APPENDIX I

Broad-Scale Habitat Analyses to Estimate Fish Densities for Viability
Criteria

E. Ashley Steel and Mindi B. Sheer\
National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Fisheries Science Center

Background

In this appendix, we describe a method for estimating quantities of
currently and historically available habitat and for estimating fish
densities implied by a range of viability criteria. We summarize results
for the Willamette Lower Columbia (WLC) recovery domain. The rationale
for examining implied fish densities for both currently and historically
available stream miles is to consider the implications of a range of
viability criteria on specific populations. These analyses can be used
to answer the following questions:

-   How much potential spawning or rearing habitat is currently
    accessible in particular watersheds for a given species of interest?

-   How much potential spawning or rearing habitat might once have been
    available in particular watersheds for a given species of interest?

-   Is a viability criterion reasonable given currently accessible
    habitat?

-   Is a viability criterion reasonable given all historically available
    habitat?

The first step for many habitat-related recovery analyses is to estimate
the amount of currently accessible and historically accessible habitat.
These analyses provide an initial estimate of those quantities. One of
the largest and most easily quantified anthropogenic changes to habitat
quality or quantity has been the construction of large numbers of
barriers to fish passage. Streams currently blocked to anadromous
passage by a man-made barrier were historically available for spawning
and rearing by multiple salmonid species. The first step in this
analysis is to quantify the amounts and types of habitat that have been
lost due to man-made barriers as a metric of habitat change. The results
of this step form the building blocks for multiple additional analyses
and are reported in detail here. The next step is to identify those
habitat areas, currently and historically available, that are likely
used by a particular species at a particular life stage. This
classification might be based on mainstem versus tributary habitat,
channel gradient, or other landform or land-use variables. The final
step of our analysis is to calculate fish densities that would be
necessary to meet potential, population-specific viability targets.

Methods

Stream Generation

One of the primary objectives of this analysis is to assess relative
quantities and distribution of multiple types of habitat throughout the
WLC domain. Because of the broad geographic range of the analysis, we
required a Geographic Information System (GIS) stream network that was
consistently available across all watersheds, but still of a fine enough
resolution to discern differences in lengths of mainstem and tributary
streams of varying widths. We determined that a 1:100,000 stream network
(StreamNet 2001a) was not adequate to capture the stream features and
measurements of interest. However, the available 1:24,000 stream
networks were incomplete and used inconsistent methodologies.

We chose to generate 1:24,000 stream networks from 10-m
drainage-enforced digital elevation models (DEMs), digital
representations of three-dimensional terrain. Delineation and extraction
of stream channel networks from DEMs is a well-represented procedure in
practice and model development (Jenson and Domingue 1988, Tarboton et
al. 1991, Montgomery and Foufoula-Georgiou 1993, Tarboton 1997). This
technique uses drainage direction and flow accumulation (using slope and
aspect from the DEM) across the landscape to delineate primary drainage
and stream routes. Intuitively, the procedure can be described as
estimating the location of the stream network by simulating the flow of
water across the landscape. We chose a suite of programs called
NetStream (Miller 2003) to assist us in generating a GIS-compatible,
1:24,000 spatial stream network. NetStream optimizes the resolution of
low-order channels and can break the stream into topographically
homogeneous segments or reaches based on DEM-derived valley width and
channel gradient.

We generated streams for 17 fourth-field hydrologic units within the WLC
domain. The watersheds were chosen based on distribution of Endangered
Species Act (ESA) listed salmonid species and the extent of distinct
populations (Myers et al. draft) within each evolutionarily significant
unit (ESU). We performed quality control on the stream networks using
other GIS stream network data sets. Stream channels were adjusted or
regenerated where necessary. The NetStream program modeled approximately
111,780 km of streams at this scale for the 17 watersheds of interest.
These were broken into 1.8 million stream segments or stream reaches.
Reach length was 50 to 300 m, with a mean of 76 m. Reach length varied
with upstream drainage area; larger rivers have larger drainage areas
and less geomorphic variation so typically have longer reach lengths
(Miller 2003). For example, in the Mollala-Pudding watershed, the model
generated 4,108 km of stream, broken into 59,801 stream-reach segments.
The same watershed at a lower resolution (1:100,000) is represented by
only 1,708 km of stream. Because segments were identified based on
tributary junctions and homogeneity in channel gradient, they are very
similar in size and character to stream reaches that might be identified
during field surveys. The similarity to field-derived reaches, and the
small maximum size of the stream segments, is a strength of this
analytical approach; habitat characteristics estimated for each reach
will not be averaged over a long heterogeneous length of stream.

Computing limitations made it necessary for us to reduce both the number
of stream segments and total segment length in the analysis. We clipped
the drainage network to include only contiguous stream segments with a
channel gradient of less than 20%. This clipping, or "pruning," of the
drainage network reduced the number of stream segments by about 50%
while effectively removing only the smallest-order streams, which are
rarely, if ever, used by anadromous fish (Washington Forest Practices
Board 2000). All further analyses were conducted on the pruned network.

NetStream calculated additional stream and habitat attributes based on
the 10-m DEM (Table I.1). Channel gradient and valley floor widths were
estimated for each segment. Given channel width (see next section),
valley floor width can be used to determine whether the channel is
constrained or unconstrained. Valley side-slope was calculated
separately for each side of the river, averaging the gradient over the
nearest 10 m from the edge of the channel and the nearest 100 m from the
edge of the channel. (For further details on the NetStream program, see
Miller 2003.) In the future, valley side-slope gradient and additional
debris-flow modeling functionality in the NetStream program may be used
to predict channel-bank stabilization measures and probability of
landslides or debris flows. Modeled attributes not used in our immediate
analysis may be used in future efforts to link landscape processes to
in-stream habitat features and in-stream habitat conditions to fish
densities.

Width Modeling

Fish use of habitat types is expected to vary by stream width. For
example, pools in mainstem habitats might be expected to have higher
densities of juvenile chinook than pools in tributaries. Several
research groups have had good success modeling stream width using a
combination of basin areas, channel gradients, and annual precipitation
(Miller et al. 1996, Holsinger 2001, Hyatt et al. 2002, Clarke 2001).

Using simple linear regression analysis, we built a series of
watershed-specific, stream-width models using existing habitat survey
information from the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW)
Aquatic Inventories Project (AIP) (ODFW 2001a, Moore et al. 1999). These
data sets contained measured channel width, as estimated at bankfull
stage, for a total of 3,142 stream reaches. Reaches sampled by ODFW were
6,781 m long on average. Surveyed reaches were distributed fairly well
throughout the Willamette and Lower Columbia watersheds in Oregon, and
were available for 13 of the 17 fourth-field watersheds of interest.
There was a greater emphasis on the smaller tributaries in the
Willamette Basin (Figure I.1). We were unable to include data for
watersheds on the Washington side of the Columbia River or on U.S.
Forest Service lands because of data compatibility issues. Potential
predictor variables for the stream-width models were from remotely
sensed data and included basin area, average precipitation, and channel
gradient. We plan to improve our stream-width modeling with recently
updated AIP stream-reach data available for six of these watersheds from
ODFW.

Stream width was modeled separately for the 13 watersheds with available
data and for the entire WLC domain at once. Model fit varied
dramatically between basins as a result of the distribution of
field-surveyed reaches within the basin (0.15 \< R^2^ \< 0.76). Model
fit for all watersheds combined was adequate (R^2^ = 0.41) but not as
strong as identified in other smaller-scale or more field-intensive
efforts. In most watersheds, stream reaches with a basin area smaller
than 1 km^2^ were removed from the analysis because they had such a
strong effect on estimated parameters that the model did not fit the
larger streams well. All watershed models included basin area, most
included precipitation, and a few included channel gradient (Table I.2).
Several models also included a multiplicative interaction between basin
area and precipitation. A significant interaction term suggests that the
effect of precipitation on stream width varied for smaller versus larger
streams. In watersheds where the watershed-specific model fit was worse
than the overall model fit, we used either of two alternative models. If
there was an adjacent watershed within the same ecoregion with a better
model fit and similar geology and topography, we used the model for that
adjacent watershed. Where there were no adjacent watersheds with similar
attributes and better model fits, we used the overall model to predict
stream width in the watershed with a weak model fit.

We are in the process of testing the stream-width models. We plan to use
a Monte Carlo approach to estimate predictive uncertainty. We may also
be able to use the distribution of survey reaches to correct model
predictions. In the interim, we are dividing the modeled widths into
four categories based on similar work conducted in Puget Sound (Beamer
2001). These categories are large main stem (\> 25 m), small main stem
(10--25 m), large tributary (5--10 m), and small tributary (\< 5 m).
Initial results are presented in Figure I.2.

Barriers

As in much of the Pacific Northwest, one of the major habitat
alterations in the WLC domain has been the placement of barriers to
upstream and/or downstream migration. Barriers--- including dams,
diversions, and culverts---can partially or fully block fish passage. We
collected information on in-stream barriers to fish migration in order
to identify accessible and inaccessible river segments. We identified
and coordinated nine digital databases containing information on the
location and passage of natural and anthropogenic barriers (summarized
in Table I.3). Because the data were compiled from multiple sources, the
positional accuracy and passage information varied. Originally, there
were over 10,000 potential barriers in the combined data set. After
removing duplicates, clipping data to our watershed boundaries, and
removing barriers located on streams not present in our stream network,
we included over 2,600 potential barriers. To estimate habitat changes
resulting from barriers, we identified all river segments in our
analysis as accessible, inaccessible due to a man-made barrier, or
inaccessible due to natural barriers (Figure I.3).

We used a variety of methods to categorize barriers as passable,
impassable, or partially passable. These included GIS coverages of
current fish distribution (Streamnet 2001b), maps of historical fish
distribution, nonspatial databases, personal communications with state
agencies, and (since height was one attribute available for most of the
barriers) published limits to fish passage by barrier height (Myers et
al. 2002; Aaserude 1984). Uncertainty in these classifications remains
because positional inaccuracy of some barriers prevented us from
associating them with the stream network (even though they may be
barriers to fish passage), and because many barriers do not have
complete passage information (Table I.3). Where passage was unknown or
incomplete, we classified the barrier as passable; therefore, our
analysis represents a conservative estimate of inaccessible stream
habitat for most watersheds. Once the barriers were classified, all
downstream and upstream stream segments were identified with the
appropriate barrier passage codes, which were then summarized to
simplified stream accessibility codes, as represented in Figure I.3.
Individual barriers within the WLC block from 1 to 2,000 km of stream
each. Local biologists reviewed the stream accessibility maps; they were
requested to indicate erroneously classified streams within their
respective geographic regions of expertise. Reviewers were asked to
focus primarily on map errors (\> 3 km) likely to impact general,
broad-scale accessibility ratios for the watershed. All changes
indicated by the biologists were incorporated into the final maps and
summaries (Nusum 2002, Meyer 2002, Shively 2002, Stearns 2002[^1]).

