# PROGRAMME ON REINFORCEMENT OF PASTORAL CIVIL SOCIETY IN EAST AFRICA

# 

## Challenging the Myths: A workshop on Perceptions of Pastoralism in East Africa

## 

## Held at MS-TCDC, Arusha, Tanzania 26^th^ and 27^th^ May 2003

## Workshop Report

## Prepared by RECONCILE and IIED

## Nakuru, June 2003

## Table of Contents

**ACRONYMS [2](#acronyms)**

**1. Introduction [3](#introduction)**

**1.1 Workshop Process [3](#workshop-process)**

**2. Proceedings of Day One [4](#proceedings-of-day-one)**

**2.1 Plenary Session One: Introductory
[4](#plenary-session-one-introductory)**

**2.2 Plenary Session Two: Presentation of Kenya study
[4](#plenary-session-two-presentation-of-kenya-study)**

**2.3. Group work on origins/sources of negative perceptions
[6](#group-work-on-originssources-of-negative-perceptions-and-their-persistence)**

**3. Proceedings of Day Two: Challenging the Myths/Perceptions
[8](#proceedings-of-day-two-challenging-the-mythsperceptions)**

**4. Way Forward [9](#way-forward)**

**Appendix 1 Workshop Agenda [11](#appendix-1-workshop-agenda)**

**Appendix 2 List of Participants
[13](#appendix-2-list-of-participants)**

**Boxes**

Box 1: Programme on *Reinforcement of Pastoral Civil Society in East
Africa*.........3

Box 2: Objectives of Day
One...............................................................\...4

Box 3: Group Work
Objective...............................................................\...6

Box 4: Group Work Report
Back...............................................................7

Box 5: Objective of Day
Two...............................................................\....8

Box 6: Additional strategies for challenging perceptions of
pastoralism.................9

Box 7: How the initiatives could contribute and benefit from Programme
............9

**Tables**

Table 1: Arguments for challenging perceptions of
pastoralism..........................8

**Appendices**

Appendix 1: Workshop
Agenda..............................................................11

Appendix 2: List of
Participants..............................................................13

## ACRONYMS

ASAL Arid and Semi Arid Lands

AU/IBAR African Union/ Interafrican Bureau for Animal Resources

CAPE Community-based Animal Health and Participatory Epidemiology

CBOs Community Based Organisations

CBR Centre for Basic Research

CAG Core Advisory Group

DDC Drylands Development Centre

ERETO-NPP Ereto Ngorongoro Pastoralist Project

IIED International Institute for Environment and Development

ITV Independent Television

MS-TCDC MS-Training Centre for Development Cooperation

NORDECO Nordic Agency for Development and Ecology

NRM National Resistance Movement

NYDA Nyabusozi Development Association

PARIMA Pastoral Risk Management

PCSO Pastoral Civil Society Organisations

PINGOs Pastoralists Indigenous Non-Governmental Organisations

PPG Pastoralists Parliamentary Group

RDE Royal Danish Embassy

RECONCILE Resource Conflict Institute

RPP Regional Pastoral Programme

TAPHGO Tanzania Pastoralists and Hunter Gatherers Organisation

UNDP United Nations Development Programme

## 1. Introduction

This is a report of the workshop on perceptions of pastoralism hosted by
RECONCILE and the Drylands Programme of IIED at MS-TCDC, Usa River,
Arusha, Tanzania on 26^th^ and 27^th^ May 2003. The workshop dubbed
*Challenging the Myths: A Workshop on Perceptions of Pastoralism in East
Africa* was held within the framework of the programme on *Reinforcement
of Pastoral Civil Society in East Africa* which RECONCILE and IIED are
jointly implementing in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania.

The workshop was convened as part of the process of consultation on the
design of a generic training course on pastoralism and policy in East
Africa. Participants were drawn from pastoral civil society, national,
regional and international organizations working on pastoral issues in
the region and members of the Programme CAG.

**Box 1**

**Programme on *Reinforcement of Pastoral Civil Society in East
Africa***

The programme launched in November 2002 is being implemented in
collaboration with pastoral civil society organizations in Kenya, Uganda
and Tanzania. It seeks to build the capacity of pastoral civil society
in the region to drive their own development agenda. The programme has
three components, namely: training, research and networking. The
training component within the framework of which this workshop was held,
entails the design of a generic training course on pastoralism and
policy in East Africa. The training course shall be hosted at MS-TCDC
and shall target leaders of pastoral civil society, policy makers,
government and project staff and members of the media. It shall aim to
equip course participants with a deeper understanding of the dynamics of
pastoral systems in East Africa and the relationship between pastoralism
and policy. The results of a regional study on perceptions of
pastoralism commissioned by the Programme were received and discussed at
the workshop.

