##### TESTIMONY OF RICK TUMLINSON

##### FOUNDER, SPACE FRONTIER FOUNDATION

##### BEFORE THE SENATE COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE, SCIENCE AND TRANSPORTATION

Wednesday, October 29, 2003

**Rick Tumlinson Biographical Information - October 2003**

**Rick N. Tumlinson** -- Born to a long time Texas family whose
pioneering credits include co-founding the Texas Rangers and fighting in
the Alamo, Rick Tumlinson is a well-known firebrand and evangelist for
the space frontier. He is the son of an Air Force Sergeant and his
English wife, and was educated primarily in England and Texas. A regular
contributor to the space industry paper "Space News" Tumlinson\'s
writings and quotes have appeared in the New York Times, Wall Street
Journal, Los Angeles Times, Miami Herald, Reader\'s Digest and dozens of
other publications. He has appeared on such national television programs
as ABC\'s World News Tonight, the CBS Morning Show, and Politically
Incorrect. Internationally he has appeared on TV sets from Russia to
China's CCTV and the BBC and been quoted in a wide range of journals,
from the Economist to China's People's Daily.

Tumlinson worked for noted scientist Gerard K. O\'Neill at the [Space
Studies Institute](http://www.ssi.org/), produced the animated videos
used to gain funding for the Air Force's DC-X rocket project and created
the first ever paid political announcement for space. He was the first
space consultant for the Sci Fi channel and played a major role in
raising funding the International Space University. He helped pass the
Space Settlement Act of 1988, testified before the National Commission
on Space, was a founding trustee of the X-Prize and has been a lead
witness in three congressional hearings on NASA in the 1990's. Rick is
Executive Director and co-Founder of the Foundation for the
International Non-Governmental Development of Space
([FINDS](http://www.finds-space.org/)), a multi-million dollar
foundation which funds breakthrough projects and activities such as
Helium 3 research, laser launch studies, and asteroid processing
projects, The organization provided \$100k in seed money for the Mars
Society, operated the Cheap Access to Space Prize and supported such
projects as The WATCH asteroid search program. FINDS was also the
primary funding source and co-sponsored a very successful series of
Senate Space Roundtables in conjunction with the Space Frontier
Foundation and the lobby Pro-Space over the last few years.

Mr. Tumlinson co-founded the firm LunaCorp, which produced the first
ever TV commercial shot on the International Space Station for Radio
Shack. He led the team which turned the Mir Space Station into the
world's first commercial space facility, co founded the space firm
MirCorp, signed up Dennis Tito, the world's first "citizen explorer,"
and has assisted in numerous other such projects.

Recently, Rick has appeared as an expert guest on the "CBS Evening News
with Dan Rather," CNBC's "Open Exchange" and was quoted in the
*Washington Post*, *LA Times*, and the *Orlando Sentinel*, regarding the
Space Shuttle Columbia disaster. He appears often as a space commentator
on CNN and is working on his first book. "Manifesto for the Space
Frontier."

In his spare time Rick collects vintage tin space toys and robots from
the 1950's, is into four-wheel drive off-roading, raising tropical fish
and riding his motorcycle.

**SPACE FRONTIER FOUNDATION**

**Background**

[Who We Are]{.underline}

The Space Frontier Foundation is an organization of space activists,
scientists and engineers, media and political professionals,
entrepreneurs, and citizens from all backgrounds, beliefs and nations.
Our central and driving goal is the large-scale permanent settlement of
space as soon as possible, using the resources we find there, and the
imaginations we bring to the task.

We believe all people have the "right stuff" and that everyone will
benefit from opening the space frontier. Given the fragility of our
planet we also believe that it is vital that we not only preserve the
biosphere of earth using the resources of space, but that we expand that
biosphere, taking life to worlds now dead. If successful, we see our
future as exciting and full of possibility.

We reject the ideas that the world's greatest moments are in its past,
that the advancement of our technological civilization must mean the
decline of our ecosystem, and we are determined to transform the image
held by many that the future will be worse than the present.

We believe that free people, free markets and free enterprise will
become unstoppable forces in the irreversible settlement of this new
frontier, and that our world is on the verge of a truly historic
breakthrough -- access to space for all.

To make that happen, we are engaged in the transformation of space from
a government-owned bureaucratic program - into a new partnership between
the public and private sectors - that will lead to a dynamic and
inclusive frontier open to all people.

This all means we are about opening space for you and your children, and
doing it now!

So get involved!

The Business of the Foundation:

**[Foundationers inspire!]{.underline}**

Foundation speakers present a future that excites inspires and includes
citizens from all nations, and through awards, briefings, gatherings and
presentations our ideas are driving the portrayal of space into new
directions.

**[Foundationers Are Active!]{.underline}**

We work on policy issues at the national and international level,
interacting with those who make the decisions. We speak to the media,
challenging their old assumptions about space and the future, and using
our access to let the world know what is possible on the frontier, and
needs to be done today to get us there. We teach, letting the children
of our world know they have a better tomorrow in store, and using the
vastness of our universe to bring them together as we all reach for the
dream of a tomorrow that is full of choices and hope.

**[Foundationers Make Things Happen!]{.underline}**

-   Remember the Lunar Prospector that found signs of water on the Moon?

Foundationers helped start that project.

-   Recall the breakthrough flights of the little rocket called the
    DC-X?

Foundationers helped get it off the ground.

-   Who were the people who made the Mir the world's first commercial
    space station?

Foundationers put up their sweat and cash and took a stand.

-   Who shot the first TV commercial on the space station?

Foundationers worked with the space station partners and put Radio Shack
in space.

-   Who signed up Dennis Tito to fly and fought for his right to go into
    space?

Foundationers did the deal and helped clear the path for his incredible
adventure.

-   Who are the people building many of the new and innovative vehicles
    to fly people like you and I into space?

Foundationers are building new re-usable rocketships right now.

-   Who threw the world's first global space party known as Yuri's
    Night?

Foundationers put the "rock" into rocket and reached out to a new
generation.

Our members are encouraged to take actions that help to open the
Frontier in their private lives jobs and businesses. Dozens of our
members have formed companies and organizations that further our goals
in different ways. From other non-profits to rocket companies to space
services and travel groups to publishing and internet firms, they are
getting the word out and making space happen!

[Events and Projects of the Foundation]{.underline}

Space Enterprise Symposiums -- In space, nobody stays until somebody
pays. That means we either create profitable enterprises or remain
dependent on the government and taxpayer largesse. In our SES events we
bring space entrepreneurs and real financiers and investors together, to
educate both on the economic promise and peril of this new frontier.

Return to the Moon Conference -

Yuri's Night -

Roundtables -

Conference - As a manifestation of our "All of the above" philosophy,
the Space Frontier Conference (SFC) is the center-piece event in the
Foundation's annual calendar. It brings together entrepreneurs,
scientists, engineers, entertainment leaders, government representative
and private citizens to talk about, present, share and debate the latest
and greatest ideas and activities affecting space.

The WATCH

Permission to Dream

Vision to Reality Award

Vision of the Tomorrow Award

Chained Rocket Award

[Events and Projects of the Foundation (cont.)]{.underline}

Return to the Moon Symposium -- One of the most important ways we can
accelerate the exploration and settlement of the Solar System is to
Return to the Moon to establish a permanent government and commercial
base. Held each year in Houston on the day humans first stepped on the
Moon, the RTM Symposium is the world's premiere gathering of experts,
entrepreneurs, astronauts and activists working to make this happen.