Future work conducting field inventories and developing statistical
techniques for this type of spatial data will be required to reduce and
display the uncertainty in our analysis. We also plan to incorporate
newly available data. Spatial data (at a scale of 1:24,000) on fish
distribution and passage and locations of culverts and dams has recently
become available for Washington State (SSHIAP 2002) and has been
incorporated in the final stream accessibility data. Updated fish
distribution and barrier passage information has recently become
available in Oregon (ODFW 2001, BLM 2000). These data will also be
incorporated for specific watersheds as required by future studies.
Eventually, we will quantify and display any remaining uncertainty about
whether each stream segment is accessible to each species of concern.

Identification of Prime and Possible Habitat Attributes

Fish use of particular stream reaches is based on a host of habitat
characteristics including nutrient status, channel gradient, substrate,
cover, flow, water depth, and channel width. For this large-scale
analysis, we needed to identify those areas most likely to be used by
fish based on habitat characteristics we could identify from data
available over the entire WLC. We surveyed eight local fisheries
biologists to identify the suite of habitat characteristics that might
indicate prime or possible habitat for each listed species at each
relevant life stage. For steelhead and chinook, channel gradient was the
best available habitat characteristic for classifying stream reaches in
a way that would suggest whether the reach might be used for spawning
and/or rearing. Ideally, we would have been able to use several of the
other measured or modeled characteristics such as channel width or
riparian vegetation; however, no quantitative thresholds could be
determined for these characteristics. By combining local biologists'
responses, we created a series of gradient thresholds describing prime
and possible spawning and rearing habitat for each species (Figure I.4,
Table I.4). For chum salmon, we identified a gradient cutoff to use
initially (Table I.4) and a set of rules based on channel width and
distance upstream from a tributary junction that can eventually be used
as the basis of a better classification system. Further spatial analyses
and programming will be required to implement these chum classification
rules using our modeled channel width. While this is an extremely rough
guide, it does help us to eliminate from our analyses those segments
that are much less likely to be used by a particular species at a
particular life stage.

Results

Available Stream Kilometers by Population

Currently and historically accessible, prime and possible stream
kilometers are summarized for each population in the WLC ESUs in Tables
I.5 through I.19. Summaries in these tables represent those reaches that
meet prime or possible spawning criteria and include streams to the
upper limits of the clipped stream coverage. These streams are further
divided by our modeled width categories (Figures I.5 through I.8). For
each population, these tables provide estimates of the amount of
currently available habitat of different types, the amount of habitat
that has been cut off from anadromous fish passage, and the proportion
of prime versus possible spawning habitat. Direct distance comparisons
between these numbers and distances based on 1:100,000 stream
measurements are not appropriate because of increased sinuosity and
numbers of tributaries represented by our 1:24,000 stream measurements.

Both currently and historically, a large fraction of the available
habitat that meets basic geomorphic criteria (e.g., gradient) is
unsuitable for use because of issues of habitat quality, for example
high water temperature, inadequate flow, or large deposits of fine
sediments (Reeves 1995). The goal of this analysis is to estimate
changes in habitat quantity over a very large area in a consistent
manner. The true amount of usable habitat, including issues of habitat
quality, may be only 40 to 60% of the habitat areas that meet the basic
access and suitability criteria specified in our analysis. The
percentage of potentially suitable habitat affected by habitat quality
issues is likely not the same currently as it was historically. Our
numbers are therefore likely to be overestimates of available habitat
and underestimates of habitat loss. Until analyses are available that
can include these more detailed issues, the results presented here
provide a reasonable index of habitat change and numbers that are useful
for making comparisons across watersheds and populations.

These data may be used to evaluate many other questions. For example,
one might compare the kilometers of prime or possible habitat available
to particular species within a given watershed (Table I.20). Such
comparisons can aid in efforts to provide for multispecies recovery.
Spatial identification of areas that are prime spawning or rearing
habitat for multiple species could be used in prioritizing areas or
barriers for restoration actions. Additional habitat criteria, such as
width of riparian buffer will improve the usefulness of these estimates
for answering additional questions.

Implied Fish Densities at Viability Thresholds

Ideally, we would like to estimate abundance viability criteria based on
current and historical habitat capacity. However, as described above,
the number of stream kilometers accessible to a particular population is
highly uncertain. That uncertainty is compounded by a wide range of
potential average and maximum fish densities in particular habitat
types. Questions about the fraction of potentially suitable habitat made
unsuitable by habitat quality issues further decrease our ability to
estimate habitat capacity directly using currently available analysis
tools. For example, we do not know the extent of thermal degradation or
toxic contamination, nor do we know how these habitat impacts affect
fish density in particular habitat types. However, there remains a great
need to relate abundance viability criteria to current, historical, and
potential habitat quantities.

We use the habitat inventory to examine the implied fish densities of a
range of abundance viability criteria (Tables I.21 through I.23). In
this way, it will be possible to evaluate the feasibility of abundance
viability criteria using current, historical, and potential habitat
quantities, without diluting the habitat information with uncertainty
about current or historical fish densities or capacities. Ideally, we
would also like to assess the degree of habitat quality required to
achieve the implied densities over current or potential habitat
quantities. Fish densities estimated from our habitat inventory describe
the average density required over a large area. Naturally, many habitat
units that are suitable based on geomorphic criteria (e.g., gradient)
would be unsuitable at a particular time because of issues of habitat
quality (e.g., temperature, sediment composition, flow). This natural
spatial variability in habitat quality increases required fish densities
in the most suitable areas. Since our analyses describe the average fish
density required, the more variability in the system (the more areas
with low maximum fish densities), the higher the required fish densities
in the best areas. Anthropogenic reductions in habitat quality (e.g.,
temperature, flow, sediment, toxics) would further increase fish
densities required in the best remaining areas to meet population
viability targets. Separate analyses identifying natural levels of
habitat quality reductions, the spatial extent and degree of
anthropogenic reductions in habitat quality, and effects of changes in
habitat quality on fish densities and life-stage specific survivals
would all be required to refine our current estimates.

Estimating the implied fish densities of abundance population viability
criteria requires two pieces of information: the habitat area and the
number of fish required to meet the abundance target. The implied fish
density is simply the viability target divided by area. For comparison,
we evaluate the density of current populations, as estimated by this
approach, for each of four habitat areas: currently available prime,
currently available possible, historically available prime, and
historically available possible (Table I.22). Current abundance values
are the average of the four most recent years of spawner counts. Some of
the current abundance values may contain hatchery-origin spawners, as
data did not always allow for distinction of natural- and
hatchery-origin spawners.

We next evaluate five viability criteria across all four habitat area
definitions: currently available prime, currently available possible,
historically available prime, and historically available possible
(Tables I.22 and I.23). Population definitions, current abundance
estimates, and viability criteria under each of three scenarios are
taken from Appendix E. Population criteria that we evaluated were
developed from three scenarios that vary in their inclusion of hatchery
fish and their projections of marine survival. Scenario 1 is based on
extinction probabilities of declining to a four-year annual average of
50 spawners, calculated using population prediction intervals with 20
degrees of freedom for the variance estimate. The point estimate of the
variance used to generate these targets is 0.05. The targets in scenario
1 assume that there are 0 hatchery-origin spawners present in any of the
populations in the next 20 years. These targets also assume that the
average of the marine survival index in the next 20 years is equal to
long-term average marine survival (Table I.22). We evaluated two
different extinction probabilities for this scenario (5% and 15%).
Scenario 2 is identical, except that targets assume 5% of the spawners
are of hatchery origin in every population over the next 20 years. The
actual target size is still expressed in terms of natural-origin
spawners. As in scenario 1, targets in scenario 2 assume that the
average of the marine survival index in the next 20 years will be equal
to the long-term average marine survival. Targets in scenario 3 assume
that there are zero hatchery-origin spawners present in any of the
populations in the next 20 years (Table I.23), but scenario 3 targets
assume that the average of the marine survival index in the next 20
years is 20% higher than the long-term average marine survival (Table
I.23). Targets in scenario 4 assume both a hatchery influence and a
change in marine survival. These targets assume that 5% of the spawners
are of hatchery origin in every population over the next 20 years.
Again, the target size is expressed only in terms of natural origin
spawners. Scenario 4 targets also assume that the average of the marine
survival index in the next 20 years is 20% higher than the long-term
average marine survival (Table I.23). These scenarios are described in
detail in Appendix D (Tables D.3 through D.6).

The implied fish densities presented here should be compared to ranges
of species-specific fish densities from field observations, published
literature, and/or historical records. A first step in evaluating this
methodology will be to compare the estimates of current fish density to
field observations. The fish densities under each of the viability
criteria can be evaluated for their reasonableness: "Would it be
reasonable to expect that we could observe average fish densities of
this magnitude in this watershed?" If so, current habitat may be of
sufficient quantity to support a population as large as the abundance
criteria require. The habitat may not be of sufficient quality; this
question should be addressed in separate analyses. The implied average
fish density, given all historically available habitat, suggests whether
the criteria are reasonable given all habitat that a population once
used. If the implied average fish density over all historically
available habitat is much higher than anything one might expect to see
in the field, we have an indication that the criteria may be too high.
As well as evaluating criteria, we can use the tables to examine the
potential impact of reconnecting currently inaccessible habitat by
comparing fish densities for currently and historically available
habitats. Increasing the number of habitat quality predictors would make
important refinements in these predictions. We have not divided the
density estimates according to channel-width categories, but it would be
possible to do so based on estimates of the proportion of spawning in
large main stems, small main stems, large tributaries, and small
tributaries for each species.

Conclusion

The broad-scale habitat inventory provides a method for making
comparisons across and between ecoregions, watersheds, and ESUs. The
first step of the analysis, a detailed inventory of habitat types,
classified by accessibility, provides the building blocks for multiple
recovery-related habitat analyses. Here it is used to estimate the
implied fish densities of a range of abundance viability criteria.
Implied densities from a range of future population scenarios can be
evaluated with respect to species-specific fish densities from field
observations, published literature, or historical records. There is
uncertainty associated with our estimates of current and potential
stream kilometers, as well as with our classification of prime versus
possible habitat; we have identified and minimized these sources of
uncertainty. In future analyses, we will also attempt to quantify the
uncertainty. The inventory approach has a wide range of additional
applications including estimating habitat quantities above individual
passage barriers and developing models of in-stream habitat
characteristics from landscape-scale digital data.

Table I.1 Reach-level channel attributes derived from drainage elevation
models.

