ; Chem, 43   ; Paper, 41   ; Dry  32   ; Small, 42   ; Med, 53   ; Lrg, 45   ; Tot   140
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  ![](media/image160.wmf){width="3.1798611111111112in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.1305555555555555in"}                                                                                                                               

  25c: Gen. Frt,                                         73   ; Liq. 44   ; Chem, 43   ; Paper, 40   ; Dry  31   ; Small, 44   ; Med, 51   ; Lrg, 46   ; Tot   141
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  25d: Gen. Frt,                                         27   ; Liq. 16   ; Chem, 19   ; Paper, 15   ; Dry  12   ; Small, 17   ; Med, 24   ; Lrg, 17   ; Tot   58
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  ![](media/image162.wmf){width="6.1402777777777775in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.145138888888889in"}                                                                                                                                

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                               67   ; Liq. 40   ; Chem, 38   ; Paper, 39   ; Dry  31   ; Small, 28   ; Med, 51   ; Lrg, 44   ; Tot   123
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   
  ------------------------------------------------------ ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----

**Questions 25 -- 26 (cont.)**

  ----------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- ----
  ![](media/image163.wmf){width="5.529861111111111in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.1465277777777776in"}                                                                                                                              

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              42   ; Liq. 28   ; Chem, 29   ; Paper, 28   ; Dry  22   ; Small, 16   ; Med, 29   ; Lrg, 35   ; Tot   80
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                              

  ![](media/image164.wmf){width="4.929861111111111in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.3006944444444444in"}                                                                                                                              

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              43   ; Liq. 29   ; Chem, 26   ; Paper, 24   ; Dry  21   ; Small, 17   ; Med, 28   ; Lrg, 37   ; Tot   82
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                              

  ![](media/image165.wmf){width="5.509722222222222in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.277083333333333in"}                                                                                                                               

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              13   ; Liq. 13   ; Chem, 11   ; Paper, 6    ; Dry  7    ; Small, 7    ; Med, 17   ; Lrg, 11   ; Tot   35
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   
  ----------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- ----

Question 27 is about types of rewards used to encourage safe driving
behavior.

  ------------------------------------------------------ ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----
  ![](media/image166.wmf){width="2.8097222222222222in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.03125in"}Responses (#):                                                                                                                            

  27a: Gen. Frt,                                         65   ; Liq. 40   ; Chem, 38   ; Paper, 35   ; Dry  29   ; Small, 26   ; Med, 50   ; Lrg, 43   ; Tot   119
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  27b: Gen. Frt,                                         66   ; Liq. 39   ; Chem, 38   ; Paper, 35   ; Dry  29   ; Small, 24   ; Med, 50   ; Lrg, 44   ; Tot   118
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                               

  ![](media/image168.wmf){width="2.8097222222222222in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.03125in"}Responses (#):                                                                                                                            

  27c: Gen. Frt,                                         64   ; Liq. 40   ; Chem, 37   ; Paper, 35   ; Dry  28   ; Small, 25   ; Med, 49   ; Lrg, 42   ; Tot   116
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  27d: Gen. Frt,                                         63   ; Liq. 39   ; Chem, 36   ; Paper, 34   ; Dry  28   ; Small, 24   ; Med, 49   ; Lrg, 42   ; Tot   115
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                               

  ![](media/image170.wmf){width="2.8201388888888888in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.29375in"}Responses (#):                                                                                                                            

  27e: Gen. Frt,                                         64   ; Liq. 40   ; Chem, 36   ; Paper, 35   ; Dry  28   ; Small, 26   ; Med, 49   ; Lrg, 42   ; Tot   117
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  27f: Gen. Frt,                                         63   ; Liq. 38   ; Chem, 35   ; Paper, 33   ; Dry  26   ; Small, 21   ; Med, 48   ; Lrg, 43   ; Tot   112
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   
  ------------------------------------------------------ ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----

**Question 27 (cont.)**

  ------------------------------------------------------ ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----
  ![](media/image172.wmf){width="2.8201388888888888in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.0229166666666667in"}Responses (#):                                                                                                                 

