**Course Title:** **Floodplain Management**

**Module 3:** Biological Landscape: Its impact on the floodplain and
floodplain management

**Session Title**: Management and restoration of floodplain ecology

**Author**: Susan Bolton, Ph.D., P.E.

> **Time 75 minutes**

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

# Objectives: (PP1 and PP2, Title and Objectives)

At the end of this session, the students will be able to:

> 13.1 Explain critical concepts for effective river/floodplain
> restoration.
>
> 13.2 Describe ways that rivers and their associated floodplains can be
> ecologically improved.
>
> 13.3 Give examples of successes and failures in floodplain restoration
> projects.
>
> 13.4 Discuss management and restoration functions within the context
> of case study floodplains.
>
> 13.5 Complete the Module 3 examination.

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

**Scope:** This session discusses the importance of taking a broad view
when undertaking river or floodplain restoration. When considering a
system for restoration, one has to remember the four dimensions of
rivers, the nature of disturbances, and watershed processes that create
and maintain aquatic and riparian habitat.

**Readings:**

*Student and Instructor Reading:*

Brookes, A. 1996. "Floodplain restoration and rehabilitation." Pp
553-576 in M.G. Anderson, D.E. Walling, and P.D. Bates. (eds.)
*Floodplain Processes.* John Wiley and Sons, NY.

Criss, R.E. and E.L. Shock. 2001. "Flood enhancement through flood
control." *Geology* (October): 875-878.

Friends of the River. "Beyond flood control: Flood management and river
restoration."
http://www.friendsoftheriver.org/Publications/BeyondFloodControl/fldprimr.html

Frissell, C.A. 1997. "Ecological principles." Pp 96-115 in J.E.
Williams, C.A. Wood, and M.P. Dombeck (eds.) *Watershed Restoration:
Principles and Practices.* American Fisheries Society. Bethesda, MD.

Gore, J.A. and F.D. Shields, Jr. 1995. "Can large rivers be restored?"
*BioScience* 45(3): 142-152.

Michener, W.K. and R. A. Haeuber. 1998. "Flooding: Natural and managed
disturbances. BioScience." 48(9): 677-680.

Schiemer, F., C. Baumgarner, and K. Tockner. 1999. "Restoration of
floodplain rivers: \'The Danube Restoration Project." *Regulated Rivers:
Research and Management* 15:231-244).

Shepp, D.L. and J.D. Cummings. 1997. "Restoration in an urban watershed:
Anacostia River of Maryland and the District of Columbia." Pp. 297-317
in J.E. Williams, C.A. Wood and M.P. Dombeck (eds.) *Watershed
Restoration: Principles and Practices. American Fisheries Society*.
Bethesda, MD.

Williams, J.E., C.A. Wood, and M.P. Dombeck. 1997. "Understanding
watershed-scale restoration." Pp. 1-13 in J.E. Williams, C.A. Wood and
M.P. Dombeck \*(eds.) *Watershed Restoration: Principles and Practices.*
American Fisheries Society. Bethesda, MD.

*Additional Instructor Reading:*

None.

**General Requirements:**

This session relies heavily on student understanding of the concepts
presented in earlier sessions.

**Objective 13.1 (PP3 Objective)**

Explain critical concepts for effective river/floodplain restoration.

**Requirements:**

Instructor should look at the contents of *Watershed Restoration:
Principles and Practices* by J.E. Williams, C.A. Wood, and M.P. Dombeck
(eds.) 1997. American Fisheries Society. Bethesda, MD. Depending on
class location and interests, additional chapters in this book may
provide relevant examples and information.

Additionally many case studies are available that may be relevant and
interesting to the class. See the references for potential case studies
that instructor may wish to include that are not in the Williams, Wood,
and Dombeck book.

**In class exercise:**

The Instructor should give the students 10 minutes in class to list
components that should be considered in terms of ecology with respect to
restoration. Students can compare this list to the principles suggested
in the remarks.