  -------------------------------- --------------------------------------
  Landscape Derived/Modeled Stream 
  Attributes                       

  Flow accumulation / drainage     Steepest reach downstream (gradient)
  area                             

  Reach-averaged stream gradient   Left/right channel side-slope (\~ 10
                                   m)

  Stream order (Strahler)          Left/right channel side-slope (\~ 100
                                   m)

  Stream reach length              Left/right side valley floor width (m)

  Mean annual precipitation depth  Lake or stream
  (mm)                             
  -------------------------------- --------------------------------------

Table I.2 Statistical models to predict stream width in 13 watersheds in
the Willamette/Lower Columbia domain.

  --------------------- ---------------- ------------ ------------- ------------- --------------- -------------- ----------- ---------------
  **Watershed Name**    **Fourth-Field   **INT^b^**   **AREA^b^**   **GRAD^b^**   **PRECIP^b^**   **BA\*P^c^**   **R^2d^**   **Small Streams
                        HUC^a^**                                                                                             Excluded^e^**

  Middle Columbia-Hood  70105            -1.39        0.52                        0.0008                         0.75        yes

  Lower Columbia-Sandy  80001            0.65         0.42                        0.0002                         0.76        yes

  Lower                 80003            1.58         0.25                                                       0.15        
  Columbia-Clatskanie                                                                                                        

  Lower Columbia        80006            2.54         0.17                        -0.0007                        0.29        

  Middle Fork           90001            1.72         0.15          -2.71                                        0.38        yes
  Willamette                                                                                                                 

  Upper Willamette      90003            0.81         0.23                        0.0002                         0.30        

  McKenzie              90004            0.12         0.67                        0.0006          -0.0002        0.62        

  North Santiam         90005            3.02         -0.73                       -0.0006         0.0004         0.41        

  South Santiam         90006            4.45         -0.90         -1.42         -0.0013         0.0006         0.71        

  Middle Willamette     90007            1.07         0.39                                                       0.50        

  Tualatin              90010            0.58         0.31                        0.0004                         0.35        

  Clackamas             90011            0.61         0.52                                                       0.62        

  Lower Willamette      90012            -0.98        0.29                        0.0014                         0.63        

  All watersheds^f^                      1.10         0.29                        0.0001                         0.41        
  --------------------- ---------------- ------------ ------------- ------------- --------------- -------------- ----------- ---------------

^a^ HUC = hydrologic unit codes

^b^ The columns intercept (INT), basin area (AREA), channel gradient
(GRAD), and precipitation (PRECIP), describe potential predictor
variables. If they are included in the final model for a particular
watershed, the coefficient is presented in that column.

^c^ Basin Area \* Precipitation (BA\*P) describes an interaction term.
If it was included in the final model, a coefficient is presented in
that column. Basin area was log-transformed in all cases.

^d^ The R^2^ value presented is the multiple R^2^ value.

^e^ This column indicates whether streams within basin areas smaller
than 1 km^2^ were excluded from the analysis.

^f^ This row describes a model for all watersheds combined.

Table I.3 Barrier databases used to delineate accessible and
inaccessible stream segments.

+-------------+-------+-----+------------+--------+-------+---------+
| Data Set^a^ | Date\ | Sou | Data       | No.    | Ba    | P       |
|             | Rec   | rce | Extent     | Points | rrier | assage- |
|             | eived | D   |            | (Not   | Type  | Related |
|             |       | ate |            | Always |       | Info    |
|             |       |     |            | U      |       | rmation |
|             |       |     |            | nique) |       |         |
+-------------+-------+-----+------------+--------+-------+---------+
| Mth         | 06/01 | 6/1 | Mt. Hood   | 124    | Na    | No      |
| oodbarriers |       | 994 | National   |        | tural |         |
|             |       |     | Forest,    |        |       |         |
|             |       |     | Oregon     |        | Artif |         |
|             |       |     |            |        | icial |         |
+-------------+-------+-----+------------+--------+-------+---------+
| Bate        | 09/01 | 0   | Willamette | 635    | Na    | Yes     |
| manbarriers |       | 3/2 | Valley,    |        | tural |         |
|             |       | 000 | coastal    |        |       |         |
|             |       |     | Oregon     |        | Artif |         |
|             |       |     |            |        | icial |         |
+-------------+-------+-----+------------+--------+-------+---------+
| BPA         | 10/01 | 1   | W          | 2,384\ | Artif | Limited |
|             |       | 0/2 | ashington, | (326   | icial |         |
|             |       | 001 | Oregon,    | in     |       |         |
|             |       |     | Idaho,     | WLC)   |       |         |
|             |       |     | Montana    |        |       |         |
+-------------+-------+-----+------------+--------+-------+---------+
| Wvndams     | 06/01 | 2   | Willamette | 213    | Artif | Yes     |
|             |       | 000 | Valley,    |        | icial |         |
|             |       |     | coastal    |        |       |         |
|             |       |     | Oregon     |        |       |         |
+-------------+-------+-----+------------+--------+-------+---------+
| Wvncbars    | 10/01 | 0   | Willamette | 709    | Artif | Yes     |
|             |       | 2/2 | Valley,    |        | icial |         |
|             |       | 000 | north      |        |       |         |
|             |       |     | coastal    |        | Na    |         |
|             |       |     | Oregon     |        | tural |         |
+-------------+-------+-----+------------+--------+-------+---------+
| ODFW dams   | 07/01 | 1   | Oregon     | 744    | Artif | Yes     |
| and         |       | 998 |            |        | icial |         |
| fishways    |       |     |            |        |       |         |
|             |       |     |            |        | Na    |         |
|             |       |     |            |        | tural |         |
+-------------+-------+-----+------------+--------+-------+---------+
| Mvbdams     | 06/01 | 1   | Oregon,    | 9,707\ | Artif | No      |
|             |       | 995 | W          | (      | icial |         |
|             |       |     | ashington, | 1,030\ |       |         |
|             |       |     | Idaho,     | in     |       |         |
|             |       |     | Montana,   | WLC)   |       |         |
|             |       |     | Nevada     |        |       |         |
+-------------+-------+-----+------------+--------+-------+---------+
| ORCulverts  | 05/01 | 1   | Western    | 4,267\ | Artif | Limited |
| (three      |       | 995 | Oregon     | (2,349 | icial |         |
| files)      |       |     |            | in     |       |         |
|             |       |     |            | WLC)   |       |         |
+-------------+-------+-----+------------+--------+-------+---------+
| WaBarriers  | 09/01 | 1   | Washington | 3,365\ | Artif | Limited |
|             |       | 999 |            | (180   | icial |         |
|             |       |     |            | in     |       |         |
|             |       |     |            | WLC)   | Na    |         |
|             |       |     |            |        | tural |         |
+-------------+-------+-----+------------+--------+-------+---------+
| NewWaBar    | 2002  | 0   | SW         | 2,011  | Artif | Yes     |
|             |       | 3/2 | Washington |        | icial |         |
|             |       | 002 | (WRIA^b^   |        |       |         |
|             |       | d   | 24, 25,    |        | Na    |         |
|             |       | ata | 26, 27,    |        | tural |         |
|             |       | re  | 28, 29)    |        |       |         |
|             |       | cal |            |        |       |         |
|             |       | led |            |        |       |         |
+-------------+-------+-----+------------+--------+-------+---------+

^a^ Key to barriers databases:

> Mthoodbarriers = Barriers in Mt. Hood National Forest (USFS 1994)
>
> Batemanbarriers = Natural and man-made barriers to fish passage,
> western Oregon (Gresswell and Bateman 2000)
>
> BPA = BPA dams and possible hydro sites (BPA 2001)
>
> Wvndams = Western Oregon dams/barriers (StreamNet 2000)
>
> Wvncbars = Western Oregon dams/barriers (StreamNet 2000)
>
> ODFW dams and fishways = Nonspatial database from ODFW with fishway
> information (ODFW 2000)
>
> Mvbdams = Interior Columbia Ecosystem Management Project (ICBEMP) from
> U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Quigley et al. 2001)
>
> ORCulverts = Culvert locations and passage info from Charlie
> Corrarino, ODFW Fish passage division (ODFW 2001b)
>
> WaBarriers = Washington State man-made and natural barriers. Original
> data from Martin Hudson, WDFW; will be superseded by new Washington
> SSHIAP data (WDFW 1999).
>
> NewWaBar = Washington barriers: New SSHIAP barrier data for southwest
> Washington (SSHIAP 2002)

^b^ WRIA = Water Resource Inventory Area

Table I.5 Accessible and inaccessible prime spawning kilometers for fall
chinook populations in the Lower Columbia ESU by stream-width category.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Population    Stream      Accessible   Inaccessible   Inaccessible   Partially    Partially     Unknown
                Size^a^                  Due to\        Due to Natural Accessible   Accessible\   
                                         Man-made       Barriers       Due to       Due to        
                                         Barriers                      Man-made     Natural       
                                                                       Barriers     Barriers      
  ------------- ----------- ------------ -------------- -------------- ------------ ------------- ---------
  Kalama        Main stem   11.77        0.00           2.28           0.00         0.00          0.00
                (sm)                                                                              

                Tributary   7.44         0.20           2.51           0.00         0.00          0.00
                (lg)                                                                              

                Tributary   5.06         0.39           3.13           0.04         0.00          0.00
                (sm)                                                                              

  Lewis Salmon  Main stem   0.86         0.33           0.00           0.00         0.00          0.00
                (lg)                                                                              

                Main stem   13.52        8.12           1.07           2.27         3.69          0.00
                (sm)                                                                              

                Tributary   26.38        10.92          1.76           8.25         4.71          0.00
                (lg)                                                                              

                Tributary   46.47        30.10          1.73           24.70        18.93         0.67
                (sm)                                                                              

  Big Creek     Main stem   2.98         5.04           0.00           0.00         0.00          0.00
                (sm)                                                                              

                Tributary   2.55         2.49           0.00           0.00         0.39          0.00
                (lg)                                                                              

                Tributary   22.07        1.88           0.00           0.00         0.36          0.00
                (sm)                                                                              

  Big White     Main stem   0.00         5.29           0.00           0.00         0.00          0.00
  Salmon        (lg)                                                                              

                Tributary   0.00         6.20           0.00           0.00         0.00          0.00
                (lg)                                                                              

                Tributary   0.00         11.57          0.00           0.00         0.00          0.00
                (sm)                                                                              

  Clackamas     Main stem   2.77         0.00           0.00           0.00         0.00          0.00
                (lg)                                                                              

                Main stem   26.70        0.00           1.01           0.00         5.40          0.00
                (sm)                                                                              

                Tributary   14.75        0.00           1.85           0.15         4.43          0.11
                (lg)                                                                              

                Tributary   121.81       14.95          5.12           6.03         4.41          0.93
                (sm)                                                                              

  Clatskanie    Main stem   11.84        0.00           1.95           0.00         0.00          0.00
                (sm)                                                                              