The workshop had three objectives, namely:

-   to identify the critical myths/perceptions that contribute to the
    continued marginalisation of pastoralists in East Africa, their
    sources and why they persist;

-   to identify key strategies for challenging the prevailing negative
    perceptions of pastoralism in East Africa; and

-   to identify key issues that the training course on pastoralism and
    policy should address in challenging the negative perceptions on
    pastoralism in East Africa

## 1.1 Workshop Process

The workshop was held over a two-day period, and comprised presentations
and discussions in plenary and group work. Groups were composed of
either mixed country participants or individual country participants
according to the issue under consideration. A steering group constituted
at the beginning of the workshop reviewed the day\'s proceedings and
planned the work for the following day.

The first day was dedicated to the first objective of the workshop, i.e.
identifying the critical perceptions that contribute to the continued
marginalisation of pastoralists in East Africa, the sources of the
perceptions and why they persist. The discussions were informed by the
results of the Kenyan component of the regional study, and a regional
synthesis that sought to capture the major issues arising from the three
studies. The results of the Uganda and Tanzania components of the
regional study were unfortunately unavailable for discussion at the
workshop, as the consultant who undertook these studies was unable to
attend the meeting.

The second day started with the presentation of a recap of the first
day, as prepared by the workshop steering group. It was noted that the
proceedings of the first day had been consistent with the participants\'
expectations spelt out at the commencement of the workshop. The
expectations in turn were consistent with the workshop objectives.

During the remainder of Day Two the participants dealt with the
remaining two objectives of the workshop. They identified key arguments
for challenging the prevailing negative perceptions about pastoralism
and worked out strategies for countering the perceptions. At the end of
the workshop, participants agreed on specific recommendations on how the
programme on *Reinforcement of Pastoral Civil Society in East Africa*
could contribute to the process of debunking the negative myths and
perceptions.

## 2. Proceedings of Day One

## 2.1 Plenary Session One: Introductory

> **Box 2**
>
> **Objective of Day One**
>
> To identify the critical myths/perceptions that contribute to the
> continued marginalization of pastoralists in East Africa, their
> sources and why they persist

Following introductions and welcome remarks from Alais Ole Morindat on
behalf of MS-TCDC and Michael Ochieng Odhiambo on behalf of RECONCILE
and IIED, a short presentation was made on the background to the
workshop and the agenda for the two days was explained to the
participants. It was explained that the workshop was part of a
consultative process agreed by the CAG at their second meeting held in
Mbarara, Uganda in January 2003. The process included the regional study
the results of which would inform the workshop, and would contribute to
the process of designing the training course on pastoralism and policy.

Participants listed out their expectations of the workshop and
constituted a workshop steering group to work with the organisers to
ensure that the workshop process would contribute to the realisation of
the objectives as expressed by the participants and by the organisers.

## 2.2 Plenary Session Two: Presentation of Kenya study

Paul Goldsmith, the consultant who carried out the Kenya component of
the regional study and who also did the regional synthesis of the three
country studies, made a presentation on perceptions of pastoralism in
Kenya. The presentation was based on the research report that he was
then preparing for the Programme and which once completed shall be
disseminated as appropriate.

He presented the historical evolution of the negative perceptions on
pastoralism from the early 1850s todate. He characterized the evolving
perceptions and policies as being based on a folk model of shared
assumptions. The folk model is borne out of a complex of ideology, state
policy, empirical fact, public media and science, and contributes to the
continued marginalization of pastoralists.

Goldsmith contends that prior to colonialism, pastoralists controlled
the economy of Kenya and Tanzania given that cattle were the main media
of exchange in the region. The situation started to change from the
1920s with the consolidation of colonialism and the intensification of
military activities targeted at pastoralists who were the ones seen to
be prone to violent resistance to the colonial state. With the
consolidation of colonialism, pastoralists in Kenya and Tanzania
experienced a lot of changes especially with the installation of the
ranch model, which was fundamentally different from the traditional
pastoral lifestyle. The new system emphasized the introduction of
industrial input to improve livestock production and sought to reduce
pastoralists to labourers in ranches owned by colonial settlers.