Senate Space Roundtables -- The Foundation keeps a strong presence in
Washington D.C\... From the asteroid threat to commercializing the space
station and space solar power, our Space Roundtables provide an
important forum to educate lawmakers and staffers about issues facing
the space frontier movement.

Yuri's Night -- Each April this global space party puts the "Rock" back
into "Rocketship". Aimed at the under 30 set, Yuri's night celebrates
the historic flight of Yuri Gagarin that opened the era of humans in
space, bringing a new generation into the fight for the frontier.

The WATCH -- The WATCH program is focused on leveraging and focusing the
attention of astronomers and the media on the threat and promise we face
from near Earth objects such as asteroids and comets. To date the WATCH
has funded discovery and tracking programs, and supported important NEO
educational outreach events and meetings.

Permission to Dream - PTD uses space to deliver a message of hope, unity
and involvement to youth around the world. To date PTD has supported the
placement of donated telescopes and lessons in countries as diverse as
Chile, Iran, Zimbabwe, Russia and India, and is developing classroom
projects and hands on space educational outreach in Los Angeles and
other US cities.

Awards -- The Foundation uses various awards to move our agenda ahead
and reward those who help create and realize our vision of an open Space
Frontier. Our Vision to Reality Award goes to those projects and firms
who make things happen in space, and our Vision of the Future Award is
given to the film or media project that best inspires and educates
people about the possibilities offered by the Frontier.

***\"The Space Frontier Foundation is pound for pound the most effective
space group in the world.\"***

**Dr. Robert Zubrin, Mars Society**

##### TESTIMONY OF RICK TUMLINSON

##### FOUNDER, SPACE FRONTIER FOUNDATION

##### BEFORE THE SENATE COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE, SCIENCE AND TRANSPORTATION

Wednesday, October 29, 2003

##### 

##### Why space?

\"We choose to go to the Moon. We choose to go to the Moon in this
decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because
they are hard, because that goal will serve to organize and measure the
best of our energies and skills, because that challenge is one that we
are willing to accept, one we are unwilling to postpone, and one which
we intend to win, and the others, too\...\"

Standing in Houston, Texas in the early 1960s, a young and vibrant
President named John F. Kennedy looked skyward and offered a new and
hopeful future to his generation. In the middle of a Cold War, in the
heart of a time when the threat of total annihilation loomed over the
heads of everyone, he dared to challenge those listening to take on a
higher goal. Rather than succumb to the darkness, he held out light, and
rather than cast what was in reality a technological face off into the
mix of that shadow war, he held it aloft, a beacon to all who could hear
and understand what he meant. At just the time when it seemed there was
no choice but the continuation of a pointless global wrestling match
which at any moment could result in the end for all, he spoke of
choices.

### **Choices**

Today we must ask ourselves again. What kind of tomorrow do we want to
give to our kids? The choice is ours. You might say we have three
possible futures we can give them - less, the same and more.

Our first possible choice, and the one lots of folks sometimes seem to
believe is inevitable, is the worst. It\'s what might happen if we keep
on rolling along and do nothing about conserving our natural resources
or accessing new. The characterization we see in popular culture and
films such as the Matrix, the Terminator series, and other dark
dystopian images. It is an apocalyptic vision, the result of a time when
all the world's cultures rush to create consumer societies such as those
in Europe, Japan and the USA. Eventually our excesses exceed our limits
and we end up with a polluted and stripped world whose environment
collapses, bringing down whole societies, leading to war, famine, the
end of global culture, and the dawn of a new dark age.

Our second choice is to attempt to sustain the human race on this one
world through rationing of resources - at the cost of personal freedom -
as we anesthetize ourselves with virtual realities and sensory
distortions... Under the heavy hand of global Big Brother, our lives,
actions, and even our very thoughts will be monitored and controlled.
Imagination and innovation will be seen as threats to order and safety.
Risk will be avoided at all cost. Perhaps we will eventually become so
physically and intellectually passive that we finally load ourselves
into banks of virtual electronic realities and pass the eons in a bliss
of pretend adventures and paradises uncounted, until some global
catastrophe such as an asteroid strike sends us into oblivion.

Or there\'s the third choice, opening the High Frontier of space and
breaking out into the galaxy. Celebrating the spirit of exploration and
individuality, we begin to truly explore and open the space around us to
human settlement. Turning debates between free enterprise technologists
and protectors of the Earth on their heads, we unleash the power of
human imagination to create ways to harvest the resources of space, not
only saving this precious planet, but also blazing a path to the stars.
This is a tomorrow where life is exciting, new possibilities open up
each day, and humanity spreads outwards, as the harbinger of life to
worlds now dead. This future is characterized by new ideas and cultures
spreading every where, the entire human race engaged in spreading life
to the stars and a future that is ever expanding and hopeful.

Opening the space frontier will also change what it means to be an
American. The effect of the space frontier on America will be profound.
Our pioneering past will at last have a direct link to our future. Our
heritage will be connected with our tomorrow in a visible and exciting
way. The paths blazed by Daniel Boone, Davy Crockett and Lewis and Clark
will continue onward and upward across the stars. The spirit of family
will be resurrected as the frontier ethics of hard work and familial
support are reinforced through the simple need to survive and prosper in
a hostile environment. Our relationship to the rest of the world will
change, as we throw open the doors to a better tomorrow for all, and as
we always do, offer to hold those doors open for all and everyone to
follow. Opening the frontier will change what it means to be a human
being. We will become a multi-planet species, assuring our survival, and
that of the life forms for which we are responsible. And a child living
in such times will know why they are alive, and be able to see an
unending and ever opening panorama of possibility stretching out before
them

## 

## **A Human Need**

The simplicity of the needs which are fulfilled by opening this frontier
is what makes it all so compelling and at once so elusive. We always
want to make things seem more practical. In conversations and talk we
speak of the need for "down to Earth" answers to such questions as those
the frontier poses. But the real needs are often much more spiritual,
much more about the core issues of life, and those of us who speak of
the frontier often do ourselves a disservice by trying to dress down our
Vision. We want to answer engineers and accountants with numbers,
politicians with political reasons, environmentalists with new fixes for
the seemingly intractable challenges we face in resource utilization and
pollution.

The reasons we must open the frontier are as varied as the people who
want to see it opened. And almost all of the reasons are good ones,
although some, to me begin to rise above the rest. But in the end, most
either enable or lead to a few basic and very core rationales.

We must open the frontier to expand this grand experiment called
freedom, because without an arena to feed and nurture the ideals of
liberty, individual choice and the right to do and be whatever you want
they may well perish from the Earth. We must open the frontier because
without an edge to our packed culture of individuals, nurturing and then
bringing in new ideas and giving release to bad ones, the center comes
apart. We must open the frontier to find and create new wealth for
humanity, because everyone in the world deserves the chance to have the
same fine house, fine cars, and good life you can potentially have, and
this planet alone simply cannot provide support that, unless you give up
yours (and someone, sometime will try and make you do so). We open the
frontier to help save the planet we love from the ravages caused by our
ever growing numbers and our hunger for new forms of energy, materials
and products. Finally, and most importantly, we must open the frontier
as humans to survive as a species and to protect our precious biosphere
from destruction by the forces of the universe or ourselves by making it
redundant.