**Remarks:**

I.  **Ecologically and economically effective restoration depends on a
    thorough understanding of the watershed site being considered and an
    awareness of the four dimensions---longitudinal, lateral, vertical,
    and time/history---of riverine ecosystems. The following principles
    (Angemeier: 64 1997; Frissell: 107-108 1997) are a good start.**

    A.  Identify relationships between human activities and key
        ecological processes.

        1.  Be alert to large-scale, long-term processes because they
            are the most difficult to manipulate.

        2.  Habitat conditions are the outcome of watershed, riparian,
            and stream process and cannot be manipulated independently
            of this context. (**PP4, Principals 1...**)

    B.  Identify potential ecological limitations such as
        physiochemical, trophic base, habitat structure, temporal
        variation, and biotic interactions that may limit or prevent
        successful restoration. **(PP5, Principals 2... )**

    C.  Recognize the system's inherent limitations: climate,
        physiography, biogeography, hydrology, etc. **(PP6, Principals
        3...)**

    D.  Wherever possible, reconnect the longitudinal, lateral, and
        vertical components of the river and floodplain. Minimize the
        fragmentation of watersheds. **(PP6, Principals 4\...)**

    E.  Do not expect to find 'a smoking gun.' **(PP6, Principals
        5...)**

        1.  Causes and cumulative effects that damage rivers and
            floodplain ecosystems are complex and pervasive.

        2.  Response to restoration can be complex and unpredictable.

    F.  Eliminate the causes of degradation rather than addressing
        symptoms of the degradation.

        1.  Many disturbances propagate downstream.

        2.  Intact headwaters are critical to maintenance and recovery
            of aquatic habitats throughout the river system. **(PP7,
            Principals 6...)**

    G.  Fully evaluate engineering fixes for ecological ramifications.
        Enhancing natural recovery processes is usually cheaper and more
        likely to be successful in the long-term. **(PP7, Principals
        7...)**

    H.  Riverine systems are highly variable in space and time even
        under natural conditions. Restoration should not seek to
        homogenize the system. **(PP8, Principals 8)**

II. **Develop specific and measurable objectives so that you can monitor
    how the restoration performs. (PP9, Restoration)**

    1.  Vague goal: Improve fish habitat.

    2.  Measurable, precise goal: Increase spawning gravel area by 20%.

III. **Ecological engineering is a new approach for working in natural
     systems. It is the design of sustainable systems, based on
     ecological principles that integrate human society with the natural
     environment for the mutual benefit of both. (PP10, Ecological
     Engineering)**

     A.  The first principle is to design consistent with ecological
         principles. Ecosystems are diverse, patchy, complex, and
         self-organizing. Designs should take advantage of this.

         1.  Ecological resilience is the ability of a system to be
             disturbed without losing its structure and function.

> a\. Complex systems are more resilient than simple systems due to
> redundancies and overlap of structure and function.

2.  Engineering resilience is the degree to which a system resists
    moving from its current state under stress.

> a\. Systems that are designed for engineering resilience typically
> lose ecological resilience.

B.  Designs should recognized site-specific assets and limitations.
    **(PP11, Questions)**

    1.  What is here?

    2.  What will nature allow us to do here?

    3.  What will nature help us do here?

    4.  What can local communities contribute to design awareness?

    5.  Design for 'safe-fail' not for 'fail-safe'.

> a\. If the designed system fails, as it may well do under extremes of
> natural disturbance, design it such that failure does not cause more
> damage.

**Objective 13.2**

Describe ways that rivers and their associated floodplains can be
ecologically improved. **(PP12, Management and Restoration)**

**Requirements:**

None

**Remarks:**

I.  **Because of the natural values of rivers and floodplains, humans
    have long settled in such areas. Over time, human activities in
    watersheds and riparian areas have altered the natural functions and
    structures of rivers and floodplains. Habitats forming processes,
    trophic structure, and species diversity have been changed. Efforts
    are underway along the floodplains of rivers, often associated with
    watersheds with extensive development of cities and farms, to
    reconnect and restore natural function and structure.**

    1.  The Anacostia River of Maryland and the District of Columbia
        drains a 170 square mile watershed and is home to \> 800,000
        people. The Anacostia Watershed Restoration Agreement of 1987
        identified 7 ecologically based restoration goals. **(PP13,
        Anacostia River)**