                Tributary   12.04        0.12           11.96          0.49         0.00          0.55
                (lg)                                                                              

                Tributary   17.55        0.00           15.96          0.00         0.00          0.79
                (sm)                                                                              

  Coweeman      Main stem   11.34        0.00           0.25           0.00         0.00          0.00
                (sm)                                                                              

                Tributary   4.75         1.98           2.18           0.00         0.00          0.00
                (lg)                                                                              

                Tributary   3.33         0.56           1.53           0.07         0.00          0.00
                (sm)                                                                              

  Cowlitz       Main stem   1.28         2.25           0.00           0.00         0.00          0.00
                (lg)                                                                              

                Main stem   14.67        32.89          5.71           0.00         1.37          0.00
                (sm)                                                                              

                Tributary   36.69        42.50          18.62          0.00         4.48          0.00
                (lg)                                                                              

                Tributary   70.39        75.43          18.47          0.00         8.66          0.67
                (sm)                                                                              

  Elochoman     Main stem   3.68         0.00           0.00           0.00         0.00          0.00
                (sm)                                                                              

                Tributary   11.46        2.59           0.00           0.00         0.00          0.16
                (lg)                                                                              

                Tributary   12.62        5.88           0.00           0.00         0.00          0.11
                (sm)                                                                              

  Grays         Main stem   7.16         0.00           0.00           0.00         0.00          0.00
                (sm)                                                                              

                Tributary   16.49        0.00           1.48           0.00         0.00          0.00
                (lg)                                                                              

                Tributary   21.62        0.00           3.83           0.00         0.00          0.00
                (sm)                                                                              

  Hood          Main stem   5.38         0.00           0.00           0.89         0.00          0.00
                (lg)                                                                              

                Main stem   0.00         0.00           0.00           1.55         1.84          0.00
                (sm)                                                                              

                Tributary   3.05         0.00           0.00           2.06         0.13          0.00
                (sm)                                                                              

  Lower gorge   Main stem   1.46         0.00           0.00           0.00         0.00          1.28
  tributaries   (sm)                                                                              

                Tributary   1.93         0.00           0.00           0.51         0.00          0.30
                (lg)                                                                              

                Tributary   7.24         0.21           0.18           0.45         0.00          0.05
                (sm)                                                                              

  Mill          Main stem   15.09        0.00           1.73           0.00         0.00          0.00
                (sm)                                                                              

                Tributary   11.32        0.00           3.91           0.00         0.00          0.00
                (lg)                                                                              

                Tributary   10.73        1.44           5.38           0.00         0.00          0.11
                (sm)                                                                              
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Table 1.5 cont.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Population    Stream      Accessible   Inaccessible   Inaccessible   Partially    Partially     Unknown
                Size^a^                  Due to\        Due to Natural Accessible   Accessible\   
                                         Man-made       Barriers       Due to       Due to        
                                         Barriers                      Man-made     Natural       
                                                                       Barriers     Barriers      
  ------------- ----------- ------------ -------------- -------------- ------------ ------------- ---------
  Sandy         Main stem   17.13        0.13           0.00           10.17        0.00          0.00
                (lg)                                                                              

                Main stem   11.73        7.67           0.25           0.00         0.00          1.92
                (sm)                                                                              

                Tributary   7.96         1.90           0.90           1.84         0.00          3.46
                (lg)                                                                              

                Tributary   15.18        9.44           0.70           8.66         0.00          3.60
                (sm)                                                                              

  Scappoose     Main stem   0.06         0.00           0.00           0.00         0.00          0.00
                (lg)                                                                              

                Main stem   4.93         0.00           0.00           0.00         0.31          0.00
                (sm)                                                                              

                Tributary   13.53        3.13           3.71           0.00         8.53          0.00
                (lg)                                                                              

                Tributary   34.31        7.98           4.65           2.71         7.12          0.12
                (sm)                                                                              

  Toutle        Main stem   8.97         0.00           0.00           0.00         0.00          0.00
                (lg)                                                                              

                Main stem   18.54        9.18           1.11           0.36         1.23          0.63
                (sm)                                                                              

                Tributary   12.44        7.21           7.14           1.99         0.04          1.89
                (lg)                                                                              

                Tributary   21.27        14.41          6.67           6.59         0.05          1.07
                (sm)                                                                              

  Upper gorge   Main stem   0.00         0.00           0.00           0.00         0.30          0.00
  tributaries   (lg)                                                                              

                Main stem   0.84         0.99           5.82           0.00         0.13          0.13
                (sm)                                                                              

                Tributary   0.79         0.45           1.80           0.00         0.00          0.00
                (lg)                                                                              

                Tributary   4.73         0.00           6.25           0.00         0.00          0.00
                (sm)                                                                              

  Washougal     Main stem   2.48         0.00           0.00           1.28         0.43          0.00
                (lg)                                                                              

                Main stem   0.94         1.86           0.52           4.01         3.14          0.00
                (sm)                                                                              

                Tributary   1.14         8.78           0.50           2.17         2.63          0.00
                (lg)                                                                              

                Tributary   2.62         14.11          0.31           2.50         1.55          0.00
                (sm)                                                                              

  Youngs        Main stem   5.67         5.57           5.84           0.00         0.50          0.00
                (sm)                                                                              

                Tributary   12.48        0.21           6.85           0.00         0.00          0.82
                (lg)                                                                              

                Tributary   38.11        0.38           1.74           0.00         0.11          0.54
                (sm)                                                                              
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

^a^ Main stem (lg) \> 25 m; main stem (sm) 10--25 m; tributary (lg)
5--10 m; tributary (sm) \< 5 m.

Table I.6 Accessible and inaccessible possible spawning kilometers for
fall chinook populations in the Lower Columbia ESU by stream width
category.^a^

  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Population    Stream      Accessible   Inaccessible   Inaccessible   Partially    Partially    Unknown
                Size^a^                  Due to\        Due to Natural Accessible   Accessible   
                                         Man-made       Barriers       Due to       Due to       
                                         Barriers                      Man-made     Natural      
                                                                       Barriers     Barriers     
  ------------- ----------- ------------ -------------- -------------- ------------ ------------ ---------
  Kalama        Main stem   30.39        0.00           6.04           0.00         0.00         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   26.26        2.34           11.58          0.00         0.00         0.39
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   20.91        2.76           11.00          0.18         0.00         0.45
                (sm)                                                                             

  Lewis Salmon  Main stem   2.53         2.42           0.00           0.00         0.00         0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Main stem   36.66        30.24          3.36           8.17         8.46         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   74.13        33.04          7.75           19.13        19.73        0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   149.13       94.52          9.68           68.26        51.88        1.59
                (sm)                                                                             

  Big Creek     Main stem   8.72         9.31           0.00           0.00         0.00         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   14.67        17.28          0.00           0.00         3.40         0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   63.56        10.31          0.00           0.00         1.72         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

  Big White     Main stem   0.33         12.69          0.00           0.00         0.00         0.00
  Salmon        (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   0.00         11.56          0.00           0.00         0.00         0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   0.00         46.35          0.00           0.00         0.00         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

  Clackamas     Main stem   18.56        0.00           0.00           0.00         0.00         0.20
                (lg)                                                                             

                Main stem   48.87        0.00           7.97           0.00         10.34        0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   44.22        0.00           14.15          0.15         16.18        0.60
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   379.73       45.28          17.55          24.06        25.83        4.83
                (sm)                                                                             

  Clatskanie    Main stem   27.32        0.00           4.87           0.00         0.00         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   43.63        0.12           34.54          2.31         0.00         4.42
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   84.26        0.00           57.49          1.19         0.00         3.59
                (sm)                                                                             

  Coweeman      Main stem   27.16        0.00           0.95           0.00         0.00         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   17.98        6.75           6.79           0.00         0.00         0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   15.96        3.06           6.48           0.19         0.00         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

  Cowlitz       Main stem   4.94         12.37          0.00           0.00         0.00         0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Main stem   35.10        107.40         44.81          0.00         4.67         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   100.66       134.61         68.93          0.00         12.90        0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   229.32       246.44         65.89          0.00         30.47        1.68
                (sm)                                                                             

  Elochoman     Main stem   9.60         0.25           0.00           0.00         0.00         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   35.79        10.54          0.00           0.00         0.00         0.59
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   39.97        19.42          0.00           0.00         0.00         0.28
                (sm)                                                                             

  Grays         Main stem   21.44        0.00           0.00           0.00         0.00         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   46.38        0.00           5.01           0.00         0.00         0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   64.70        0.00           10.28          0.00         0.00         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

  Hood          Main stem   10.77        0.00           0.00           1.99         0.00         0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Main stem   0.00         0.00           0.00           1.55         2.63         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   8.04         0.00           0.00           8.62         1.49         0.06
                (sm)                                                                             

  Lower gorge   Main stem   5.50         0.00           0.00           0.00         0.00         5.50
  tributaries   (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   4.26         0.00           0.31           1.65         0.00         1.03
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   21.07        0.45           0.56           1.83         0.00         0.94
                (sm)                                                                             

  Mill          Main stem   26.67        0.00           3.65           0.00         0.00         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   43.17        0.36           13.33          0.00         0.00         0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   47.61        4.98           18.80          0.00         0.00         0.66
                (sm)                                                                             
  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Table 1.6 cont.

  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Population    Stream      Accessible   Inaccessible   Inaccessible   Partially    Partially    Unknown
                Size^a^                  Due to\        Due to Natural Accessible   Accessible   
                                         Man-made       Barriers       Due to       Due to       
                                         Barriers                      Man-made     Natural      
                                                                       Barriers     Barriers     
  ------------- ----------- ------------ -------------- -------------- ------------ ------------ ---------
  Sandy         Main stem   43.55        0.29           0.00           21.85        0.00         0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Main stem   55.30        23.07          2.65           0.15         0.00         7.85
                (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   26.64        9.06           2.87           3.48         0.00         17.67
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   53.92        26.25          2.85           22.21        0.00         14.35
                (sm)                                                                             

  Scappoose     Main stem   0.61         0.00           0.00           0.00         0.00         0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Main stem   7.24         0.00           0.00           0.00         0.78         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   33.88        7.59           9.89           0.00         16.85        0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   105.93       27.44          17.26          7.62         24.93        0.70
                (sm)                                                                             

  Toutle        Main stem   20.78        0.00           0.00           0.00         0.00         0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Main stem   49.66        23.26          4.15           0.81         2.22         1.98
                (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   38.01        23.72          26.15          6.35         0.98         6.12
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   75.16        49.09          27.72          22.73        0.26         4.92
                (sm)                                                                             

  Upper gorge   Main stem   0.87         0.00           0.00           0.00         1.09         0.00
  tributaries   (lg)                                                                             

                Main stem   2.31         2.89           16.47          0.00         0.37         1.87
                (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   1.02         1.13           6.31           0.00         0.00         0.37
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   17.01        0.25           24.35          0.00         0.00         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

  Washougal     Main stem   5.78         0.00           0.00           2.17         2.06         0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Main stem   3.81         8.05           0.97           9.46         8.98         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   2.28         22.00          2.38           8.98         10.94        0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   11.90        49.70          1.00           9.25         8.46         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

  Youngs        Main stem   18.54        11.55          15.37          0.00         1.64         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   35.94        0.60           20.61          0.00         0.29         3.89
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   121.68       4.43           17.20          0.00         0.28         2.63
                (sm)                                                                             
  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

^a^ Main stem (lg) \> 25 m; main stem (sm) 10--25 m; tributary (lg)
5--10 m; tributary (sm) \< 5 m.