  27g: Gen. Frt,                                         64   ; Liq. 38   ; Chem, 35   ; Paper, 35   ; Dry  28   ; Small, 24   ; Med, 49   ; Lrg, 42   ; Tot   115
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  27h: Gen. Frt,                                         62   ; Liq. 38   ; Chem, 35   ; Paper, 34   ; Dry  27   ; Small, 23   ; Med, 49   ; Lrg, 41   ; Tot   113
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                               

  ![](media/image174.wmf){width="2.8097222222222222in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.03125in"}Responses (#):                                                                                                                            

  27i: Gen. Frt,                                         63   ; Liq. 39   ; Chem, 36   ; Paper, 34   ; Dry  27   ; Small, 23   ; Med, 49   ; Lrg, 42   ; Tot   114
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  27j: Gen. Frt,                                         64   ; Liq. 39   ; Chem, 36   ; Paper, 33   ; Dry  28   ; Small, 24   ; Med, 49   ; Lrg, 43   ; Tot   116
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                               

  ![](media/image176.wmf){width="2.8097222222222222in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.1458333333333335in"}Responses (#):                                                                                                                 

  27k: Gen. Frt,                                         63   ; Liq. 40   ; Chem, 36   ; Paper, 34   ; Dry  27   ; Small, 24   ; Med, 49   ; Lrg, 42   ; Tot   115
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  27l: Gen. Frt,                                         66   ; Liq. 39   ; Chem, 36   ; Paper, 35   ; Dry  27   ; Small, 24   ; Med, 49   ; Lrg, 44   ; Tot   117
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   
  ------------------------------------------------------ ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----

**Question 27(cont.)**

  ------------------------------------------------------ ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----
  ![](media/image178.wmf){width="2.8097222222222222in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.1708333333333334in"}Responses (#):                                                                                                                 

  27m: Gen. Frt,                                         65   ; Liq. 39   ; Chem, 37   ; Paper, 34   ; Dry  27   ; Small, 23   ; Med, 49   ; Lrg, 44   ; Tot   116
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  27n: Gen. Frt,                                         63   ; Liq. 39   ; Chem, 36   ; Paper, 34   ; Dry  27   ; Small, 23   ; Med, 49   ; Lrg, 42   ; Tot   114
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                               

  ![](media/image180.wmf){width="2.8097222222222222in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.1708333333333334in"}Responses (#):                                                                                                                 

  27o: Gen. Frt,                                         64   ; Liq. 39   ; Chem, 38   ; Paper, 34   ; Dry  28   ; Small, 23   ; Med, 49   ; Lrg, 43   ; Tot   115
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  27p: Gen. Frt,                                         62   ; Liq. 40   ; Chem, 36   ; Paper, 34   ; Dry  27   ; Small, 24   ; Med, 48   ; Lrg, 42   ; Tot   114
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                               

  ![](media/image182.wmf){width="2.8097222222222222in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.03125in"}Responses (#):                                                                                                                            

  27q: Gen. Frt,                                         66   ; Liq. 40   ; Chem, 38   ; Paper, 36   ; Dry  29   ; Small, 25   ; Med, 49   ; Lrg, 44   ; Tot   118
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  27r: Gen. Frt,                                         11   ; Liq. 15   ; Chem, 12   ; Paper, 6    ; Dry  8    ; Small, 7    ; Med, 11   ; Lrg, 9    ; Tot   27
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   
  ------------------------------------------------------ ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----

Question 28 is about standards/criteria used for driver safety awards.

  ------------------------------------------------------ ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----
  ![](media/image184.wmf){width="2.8201388888888888in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.345833333333333in"}Responses (#):                                                                                                                  

  28a: Gen. Frt,                                         64   ; Liq. 38   ; Chem, 37   ; Paper, 37   ; Dry  29   ; Small, 24   ; Med, 49   ; Lrg, 42   ; Tot   115
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  28b: Gen. Frt,                                         61   ; Liq. 38   ; Chem, 37   ; Paper, 36   ; Dry  28   ; Small, 23   ; Med, 47   ; Lrg, 41   ; Tot   111
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                               

  ![](media/image186.wmf){width="2.8201388888888888in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.466666666666667in"}Responses (#):                                                                                                                  