As you can see, there are "Big" reasons, such as species survival and
the need to provide new choices to future generations. For example, to
those who must look into the eyes of a child who carries their
immortality, we must open the frontier because our children deserve a
future of more and better, not the drab and boring and potentially scary
place we hold before them now. As Kennedy was pointing out, we must
offer them more choices, not fewer.

Yet, many of the real reasons we reach outwards aren't easily
quantifiable, often boiling down to the examination of history, the
faith we have in what is possible in any new arena of human endeavour,
and in fact, down to a deep, almost mystical belief that this is the
"right" thing to do. And then, just below the surface of all of these
lies something that is simply genetic -- the drive for any species to
expand its domain.

I believe that the human species is pioneering creature, that for us to
be at our best we must always be pushing out from the center into new
realms, that we must always be expanding outwards or we turn on
ourselves. I believe it is the destiny of the human race to open the
Frontier of space, and that if we do not we shall be doomed to the long
slow spiraling decay of stagnation. Our move into space must be
irreversible before this occurs, or society will turn inwards and our
destiny in the stars will be forgotten for decades, if not centuries.

These aren't all the reasons, but they should give you the flavor of
what this important movement is all about, for as you can see, they
touch on the central issues of our time, of all times.

**[How are we doing in relation to these goals?]{.underline}**

We aren't.

As driving, important and exciting as the possibilities offered by the
frontier are, we aren't trying to open it. We are wandering around and
around in circles at the edge of this new ocean, going nowhere and doing
nothing of importance. It's no mystery why our space efforts are in
trouble. As currently structured the US national space program not only
cannot open space, but has no intention of ever doing so!

**IT IS NOT NOW, NOR HAS IT EVER BEEN THE POLICY OF THE UNITED STATES TO
OPEN THE SPACE FRONTIER TO HUMAN SETTLEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT.**

Any belief amongst those in the space community that opening the space
frontier to wide spread participation, development and settlement is
national policy is self delusion. A delusion well fed by those promoting
projects originated by our space agency and its totally dependent
contractors, who's rhetoric is often sprinkled with references to the
space frontier and the inevitability of its settlement. Using loaded
terms, such as "the next logical step," the public has been repeatedly
sold lavish and expensive projects. The goal we are supposedly
"stepping" towards is illustrated by beautiful propaganda art and
simulations portraying the great and glorious frontier on which we are
supposedly putting our multi-billion dollar down payment. Yet the
projects and programs promoted actually have no connection to the
opening of a frontier in a historical sense and there is no "logical"
progression from today's program to an open frontier in space. Such
"future fluff" is actually verbal and visual candy, cynically used to
excite and titillate those whose support is needed for constant budget
battles in Congress.

Even if one does not buy the idea that space is a frontier for human
settlement, the current human space program is a failure. It will
perhaps surprise you to hear me say this, but if NASA's charter in space
is purely to expand our scientific understanding of the universe, then
we should cancel our human space flight program right now. If the
question is phrased that way, I find myself agreeing with a large
portion of the scientific community who say it is neither the most
effective nor cost efficient way of doing this type of work. Cancel it
now and spend the money on probes and robotic spacecraft.

But for me that is not the reason to have a human space program. It is
all those I listed above. The expansion of the human species beyond
planet Earth. The creation of a better future with more choices for our
children. The opening of a new and endless frontier. Unfortunately when
judged by these criteria as well, the current US space program is a
failure.

If the job of NASA's human space flight program is to support the
exploration of space in terms of the pure quest for knowledge
[and]{.underline} to prepare the way for others to follow as we expand
the human domain, then they have failed. In other words, if the agency's
job is to explore and survey the unknown "lands" of space for both
scientific [and]{.underline} economic benefit in the same way that James
cook explored the then unknown world of the Pacific for his nation, or
the way Lewis and Clark explored the west for ours, they have not
succeeded. And if the agency is to be judged on how well it has trail
blazed, opened new paths and created a route to the frontier for the
rest of America to travel, it has been an utter, expensive and
embarrassing disaster.

**[The Space Frontier Principles]{.underline}**

To date our national human space flight program has been elitist,
exclusive and a dead end. It has never included the people for whom it
was allegedly created, and who foot the bills. Our space leaders to date
have also ignored at their own peril several essential truths. And,
although the propaganda and imagery they put forth as they seek more and
more taxpayer funds may seem to indicate other wise, most people would
be shocked to learn, it is NOT their intention to open space to human
settlement. Our space programs are just that -- programs - they are not
part of any larger cohesive or visionary agenda. These programs are a
hodge-podge of activities that just happen to use space to achieve their
short-term goals. Composed of projects with no long term unifying agenda
there is no over arching and transformational goal, and no plan to blaze
a path the rest of us can follow into space. The low level goals they do
have include technology development, military domination, enhancing
national pride, indirectly inspiring education, supporting terrestrial
industries, and at times advancing science. Nowhere is it written in
their operational guiding documents or principles that space is a place
to be pioneered or opened to permanent human habitation.

**Foundationers see space as a place, as the next frontier for humans to
explore, utilize and settle as their home.** This to us is the real goal
of any national or international human space flight agenda, and we are
working to make it the goal of our activities in space, both public and
private. **Although it may seem academic, this difference is key, and
completely changes the type of space activities we undertake, how we
spend our money and what investments we make.**

We also believe that the ideals of free enterprise based democracy
should be extended into space. Democracies consist of free peoples bound
together by the belief that the people have primacy over the state, and
that individuals should have the power to create new wealth unimpeded by
that state. The settlement of the American western frontier was a result
of the application (often by default) of these core concepts.

Extended and applied to space, they add up to what I call the Space
Frontier Principles. I believe that unless these ideas underlie our
future space plans they are doomed to failure. After all, space is a
frontier then we should treat it as one, including our government space
policy leaders.

-   Without low cost, reliable and regular access to space there can be
    no Frontier.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Space is a Frontier, not a Program

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   If space is a frontier then the government should treat it as one.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   In free societies opportunities are exploited by individuals or
    groups in the form of companies and private institutions.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Frontiers are not opened by governments for the people - but by the
    people - supported by or in spite of their government. Put another
    way, our federal space program must be designed to help the American
    people open the frontier. It *must not* attempt to open the frontier
    for us.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   A Frontier based space agenda must focus on creating technologies
    and infrastructure that are long term in nature, re-usable, build a
    foundation for those who follow, are low cost to build and operate,
    and supportable over time by the wealth they create.

I believe that unless these ideas underlie our future space plans they
are doomed to failure.

###### [The Near Frontier and the Far Frontier]{.underline}

We have the wrong people doing the wrong job in the wrong place for the
wrong reasons. To understand what I mean, we need to have a new way of
looking at space. One that can create a context for our discussion. To
help with this I developed a map of space that can be used to see where
we are in the opening of the frontier, and who in our culture should be
doing what, and where.

The way I see it, the Earth is the center of an expanding bubble of
human activity and life. As we have lifted ourselves off of the planet,
that bubble has grown outwards with our human presence. First Gagarin
and the Mercury astronauts moved the edge of that bubble to LEO, and
then Apollo pushed it even further. Now its edge sits at the Moon. This
area of space I call the Near Frontier.