Table I.7 Accessible and inaccessible prime spawning kilometers for
winter steelhead populations in the Lower Columbia ESU by stream width
category.

  ------------- ----------- ------------ -------------- -------------- ------------ ------------ ---------
  Population    Stream      Accessible   Inaccessible   Inaccessible   Partially    Partially    Unknown
                Size^a^                  Due to\        Due to Natural Accessible   Accessible   
                                         Man-made       Barriers       Due to       Due to       
                                         Barriers                      Man-made     Natural      
                                                                       Barriers     Barriers     

  Cispus        Main stem   0.00         3.10           0.00           0.00         0.00         0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Main stem   0.00         38.84          61.72          0.00         0.00         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   0.00         2.98           70.74          0.00         0.00         0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   0.00         15.08          69.28          0.00         0.00         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

  Clackamas     Main stem   40.65        17.07          0.00           0.00         1.63         0.46
                (lg)                                                                             

                Main stem   65.27        16.64          36.85          2.12         25.04        2.60
                (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   44.48        19.57          42.90          6.36         31.16        10.16
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   320.86       112.97         39.49          46.73        64.94        29.75
                (sm)                                                                             

  Coweeman      Main stem   21.03        0.00           0.85           0.00         0.00         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   19.37        7.31           6.88           0.00         0.00         0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   19.28        4.69           7.57           0.39         0.00         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

  East Fork\    Main stem   14.52        0.00           3.70           0.00         9.98         0.00
  Lewis         (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   42.79        7.43           4.33           5.86         16.18        0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   68.15        53.07          4.74           5.69         10.65        1.01
                (sm)                                                                             

  Hood          Main stem   7.97         0.00           0.00           4.53         0.00         0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Main stem   0.00         0.00           0.00           19.45        2.63         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   0.00         0.00           0.00           0.11         0.00         0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   9.40         0.89           0.00           71.86        1.76         0.58
                (sm)                                                                             

  Kalama        Main stem   20.47        0.00           7.13           0.00         0.00         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   32.09        3.18           13.58          0.00         0.00         0.73
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   25.68        2.84           15.06          0.52         0.00         0.53
                (sm)                                                                             

  Lower Cowlitz Main stem   1.71         0.30           0.00           0.00         0.00         0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Main stem   22.50        3.28           1.94           0.00         0.35         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   74.82        21.09          7.93           0.00         8.43         0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   234.64       60.46          4.24           0.00         35.53        1.90
                (sm)                                                                             

  Lewis         Main stem   0.86         1.62           0.00           0.00         0.00         0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Main stem   6.27         104.50         0.00           0.00         0.00         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   19.59        96.29          2.07           0.00         2.34         0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   40.59        93.87          8.34           0.00         10.21        0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

  Lower gorge   Main stem   5.33         0.00           0.14           0.00         0.00         6.38
  tributaries   (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   4.49         0.00           0.40           1.53         0.00         1.63
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   19.02        0.21           0.47           2.17         0.00         1.82
                (sm)                                                                             

  North Fork    Main stem   9.32         0.00           0.00           0.00         0.00         0.00
  Toutle        (lg)                                                                             

                Main stem   17.44        17.51          2.90           0.36         2.50         1.42
                (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   22.47        20.72          21.78          6.64         0.58         4.48
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   59.73        48.53          27.58          23.64        0.44         3.82
                (sm)                                                                             

  Salmon        Main stem   0.87         0.49           0.00           3.25         2.97         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   3.05         1.57           1.15           10.47        1.89         0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   45.36        20.15          1.17           59.94        26.88        0.66
                (sm)                                                                             

  Sandy         Main stem   19.11        0.34           0.00           10.47        0.00         0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Main stem   62.55        28.20          2.65           0.62         0.00         10.25
                (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   29.78        10.81          4.15           4.17         0.00         21.39
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   63.30        27.04          3.69           25.42        0.00         19.68
                (sm)                                                                             
  ------------- ----------- ------------ -------------- -------------- ------------ ------------ ---------

Table 1.7 cont.

  ------------- ----------- ------------ -------------- -------------- ------------ ------------ ---------
  Population    Stream Size Accessible   Inaccessible   Inaccessible   Partially    Partially    Unknown
                                         Due to\        Due to Natural Accessible   Accessible   
                                         Man-made       Barriers       Due to       Due to       
                                         Barriers                      Man-made     Natural      
                                                                       Barriers     Barriers     

  South Fork    Main stem   19.35        0.00           0.00           0.00         0.00         0.00
  Toutle        (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   16.58        3.11           6.36           0.00         0.43         0.77
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   23.89        4.75           6.24           0.00         0.00         0.73
                (sm)                                                                             

  Tilton        Main stem   0.00         18.89          0.00           0.00         0.00         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   0.00         26.62          1.58           0.00         0.00         0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   0.00         40.77          0.39           0.00         0.00         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

  Upper Cowlitz Main stem   0.00         0.70           0.00           0.00         0.00         0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Main stem   0.00         62.39          41.93          0.00         4.19         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   0.00         58.41          58.69          0.00         0.62         0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   0.00         125.20         42.31          0.00         0.00         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

  Upper gorge   Main stem   2.28         0.00           16.53          0.00         0.00         2.65
  tributaries   (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   0.10         0.00           5.01           0.00         0.00         0.71
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   18.99        0.00           29.02          0.00         0.00         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

  Washougal     Main stem   3.65         0.00           0.00           1.92         1.75         0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Main stem   1.81         2.87           0.86           10.15        5.98         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   2.19         19.73          2.56           11.21        12.46        0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   13.98        53.36          1.71           10.60        11.26        0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

  Wind          Main stem   0.87         0.00           0.00           0.00         9.02         5.52
                (lg)                                                                             

                Main stem   0.00         2.75           0.00           0.00         8.16         7.28
                (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   1.08         1.47           1.72           0.00         4.55         7.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   0.29         0.44           1.41           0.00         13.86        12.61
                (sm)                                                                             
  ------------- ----------- ------------ -------------- -------------- ------------ ------------ ---------

^a^ Main stem (lg) \> 25 m; main stem (sm) 10--25 m; tributary (lg)
5--10 m; tributary (sm) \< 5 m.

Table I.8 Accessible and inaccessible possible spawning kilometers for
winter steelhead populations in the Lower Columbia ESU by stream width
category.

  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Population    Stream      Accessible   Inaccessible   Inaccessible   Partially    Partially    Unknown
                Size^a^                  Due to\        Due to Natural Accessible   Accessible   
                                         Man-made       Barriers       Due to       Due to       
                                         Barriers                      Man-made     Natural      
                                                                       Barriers     Barriers     
  ------------- ----------- ------------ -------------- -------------- ------------ ------------ ---------
  Cispus        Main stem   0.00         9.03           0.00           0.00         0.00         0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Main stem   0.00         52.94          70.16          0.00         0.00         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   0.00         5.64           89.54          0.00         0.00         0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   0.00         19.22          94.10          0.00         0.00         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

  Clackamas     Main stem   92.79        17.07          0.00           0.00         1.89         0.65
                (lg)                                                                             

                Main stem   87.13        18.84          40.22          2.69         33.88        3.07
                (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   68.86        24.47          54.24          9.11         40.42        14.69
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   428.48       146.86         58.24          59.89        94.13        38.92
                (sm)                                                                             

  Coweeman      Main stem   28.45        0.00           0.95           0.00         0.00         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   25.90        8.94           9.39           0.00         0.00         0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   30.59        7.22           10.20          0.45         0.00         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

  East Fork     Main stem   26.14        0.00           4.28           0.00         11.72        0.00
  Lewis         (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   55.77        8.53           6.39           8.51         21.04        0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   89.82        67.64          7.18           8.23         17.32        1.36
                (sm)                                                                             

  Hood          Main stem   11.11        0.00           0.00           5.58         0.00         0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Main stem   0.00         0.00           0.00           20.03        2.63         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   0.12         0.00           0.00           1.08         0.08         0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   13.05        0.89           0.00           82.05        1.86         0.68
                (sm)                                                                             

  Kalama        Main stem   33.53        0.00           8.59           0.00         0.00         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   41.79        4.76           17.44          0.08         0.00         0.97
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   36.25        5.37           21.33          0.58         0.00         0.67
                (sm)                                                                             

  Lower Cowlitz Main stem   4.94         0.39           0.00           0.00         0.00         0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Main stem   35.76        3.69           1.94           0.00         1.34         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   116.13       37.79          10.34          0.00         14.05        0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   324.14       89.88          6.77           0.00         45.71        2.33
                (sm)                                                                             

  Lewis         Main stem   2.53         2.80           0.00           0.00         0.00         0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Main stem   10.84        143.74         0.00           0.00         0.00         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   28.30        132.35         2.74           0.00         5.06         0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   54.84        130.45         11.77          0.00         13.88        0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

  Lower gorge   Main stem   7.04         0.00           0.32           0.00         0.00         8.28
  tributaries   (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   5.12         0.00           0.69           2.05         0.00         1.74
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   28.97        0.45           0.87           2.81         0.00         2.57
                (sm)                                                                             

  North Fork    Main stem   20.78        0.00           0.00           0.00         0.00         0.00
  Toutle        (lg)                                                                             

                Main stem   27.24        26.57          4.52           0.81         2.85         2.06
                (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   28.77        26.92          28.96          8.81         0.73         5.81
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   83.77        67.21          40.02          34.93        0.75         6.32
                (sm)                                                                             

  Salmon        Main stem   2.14         1.70           0.00           8.33         5.62         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   5.35         1.57           1.72           15.41        4.92         0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   61.98        26.96          1.41           81.78        36.52        0.66
                (sm)                                                                             

  Sandy         Main stem   44.15        0.82           0.00           21.85        0.00         0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Main stem   70.86        35.55          2.85           1.00         0.00         13.42
                (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   39.27        15.90          5.29           4.70         0.00         27.91
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   83.26        38.73          5.03           30.02        0.00         26.43
                (sm)                                                                             
  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Table 1.8 cont.