> 1\. Reduce pollutant loads of toxics, sewage, sediment and debris.
> **(PP14, Anacostia)**
>
> 2\. Protect and restore ecological integrity of streams **(PP15,
> Anacostia)**

a.  Miles of stream habitat had been degraded by engineered channel
    'improvements' and uncontrolled storm water runoff.

b.  Need to control stormwater and restore habitat complexity in streams

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3.  Restore spawning range of anadramous fish such as Atlantic menhaden,
    yellow perch and shad **(PP16, Anacostia)**

    a.  Remove fish barriers

    b.  Increase quantity and quality of wetlands **(PP17, Anacostia)**

> c\. No further loss of wetlands
>
> d\. Restore degraded wetlands
>
> e\. Create new wetlands

4.  Increase forest cover in the watershed, especially along the rivers.
    (**PP18, Anacostia**)

5.  Increase public awareness and involvement. (**PP19, Anacostia**)

6.  Develop specific and quantifiable goals and targets by which to
    measure restoration progress.

> B. The Danube Restoration Project is a large effort that uses emerging
> concepts of ecological restoration of rivers. **(PP20, Danube)**

1.  Based on theoretical concepts of river ecology (refer to Sessions 8
    and 9).

2.  Approach is process- (ecosystem-) oriented instead of species
    focused

3.  Restoration should foster hydrological and geomorphological
    functions of the river (let the river do the work).

4.  Regulation of Danube started in 1875. Effects were immediate and
    widespread. **(PP21, Danube)**

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a.  Loss of off-channel habitat that provides refuges for juvenile fish
    and serve as nurseries.

b.  Reduced hydrological connectivity in the lateral, longitudinal, and
    vertical dimensions.

c.  Lowered water table.

d.  Reduced magnitude and frequency of geomorphic processes that create
    and maintain habitat complexity

e.  Concentrated erosive forces in main channel that led to incision of
    the channel bed.

> 5\. Management goals are to improve and restore ecological conditions.
> Constraints are set by present day pollution and nutrient loads as
> well altered hydrologic and sediment regimes, concerns for protection
> against flooding of human structures, and the need to maintain
> shipping. Initial steps include the following. **(PP22, Danube)**
>
> a\. Lower riverside embankments to increase lateral connectivity.
> **(PP23, Danube)**
>
> b\. Create more openings in embankments to allow more lateral
> connectivity.
>
> c\. Lower weirs on side channels to facilitate more natural water
> retention times and create a more continuous watercourse. **(PP24,
> Danube)**
>
> d\. Develop an extensive monitoring system to include hydrologic,
> geomorphic, biological indicators. **(PP25, Danube)**

**IV. Flooding is a critical component of intact and well-functioning
rivers and floodplains. Recent assessments of natural floods have
implicated excessive flood control structures with aggravating flood
levels. At the same time, controlled floods on managed rivers have been
used to facilitate natural processes that were destroyed following
regulation. (PP26, Flooding natural)**

A. Criss and Schock analyzed river gaging stations along the Mississippi
River and observed increased flood stages with constant discharge over
the past 100 years.

> 1\. They attribute this increase in stage at constant discharge to
> channelization.
>
> 2\. The historical record for the past 150 years shows that flood
> stages for constant discharge have increased 2--4 m over the past
> century at several locations in the Mississippi River basin. **(PP27,
> River Stage Comparisons)**

B. Controlled floods on the Colorado River below Glen Canyon Dam have
been used in 1996 and 2004 to try and restore sand bars and beaches that
are critical habitat for threatened species.

> 1\. For more information, see
> <http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/grandcan/dameffects.html> **(PP28, Using
> Floods)**

**Objective 13.3** Give examples of successes and failures in floodplain
restoration projects. **(PP29 and PP30, Common Causes)**

**Requirements:**

If the instructor is familiar with stream restoration projects in the
area, a field trip to look at conditions in the field would make this
segment more meaningful. Students could discuss the advantages and
disadvantages of the types of restoration that have been undertaken
based on ecological issues. In lieu of a field trip, the instructor
could describe a restoration project and give the student 15 minutes to
evaluate it based on ecological principles.