While these developments were pushing pastoralism to the periphery of
the production system, cultivators maintained their production system to
the extent that it was not seen to be contradictory to the colonial
production system. In this way, the years between 1920-1938 marked the
beginning of a major gap in perception between the two production
systems even amongst the local populations. However, until the 1960s,
the gaps in perception did not result in any major problems and there
was no acrimony between the people practising the two productions
systems.

The negative perception of pastoralism and pastoralists became a major
problem between 1963 and 1971 as the independence state consolidated
itself and the colonial system was reconfigured. The emerging political
and economic elite exacerbated the process of resource grabbing and
major policy changes were introduced in the region, which adversely
affected pastoralists. At the same time, global development processes
and imperatives were creating winners and losers, with cultivators being
identified with winners as pastoralists were identified with losers. In
Tanzania, the introduction of *Ujamaa* in the early 1970s was equally
devastating to pastoral livelihoods.

The pastoral agenda re-asserted itself somewhat during the period
between 1992 and 1997, especially in Kenya. This period coincided with
the re-emergence of multi-party democracy and the emergence of a more
assertive civil society. The pastoral agenda came to the fore in the
Kenyan Parliament, where the PPG was formed and assumed such a high
profile that the Moi government associated it with subversion. In
Uganda, the NRM government had as early as 1986 specified the
sedentarization of the pastoral Karimojong as one of its goals in the
Ten Point Programme. This objective was to be realised through the
introduction of ranches which the government hoped would propel the
pastoralists into the market economy.

Goldsmith concluded that factors of religion, culture and social
exclusion, ethnic competition for resources, conflict and the culture of
violence, famine and environmental degradation as well as the media are
responsible for the perpetuation of negative perceptions and myths about
pastoralism and pastoralists.

In a short presentation on the Tanzanian situation, Alais Ole Morindat
contended that religion and missionary education had played a major role
in creating and perpetuating negative perceptions and myths about
pastoralists. The negative perceptions continued to inform policy
processes in the country even after the county attained political
independence. Thus, although pastoralism had positive aspects embedded
in its culture, political leaders remained strongly opposed to
pastoralism as a livelihood system. He noted however, that in recent
times, there has been a marked willingness on the part of policy makers
and other development actors to engage with civil society, and that this
was opening up space for articulating more forcefully and effectively
the interests of pastoralists.

Participants welcomed the historical analysis of the perceptions and
myths about pastoralism, noting that it was useful for understanding the
genesis of the marginalisation of pastoralists. Although a formal
presentation by the consultant who undertook the study in Uganda and
Tanzania was missed, participants agreed that issues raised with respect
to Kenya applied equally to the situation of pastoralists in Uganda and
Tanzania, especially in so far as perceptions and the policy challenges
to pastoralism are concerned.

Participants noted with concern that the link between pastoralism and
ethnicity meant that discussions about pastoralists tended to be
associated with tribalism by policy makers, especially in Kenya and
Tanzania. They were also concerned that government interventions, even
when meant for the benefit of pastoralists, tended to undermine pastoral
livelihoods, mainly because government policies continue to be informed
by the same negative perceptions and myths about pastoralism. Thus, it
is imperative that pastoralists\' own perceptions of their reality,
hopes and aspirations inform policy processes and interventions that
have a direct bearing on pastoral livelihoods.

## 2.3. Group work on origins/sources of negative perceptions and their persistence

> **Box 3**
>
> **Group Work Objective**
>
> To agree on the critical myths/perceptions that contribute to the
> continued marginalisation of pastoralists in East Africa, their
> sources and why they persist
>
> **Group Work Questions**

1.  Review the list of perceptions identified in plenary. Add to,
    subtract from or otherwise strengthen the list.

2.  Review the origins/sources of the perceptions identified. Add to,
    subtract from or otherwise strengthen the list

3.  Explain the persistence of these myths/perceptions in East Africa

Participants reviewed the sources/origins of negative perceptions and
myths about pastoralism and reasons for their persistence. The objective
and questions for the group work are set out in Box 3, and the outcome
in Box 4.