  28c: Gen. Frt,                                         62   ; Liq. 37   ; Chem, 36   ; Paper, 36   ; Dry  28   ; Small, 23   ; Med, 47   ; Lrg, 41   ; Tot   111
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  28d: Gen. Frt,                                         61   ; Liq. 38   ; Chem, 37   ; Paper, 36   ; Dry  28   ; Small, 23   ; Med, 45   ; Lrg, 40   ; Tot   108
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  ![](media/image188.wmf){width="2.8201388888888888in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.466666666666667in"}Responses (#):                                                                                                                  

  28e: Gen. Frt,                                         62   ; Liq. 37   ; Chem, 36   ; Paper, 36   ; Dry  28   ; Small, 23   ; Med, 48   ; Lrg, 41   ; Tot   112
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  28f: Gen. Frt,                                         61   ; Liq. 38   ; Chem, 37   ; Paper, 36   ; Dry  28   ; Small, 23   ; Med, 47   ; Lrg, 40   ; Tot   110
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   
  ------------------------------------------------------ ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----

Question 28 (cont.)

  ----------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----
  ![](media/image190.wmf){width="3.079861111111111in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.69375in"}                                                                                                                                         

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              60   ; Liq. 36   ; Chem, 35   ; Paper, 34   ; Dry  27   ; Small, 23   ; Med, 44   ; Lrg, 41   ; Tot   108
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                              

  ![](media/image191.wmf){width="3.079861111111111in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.43125in"}                                                                                                                                         

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              11   ; Liq. 8    ; Chem, 6    ; Paper, 3    ; Dry  7    ; Small, 3    ; Med, 11   ; Lrg, 6    ; Tot   20
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                                              
  ----------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----

Question 29 is about reasons for disciplining drivers.

  ------------------------------------------------------ ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----
  ![](media/image192.wmf){width="2.8201388888888888in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.3020833333333335in"}                                                                                                                               

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                               75   ; Liq. 45   ; Chem, 43   ; Paper, 41   ; Dry  33   ; Small, 44   ; Med, 53   ; Lrg, 45   ; Tot   142
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                               

  ![](media/image193.wmf){width="2.8201388888888888in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.3020833333333335in"}                                                                                                                               

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                               75   ; Liq. 45   ; Chem, 43   ; Paper, 41   ; Dry  33   ; Small, 44   ; Med, 53   ; Lrg, 45   ; Tot   142
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                               

  ![](media/image194.wmf){width="2.8201388888888888in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.3020833333333335in"}                                                                                                                               

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                               75   ; Liq. 45   ; Chem, 43   ; Paper, 41   ; Dry  33   ; Small, 44   ; Med, 53   ; Lrg, 45   ; Tot   142
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   
  ------------------------------------------------------ ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----

Question 30 is about the effectiveness of specific actins at helping
discipline drivers.

  ----------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----
  ![](media/image195.wmf){width="6.309722222222222in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.2472222222222222in"}                                                                                                                              

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              72   ; Liq. 44   ; Chem, 42   ; Paper, 41   ; Dry  33   ; Small, 43   ; Med, 52   ; Lrg, 44   ; Tot   139
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                              

  ![](media/image196.wmf){width="5.079861111111111in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.3097222222222222in"}                                                                                                                              

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              72   ; Liq. 44   ; Chem, 42   ; Paper, 41   ; Dry  33   ; Small, 43   ; Med, 52   ; Lrg, 44   ; Tot   139
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                              

  ![](media/image197.wmf){width="6.309722222222222in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.23125in"}                                                                                                                                         

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              72   ; Liq. 44   ; Chem, 42   ; Paper, 40   ; Dry  32   ; Small, 43   ; Med, 52   ; Lrg, 44   ; Tot   139
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   
  ----------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----

**Question 30 (cont.)**

**Question 31 compares the impact that disciplinary actions and rewards
have on company highway safety performance.**

  ------------------------------------------------------ ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----
  ![](media/image198.wmf){width="6.1402777777777775in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.1791666666666667in"}                                                                                                                               

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                               72   ; Liq. 43   ; Chem, 42   ; Paper, 40   ; Dry  32   ; Small, 41   ; Med, 52   ; Lrg, 44   ; Tot   137
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                               

  ![](media/image199.wmf){width="3.45in"                                                                                                                       
  height="2.073611111111111in"}                                                                                                                                

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                               12   ; Liq. 5    ; Chem, 6    ; Paper, 8    ; Dry  5    ; Small, 4    ; Med, 7    ; Lrg, 8    ; Tot   19
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                               