##### The Near Frontier

The Near Frontier is comprised of the Earth, and the surprisingly large
number of comets and asteroids that either inhabit or pass regularly
through our neighborhood. It is the next step outward for our species,
the next zone for expanded human activity. This area is unique in all
the Solar System, since the costs of accessing it are far lower than
other areas, and much time has been spent exploring its potential. I
believe that NASA\'s Lewis and Clark\'s have done their job here in the
neighborhood of Earth.

In the Near Frontier the presumption is that the first stages of
exploration are complete. One might say that Lewis and Clark have
surveyed this region. And now it is time for the rest of the nation to
take over. The Near Frontier should be handed over to universities and
private firms to explore and develop for human use. The billions of
dollars now spent on constructing massively expensive, non-focused and
expendable government housing and developing and operating incredibly
inefficient elitist transportation systems to support them is a complete
waste of taxpayer funds.

The Near Frontier is the wrong place for the Federal government to focus
its energy and funding. Rather, it is a place that is not only primed
for the private sector to develop but is already seeing its first
potentially successful private operations, and rather than being a drain
on the national treasury, it is ready to become a prosperous zone of
human activity and a generator of wealth for our nation.

• To encourage this, our government should end its inappropriate
operational activities in this area and hand it off to the people by
creating a climate that incubates, enables and encourages private sector
activities of all sorts.

**[The Far Frontier]{.underline}**

Beyond the Moon lies the Far Frontier. This is the place yet to feel the
touch of humanity, and it includes Mars, the rest of the Solar System
and the entire Universe. This area is beyond the reach of commercial
entities and projects based on private investment. But, like pure
scientific research, the Far Frontier does qualify as a place where long
term cultural investment makes sense, both for its own sake, and as the
next place to be developed and opened to human activity, where
appropriate. This is where the pooled resources of the people can be
used to support exploration in the quest for knowledge and as a
precursor to the following wave of civilization. Such support can come
in the form of taxes, academia or the dues collected by a membership
society such as the terrestrial National Geographic Society. This is
where NASA and the space agencies of Earth should aim themselves now
their job is essentially done in the Near Frontier.

But first they must pry themselves from the useless activities they now
cling to in low Earth orbit. If they do so they can give society a new
domain to explore and open to humanity. The entire rest of the universe
is their reward for getting out of the way in the Near Frontier. Thus
the Far Frontier is where we must set the sights of our national space
program. It is beyond the known and out into the new and untouched
horizons that we need our 21^st^ century Lewis and Clarks and Cooks to
go. It is on these unexplored worlds and places that we should focus the
eyes of science. Our corps of highly skilled government astronauts
should not be driving trucks from Earth to buildings in the sky. Instead
they should be climbing over the hills of Mars and telling an anxious
world what they have found, or combing the skies for evidence that we
are not alone in this vast universe.

[**ISS and** **AlphaTown**]{.underline}

If we are to develop a true space economy, not only must transportation
costs be brought down, but the entire mental framework of our past
"mission orientation" must change. In the past our forays into space
have each had an endpoint and each was intended to achieve some near
term goal, often without being used as a stepping stone to the next. We
have traded the success of short term stunts and triumphs for
sustainability, making it more important to get up there at any cost,
than to be able to operate in space cheaply and efficiently. The
frontier mindset rejects this thinking. We go into space to stay, and
whatever we do there today is meant to become a "foundation" upon which
others can build. Just as in space transportation, we reject the idea of
"use it once and throw it away" that was the hallmark of our dead end
space efforts in the past and continues to this day, as NASA and its
partners in the international Space Station begin plans to de-orbit the
massive facility a few years from now, even as they are still building
it.

Based on the Frontier concept, and staying true to our pioneer beliefs,
we reject these plans and will fight to see the ISS retained in space as
a nexus for future activities, even if it must be flown into a storage
orbit and mothballed. We believe in using what we have at hand to
leverage the opening of the frontier, be it the discarded parts of the
old Cold War space program, or the shiny new government works programs
orbiting overhead today.

It is ideas that change actions, and mindsets, once created take a long
time to change. The Cold War space program was a win at any cost
activity, and led to a mindset that short-term success can come at the
expense of long term sustainability. Goals, no matter how arbitrary or
non-realistic, were to be achieved by throwing large amounts of money at
them, so long as progress could be shown -- no matter how dubious. As
government centric, it also engendered a mentality that to sustain
legislative support, the importance of the government effort must be
highlighted and take precedence over any commercial or other efforts to
achieve the same goals. In fact, government managers came to see other
efforts to create space facilities as threats to their own program, and
in many cases sabotaged or in other ways worked to undermine private
efforts. After all, how would a government bureaucrat, having spent
years lobbying for billions to build their space station, be able to
defend those expenditures in the light of a commercial facility
operating more cheaply, and producing better results just down the
orbital street?

Thus the challenge is to create a new way of thinking in the minds of
those currently dominating the space field, and also those who might
wish to join in space activities in the future. Rather than seeing
commercial efforts as threats to their turf and jobs security, the
Foundation has been working to show how new partnerships can be created
in space that parallel those on Earth. For example, here on Earth
government activities are often used to catalyze commercial offshoots,
and federal investments in technology often lead to private sector
economic drivers. From highways funded by taxpayer dollars to forts on
ancient frontiers that became the seeds of cities, we see the government
and private sectors as complimentary to each other, not competitors.

In 1995 the Foundation started a campaign called "Alpha Town" to create
an image and conceptual framework in people's minds that related to how
our culture and communities work here on Earth. One goal is to transform
the International Space Station (ISS) from a multi-billion-dollar
public-works project, into the kernel of the first human town in space.
The Foundation is working to promote policies and activities that will
turn ISS into the catalyst at the center of a true LEO community.
"AlphaTown" encompasses projects that are policy oriented as well as
technological.

### 

### **A Space Station Authority**

The Foundation believes the right management in charge of the space
station is critical to making it an outpost for all humanity rather than
stagnating as a government lab and public works project. Although built
and operated today by government for government, we believe that if the
station is to achieve its full potential and truly become "the next
logical step" to opening the frontier, it must begin to serve a much
broader constituency, including the private sector. We believe a
civic/private authority would function as a landlord for the entire
space station, and act as a catalyst for new activities and growth,
while streamlining operations and lowering costs for all. Much like a
terrestrial port authority, its goal would be the economic and
scientific success of the station.

**[ET]{.underline}**

The US space shuttle's giant external tanks are one example of an
extremely valuable artificial space resource that now goes to waste. At
present, with each successful flight of a shuttle, an empty tank with
mass greater than the full payload of the shuttle itself is brought to
99 percent of orbital speed and then discarded to burn up in the
atmosphere. Over a 10-year period about 10,000 tons of that tankage will
be brought almost to orbit and then discarded, with a value on orbit of
about \$35 billion. The ET project is determined to stop this waste and
begin to have this valuable resource stockpiled in orbit.

####### [Mir]{.underline}

In keeping with our frontier philosophy, the Space Frontier Foundation
began in the mid-nineties to take a stand in favor of keeping the
Russian space station Mir from being destroyed. Our Keep Mir Alive
campaign stood in direct opposition to those who wanted to "bulldoze"
the facility to clear the way for the new ISS. Yet, to Foundationers the
Mir, as old and aged as it was represented yet another "place" in space,
and perhaps not as shiny as the new facility, could still be used as a
lever for future space activities by those with imagination.