**Box 4 Group Work Report Back**

**Origins/Sources of negative perceptions of pastoralism in East
Africa**

-   modern range management development paradigms originating from the
    West;

-   existing knowledge gap among policy makers (their ignorance about
    the dynamics of pastoralism);

-   poor representation of pastoralists in the political process;

-   school curricula skewed towards agriculture and other forms of
    production;

-   tragedy of the commons continues to inform government policy;

-   global power dynamics (globalisation, monoculture production
    systems);

-   pastoralists\' own negative attitude about themselves and their way
    of life;

-   romaticisation of pastoralism and pastoralists especially by Western
    anthropologists;

-   historical/inherited prejudices about pastoralism and pastoralists;

-   stereotypes created by scientific and academic research

**Why the perceptions have persisted over time**

-   pervasive ignorance about pastoralism by non-pastoralists;

-   emotional responses by pastoralists perpetuate the negative
    perceptions;

-   lack of accountable and representative pastoral civil society
    organisations to champion the cause of pastoralism;

-   inadequate representation of pastoralists in policy and law making
    processes;

-   resource competition between pastoralists and non-pastoralists;

-   inadequate feedback from research on pastoralism to inform advocacy
    and policy;

-   ethnic prejudices

In plenary discussions following the group work report back, the
following issues were highlighted by participants:

-   that intra pastoralists gender issues need to be interrogated
    further;

-   that it is important to distinguish between myths/perceptions and
    realities of pastoral livelihood, as some of these realities are
    themselves negative;

-   that it may be more exact to talk about \"popular perceptions\"
    rather than \"myths\" in reference to negative perceptions about
    pastoralists/pastoralism, given that certain issues regarded as
    myths are actually realities, and not all perceptions are negative.
    Any training on pastoralism must also include those perceptions that
    are positive;

-   a clear understanding of traditional systems of pastoralists is
    crucial for appreciating the challenges of pastoralism and policy;

-   the main challenged to policy is to design development programmes
    and land laws that are consistent with the values inherent to
    pastoral systems;

## 3. Proceedings of Day Two: Challenging the Myths/Perceptions

> **Box 5**
>
> **Objective of Day Two**

-   to identify effective arguments and strategies for challenging
    negative perceptions

The proceedings of Day Two commenced with a recap of the proceedings of
the previous day. The workshop steering group had met the previous
evening to review the day and suggested that the timeline used in the
presentation of the Kenya component of the research on perceptions of
pastoralism was a useful analytical tool and should be adopted for the
other two studies. The steering group reviewed the list of perceptions
and reduced them to the following four:

-   Pastoralism degrades the environment

-   Pastoralism is backward and pastoralists are resistant to change

-   Pastoralists are predisposed to violence

-   Pastoralism contributes little to the national economy

The proceedings of the day built on the outcome of the proceedings of
the first day. Participants broke into groups to identify arguments for
challenging the perceptions identified on the Day One and to agree
strategies on how to challenge them. Each group focused on one of the
above perceptions.

The tables 1 presents the outcome of group discussion with respect to
arguments for challenging each of the perceptions.

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| **Table 1**                       |                                   |
|                                   |                                   |
| **Arguments for challenging       |                                   |
| perceptions of pastoralism**      |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| **Perception 1: *Pastoralists     |                                   |
| degrade the environment***        |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| -   Pastoralism is the only       | -   Pastoralism regenerates the   |
|     viable land use system for    |     land through opportunistic    |
|     the drylands                  |     use of drylands resources     |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| -   Pastoralism employs           | -   Pastoral land use allows for  |
|     traditional mechanisms of     |     the multiple uses of the      |
|     resource use that have been   |     range, including wildlife     |
|     tested over time              |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| **Perception 2: *Pastoralists are |                                   |
| backward and resistant to         |                                   |
| change***                         |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| -   Pastoralists have retained    | -   Pastoral identity has enabled |
|     their identity in the face of |     them to survive in the face   |
|     pervasive external influence  |     of inappropriate development  |
|                                   |     interventions.                |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| -   Part of the explanation for   | -   Pastoral societies are        |
|     what is seen as backwardness  |     undergoing tremendous changes |
|     in pastoral areas is          |     as a result of interaction    |
|     inadequate government         |     with other cultures           |
|     investment                    |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| **Perception 3: *Pastoralists are |                                   |
| predisposed to violence***        |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| -   Traditional cattle raids have | -   Harsh reality of pastoral     |
|     become more violent as a      |     environment is sometimes an   |
|     result of arms supplies from  |     incentive to violence         |
|     outside the pastoral system   |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| -   Little security provision in  | -   Pastoralists live in marginal |
|     arid lands by state machinery |     areas within and between      |
|     leaves little option for      |     countries, a \"frontier       |
|     pastoralists if they are to   |     like\" environment            |
|     secure their lives and        |                                   |
|     property                      |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| **Perception 4: *Pastoralists     |                                   |
| contribute little to the national |                                   |
| economy***                        |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| -   The perception is grounded on | -   Traditional economics lacks   |
|     inappropriate valuation of    |     the tools to properly analyse |
|     pastoral production           |     the contribution of           |
|                                   |     pastoralism to national       |
|                                   |     economies                     |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| -   Many of the economists have   | -   There prevails a general bias |
|     an inadequate understanding   |     against pastoralism as a      |
|     of pastoral production        |     production system among       |
|                                   |     policy makers                 |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