  ![](media/image22.wmf){width="3.7402777777777776in"                                                                                                          
  height="2.3194444444444446in"}                                                                                                                               

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                               75   ; Liq. 43   ; Chem, 42   ; Paper, 42   ; Dry  34   ; Small, 47   ; Med, 52   ; Lrg, 45   ; Tot   144
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   
  ------------------------------------------------------ ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----

**Question 32 is about the impact of disciplinary actions and rewards.**

  ----------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----
  ![](media/image200.wmf){width="6.290277777777778in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.140277777777778in"}                                                                                                                               

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              76   ; Liq. 43   ; Chem, 42   ; Paper, 43   ; Dry  35   ; Small, 48   ; Med, 54   ; Lrg, 44   ; Tot   146
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                              

  ![](media/image201.wmf){width="5.709722222222222in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.1638888888888888in"}                                                                                                                              

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              72   ; Liq. 42   ; Chem, 42   ; Paper, 43   ; Dry  33   ; Small, 43   ; Med, 54   ; Lrg, 43   ; Tot   140
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                              

  ![](media/image202.wmf){width="6.3in"                                                                                                                       
  height="2.1347222222222224in"}                                                                                                                              

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              76   ; Liq. 43   ; Chem, 43   ; Paper, 43   ; Dry  35   ; Small, 47   ; Med, 54   ; Lrg, 45   ; Tot   146
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   
  ----------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----

**Question 32 (cont.)**

  --------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----
  ![](media/image203.wmf){width="6.3in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.1347222222222224in"}                                                                                                                

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                76   ; Liq. 43   ; Chem, 43   ; Paper, 43   ; Dry  35   ; Small, 47   ; Med, 54   ; Lrg, 45   ; Tot   146
                                               Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                

                                                                                                                                                

                                                                                                                                                

                                                                                                                                                

                                                                                                                                                

                                                                                                                                                
  --------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----

**SECTION 5: MANAGING SERVICE CONDITIONS FOR DRIVERS**

Questions 33 -- 37.

  ----------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----
  ![](media/image23.wmf){width="4.8597222222222225in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.2534722222222223in"}                                                                                                                              

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              74   ; Liq. 44   ; Chem, 42   ; Paper, 42   ; Dry  34   ; Small, 48   ; Med, 52   ; Lrg, 45   ; Tot   145
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                              

  ![](media/image204.wmf){width="5.159722222222222in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.2368055555555557in"}                                                                                                                              

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              76   ; Liq. 44   ; Chem, 43   ; Paper, 43   ; Dry  35   ; Small, 48   ; Med, 53   ; Lrg, 45   ; Tot   146
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                              

  ![](media/image24.wmf){width="5.1402777777777775in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.24375in"}                                                                                                                                         

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              76   ; Liq. 44   ; Chem, 43   ; Paper, 43   ; Dry  35   ; Small, 48   ; Med, 53   ; Lrg, 45   ; Tot   146
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   
  ----------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----

Question 36 is about technologies used to monitor driver performance.

  ------------------------------------------------------ ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----
  ![](media/image205.wmf){width="2.8097222222222222in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.1458333333333335in"}Responses (#):                                                                                                                 

  36a: Gen. Frt,                                         73   ; Liq. 44   ; Chem, 42   ; Paper, 40   ; Dry  34   ; Small, 44   ; Med, 51   ; Lrg, 44   ; Tot   139
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  36b: Gen. Frt,                                         73   ; Liq. 44   ; Chem, 42   ; Paper, 40   ; Dry  34   ; Small, 44   ; Med, 51   ; Lrg, 44   ; Tot   139
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                               

  ![](media/image207.wmf){width="2.8201388888888888in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.3020833333333335in"}Responses (#):                                                                                                                 

  36c: Gen. Frt,                                         74   ; Liq. 44   ; Chem, 42   ; Paper, 41   ; Dry  34   ; Small, 44   ; Med, 51   ; Lrg, 45   ; Tot   140
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  36d: Gen. Frt,                                         73   ; Liq. 45   ; Chem, 43   ; Paper, 41   ; Dry  35   ; Small, 43   ; Med, 52   ; Lrg, 44   ; Tot   139
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                               

  ![](media/image209.wmf){width="2.8097222222222222in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.1625in"}Responses (#):                                                                                                                             

  36e: Gen. Frt,                                         71   ; Liq. 45   ; Chem, 41   ; Paper, 39   ; Dry  33   ; Small, 42   ; Med, 49   ; Lrg, 43   ; Tot   134
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  36f: Gen. Frt,                                         72   ; Liq. 43   ; Chem, 40   ; Paper, 39   ; Dry  33   ; Small, 43   ; Med, 48   ; Lrg, 43   ; Tot   134
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   
  ------------------------------------------------------ ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----

**Question 36(cont.)**

Question 37 is about ways companies manage driver fatigue.