  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Population    Stream      Accessible   Inaccessible   Inaccessible   Partially    Partially    Unknown
                Size^a^                  Due to\        Due to Natural Accessible   Accessible   
                                         Man-made       Barriers       Due to       Due to       
                                         Barriers                      Man-made     Natural      
                                                                       Barriers     Barriers     
  ------------- ----------- ------------ -------------- -------------- ------------ ------------ ---------
  South Fork    Main stem   26.34        0.00           0.00           0.00         0.00         0.00
  Toutle        (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   23.09        4.11           8.59           0.00         0.77         1.42
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   31.37        6.44           8.69           0.00         0.00         1.23
                (sm)                                                                             

  Tilton        Main stem   0.00         27.05          0.00           0.00         0.00         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   0.00         38.02          2.35           0.00         0.00         0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   0.00         55.13          0.55           0.00         0.00         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

  Upper Cowlitz Main stem   0.00         3.04           0.00           0.00         0.00         0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Main stem   0.00         80.91          49.38          0.00         4.71         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   0.00         86.65          76.37          0.00         1.14         0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   0.00         181.81         64.80          0.00         0.00         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

  Upper gorge   Main stem   2.42         0.00           23.24          0.00         0.00         3.84
  tributaries   (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   0.10         0.00           6.75           0.00         0.00         0.82
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   28.56        0.00           36.73          0.00         0.00         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

  Washougal     Main stem   6.27         0.00           0.00           2.29         2.06         0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Main stem   4.10         8.44           1.06           12.59        9.92         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   2.53         27.24          3.82           14.59        16.13        0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   20.97        73.55          1.99           14.79        16.12        0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

  Wind          Main stem   0.87         0.00           0.00           0.00         10.72        8.73
                (lg)                                                                             

                Main stem   0.00         2.89           0.00           0.00         11.13        8.97
                (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   1.30         1.63           1.86           0.00         5.60         8.48
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   0.39         0.77           1.70           0.00         18.89        16.49
                (sm)                                                                             
  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

^a^ Main stem (lg) \> 25 m; main stem (sm) 10--25 m; tributary (lg)
5--10 m; tributary (sm) \< 5 m.

Table I.9 Accessible and inaccessible potential spawning kilometers for
chum populations in the Lower Columbia ESU by stream width category.

  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Population    Stream      Accessible   Inaccessible   Inaccessible   Partially    Partially    Unknown
                Size^a^                  Due to\        Due to Natural Accessible   Accessible   
                                         Man-made       Barriers       Due to       Due to       
                                         Barriers                      Man-made     Natural      
                                                                       Barriers     Barriers     
  ------------- ----------- ------------ -------------- -------------- ------------ ------------ ---------
  Big Creek     Main stem   12.95        9.77           0.00           0.00         0.00         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   22.16        14.85          0.00           0.00         4.69         0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   71.72        9.14           0.00           0.00         1.89         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

  Clackamas     Main stem   36.96        0.00           0.00           0.00         0.00         0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Main stem   0.03         0.00           0.00           0.00         0.00         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   43.75        0.00           0.00           0.00         1.31         0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   325.27       55.17          0.00           0.00         8.49         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

  Clatskanie    Main stem   56.51        0.00           13.22          0.00         0.00         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   71.84        0.12           43.43          1.71         0.00         3.33
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   111.12       0.00           53.03          0.67         0.00         2.46
                (sm)                                                                             

  Cowlitz       Main stem   120.58       3.61           0.00           0.00         0.00         0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Main stem   131.41       6.56           1.94           0.00         4.67         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   210.73       62.55          17.79          0.00         18.84        0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   371.77       87.42          19.37          1.47         28.44        2.18
                (sm)                                                                             

  Elochoman     Main stem   33.64        0.66           0.00           0.00         0.00         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   55.16        13.99          0.00           0.00         0.00         0.95
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   51.02        23.02          0.00           0.00         0.00         0.11
                (sm)                                                                             

  Grays         Main stem   45.84        0.00           0.00           0.00         0.00         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   74.00        0.00           6.80           0.00         0.00         0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   109.11       0.70           14.15          0.00         0.00         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

  Kalama        Main stem   61.28        0.00           4.99           0.00         0.00         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   25.96        1.67           16.52          0.00         0.00         0.25
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   26.22        4.83           12.53          0.12         0.00         0.20
                (sm)                                                                             

  Lewis         Main stem   30.39        38.90          0.00           0.00         3.67         0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Main stem   75.56        42.62          3.14           0.00         5.26         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   88.43        36.63          7.04           5.65         20.98        0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   124.66       79.31          7.59           4.46         22.81        1.04
                (sm)                                                                             

  Lower gorge   Main stem   0.00         0.00           0.00           0.00         0.00         0.00
  tributaries   (lg)                                                                             

                Main stem   14.17        0.23           0.00           0.00         0.00         4.90
                (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   12.75        0.00           0.31           1.62         0.00         0.99
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   51.13        0.45           0.51           1.67         0.00         0.96
                (sm)                                                                             

  Millcreek     Main stem   2.51         0.00           0.00           0.00         0.00         0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Main stem   39.22        0.00           5.39           0.00         0.00         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   55.50        0.22           12.95          0.00         0.00         0.07
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   63.10        4.35           17.22          0.00         0.00         3.90
                (sm)                                                                             

  Salmon Creek  Main stem   0.00         0.86           0.00           0.00         10.78        0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Main stem   10.22        10.09          0.00           21.79        15.98        0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   19.13        1.47           1.04           27.98        17.66        0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   77.21        30.23          0.41           72.87        45.82        0.58
                (sm)                                                                             

  Sandy         Main stem   50.33        2.01           0.00           17.63        0.00         0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Main stem   8.56         17.38          0.00           0.00         0.00         5.68
                (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   16.80        4.42           2.23           1.21         0.00         14.86
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   38.28        22.61          2.46           15.15        0.00         10.34
                (sm)                                                                             
  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Table 1.9 cont.

  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Population    Stream      Accessible   Inaccessible   Inaccessible   Partially    Partially    Unknown
                Size^a^                  Due to\        Due to Natural Accessible   Accessible   
                                         Man-made       Barriers       Due to       Due to       
                                         Barriers                      Man-made     Natural      
                                                                       Barriers     Barriers     
  ------------- ----------- ------------ -------------- -------------- ------------ ------------ ---------
  Scappoose     Main stem   37.17        0.00           0.00           0.00         0.00         0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Main stem   29.19        0.00           0.00           0.00         24.86        0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   57.64        10.26          14.77          0.00         9.45         0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   173.84       30.05          15.01          9.81         27.47        0.65
                (sm)                                                                             

  Upper gorge   Main stem   8.95         8.48           0.00           0.00         2.79         0.00
  tributaries   (lg)                                                                             

                Main stem   4.79         2.60           21.70          0.00         0.37         2.01
                (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   1.37         0.85           5.89           0.00         0.00         0.27
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   36.37        10.61          22.16          0.00         0.05         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

  Washougal     Main stem   18.10        0.00           0.00           8.38         6.56         0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Main stem   7.88         27.75          1.37           11.90        13.90        0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   4.17         31.91          2.91           9.04         10.14        0.00
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   16.73        55.97          0.54           9.90         8.10         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

  Youngs        Main stem   45.78        13.47          20.08          0.00         1.64         0.00
                (sm)                                                                             

                Tributary   67.58        0.60           19.88          0.00         0.29         5.68
                (lg)                                                                             

                Tributary   153.89       3.50           13.69          0.00         0.28         6.46
                (sm)                                                                             
  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

^a^ Main stem (lg) \> 25 m; main stem (sm) 10--25 m; tributary (lg)
5--10 m; tributary (sm) \< 5 m.

Table I.10 Accessible and inaccessible prime spawning kilometers for
late fall chinook populations in the Lower Columbia ESU by stream width
category.

  ------------ ----------- ------------ -------------- -------------- ------------ ------------ ---------
  Population   Stream      Accessible   Inaccessible   Inaccessible   Partially    Partially    Unknown
               Size^a^                  Due to\        Due to Natural Accessible   Accessible   
                                        Man-made       Barriers       Due to       Due to       
                                        Barriers                      Man-made     Natural      
                                                                      Barriers     Barriers     

  East Fork\   Main stem   8.94         0.00           1.07           0.00         0.72         0.00
  Lewis        (sm)                                                                             

               Tributary   16.43        2.56           1.24           2.06         2.44         0.00
               (lg)                                                                             

               Tributary   19.10        15.56          0.62           1.25         2.78         0.31
               (sm)                                                                             

  North Fork   Main stem   0.86         0.33           0.00           0.00         0.00         0.00
  Lewis        (lg)                                                                             

               Main stem   3.98         7.63           0.00           0.00         0.00         0.00
               (sm)                                                                             

               Tributary   8.00         7.74           0.39           0.00         0.56         0.00
               (lg)                                                                             

               Tributary   12.19        6.05           1.11           0.00         2.87         0.00
               (sm)                                                                             

  Sandy        Main stem   13.10        0.00           0.00           10.17        0.00         0.00
               (lg)                                                                             

               Main stem   11.57        0.00           0.25           0.00         0.00         1.92
               (sm)                                                                             

               Tributary   7.96         0.00           0.00           1.84         0.00         3.46
               (lg)                                                                             

               Tributary   15.18        3.66           0.00           8.66         0.00         3.60
               (sm)                                                                             
  ------------ ----------- ------------ -------------- -------------- ------------ ------------ ---------

^a^ Mainstem (lg) \> 25 m; mainstem (sm) 10--25 m; tributary (lg) 5--10
m; tributary (sm) \< 5 m.

Table I.11 Accessible and inaccessible possible spawning kilometers for
late fall chinook populations in the Lower Columbia ESU by stream width
category.

  ------------ ----------- ------------ -------------- -------------- ------------ ------------ ---------
  Population   Stream      Accessible   Inaccessible   Inaccessible   Partially    Partially    Unknown
               Size^a^                  Due to\        Due to Natural Accessible   Accessible   
                                        Man-made       Barriers       Due to       Due to       
                                        Barriers                      Man-made     Natural      
                                                                      Barriers     Barriers     

  East Fork    Main stem   23.96        0.00           3.36           0.00         2.85         0.00
  Lewis        (sm)                                                                             

               Tributary   46.37        7.33           4.90           5.05         11.22        0.00
               (lg)                                                                             

               Tributary   63.49        47.60          3.07           4.91         10.12        0.93
               (sm)                                                                             

  North Fork   Main stem   2.53         2.42           0.00           0.00         0.00         0.00
  Lewis        (lg)                                                                             

               Main stem   10.84        28.54          0.00           0.00         0.00         0.00
               (sm)                                                                             

               Tributary   22.67        24.32          1.81           0.00         3.58         0.00
               (lg)                                                                             

               Tributary   37.42        23.88          6.04           0.00         9.45         0.00
               (sm)                                                                             

  Sandy        Main stem   37.81        0.00           0.00           21.85        0.00         0.00
               (lg)                                                                             

               Main stem   52.20        0.00           2.65           0.15         0.00         7.85
               (sm)                                                                             

               Tributary   26.64        0.00           0.49           3.48         0.00         17.67
               (lg)                                                                             

               Tributary   52.87        7.98           0.22           22.21        0.00         14.35
               (sm)                                                                             
  ------------ ----------- ------------ -------------- -------------- ------------ ------------ ---------

^a^ Main stem (lg) \> 25 m; main stem (sm) 10--25 m; tributary (lg)
5--10 m; tributary (sm) \< 5 m.