In order to discuss the strategies for challenging the perceptions,
participants broke up into country groups in recognition of the fact
that strategies would have to be specific to and respond to local
realities. The country groups agreed to build on existing initiatives
already challenging the perceptions in the respective countries.
Additional strategies agreed are listed in Box 6.

**Box 6**

**Additional strategies for challenging perceptions of pastoralism in
East Africa**

-   innovative use of the media, e.g. community radio programmes,
    formation of pastoral journalists associations, creation of websites
    for information sharing, and video presentations

-   introduction of courses on pastoralism in school curriculum from
    primary schools

-   formation of vibrant pastoralist forums at local, national and
    regional levels

-   regional cross border experience sharing

-   sensitisation and channelling of information to political
    leaders/parties

Participants considered how to link ongoing initiatives and the
strategies identified with the RECONCILE/IIED Programme on
*Reinforcement of Pastoral Civil Society in East Africa*. They discussed
how the initiatives could benefit from and also contribute to the
RECONCILE/IIED programme. Box 7 lists the ways in which the participants
saw the programme linking with the initiatives and strategies in each
country.

**Box 7**

**How the initiatives could contribute and benefit from the programme**

-   provision of data/information

-   evaluation of best practices

-   exploring possibilities of partnerships in action research, advocacy
    and training

-   helping in identifying resource persons to develop training
    materials

-   provision of local context which is useful in the design of generic
    training module

-   organisation of exchange visits

-   capacity building for pastoral civil society

-   sensitisation of government and policy makers on local context for
    Pastoralism

## 4. Way Forward

During the concluding session of the workshop, participants agreed on
the following issues to be addressed in terms of the way forward:

-   create detailed functional database of who is doing what in the
    region on issues of pastoralism. The information should be made
    easily accessible to all and strategically disseminated to others,
    to help in integrating the various activities in the region for
    greater effectiveness;

-   promote and facilitate effective and well coordinated networking
    among actors in pastoral issues in the region and within countries;

-   build the capacity of pastoral civil society organisations to be
    more effective in advocacy;

-   create mechanisms for more effective sharing of information among
    development partners that support pastoralism in order to avoid
    duplication of efforts;

-   include intra-pastoralist perceptions in the agenda, as these too
    pose problems for pastoralists development;

-   include gender issues in the regional study on perceptions and in
    the design of the training course on pastoralism and policy;

-   clarify "whose perceptions" these are to give direction to the
    design of the of the training course;

-   consider a public relations-tailored training for policy makers and
    government officers;

-   explore ways through which the programme could intervene and
    challenge the imminent eviction of pastoralists from Ngorongoro in
    Tanzania.