  ------------------------------------------------------ ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----
  ![](media/image211.wmf){width="2.8201388888888888in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.1625in"}                                                                                                                                           

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                               22   ; Liq. 8    ; Chem, 8    ; Paper, 11   ; Dry  8    ; Small, 10   ; Med, 12   ; Lrg, 12   ; Tot   34
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                               

  ![](media/image212.wmf){width="6.379861111111111in"                                                                                                          
  height="2.1534722222222222in"}                                                                                                                               

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                               75   ; Liq. 45   ; Chem, 43   ; Paper, 42   ; Dry  35   ; Small, 43   ; Med, 52   ; Lrg, 45   ; Tot   140
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                               

  ![](media/image213.wmf){width="6.290277777777778in"                                                                                                          
  height="2.140277777777778in"}                                                                                                                                

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                               75   ; Liq. 45   ; Chem, 43   ; Paper, 42   ; Dry  35   ; Small, 44   ; Med, 53   ; Lrg, 45   ; Tot   142
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   
  ------------------------------------------------------ ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----

Questions 33 -- 37 (cont.)

  ----------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----
  ![](media/image214.wmf){width="5.020138888888889in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.1631944444444446in"}                                                                                                                              

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              73   ; Liq. 45   ; Chem, 43   ; Paper, 42   ; Dry  35   ; Small, 43   ; Med, 52   ; Lrg, 44   ; Tot   139
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                              

  ![](media/image215.wmf){width="6.320138888888889in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.1666666666666665in"}                                                                                                                              

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              75   ; Liq. 45   ; Chem, 43   ; Paper, 42   ; Dry  35   ; Small, 44   ; Med, 53   ; Lrg, 45   ; Tot   142
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                              

  ![](media/image216.wmf){width="5.7in"                                                                                                                       
  height="2.167361111111111in"}                                                                                                                               

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              75   ; Liq. 45   ; Chem, 43   ; Paper, 42   ; Dry  35   ; Small, 44   ; Med, 53   ; Lrg, 45   ; Tot   142
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   
  ----------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----

**SECTION 6: MANAGING VEHICLE MAINTENANCE**

**Questions 38 and 39 are about computerized equipment maintenance
management. Question 39 is about the use of collected data to support
specific activities.**

  ------------------------------------------------------ ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----
  ![](media/image25.wmf){width="3.9298611111111112in"                                                                                                          
  height="1.9833333333333334in"}                                                                                                                               

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                               75   ; Liq. 44   ; Chem, 42   ; Paper, 42   ; Dry  34   ; Small, 44   ; Med, 52   ; Lrg, 45   ; Tot   141
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                               

  ![](media/image217.wmf){width="2.75in"                                                                                                                       
  height="2.245138888888889in"}Responses (#):                                                                                                                  

  39a: Gen. Frt,                                         45   ; Liq. 30   ; Chem, 26   ; Paper, 22   ; Dry  19   ; Small, 10   ; Med, 33   ; Lrg, 35   ; Tot   78
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  39b: Gen. Frt,                                         45   ; Liq. 30   ; Chem, 26   ; Paper, 22   ; Dry  19   ; Small, 10   ; Med, 33   ; Lrg, 35   ; Tot   78
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  ![](media/image219.wmf){width="2.7402777777777776in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.2284722222222224in"}Responses (#):                                                                                                                 

  39c: Gen. Frt,                                         45   ; Liq. 30   ; Chem, 26   ; Paper, 22   ; Dry  19   ; Small, 10   ; Med, 33   ; Lrg, 35   ; Tot   78
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  39d: Gen. Frt,                                         45   ; Liq. 29   ; Chem, 26   ; Paper, 22   ; Dry  18   ; Small, 9    ; Med, 32   ; Lrg, 35   ; Tot   76
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   
  ------------------------------------------------------ ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----

Question 39 (cont.) Questions 40 and 41 are about whether companies
outsource specific fleet maintenance activities.