Foundation members led the team that eventually leased the Mir,
converting it for a few months into the world's first commercial space
station. Although we lost the battle to save the facility, this action
showed human activities in space weren't exclusive to governments, and
that individuals and non-government groups could take on big, human
oriented projects in space - a historic first that eventually led to the
flight of California businessman Dennis Tito a year later.

### 

### **Space Hotels**

##### With the flight of Dennis Tito into space, the door opened for a new industry to arise on the frontier. As we have seen he was not the last, but the first of this new type of visitor to space. Given the difficulties presented by his stay on the currently government operated space station; some are advocating and developing plans for separate commercial space hotel facilities. Even if ISS were to become a commercially operated facility, it would still be mainly a research and technology oriented facility, and not truly suitable for "casual" visitors or those simply wanting to experience space for periods of time. After all, a laboratory and a hotel are different things, and serve different roles. There are many proposals for building orbiting hotels and tourist facilities on orbit, a potentially huge market. From re-cycled spacecraft and external tanks to new facilities, perhaps based on inflatable technology, these new "buildings" and facilities will increase the size and economic potential of Alpha Town, creating new destinations and locations for development. 

##### The Moon

The Moon lies on the edge of the Near and Far Frontiers. It represents a
transition zone between the area that can be best developed and whose
over all activity base should begin to be led primarily by the private
sector, and the Far Frontier, where business plans don't yet make sense,
infrastructure is non-existent and travel times and mission costs
preclude most private concerns from operating. As we reach the Moon,
although we find there are businesses in the embryonic stages who have
realistic plans and even funding for Lunar projects, we are just on the
edge of the "giggle zone" of private finance. Yet, our feet have
literally been upon it several times. For the Moon, the time has come to
move from being a totally unknown entity, to one that, although it still
needs major exploration, can begin to fit into plans for development and
utilization.

If we are successful there will be facilities on the Moon, such as
hotels, mining, science and training facilities such as I discuss below,
and over time some will choose to live there perhaps. But, given the
difficulties of differences in gravity, day/night cycles etc... it may
not ever become a thriving space metropolis with a breeding population
of humans (whose children might well be forever bound to the lightly
gravity world and unable to return to Earth...) By the way, I do not
recognize the spurious Moon vs. Mars debate. They are different places,
and we have different ends in mind for them. To Foundationers they are
complimentary, not competitive.

#### Planetary Exploration Training Base

Most serious participants in the space community realize that as NASA
sheds the burden of trying to operate the ISS and begins to look at
sending humans to Mars, they will need a place to go to train, to
develop infrastructure and transportation systems and "get their feet
wet" (or dusty in this case). The moon is the perfect place for this
exercise. LEO to Lunar transfer vehicles, lunar orbit to surface
vehicles, habitats, life support, energy systems, all can be developed
and tried out on the Moon before we risk human lives on a one way trip
to Mars. I believe that a Planetary Exploration Training Base should be
a high priority on the Moon. Potential Mars explorers need to be trained
somewhere with high radiation, extreme temperatures, and temperature
differentials, lots of dust and dirt, where, if they tear their space
suits or damage their equipment, they can die. We need to know what
happens to a space suit when it is worn in such an environment everyday
for weeks at a time before a Mars explorer can trust her life to it, and
that can't be done on Earth.

There are many large scale Lunar based science projects which demand a
strong and ongoing infrastructure that could be commercially provided.
One exciting idea is the construction of a new Lunar far side
observatory, made up of dozens of small telescopes that scientists say
could combine their power to see objects as small as continents, on
planets circling other suns. In this case the NASA might well help form
a team of co-operating universities and observatories. This team could
then contract out the construction and operation of this project to
companies which would specialize in economic lunar surface operations.

NASA and the space agencies can build training facilities for future
Mars and planetary surface exploration and operations, scientists can
build far side observatories shielded from the light and radio noise of
Earth, others can study the Lunar crust for hints as to the formation of
the universe itself. At the same time, the private sector can develop
and supply housing based on its learning curve in LEO as it takes over
ISS and builds new commercial space stations. Such industries can
provide economic leverage and support for the agency's activities,
saving the government millions. For example, a private firm might build
a luxury hotel facility for those who might want to fly under a lunar
dome on their own human powered wings, or relax in the low gee for a few
weeks while contemplating the blue marble of Earth on the horizon.
Meanwhile, also renting rooms in the hotel are those specialists listed
above, and space agency teams, perhaps managing a group of astronauts in
a nearby crater as they develop a simulated Mars surface base and test
their systems.

All of this then helps argue for a strong and robust interplanetary
transportation system. Again, the interests of the two cultures
coincide. The commercial firms will need low cost and regular transport
to and from the Moon, and cannot afford to fund the development of
transportation infrastructure. The governments need such systems for any
future human exploration of the solar system and/or Mars settlements, if
future exploration of Mars is not to be a dead end set of stunts. The
government can support the technology development and help build the
highway, much as they do on Earth, and the private sector can build and
operate the "trucks" over time, also as they do on Earth. And everyone
wins.

### **NEO's**

Contrary to the view that space is empty, our Solar System is filled
with millions and millions of small objects. Those that approach the
Earth or are easy to reach in terms of energy are called NEOs or Near
Earth Objects. There are several types of objects in the area referred
to as NEO Space, some orbiting in relatively the same place, such as the
small clusters we find at various stable points, which are caused by the
interacting gravity of the Earth, Moon, Sun and other planets. But most
follow long looping elliptical orbits, crossing the orbits of the Earth
and Moon in a predictable manner. And yes, somewhere out there the
younger sibling of the dinosaur killer is hurtling towards the Earth at
thousand of mile per hour. When it hits, be it tomorrow, next week, or
in a hundred thousand years, our party will be over.

## **What to Do Now?**

I believe that the space aware (us) have a duty to point out such
threats as those posed by NEO\'s, after all, the potential destruction
of our home world is a great argument for getting our eggs out of this
one basket. By the same token, and why we should care about such things
as sky searches and asteroid shield plans is that it makes little sense
to try and expand the human race into space if we are going to be wiped
out by some careening solar iceberg while getting our act together.

Valiant sweaty Bruce Willis\'s saving the Earth and spectacular \"we all
gonna die!\" scenarios aside, the promise of the resources such
rockpiles might contain that excites us from a frontier perspective, and
it is here where we focus our attentions. Many believe that long term,
such resources are integral to the human break out into space.

The threat from asteroids and comets is often the focus of the media,
high­lighting the need for a much expanded search for these objects,
which could wipe out life as we know it. But the same rocks which could
kill us can help us live better lives due to the resources they contain.
Many of these objects are literally floating gold mines, continuing
amounts of gold, platinum and other pre­cious metals that would stagger
the imagination. They also offer us the chance move environmentally
destructive mining op­erations from the living Earth to the dead
emptiness of space.

The search itself, with its broad societal implications, is the proper
domain for the government to provide support. As with the Moon, NASA
should support early exploration now and later, transitional missions,
with large com­mercial participation in the form of partnerships or
outright purchases of data. But eventually, it is the private sector
that should lead the actual exploration, characterization, sampling and
utilization of these important resources. I would like to see the
Federal government offering prizes for the location of potential threats
and acting as a clearing house for NEO information.