Table I.12 Accessible and inaccessible prime spawning kilometers for
summer steelhead populations in the Lower Columbia ESU by stream width
category.

  ------------ ----------- ------------ -------------- -------------- ------------ ------------ ---------
  Population   Stream      Accessible   Inaccessible   Inaccessible   Partially    Partially    Unknown
               Size^a^                  Due to\        Due to Natural Accessible   Accessible   
                                        Man-made       Barriers       Due to       Due to       
                                        Barriers                      Man-made     Natural      
                                                                      Barriers     Barriers     

  East Fork\   Main stem   1.33         0.00           1.69           0.00         1.79         0.00
  Lewis        (sm)                                                                             

               Tributary   8.52         1.81           1.00           0.90         4.24         0.00
               (lg)                                                                             

               Tributary   15.89        11.82          1.27           1.55         1.77         0.27
               (sm)                                                                             

  Hood         Main stem   0.76         0.00           0.00           0.00         0.00         0.00
               (lg)                                                                             

               Main stem   0.00         0.00           0.00           7.22         3.36         0.00
               (sm)                                                                             

               Tributary   0.00         0.76           0.00           0.00         3.71         0.55
               (lg)                                                                             

               Tributary   1.36         0.00           0.00           5.40         3.35         0.47
               (sm)                                                                             

  Kalama       Main stem   1.42         0.00           1.80           0.00         0.00         0.00
               (sm)                                                                             

               Tributary   7.46         1.20           4.42           0.00         0.00         0.20
               (lg)                                                                             

               Tributary   6.69         0.80           4.26           0.14         0.00         0.45
               (sm)                                                                             

  Lewis        Main stem   0.22         21.83          0.00           0.00         0.00         0.00
               (sm)                                                                             

               Tributary   3.44         26.07          0.72           0.00         0.66         0.00
               (lg)                                                                             

               Tributary   9.21         27.12          2.46           0.00         2.71         0.00
               (sm)                                                                             

  Washougal    Main stem   0.00         0.00           0.00           0.21         0.44         0.00
               (lg)                                                                             

               Main stem   0.44         0.00           0.33           1.66         0.83         0.00
               (sm)                                                                             

               Tributary   0.48         3.18           0.46           2.97         2.97         0.00
               (lg)                                                                             

               Tributary   4.10         13.10          0.53           2.78         3.28         0.00
               (sm)                                                                             

  Wind         Main stem   0.24         0.00           0.00           0.00         0.91         0.00
               (lg)                                                                             

               Main stem   0.00         0.37           0.00           0.00         0.59         0.25
               (sm)                                                                             

               Tributary   0.00         0.30           0.18           0.00         1.44         2.16
               (lg)                                                                             

               Tributary   0.00         0.08           0.36           0.00         4.20         3.15
               (sm)                                                                             
  ------------ ----------- ------------ -------------- -------------- ------------ ------------ ---------

^a^ Main stem (lg) \> 25 m; main stem (sm) 10--25 m; tributary (lg)
5--10 m; tributary (sm) \< 5 m.

Table I.13 Accessible and inaccessible possible spawning kilometers for
summer steelhead populations in the Lower Columbia ESU by stream width
category.

  ------------ ----------- ------------ -------------- -------------- ------------ ------------ ---------
  Population   Stream      Accessible   Inaccessible   Inaccessible   Partially    Partially    Unknown
               Size^a^                  Due to\        Due to Natural Accessible   Accessible   
                                        Man-made       Barriers       Due to       Due to       
                                        Barriers                      Man-made     Natural      
                                                                      Barriers     Barriers     

  East Fork\   Main stem   23.96        0.00           3.36           0.00         9.47         0.00
  Lewis        (sm)                                                                             

               Tributary   46.37        7.33           4.90           6.15         16.09        0.00
               (lg)                                                                             

               Tributary   63.49        47.60          3.07           4.91         10.31        0.93
               (sm)                                                                             

  Hood         Main stem   10.77        0.00           0.00           1.99         0.00         0.00
               (lg)                                                                             

               Main stem   0.00         0.00           0.00           14.14        35.62        0.00
               (sm)                                                                             

               Tributary   0.00         2.33           0.00           0.00         6.18         1.39
               (lg)                                                                             

               Tributary   8.04         0.27           0.00           13.65        6.77         0.90
               (sm)                                                                             

  Kalama       Main stem   30.39        0.00           6.04           0.00         0.00         0.00
               (sm)                                                                             

               Tributary   26.26        2.34           11.58          0.00         0.00         0.39
               (lg)                                                                             

               Tributary   20.91        2.76           11.00          0.18         0.00         0.45
               (sm)                                                                             

  Lewis        Main stem   2.53         2.80           0.00           0.00         0.00         0.00
               (lg)                                                                             

               Main stem   10.84        121.30         0.00           0.00         0.00         0.00
               (sm)                                                                             

               Tributary   22.67        77.42          1.81           0.00         3.58         0.00
               (lg)                                                                             

               Tributary   37.42        76.42          6.04           0.00         9.45         0.00
               (sm)                                                                             

  Washougal    Main stem   5.78         0.00           0.00           2.17         2.06         0.00
               (lg)                                                                             

               Main stem   3.81         8.05           0.97           9.46         8.98         0.00
               (sm)                                                                             

               Tributary   2.28         22.00          2.38           8.98         10.94        0.00
               (lg)                                                                             

               Tributary   11.90        49.70          1.00           9.25         8.46         0.00
               (sm)                                                                             

  Wind         Main stem   0.87         0.00           0.00           0.00         9.35         8.73
               (lg)                                                                             

               Main stem   0.00         2.89           0.00           0.00         9.22         8.67
               (sm)                                                                             

               Tributary   1.02         1.13           1.86           0.00         3.56         5.46
               (lg)                                                                             

               Tributary   0.29         0.25           0.94           0.00         12.07        10.84
               (sm)                                                                             
  ------------ ----------- ------------ -------------- -------------- ------------ ------------ ---------

^a^ Main stem (lg) \> 25 m; main stem (sm) 10--25 m; tributary (lg)
5--10 m; tributary (sm) \< 5 m.

Table I.14 Accessible and inaccessible prime spawning kilometers for
spring chinook populations in the Lower Columbia ESU by stream width
category.

  ------------ ----------- ------------ -------------- -------------- --------- ------------ ------------ ---------
  Population   Stream      Accessible   Inaccessible   Inaccessible             Partially    Partially    Unknown
               Size^a^                  Due to\        Due to Natural           Accessible   Accessible   
                                        Man-made       Barriers                 Due to       Due to       
                                        Barriers                                Man-made     Natural      
                                                                                Barriers     Barriers     

  Big White    Main stem   0.00         10.76          0.00                     0.00         0.00         0.00
  Salmon       (lg)                                                                                       

               Main stem   0.00         13.52          0.00                     0.00         0.00         0.00
               (sm)                                                                                       

               Tributary   0.00         12.70          0.00                     0.00         0.00         0.00
               (lg)                                                                                       

               Tributary   0.00         41.91          0.00                     0.00         0.00         0.00
               (sm)                                                                                       

  Cispus       Main stem   0.00         2.13           0.00                     0.00         0.00         0.00
               (lg)                                                                                       

               Main stem   0.00         22.70          17.19                    0.00         0.00         0.00
               (sm)                                                                                       

               Tributary   0.00         0.94           15.74                    0.00         0.00         0.00
               (lg)                                                                                       

               Tributary   0.00         2.99           14.49                    0.00         0.00         0.00
               (sm)                                                                                       

  Hood         Main stem   5.38         0.00                          0.00      4.37         0.00         0.00
               (lg)                                                                                       

               Main stem   0.00         0.00                          0.00      7.95         16.47        0.00
               (sm)                                                                                       

               Tributary   0.00         0.00                          0.00      0.00         0.57         0.00
               (lg)                                                                                       

               Tributary   3.05         0.53                          0.00      12.80        0.99         0.16
               (sm)                                                                                       

  Kalama       Main stem   11.77        0.00                          2.28      0.00         0.00         0.00
               (sm)                                                                                       

               Tributary   7.44         0.20                          2.51      0.00         0.00         0.00
               (lg)                                                                                       

               Tributary   5.06         0.39                          3.13      0.04         0.00         0.00
               (sm)                                                                                       

  Lewis        Main stem   0.86         0.55                          0.00      0.00         0.00         0.00
               (lg)                                                                                       

               Main stem   3.98         39.23                         0.00      0.00         0.00         0.00
               (sm)                                                                                       

               Tributary   8.00         20.50                         0.39      0.00         0.56         0.00
               (lg)                                                                                       

               Tributary   12.29        19.82                         1.11      0.00         2.87         0.00
               (sm)                                                                                       

  Sandy        Main stem   16.28        0.13                          0.00      10.17        0.00         0.00
               (lg)                                                                                       

               Main stem   10.57        7.67                          0.25      0.00         0.00         1.92
               (sm)                                                                                       

               Tributary   4.58         1.90                          0.90      1.84         0.00         1.58
               (lg)                                                                                       

               Tributary   4.89         5.90                          0.70      7.28         0.00         2.68
               (sm)                                                                                       

  Tilton       Main stem   0.00         8.61                          0.00      0.00         0.00         0.00
               (sm)                                                                                       

               Tributary   0.00         9.01                          0.08      0.00         0.00         0.00
               (lg)                                                                                       

               Tributary   0.00         13.53                         0.00      0.00         0.00         0.00
               (sm)                                                                                       

  Toutle       Main stem   8.97         0.00                          0.00      0.00         0.00         0.00
               (lg)                                                                                       

               Main stem   18.54        9.18                          1.11      0.36         1.23         0.63
               (sm)                                                                                       

               Tributary   12.44        7.21                          7.14      1.99         0.04         1.89
               (lg)                                                                                       

               Tributary   21.27        14.47                         6.67      6.59         0.05         1.07
               (sm)                                                                                       

  Upper        Main stem   0.00         22.06                         4.06      0.00         1.37         0.00
  Cowlitz      (sm)                                                                                       

               Tributary   0.00         20.67                         11.52     0.00         0.00         0.00
               (lg)                                                                                       

               Tributary   0.00         41.41                         12.02     0.00         0.00         0.00
               (sm)                                                                                       
  ------------ ----------- ------------ -------------- -------------- --------- ------------ ------------ ---------

^a^ Main stem (lg) \> 25 m; main stem (sm) 10--25 m; tributary (lg)
5--10 m; tributary (sm) \< 5 m.