  ------------------------------------------------------ ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----
  ![](media/image221.wmf){width="2.8097222222222222in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.1625in"}Responses (#):                                                                                                                             

  39e: Gen. Frt,                                         45   ; Liq. 30   ; Chem, 26   ; Paper, 22   ; Dry  19   ; Small, 10   ; Med, 32   ; Lrg, 35   ; Tot   77
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  39f: Gen. Frt,                                         44   ; Liq. 29   ; Chem, 26   ; Paper, 21   ; Dry  19   ; Small, 10   ; Med, 33   ; Lrg, 34   ; Tot   77
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  ![](media/image26.wmf){width="2.8201388888888888in"                                                                                                          
  height="2.433333333333333in"}                                                                                                                                

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                               74   ; Liq. 44   ; Chem, 42   ; Paper, 41   ; Dry  34   ; Small, 43   ; Med, 52   ; Lrg, 45   ; Tot   140
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                               

  ![](media/image223.wmf){width="2.8097222222222222in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.1625in"}Responses (#):                                                                                                                             

  41a: Gen. Frt,                                         55   ; Liq. 32   ; Chem, 32   ; Paper, 33   ; Dry  27   ; Small, 35   ; Med, 38   ; Lrg, 35   ; Tot   108
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  41b: Gen. Frt,                                         54   ; Liq. 32   ; Chem, 32   ; Paper, 33   ; Dry  26   ; Small, 34   ; Med, 37   ; Lrg, 35   ; Tot   106
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   
  ------------------------------------------------------ ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----

**Questions 40 -- 41 (cont.)**

  ------------------------------------------------------ ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----
  ![](media/image225.wmf){width="2.8201388888888888in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.1625in"}Responses (#):                                                                                                                             

  41c: Gen. Frt,                                         55   ; Liq. 32   ; Chem, 31   ; Paper, 32   ; Dry  26   ; Small, 35   ; Med, 36   ; Lrg, 35   ; Tot   106
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  41d: Gen. Frt,                                         56   ; Liq. 33   ; Chem, 33   ; Paper, 34   ; Dry  27   ; Small, 35   ; Med, 40   ; Lrg, 35   ; Tot   110
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  ![](media/image227.wmf){width="2.8097222222222222in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.1708333333333334in"}Responses (#):                                                                                                                 

  41e: Gen. Frt,                                         55   ; Liq. 32   ; Chem, 31   ; Paper, 32   ; Dry  27   ; Small, 35   ; Med, 37   ; Lrg, 35   ; Tot   107
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  41f: Gen. Frt,                                         55   ; Liq. 32   ; Chem, 32   ; Paper, 34   ; Dry  26   ; Small, 35   ; Med, 40   ; Lrg, 34   ; Tot   109
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  ![](media/image229.wmf){width="2.8097222222222222in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.1458333333333335in"}Responses (#):                                                                                                                 

  41g: Gen. Frt,                                         55   ; Liq. 33   ; Chem, 33   ; Paper, 33   ; Dry  27   ; Small, 34   ; Med, 40   ; Lrg, 34   ; Tot   108
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  41h: Gen. Frt,                                         56   ; Liq. 33   ; Chem, 33   ; Paper, 34   ; Dry  27   ; Small, 35   ; Med, 40   ; Lrg, 35   ; Tot   110
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   
  ------------------------------------------------------ ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----

**Questions 40 -- 41 (cont.)**

  ------------------------------------------------------ ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----
  ![](media/image231.wmf){width="2.8201388888888888in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.1625in"}Responses (#):                                                                                                                             

  41i: Gen. Frt,                                         56   ; Liq. 33   ; Chem, 33   ; Paper, 34   ; Dry  27   ; Small, 35   ; Med, 40   ; Lrg, 35   ; Tot   110
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

  41j: Gen. Frt,                                         54   ; Liq. 32   ; Chem, 32   ; Paper, 33   ; Dry  27   ; Small, 35   ; Med, 39   ; Lrg, 34   ; Tot   108
                                                              Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                               

                                                                                                                                                               