**Remarks:**

I.  **Typical types of failures in stream restoration.**

    A.  Partial or total failure of structural integrity.

    B.  Failure to achieve design objective.

    C.  Erosion/scour or sediment deposition was greater than or less
        than what was expected or intended.

    D.  Habitat enhancement goals were not met.

II. **Common causes of failure in river/floodplain restoration.**

> A. Incomplete understanding of ecological history of the area
>
> B. Applying restoration efforts at the incorrect scale

A.  Treating the symptoms (e.g. floods, fishery declines, sedimentation)
    rather than the causes of the situation

B.  Forgetting to integrate restoration effort with ecological
    principles

C.  Inadequate definition of goals and objectives

D.  Failure to monitor outcomes and adaptively manage

**Objective 13.4 Discuss management and restoration functions within the
context of case study floodplains**

**Remarks:**

Teams should be given time to discuss management and restoration
functions for their respective case study floodplains**.**

**Objective 13.5**

Complete the Module examination.

**Remarks:**

A.  The Module 3 examination included with in the next session
    (session 14) may be distributed at the end of the class to be
    completed at home. If it is distributed, a few minutes should be
    allowed for explanation.

B.  The instructor need not give all questions in the examination, but
    should include questions pertaining to concepts the instructor feels
    might not have been understood by some students. The instructor may
    also prepare a unique examination.

C.  A discussion of examination is included within the next session.

D.  The instructor should also allow students to discuss their team
    assignments.

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Bergen, S., S. Bolton, and J. Fridley. 2001. "Ecological Engineering:
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Bolton, S.M. and J. Shellberg. "Ecological issues in floodplain and
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[Brookes, A.
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Cairns, Jr., J. 1997. "Eco-societal restoration: creating a harmonious
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Williams, C.A. Wood and M.P. Dombeck (eds.) *Watershed Restoration:
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Conyngham J. and J.M. McGurrin. 1997. *Restoration of trout waters in
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Criss, R.E. and E.L. Shock. 2001. "Flood enhancement through flood
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Frissell, C.A. 1997. "Ecological principles." Pp 96-115 in J.E.
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**Urls**

<http://ise.uoregon.edu/publications/fldpln_rstr2004.pdf>\
Paper on integrating resilience into restoration

<http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/grandcan/dameffects.html>\
USGS site for Grand Canyon controlled floods

<http://www.austria.org/oldsite/jul00/rivers.html>

Danube river restoration description

<http://www.bioengineering.com/Projects/northwestbranch_anacostia.html>

### Stream and Riparian Restoration Project Northwest Branch of the Anacostia River, Maryland

<http://www.cwp.org/stream_restoration.pdf>\
Center for watershed protection urban stream restoration failures

<http://www.friendsoftheriver.org/Publications/BeyondFloodControl>\
Flood management and river restoration

<http://www.montgomerycountymd.gov/content/dep/Publications/pdf/anacostia_restoration.pdf>

Montgomery County's commitment to Anacostia watershed restoration

<http://www.panda.org/downloads/europe/livingwithfloodswwfpolicybriefingfinal.pdf>

World Wildlife Fund Briefing on European floodplain policies and case
studies

<http://www.snre.umich.edu/ecomgt/pubs/wetlands/hennepin/2.4.PDF>\
Floodplain restoration principles

[http://www.stormwatercenter.net/Slideshows/8tools%20for%20smrc/sld001.htm](http://www.stormwatercenter.net/Slideshows/8tools for smrc/sld001.htm)\
Eight tools of watershed protection slide show

<http://www.therrc.co.uk/manual.php>\
The River Restoration Centre -United Kingdom

<http://www.ucowr.siu.edu/updates/pdf/V97_A8>\
Environmental restoration

<http://www.zinke.at/Zinke.data/Images/navstud.pdf>

Waterway Transport on Europe's Lifeline, the Danube: Impacts, threats
and opportunities