It could also offer to buy data from those who can mount missions to
NEOs privately, thus saving tax dollars and catalyzing a potential new
industry. The government has an important role in updating laws
regarding ownership of such data, and of course the thorny issue of
mining and ownership rights must all be clarified before anyone
seriously tries to stake a claim on one of these floating goldmines.

**[Mars]{.underline}**

I and the Foundation have always been for the exploration of Mars,
particularly as a prelude to permanent settlement of Mars and the rest
of the solar system. But we are against dead-end stunt type missions to
Mars that do not provide stepping stones to possible future settlement.

However, although we may support the concept, as mentioned above, the
idea of settlement was and is still not our national goal in space. In
the past NASA\'s planned paper missions to the Red Planet have simply
presented it as a place to perform the Apollo Program Mark II. For
government planners, flags and footsteps are the goal for Mars, as they
were for the Moon. In fact, all of the official plans so far introduced
for sending humans to Mars fall under the category of stunt. Somehow,
the lessons of the past failed to reach the ears of this group, and they
do not understand that we simply cannot afford another let down like
that we have seen since the end of the Apollo era.

To advocates of human settlement "Das Mars Project" used to represent
all that was bad about our government space program; centralized in the
traditional government/aerospace cabal, stunt oriented, elitist, vastly
overpriced and with no long term growth plan for growth from first
missions to settlements. Unfortunately, thanks to the NASA attitude that
all space is theirs, this entire debate is based on confusion between
the roles of government and the private sector. What both sides have
missed is what I have laid out in the Near Frontier/Far Frontier
paradigm. The government is never going to succeed in developing space
businesses, and those planning space businesses are not going to propose
going to Mars in a business plan.

## **The Settlement of Mars**

We must greatly expand and accelerate the exploration of Mars,
particularly as it enables the settlement of Mars and the rest of the
solar system. Money\'s saved from space station shuttle and center
operations should be used to fund the development and demonstration of
pioneering technologies that will en­able the exploration and settlement
of Mars. And yes, humans should go to Mars, as humans should go
everywhere that it makes technical, economic, scientific, environmental
sense to go. That\'s what an open frontier means.

The drive to open Mars to human settlement will fire the imaginations of
our youth in a way that the more routine operational aspects of settling
the Near Frontier will not. It is a symbol that will have a positive
effect on all space ac­tivities, if it is part of the agenda I have
outlined here. It will be seen as a national endorsement of space as a
frontier, and it will be the most visible aspect of the government\'s
role in the new space partnership I suggest. In frank political terms,
human exploration of Mars also provides the carrot needed to pull
NASA\'s management, human space flight centers, the astronaut corps and
its cheerleaders away from the Near Frontier.

If NASA needs public support, it need not fly members of the Senate in
space. The camera shot from the helmet of the first woman to peer down
the vast depths of the Valles Marinaris canyon will be enough by far.

#### 

#### Defining the Roles is the Key to Mars

The key to making Mars a real frontier is to understand the separate and
very different roles the government and the private sector must play to
make it so. These roles are not only differentiated by the area or
location, but by the activities themselves. Just as on Earth we see the
government's role in this new field of human activity as one of
catalyst, cheerleader, guarantor of safety and lawful behavior. Right
now, and until Earth's governments either begin to divest and hand over
Near Earth space and we see the development of low cost space
transportation, there simply is no money to even begin talking about
large scale plans for Martian exploration, let alone settlement.
However, if the nation adopts the Near Frontier/Far Frontier model, NASA
can release its grip on the Earth-Moon system by privatizing and
commercializing all operational activities such as the station and space
transportation systems and move its focus to the exploration of the Far
Frontier. If structured correctly, government could prime the pump for
the creation of leading edge technologies to aid in that quest, and be a
good customer for the private sector to provide the bulk of needed
services for such a program. If this happens, enormous resources would
then become available to begin the quest, IF the taxpayers can then be
persuaded to do so.

Continuity and economic viability must be designed into any exploration
program from day one. Remember Lewis and Clark. Just as Jefferson\'s
mandate was not just to explore but also to survey the Louisiana
Purchase, so to on Mars we must explore for both science and
development. The Reagan appointed 1986 National Commission on Space
report did recognize the need for permanence to be built in to any Mars
planning, but it too was based on a massive infrastructure and in-space
transportation build up, and would not allow any permanent development
to occur on the Red planet for decades.

The Space Exploration Initiative presented during the Bush
administration not only didn\'t build on the permanence idea presented
by NCOS, it retreated to the old flags and footsteps approach to space
exploration. With its unspoken mandate to rationalize then current NASA
projects such as the space station, it called for the station to be used
as a port of departure. For their money, the taxpayers would get to
watch three to six people plant a flag, and once again leave our spoor
behind in the Martian dust with no plan or promise of anything of
substance coming from the adventure. Needless to say, it was DOA in
Congress.

Even the smallest humans to Mars missions will require a substantial
investment and to spread out that investment across an entire culture is
not a bad idea. I believe in democracy, and if the taxpayers can be
persuaded and the goal remains the first permanent human settlements on
the Red Planet, we support the concept - as long as all aspects of the
project utilize commercially provided data and support systems to the
maximum extent possible. Any agenda that includes the Moon and Mars
should be designed to create infrastructure that will support long term
access and transportation to and from those worlds, and be carried out
in a way that leverages one off of the other and all off of the
activities of the commercial sector - as well as the taxpayer funded
specific missions and programs along the way.

###### 

####### [The Right to Own New Land in Space]{.underline}

###### Finally, for all of these new areas in both the Near Frontier and Far Frontier (including the Moon, Mars and the NEOs) to become the great sources of wealth and possibility they can be, we need to begin putting in place the rights of those who explore and develop such new "lands" in space to own them. Throughout history, it has been the ability to gain and hold land which has driven them forth, and given them the will to carve new human domains out of wilderness. Space is no different. If people are going to invest their wealth and lives in opening the frontier, they should have the right to pass what they have done down to the next generations. When the time is right, the US should stand up and recognize that in space, the same rights to won property exist as on Earth. 

###### [Earth to LEO]{.underline}

The primary goal for the nation in this decade must be achieving cheap
access to space. Because if you can\'t get there regularly and cheaply
to develop, test and manufacture your product you can\'t make a profit.
If there is no profit, there will be no frontier.

Unfortunately, costs about the same today to put a human in space on the
government shuttle as it did 30 years ago thanks to the incestuous, self
preserving and self feeding institution that our shuttle program has
become. And according to NASA the new OSP program will not help that
situation and may make it worse, while costing us billions of dollars we
need not spend.

The development of cheap, reliable and regular transportation to and
from space is THE key requirement for opening the space frontier. Once
again, there are strong mutual interests between the private and public
sectors to be satisfied, once again, there is a chance for a
partnership, and once again there is the chance to create new industries
and jobs. And unfortunately, once again we are faced with a government
controlled monopoly - this time operating the only human capable space
trans­portation system in the United States.