                                                                                                                                                               

                                                                                                                                                               

                                                                                                                                                               
  ------------------------------------------------------ ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----

**Questions 42 -- 53 are general questions about managing vehicle
maintenance.**

  ----------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----
  ![](media/image27.wmf){width="5.279861111111111in"                                                                                                          
  height="2.2888888888888888in"}                                                                                                                              

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              75   ; Liq. 45   ; Chem, 44   ; Paper, 42   ; Dry  34   ; Small, 44   ; Med, 54   ; Lrg, 46   ; Tot   144
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                              

  ![](media/image233.wmf){width="6.459722222222222in"                                                                                                         
  height="1.8375in"}                                                                                                                                          

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              70   ; Liq. 41   ; Chem, 39   ; Paper, 34   ; Dry  26   ; Small, 32   ; Med, 48   ; Lrg, 42   ; Tot   122
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                              

  ![](media/image28.wmf){width="4.55in"                                                                                                                       
  height="2.410416666666667in"}                                                                                                                               

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              71   ; Liq. 41   ; Chem, 39   ; Paper, 35   ; Dry  26   ; Small, 33   ; Med, 48   ; Lrg, 44   ; Tot   125
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   
  ----------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----

**Questions 42 -- 53 (cont.)**

  ----------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----
  ![](media/image29.wmf){width="4.959722222222222in"                                                                                                          
  height="2.3in"}                                                                                                                                             

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              70   ; Liq. 40   ; Chem, 39   ; Paper, 35   ; Dry  25   ; Small, 32   ; Med, 48   ; Lrg, 43   ; Tot   123
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                              

  ![](media/image234.wmf){width="6.320138888888889in"                                                                                                         
  height="1.523611111111111in"}                                                                                                                               

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              77   ; Liq. 45   ; Chem, 44   ; Paper, 43   ; Dry  35   ; Small, 48   ; Med, 53   ; Lrg, 45   ; Tot   146
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                              

  ![](media/image30.wmf){width="5.290277777777778in"                                                                                                          
  height="2.3194444444444446in"}                                                                                                                              

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              77   ; Liq. 45   ; Chem, 44   ; Paper, 43   ; Dry  34   ; Small, 47   ; Med, 52   ; Lrg, 46   ; Tot   145
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   
  ----------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----

**Questions 42 -- 53 (cont.) Question 49 is about how many miles
company's power units travel between Schedules Maintenance
inspections.**

  ----------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----
  ![](media/image235.wmf){width="5.509722222222222in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.4868055555555557in"}                                                                                                                              

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              76   ; Liq. 45   ; Chem, 43   ; Paper, 42   ; Dry  34   ; Small, 48   ; Med, 54   ; Lrg, 45   ; Tot   147
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                              

  ![](media/image236.wmf){width="4.220138888888889in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.1506944444444445in"}                                                                                                                              

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              71   ; Liq. 43   ; Chem, 41   ; Paper, 39   ; Dry  31   ; Small, 43   ; Med, 47   ; Lrg, 43   ; Tot   133
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                              

  ![](media/image237.wmf){width="5.459722222222222in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.165277777777778in"}                                                                                                                               

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              64   ; Liq. 41   ; Chem, 37   ; Paper, 35   ; Dry  30   ; Small, 34   ; Med, 45   ; Lrg, 42   ; Tot   121
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   
  ----------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----

**Questions 42 -- 53 (cont.) Question 50 is about how many miles
company's new power units travel before needing an a) in-frame engine
overhaul and b) in-frame train overhaul.**

  ----------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----
  ![](media/image238.wmf){width="5.459722222222222in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.165277777777778in"}                                                                                                                               

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              51   ; Liq. 33   ; Chem, 30   ; Paper, 27   ; Dry  25   ; Small, 31   ; Med, 35   ; Lrg, 30   ; Tot   96
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                              

  ![](media/image239.wmf){width="5.279861111111111in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.292361111111111in"}                                                                                                                               

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              69   ; Liq. 41   ; Chem, 38   ; Paper, 36   ; Dry  28   ; Small, 41   ; Med, 47   ; Lrg, 40   ; Tot   128
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                              

  ![](media/image240.wmf){width="5.290277777777778in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.3048611111111112in"}                                                                                                                              