## Appendix 1 Workshop Agenda

+-----------------+-----------------+-------------------+--------------+
| Day 1           |                 |                   |              |
|                 |                 |                   |              |
| (Monday 26^th^  |                 |                   |              |
| May 2003)       |                 |                   |              |
+-----------------+-----------------+-------------------+--------------+
| Objective of    |                 |                   |              |
| the day         |                 |                   |              |
|                 |                 |                   |              |
| To identify the |                 |                   |              |
| critical        |                 |                   |              |
| my              |                 |                   |              |
| ths/perceptions |                 |                   |              |
| that contribute |                 |                   |              |
| to the          |                 |                   |              |
| continued       |                 |                   |              |
| marginalization |                 |                   |              |
| of pastoralists |                 |                   |              |
| in East Africa; |                 |                   |              |
| their sources   |                 |                   |              |
| and why they    |                 |                   |              |
| persist         |                 |                   |              |
+-----------------+-----------------+-------------------+--------------+
| Session         | Time            | Activity          | Re           |
|                 |                 |                   | sponsibility |
+-----------------+-----------------+-------------------+--------------+
| Plenary Session | 9.00 am to      | Introductions     | CH/          |
| 1               | 10.00 am        |                   | Participants |
|                 |                 | Welcome Remarks   |              |
| Chair           |                 |                   | AM/MO        |
|                 |                 | Presentation of   |              |
| Alais Ole       |                 | the Programme,    | MOO          |
| Morindat        |                 | Workshop          |              |
|                 |                 | objectives and    | Participants |
|                 |                 | Agenda            |              |
|                 |                 |                   | ROA          |
|                 |                 | Participants      |              |
|                 |                 | expectations      |              |
|                 |                 |                   |              |
|                 |                 | Housekeeping      |              |
|                 |                 | Briefs            |              |
+-----------------+-----------------+-------------------+--------------+
|                 | 10.00 am        | Tea/Coffee Break  | MS-TCDC      |
+-----------------+-----------------+-------------------+--------------+
| Plenary Session | 10.30 am to     | Presentation and  | PG           |
| 2               | 12.30 pm        | discussion of     |              |
|                 |                 | m                 | Participants |
| Chair           |                 | yths/perceptions, |              |
|                 |                 | their origins and |              |
| Loserian        |                 | why they persist  |              |
| Sangale         |                 |                   |              |
+-----------------+-----------------+-------------------+--------------+
|                 | 12.30 pm        | Lunch             | MS-TCDC      |
+-----------------+-----------------+-------------------+--------------+
| Plenary Session | 2.00 pm to 2.30 | Constitution of   | CH           |
| 3               | pm              | groups            |              |
|                 |                 |                   |              |
| Chair           |                 |                   |              |
|                 |                 |                   |              |
| Dr. Jackson     |                 |                   |              |
| Wandera         |                 |                   |              |
+-----------------+-----------------+-------------------+--------------+
|                 | 4.00 pm         | Tea/Coffee Break  | MS-TCDC      |
+-----------------+-----------------+-------------------+--------------+
| Plenary Session | 4.30 pm to 5.30 | Groups Report     | Group        |
| 4               | pm              | Back              | Rapporteurs  |
|                 |                 |                   |              |
| Chair           |                 | Plenary           |              |
|                 |                 | Discussions       |              |
| Dr. Jackson     |                 |                   |              |
| Wandera         |                 |                   |              |
+-----------------+-----------------+-------------------+--------------+
| Steering Group  | 5.30 pm to 7.00 | Steering Group    | Workshop     |
| Review and      | pm              | meets to review   | Steering     |
| Planning        |                 | the day and plan  | Group        |