It is time for change. NASA and the US government need to get out of the
trucking and passenger carrying business as represented by the shuttle
and OSP programs, and back to supporting exploration and scientific
progress. NASA and its parasitic contractors must no longer be allowed
to manage the designing, building and operation of what are essentially
glorified government space trucks/vans. Can you imagine if the
government had done the same thing with an airline? It is as if the FAA
owned our single national air carrier. With no real competition it would
never get cheaper, better or more efficient...and no one would be able
to afford to fly on it. That's the socialist monopoly we have in space
flight. It has not improved safety or access and wasted billions of tax
dollars. And with the announced plans for the Orbital Space Plane (or
what some call the Orbital Stupid Plane) our nation will be pouring even
more billions into a giant step backwards when it comes to access to
space.

In contrast to this dinosaurian penchant for repeatedly getting stuck in
quickly evaporating swamps of old ideas, a new lean, mean set of
alternative space firms are out there building truly innovative systems
for carrying paying passengers and payloads on sub-orbital flights for
what may turn out to be less than a hundred thousand dollars a flight.
Unencumbered by traditions, bureaucracies and structures designed to
siphon tax dollars rather than realize profits, these firms are where
innovations and new ideas can be born and tested on the anvil of the
market system. But they face enormous challenges on the road to success.
Often self funded and working close to the economic edge they have
waited and watched as our government hasn't done the job and are now
going to open space their way -- if they survive. These little mammals
are doing their best to dodge the smothering feet of government
regulations and paranoia and hold out hope for a whole new path into
space, but they need help to survive. And if they are truly to
contribute to our national space efforts they need the current system
changed dramatically to acknowledge them, to support rather than hinder
them, and to let them in.

##### Rise of the Alt. Space Firms

Several years ago in writings and talks I pointed out that I thought the
new so called "robber barons" of space would come from the computer
world. I saw these people as pre filtered for technological savvy,
comfortable with new and innovative ideas, definitely out of the box
thinkers, and raised on the space program, science fiction literature,
and media such as Star Trek, B-5 and Star Wars. Oh, and also - although
I was saying this before the dot-com melt down - they have lots of money
in a culture where they will feel the need to do something great and
important. In other words they would want to give something back. Well,
some of them made it through the rough times in their own industry, and
have done as we hoped, and jumped into the space field.

I call these new players Alternative Space Companies, or to put it into
techno speak, the Alt.Space movement. They do have the money and the
dreams, and yes, in their hearts they want to see the human species
expand into space, of this I am sure. Or as Paypal founder and rocket
builder Elon Musk said in meeting in his living room recently, our job
is to "Back-up the Biosphere."

The first shots of this revolution were fired when telecom millionaires
Walt Anderson and Chirenjeev Kathuria joined with the Jeff Manber
(former Executive Director of the Space Business Roundtables) myself and
other Foundationers to go to Moscow and found *MirCorp,* with the goal
of transforming the old Russian Mir into the world's first commercial
space station (which led to Dennis Tito and others flying aboard the
ISS). Shortly afterwards, the X*-Prize* was founded. (Which directly
influenced Rutan to finance and build his spaceship.) These activities
began to fire up the imaginations of private citizens, who had thought
themselves shut out of the space game. Within a couple of years, several
new firms had been founded by those wanting to leverage off of the
potential for flying what I call "citizen explorers" into space.

Within the last few months we have recently seen the first ripples that
will be caused by the new Alt.Space "barons" and their own rocketship
projects, in the form of Scott Bezos of Amazon.com's *Blue Horizons,*
Elon Musk's *Space-X*, and John Carmack (owner of Id Software -- created
the hugely popular video games "Quake" and "Doom") who owns *Armadillo
Aerospace*. The recent highly publicized roll out of famed aircraft
builder Burt Rutan's test vehicle, which was apparently financed by a
major software firm's founder gave the world it's first Alt.Space poster
child, yet there are also many other firms working in this field.

Serious, business oriented, successful survivors of a tough industry,
with big dreams and deep pockets these sole source funded projects join
with other not so new players in the field with funded firms like Bob
Bigelow (sole owner of Budget Suites of America) whose *Bigelow
Aerospace* is building a prototype space hotel, Charlie Chaffer's
*Celestis and Team Encounter* whose Solar Sail Project just contracted
with NASA to collect data on its voyage out of the solar system, and
*Constellation Services Incorporated,* whose cargo containers promise to
reduce cost to re-supply ISS at this critical time. Others, like Dennis
Wingo's *SpaceCorp.*, Walt Anderson's *Orbital Recovery*, John Powell's
*JP Aerospace*, *Pioneer Aerospace*, and *X-Cor Aerospace* complete a
mix that is wide and deep in its potential to profoundly change the
space transportation habitation and services field.

These are real firms, and are poised to transform space access and
operations as we know it -- if they get the right breaks, and the
support of the nation they call home.

According to some experts, \$1 in market potential offered to the
private sector will produce \$10 in the type of technological and
operational breakthroughs we might get from the current government
-centric approach we have today. Some put the ratio even higher. If Burt
Rutan can build a re-usable sub-orbital space ship system for under \$40
million, what can he and the other alternative firms out there do for
let's say the \$10 billion we are about to waste on OSP? (The equivalent
of 3 or 4 shuttle flights.) Rather than waste that money on yet another
specific-use dead end program, let's offer that money to the private
sector to carry humans and cargo to and from space and get \$100-200
billion of innovation and common sense. A few billion dollar a year
market for separate payload and passenger flights to and from ISS and to
fulfill other NASA and DOD needs would produce a huge change in our
nation's space access capabilities. Imagine, rather than one or two
inside firms working on cost-plus contracts to fulfill single use needs
they helped develop in the first place, we could have a dozen space
delivery and transportation firms. NASA and DOD would no longer fund
multi million dollar studies, multi-billion dollar development programs
or prop up aging technologies, but would simply pay on delivery when
their payloads were delivered...just like the rest of America and most
of the world does on Earth. These new commercially oriented space
trains, trucks, buses and taxis would carry not only government
payloads, but also compete to carry commercial passengers and payloads
to what could become a rapidly expanding human frontier in space.

To get there we must make radical changes, not just operationally, but
most importantly, mentally, and in the structure and management of our
current system. To that end I offer a ten point plan to turn our space
agenda around. This plan will assure the maximum science and commercial
activity in space, while creating an expanding wedge of human activities
that will lead to a prosperous and growing human frontier in space. (It
will also save the tax payers a huge chunk of change!)

-   NASA should immediately be ordered to begin planning the retirement
    of the shuttles, and all human oriented shuttle and Earth to low
    Earth orbit (LEO) vehicle development offices, centers, programs and
    studies should be canceled as soon as possible.

-   Congress should kill such projects as the Orbital Space Plane and
    its current space capsule program immediately and transfer the \$10
    billion it was about to waste to a set of new activities to open LEO
    to the people and new industries that should by right follow our 30
    years of federal exploration of this area. To do this, while also
    seeding the agency's return to real exploration beyond the Near
    Frontier, the following things should be implemented ASAP:

-   The agency should be mandated to begin creating new procedures that
    will allow it to sign multiple payload and passenger delivery
    contracts at some date certain in the future, just as it does today
    when it uses Fed-Ex, UPS or American Airlines to move its valuable
    cargo and employees around on Earth.

-   At least \$1 billion of former OSP/capsule related funds should be
    transferred to the Alternative Access to Space program immediately
    to begin the re-education of agency managers away from exclusionary
    cost-plus contracting methods and start implementation of commercial
    LEO freight delivery.