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              64   ; Liq. 36   ; Chem, 33   ; Paper, 32   ; Dry  27   ; Small, 33   ; Med, 45   ; Lrg, 37   ; Tot   115
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   
  ----------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----

**Question 51 is about how many miles company's new power units travel
before needing an a) out-of-chassis engine overhaul and b)
out-of-chassis drive train overhaul.**

  ----------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----
  ![](media/image31.wmf){width="4.8in"                                                                                                                        
  height="2.3097222222222222in"}                                                                                                                              

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              58   ; Liq. 34   ; Chem, 32   ; Paper, 27   ; Dry  18   ; Small, 30   ; Med, 36   ; Lrg, 34   ; Tot   100
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                              

  ![](media/image241.wmf){width="4.809722222222222in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.298611111111111in"}                                                                                                                               

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              55   ; Liq. 30   ; Chem, 28   ; Paper, 24   ; Dry  18   ; Small, 24   ; Med, 35   ; Lrg, 33   ; Tot   92
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                              

  ![](media/image242.wmf){width="4.220138888888889in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.1506944444444445in"}                                                                                                                              

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              68   ; Liq. 44   ; Chem, 41   ; Paper, 35   ; Dry  30   ; Small, 36   ; Med, 47   ; Lrg, 42   ; Tot   125
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   
  ----------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----

Question 52 is about the number of miles between inspections and
servicing for company trailers. Question 53 is about general maintenance
questions.

  ----------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----
  ![](media/image32.wmf){width="5.8in"                                                                                                                        
  height="2.2881944444444446in"}                                                                                                                              

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              65   ; Liq. 43   ; Chem, 39   ; Paper, 34   ; Dry  29   ; Small, 36   ; Med, 46   ; Lrg, 40   ; Tot   122
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                              

  ![](media/image243.wmf){width="6.320138888888889in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.1666666666666665in"}                                                                                                                              

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              74   ; Liq. 45   ; Chem, 43   ; Paper, 41   ; Dry  33   ; Small, 42   ; Med, 53   ; Lrg, 45   ; Tot   140
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                              

  ![](media/image244.wmf){width="5.729861111111111in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.328472222222222in"}                                                                                                                               

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              74   ; Liq. 45   ; Chem, 43   ; Paper, 41   ; Dry  33   ; Small, 42   ; Med, 52   ; Lrg, 45   ; Tot   139
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   
  ----------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----

Question 53 (cont.)

  ----------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----
  ![](media/image245.wmf){width="6.320138888888889in"                                                                                                         
  height="2.158333333333333in"}                                                                                                                               

  Responses (#): Gen. Frt,                              74   ; Liq. 45   ; Chem, 43   ; Paper, 41   ; Dry  33   ; Small, 42   ; Med, 53   ; Lrg, 45   ; Tot   140
                                                             Gas,                                   Blk,                                              Size,   

                                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                                              
  ----------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ---- ------- ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ------- -----

[^1]: ^^ For detailed information about SafeStat, visit FMCSA's
    Analysis and Information (A&I) Online website at ai.volpe.dot.gov.

[^2]: ^^ The ISS Inspection Value is based on the motor carrier\'s
    safety performance data. In the case when there is sufficient motor
    carrier safety performance data available, the value is assigned
    from information derived from SafeStat results. When a motor carrier
    has little information on file, the ISS Inspection Value is based on
    an \'Insufficient Data Algorithm\', which determines the inspection
    value by weighting the carrier size and the number of past
    inspections.

[^3]: **Making the Difference...A Compendium of Safety Management
    Practices of Award Winning Carriers**, Western Highway Institute
    with InMotion, Inc., Denver, Colorado, 1996/1997; **Safe Returns: A
    Compendium of Injury Reduction and Safety Management Practices of
    Award Winning Carriers**, American Trucking Associations Foundation
    with Parker Young, Alexandria, Virginia, 1999. and **Managing for
    Safety: The Practices and Programs of Colorado's Safest Motor
    Carriers**, American Trucking Associations Foundation, Alexandria,
    Virginia, 2000.

[^4]: Michael C. Mejza and Thomas M. Corsi, "Assessing Motor Carrier
    Potential for Improving Safety Processes," **Transportation
    Journal**, Vol. 38, No. 4, Summer 1999, pp. 36-50.

[^5]: Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS), July 1, 2002.