| Meeting         |                 | day 2             |              |
+-----------------+-----------------+-------------------+--------------+

+-----------------+-----------------+-------------------+--------------+
| Day 2           |                 |                   |              |
|                 |                 |                   |              |
| (Tuesday 27^th^ |                 |                   |              |
| May 2003)       |                 |                   |              |
+-----------------+-----------------+-------------------+--------------+
| Objectives of   |                 |                   |              |
| the day         |                 |                   |              |
|                 |                 |                   |              |
| 1\. To identify |                 |                   |              |
| key arguments   |                 |                   |              |
| for challenging |                 |                   |              |
| prevailing      |                 |                   |              |
| negative        |                 |                   |              |
| perceptions of  |                 |                   |              |
| pastoralism in  |                 |                   |              |
| East Africa     |                 |                   |              |
|                 |                 |                   |              |
| 2\. To identify |                 |                   |              |
| key strategies  |                 |                   |              |
| for challenging |                 |                   |              |
| negative        |                 |                   |              |
| perceptions of  |                 |                   |              |
| pastoralism.    |                 |                   |              |
+-----------------+-----------------+-------------------+--------------+
| Session         | Time            | Activity          | Re           |
|                 |                 |                   | sponsibility |
+-----------------+-----------------+-------------------+--------------+
| Plenary Session | 9.00 am to 9.30 | Recap of Day 1    | MO           |
| 5               | am              |                   |              |
|                 |                 | Presentation of   | AM/MO        |
| Chair           |                 | the Programme for |              |
|                 |                 | the day           | MOO          |
| Dr. Sarah Osiya |                 |                   |              |
+-----------------+-----------------+-------------------+--------------+
| Group Work 2    | 9.30 am to      | Participants go   | Participants |
|                 | 11.00 pm        | into the same     |              |
|                 |                 | four mixed groups |              |
|                 |                 | as yesterday to   |              |
|                 |                 | identify          |              |
|                 |                 | arguments for     |              |
|                 |                 | challenging       |              |
|                 |                 | negative          |              |
|                 |                 | perceptions       |              |
+-----------------+-----------------+-------------------+--------------+
|                 | 11.00 pm        | Tea/Coffe break   | MS-TCDC      |
+-----------------+-----------------+-------------------+--------------+
| Plenary Session | 11.30 am to     | Groups Report     | Rapporteurs  |
| 6               | 12.30 pm        | Back              |              |
+-----------------+-----------------+-------------------+--------------+
|                 | 12.30 pm        | Lunch             | MS-TCDC      |
+-----------------+-----------------+-------------------+--------------+
| Group Work 3    | 2.00 pm to 3.30 | Country groups    | Participants |
|                 | pm              | discuss           |              |
|                 |                 | strategies for    |              |
|                 |                 | challenging       |              |
|                 |                 | negative          |              |
|                 |                 | perceptions       |              |
|                 |                 |                   |              |
|                 |                 | Plenary           |              |
|                 |                 | Discussions       |              |
+-----------------+-----------------+-------------------+--------------+
|                 | 3.30 pm         | Tea/Coffee Break  |              |
+-----------------+-----------------+-------------------+--------------+
| Final Plenary   | 4\. 00 pm to    | Groups Report     | Rapporteurs  |
| Session         | 5.30 pm         | Back and Plenary  |              |
|                 |                 | Discussions       | CH           |
|                 |                 |                   |              |
|                 |                 | Next Steps        | ROA/AM       |
|                 |                 |                   |              |
|                 |                 | Housekeeping      |              |
|                 |                 | Briefs and        |              |
|                 |                 | Closing           |              |
+-----------------+-----------------+-------------------+--------------+