-   A set of National Space Prizes (NSP) should be created. -- To
    incentivize the development of the vehicles needed to serve the
    former shuttle/OSP/capsule market and to assure multiple players and
    real competition down the road, several billion dollars of the saved
    OSP/capsule/shuttle money should be used to fund four/five prizes
    for the first teams to fly four people (or relative mass) safely to
    and from LEO at the lowest demonstrated cost, with the shortest turn
    around period. (Perhaps funded using a portion of current
    OSP/capsule development money, as a means of helping.)

-   To provide an ongoing market for the NSP winners, all federal
    entities needing access to LEO should be mandated to use their
    current multi-billion dollar budgets (such as that about to be
    wasted on shuttle flights) to buy their rides using roughly the same
    criteria as the NSP. They must begin creating new procedures that
    will allow them to sign multiple payload and passenger delivery
    contracts at some date certain in the future, just as they do when
    using Fed-Ex, UPS or American Airlines to move valuable cargo and
    employees around on Earth.

-   To further assist their new partners in the national space effort,
    all federal space transportation regulations should be streamlined
    to allow the maximum freedom of development for the alternative
    space firms. This includes giving them the same regulatory
    over-rides now given to government systems such as government space
    launches, the space shuttles and the airline industry.

-   As this space revolution is implemented, near term access to ISS
    should be purchased from the Russians, using Soyuz, Progress and
    other very capable vehicles.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   NASA and the Department of Defense should implement a series of X
    programs in cooperation with the private sector based on the old
    NACA model of enhancing commercial and military capabilities. And
    this effort must not be allowed to morph into development programs
    for government vehicles. Potential areas of research might involve
    thermal protection systems (TPS), and robust (airline-like) engine
    development projects.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   We should mothball or give our very capable Russian friends
    managerial leadership of the current high inclination space station
    and use the remaining elements still on the ground to build a lower
    inclination, more commercially accessible station.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   In either case, the ISS management structure on both should be
    changed to an Airport/ Seaport Authority model, not a scientific
    institute, which will be too narrow in focus, expertise and bias. A
    Space Station Authority can do a much better job at creating a safe,
    efficient and productive environment for all users, commercial and
    scientific. This ISSA will be encouraged to lower station costs in
    all areas of operations, and not just allow, but encourage access to
    the station and its airlocks by the widest range of commercial space
    transporters and suppliers.

-   All NASA vehicle and habitat development activity should be
    re-focused from Earth to LEO operations to in-space missions aimed
    at the Far Frontier, such as a permanent Return to the Moon and the
    long term exploration and opening of the Martian frontier.

##### Heavy Lift

If massive heavy lift is needed for such things as supporting a
permanent human return to the Moon or a humans-to-Mars initiative, we
have two choices. The first is to utilize the existing shuttle
infrastructure investment in people, hardware and facilities. The
current external tank and solid rocket stacks could be used as the basis
of an automated re-usable cargo ship (near term this could easily be the
existing space shuttles, as they apparently can be flown remotely) or
grown into a very heavy lift vehicle. If this path is chosen, I would
encourage the use of the external tanks that it would be carrying into
orbit as part of any planned orbital infrastructure.

However, if I am to stay true to the idea that NASA should get
completely out of the Earth to LEO transportation business - and that
our goal is to grow a strong space transportation industry for all sorts
of payloads - my answer in the area of heavy lift is a bit different. As
I have been educated over time by my peers in the field on this issue,
my preference has become more pure in relation to this cause. I believe
the best way to get heavy lift to support a return to the Moon and a
human mission to Mars is to have NASA stay out of it entirely and buy
the rides in this area as well. Rather than a massive new NASA vehicle
development project, the agency and its contractors should instead focus
on the development and construction of the habitats and transportation
systems it will need on and between those two worlds, and stay out of
the Earth to LEO transportation arena entirely.

There already exists capability in the US Delta class and Russian
Progress vehicles to loft many tons of payloads to LEO and Lunar orbit.
Using the new and exciting concept of on-orbit assembly or in-space
construction that the agency has been allegedly learning by building
ISS, these components can be assembled into any size needed for either
project. Although not available on the scale of a potential automated
shuttle derived cargo vehicle, if one considers the development and
operational costs of such a brand new system versus the eventual freight
bill of a competitively bid delivery to space contract using modified
current day systems or those in development already in the private
sector, the taxpayers could save millions. Meanwhile, such an approach
would continue to fuel, rather than compete with the space
transportation industry.

**[The time is now.]{.underline}**

It is time for America to step up and face the future.

Time for the United States to push into a new frontier of technology and
leadership.

It is time for the White House and Congress to give the people of this
nation a new and positive tomorrow.

It is time to show the world that America doesn't just drop bombs, but
can build dreams.

Let's be frank. NASA as currently constituted cannot do the things I
have outlined. It is bloated, self preservation oriented, and is
spending it's time wasting billions of our tax dollars re-inventing the
wheel and re-reinventing the wheel and so on...without knowing why it
even needs a wheel, and where it wants to go once it has a vehicle. The
agency and its encrustation of existing contractors need to be totally
re-vamped. This can be done by Congress and the White House via enacting
new policies and changes over time, or by giving the agency a tough
clear and hard to achieve goal, which may well force the needed changes.
After all, as Kennedy said "we don't do these things because they are
easy, but because they are hard!"

Some call for the agency to be shut down, and I admit there are times I
feel the same way. The private sector is already beginning its own space
program, and the agency, especially its human space flight component,
may soon be redundant. One former shuttle astronaut pointed out recently
that the next American to ride into space on an American spaceship will
be a civilian riding in a private rocket! Think about it! The contrast
between the Alt. Space firms approach to space and NASA's reveals a true
split in the genetic line of the evolution of human space flight. Those
who lead our nation can ignore this reality, try to stomp it to death,
or embrace it, nurture it and leverage off of it for the greater good
and glory of all Americans.

##### The Frontier is Open and On to Mars!

It is time for dramatic action...or the future will pass into the hands
of others...

The Congress and White House should unite behind a declaration that the
Near Frontier is open for business, and the nation is going to explore
and open the Far Frontier of the Moon and Mars...this time to stay! No
hesitation, no endless timescales, no wimping out for the greatest
nation on Earth. We must do this hard and fast and do it now, and on a
very tight and challenging time scale. (Don't tell me we can't do it
quickly and well, this is the same nation that went from a standing
start to the Moon in under ten years -- forty years ago!)

As President Kennedy recognized in the middle of the darkest days of the
Cold War, there is no perfect time to do something bold and beautiful.
Or perhaps, such times as then and now are exactly the right time to
take a stand for what is great and honorable in humanity. If such
incredible boldness can be summoned in such a time, then it can be
summoned now. And we need it now more than ever. America needs a shining
light. The world needs a shining light. Space can be the place where
that light can hang for all to see. And now is exactly when such choices
must be called out by those of vision.

Within my lifetime I want to be able to cast my eyes upwards and see a
string of pearls in the night above the Earth as the first orbital
community of Alpha Town celebrates its first quarter century, while
glittering lights shimmer at the South Pole of the Moon...as the first
Lunar city celebrates its first decade. And shooting like a star across
the night, the glow of nuclear motors in the night above, as the first
regular space liners begin their service to and from Mars...where a
whole new branch of humanity is being born beneath the amber skies of a
new world they call Home.