## Appendix 2 List of Participants

+--------------------+----------------------------+-------------------+
| **Participant**    | **                         | **Email address** |
|                    | Designation/Organization** |                   |
+--------------------+----------------------------+-------------------+
| 1.  Abura Vincent  | CAG Member, Uganda         | k                 |
|     Omara          |                            | adp21@yahoo.co.uk |
+--------------------+----------------------------+-------------------+
| 2.  Ahmed Jelle    | Coordinator, Wajir         | oxfamw            |
|     Madey          | District Pastoral          | ajir@wananchi.com |
|                    | Association                |                   |
+--------------------+----------------------------+-------------------+
| 3.  Alais Ole      | MS-TCDC                    | morin             |
|     Morindat       |                            | datA@mstcdc.or.tz |
+--------------------+----------------------------+-------------------+
| 4.  Ben Nangoro    | Director, CORDS            | c                 |
|                    |                            | ords@habari.co.tz |
+--------------------+----------------------------+-------------------+
| 5.  Camillo        | Programme Consultant, DDC, | <camillo.p        |
|     Ponziani       | UNDP                       | onziani@undp.org> |
|                    |                            |                   |
|                    |                            | ter               |
|                    |                            | niboy@hotmail.com |
+--------------------+----------------------------+-------------------+
| 6.  Carol Sorensen | Adviser, ERETO-NPP         | ere               |
|                    |                            | to@cybernet.co.tz |
+--------------------+----------------------------+-------------------+
| 7.  Carsten Bendix | NORDECO                    | carsten.          |
|                    |                            | bendix@get2net.dk |
+--------------------+----------------------------+-------------------+
| 8.  Ced Hesse      | Director, Drylands         | c                 |
|                    | Programme, IIED            | ed.hesse@iied.org |
+--------------------+----------------------------+-------------------+
| 9.  Edward Porokwa | Coordinator, PINGOs Forum  | <pi               |
|                    |                            | ngostz@yahoo.com> |
|                    |                            |                   |
|                    |                            | e                 |
|                    |                            | porokwa@yahoo.com |
+--------------------+----------------------------+-------------------+
| 10. Eric Patrick   | Policy Specialist, DDC,    | eric              |
|                    | UNDP                       | .patrick@undp.org |
+--------------------+----------------------------+-------------------+
| 11. Frank Emmanuel | Research Fellow, CBR       | fmu               |
|     Muhereza       |                            | hereza@cbr-ug.org |
+--------------------+----------------------------+-------------------+
| 12. Fred Nelson    | Sand County Foundation     | fne               |
|                    |                            | lson@habari.co.tz |
+--------------------+----------------------------+-------------------+
| 13. Gerald Businge | Journalist, The New Vision | b                 |
|                    |                            | gateeny@yahoo.com |
+--------------------+----------------------------+-------------------+
| 14. Godfrey        | Secretary, NYDA and CAG    | ula@a             |
|     Karamuzi       | Member, Uganda             | fricaonline.co.ug |
+--------------------+----------------------------+-------------------+
| 15. Godfrey Sakita | TAPHGO                     | Tap               |
|                    |                            | gho2000@yahoo.com |
+--------------------+----------------------------+-------------------+
| 16. Rahab N.       | Programme Resource         | <oxfamngor@af     |
|     Kenana         | Officer-Oxfam GB,          | ricaonline.co.tz> |
|                    | Ngorongoro Pastoral        |                   |
|                    | Programme                  | rkenana@yahoo.com |
+--------------------+----------------------------+-------------------+
| 17. Izzy Birch     | RPP Officer, Oxfam GB      | ib                |
|                    |                            | irch@oxfam.org.uk |
+--------------------+----------------------------+-------------------+
| 18. Jackson        | Programme Manager, SNV     | snvkajiado@a      |
|     Wandera        |                            | fricaonline.co.ke |
+--------------------+----------------------------+-------------------+
| 19. John Marandu   | ITV News                   | john              |
|                    |                            | marandu@yahoo.com |
+--------------------+----------------------------+-------------------+
| 20. Mark Mutinda   | PARIMA, Egerton University | eu-crsp@a         |
|                    |                            | fricaonline.co.ke |
+--------------------+----------------------------+-------------------+
| 21. John Plastow   | Tanzania Representative,   | john@o            |
|                    | Oxfam Ireland              | xfamireland.or.tz |
+--------------------+----------------------------+-------------------+
| 22. Jonas Olsen    | Literacy Communications    | J                 |
|                    | Initiative                 | onasols@yahoo.com |
+--------------------+----------------------------+-------------------+
| 23. Loserian       | Consultant, PPA, Tanzania  | lsa               |
|     Sangale        |                            | ngale@esrf..or.tz |
+--------------------+----------------------------+-------------------+
| 24. Mariach        | CAG Member, Kenya          | ml                |
|     Emmanuel       |                            | ousot@hotmail.com |
|     Lousot         |                            |                   |
+--------------------+----------------------------+-------------------+
| 25. Michael        | Executive Director,        | michael           |
|     Ochieng        | RECONCILE                  | @reconcile-ea.org |
|     Odhiambo       |                            |                   |
+--------------------+----------------------------+-------------------+
| 26. Moses Sangale  | Coordinator, TAPHGO        | Tap               |
|                    |                            | hgo2000@yahoo.com |
+--------------------+----------------------------+-------------------+
| 27. Paul Goldsmith | Consultant                 | u                 |
|                    |                            | sama@wananchi.com |
+--------------------+----------------------------+-------------------+
| 28. Richard Grahn  | CAPE, AU/IBAR              | Richard.g         |
|                    |                            | rahn@oau-ibar.org |
+--------------------+----------------------------+-------------------+
| 29. Ronald O.      | Programmes Officer,        | ronald            |
|     Athoo          | RECONCILE                  | @reconcile-ea.org |
+--------------------+----------------------------+-------------------+
| 30. Sarah Asianut  | Coordinator, Pastoralist   | saraho@panoseas   |
|     Ossiya         | Communication Programme,   | ternafrica.org.ug |
|                    | Panos Eastern Africa       |                   |
+--------------------+----------------------------+-------------------+
| 31. Saruni Ole     | Coordinator, KINNAPA       | kinnap            |
|     Ndelelya       |                            | a-dp@habari.co.tz |
+--------------------+----------------------------+-------------------+
| 32. Theo Macha     | CAG Member, Tanzania       | <                 |
|                    |                            | leat@twiga.co.tz> |
|                    |                            | or                |
|                    |                            | mach              |
|                    |                            | atheo@hotmail.com |
+--------------------+----------------------------+-------------------+
| 33. Vera Mugittu   | Assistant Programme        | vermug@um.dk      |
|                    | Officer, Agriculture,      |                   |
|                    | Pastoralists and Gender,   |                   |
|                    | RDE, Dar es salaam         |                   |
+--------------------+----------------------------+-------------------+
| 34. William Ole    | Programme Officer, PINGOs  | O                 |
|     Nasha          | Forum                      | lenasha@yahoo.com |
+--------------------+----------------------------+-------------------+