Table I.15 Accessible and inaccessible possible spawning kilometers for
spring chinook populations in the Lower Columbia ESU by stream width
category.

  ------------ ----------- ----------- ------------ -------- -------------- --------- -------------- --------- ------------ -------- ------------ -------- --------- ------
  Population   Stream                  Accessible            Inaccessible             Inaccessible             Partially             Partially             Unknown   
               Size^a^                                       Due to\                  Due to Natural           Accessible            Accessible                      
                                                             Man-made                 Barriers                 Due to                Due to                          
                                                             Barriers                                          Man-made              Natural                         
                                                                                                               Barriers              Barriers                        

  Big White    Main stem               0.33                  26.09                    0.00                     0.00                  0.00                  0.00      
  Salmon       (lg)                                                                                                                                                  

               Main stem               0.00                  35.82                    0.00                     0.00                  0.00                  0.00      
               (sm)                                                                                                                                                  

               Tributary               0.00                  26.62                    0.00                     0.00                  0.00                  0.00      
               (lg)                                                                                                                                                  

               Tributary               0.00                  142.99                   0.00                     0.00                  0.00                  0.00      
               (sm)                                                                                                                                                  

  Cispus       Main stem               0.00                  9.03                     0.00                     0.00                  0.00                  0.00      
               (lg)                                                                                                                                                  

               Main stem               0.00                  47.83                    58.60                    0.00                  0.00                  0.00      
               (sm)                                                                                                                                                  

               Tributary               0.00                  4.74                     63.72                    0.00                  0.00                  0.00      
               (lg)                                                                                                                                                  

               Tributary               0.00                  14.09                    58.22                    0.00                  0.00                  0.00      
               (sm)                                                                                                                                                  

  Hood         Main stem               10.77                 0.00                     0.00                     5.58                  0.00                  0.00      
               (lg)                                                                                                                                                  

               Main stem               0.00                  0.00                     0.00                     18.70                 35.62                 0.00      
               (sm)                                                                                                                                                  

               Tributary               0.00                  0.00                     0.00                     0.00                  6.18                  1.39      
               (lg)                                                                                                                                                  

               Tributary               8.04                  0.89                     0.00                     57.90                 6.77                  1.36      
               (sm)                                                                                                                                                  

  Kalama       Main stem               30.39                 0.00                     6.04                     0.00                  0.00                  0.00      
               (sm)                                                                                                                                                  

               Tributary               26.26                 2.34                     11.58                    0.00                  0.00                  0.39      
               (lg)                                                                                                                                                  

               Tributary               20.91                 2.76                     11.00                    0.18                  0.00                  0.45      
               (sm)                                                                                                                                                  

  Lewis        Main stem               2.53                  2.80                     0.00                     0.00                  0.00                  0.00      
               (lg)                                                                                                                                                  

               Main stem               10.84                 121.30                   0.00                     0.00                  0.00                  0.00      
               (sm)                                                                                                                                                  

               Tributary               22.67                 77.42                    1.81                     0.00                  3.58                  0.00      
               (lg)                                                                                                                                                  

               Tributary               37.58                 76.42                    6.04                     0.00                  9.45                  0.00      
               (sm)                                                                                                                                                  

  Sandy        Main stem               37.13                 0.29                     0.00                     21.85                 0.00                  0.00      
               (lg)                                                                                                                                                  

               Main stem               48.51                 23.07                    2.65                     0.15                  0.00                  7.85      
               (sm)                                                                                                                                                  

               Tributary               17.00                 9.06                     2.87                     3.48                  0.00                  11.63     
               (lg)                                                                                                                                                  

               Tributary               21.55                 18.66                    2.85                     17.05                 0.00                  11.48     
               (sm)                                                                                                                                                  

  Tilton       Main stem               0.00                  24.98                    0.00                     0.00                  0.00                  0.00      
               (sm)                                                                                                                                                  

               Tributary               0.00                  27.61                    1.10                     0.00                  0.00                  0.00      
               (lg)                                                                                                                                                  

               Tributary               0.00                  40.02                    0.26                     0.00                  0.00                  0.00      
               (sm)                                                                                                                                                  

  Toutle       Main stem               20.78                 0.00                     0.00                     0.00                  0.00                  0.00      
               (lg)                                                                                                                                                  

               Main stem               49.66                 23.26                    4.15                     0.81                  2.22                  1.98      
               (sm)                                                                                                                                                  

               Tributary               38.01                 23.72                    26.15                    6.35                  0.98                  6.12      
               (lg)                                                                                                                                                  

               Tributary               75.16                 49.15                    27.72                    22.73                 0.26                  4.92      
               (sm)                                                                                                                                                  

  Upper                    Main stem                0.00                    3.04                     0.00                   0.00                  0.00               0.00
  Cowlitz                  (lg)                                                                                                                                      

                           Main stem                0.00                    69.17                    34.99                  0.00                  3.68               0.00
                           (sm)                                                                                                                                      

                           Tributary                0.00                    66.99                    45.47                  0.00                  0.00               0.00
                           (lg)                                                                                                                                      

                           Tributary                0.00                    132.93                   42.91                  0.00                  0.00               0.00
                           (sm)                                                                                                                                      
  ------------ ----------- ----------- ------------ -------- -------------- --------- -------------- --------- ------------ -------- ------------ -------- --------- ------

^a^ Main stem (lg) \> 25 m; main stem (sm) 10--25 m; tributary (lg)
5--10 m; tributary (sm) \< 5 m.

Table I.16 Accessible and inaccessible prime spawning kilometers for
spring chinook populations in the Willamette ESU by stream width
category.

  ------------ ----------- ------------ -------------- -------------- ------------ ------------ ---------
  Population   Stream      Accessible   Inaccessible   Inaccessible   Partially    Partially    Unknown
               Size^a^                  Due to\        Due to Natural Accessible   Accessible   
                                        Man-made       Barriers       Due to       Due to       
                                        Barriers                      Man-made     Natural      
                                                                      Barriers     Barriers     

  Calapooia    Main stem   0.71         0.00           0.00           0.00         0.00         0.00
               (lg)                                                                             

               Main stem   12.92        0.91           0.00           0.00         0.00         0.00
               (sm)                                                                             

               Tributary   8.45         9.03           0.06           5.02         0.00         0.00
               (lg)                                                                             

               Tributary   14.33        17.48          0.00           11.61        0.00         0.00
               (sm)                                                                             

  Clackamas    Main stem   33.71        8.30           0.00           0.00         0.29         0.00
               (lg)                                                                             

               Main stem   13.73        4.20           7.19           0.00         10.24        0.45
               (sm)                                                                             

               Tributary   5.80         7.29           6.03           0.00         7.91         3.89
               (lg)                                                                             

               Tributary   26.75        14.28          6.66           1.77         13.45        5.09
               (sm)                                                                             

  McKenzie     Main stem   0.49         0.00           0.00           1.84         0.00         0.00
               (lg)                                                                             

               Main stem   10.73        7.19           6.68           15.54        0.00         5.36
               (sm)                                                                             

               Tributary   12.14        9.45           19.99          6.79         0.74         1.84
               (lg)                                                                             

               Tributary   20.07        10.70          22.06          15.69        0.00         2.82
               (sm)                                                                             

  Middle Fork  Main stem   0.77         9.22           0.00           0.00         0.00         0.00
  Willamette   (lg)                                                                             

               Main stem   9.15         29.30          1.03           6.55         9.98         1.95
               (sm)                                                                             

               Tributary   2.02         14.92          0.76           3.15         7.23         1.00
               (lg)                                                                             

               Tributary   8.30         25.39          0.41           9.10         1.63         1.15
               (sm)                                                                             

  Molalla      Main stem   51.94        0.00           2.79           2.79         13.79        0.00
               (sm)                                                                             

               Tributary   17.00        21.88          5.03           3.43         2.04         0.50
               (lg)                                                                             

               Tributary   49.81        62.14          3.44           6.77         2.19         2.51
               (sm)                                                                             

  North        Main stem   0.62         6.93           6.19           5.56         0.50         0.00
  Santiam      (sm)                                                                             

               Tributary   2.41         8.78           5.43           8.13         1.67         0.00
               (lg)                                                                             

               Tributary   10.51        11.30          2.59           18.81        0.13         0.04
               (sm)                                                                             

  South        Main stem   0.37         0.00           0.00           0.00         0.00         0.00
  Santiam      (lg)                                                                             

               Main stem   19.91        6.69           2.15           3.74         6.77         2.35
               (sm)                                                                             

               Tributary   22.73        7.99           11.67          2.40         7.59         1.60
               (lg)                                                                             

               Tributary   65.97        46.66          1.46           15.78        1.45         1.67
               (sm)                                                                             
  ------------ ----------- ------------ -------------- -------------- ------------ ------------ ---------

^a^ Main stem (lg) \> 25 m; main stem (sm) 10--25 m; tributary (lg)
5--10 m; tributary (sm) \< 5 m.

Table I.17 Accessible and inaccessible possible spawning kilometers for
spring chinook populations in the Willamette ESU by stream width
category.

  ------------ ----------- ------------ -------------- -------------- ------------ ------------ ---------
  Population   Stream      Accessible   Inaccessible   Inaccessible   Partially    Partially    Unknown
               Size^a^                  Due to\        Due to Natural Accessible   Accessible   
                                        Man-made       Barriers       Due to       Due to       
                                        Barriers                      Man-made     Natural      
                                                                      Barriers     Barriers     

  Calapooia    Main stem   4.12         0.00           0.00           0.00         0.00         0.00
               (lg)                                                                             

               Main stem   28.13        3.19           0.00           0.47         0.00         0.00
               (sm)                                                                             

               Tributary   26.07        24.25          0.34           13.31        0.00         0.00
               (lg)                                                                             

               Tributary   54.37        61.67          0.18           36.98        0.00         0.00
               (sm)                                                                             

  Clackamas    Main stem   88.91        16.62          0.00           0.00         1.40         0.65
               (lg)                                                                             

               Main stem   42.58        15.17          23.77          0.00         30.26        2.23
               (sm)                                                                             

               Tributary   18.37        19.71          23.34          0.00         29.57        10.26
               (lg)                                                                             

               Tributary   94.90        54.36          26.46          9.01         54.45        21.57
               (sm)                                                                             

  McKenzie     Main stem   4.11         0.00           0.00           5.88         0.00         0.00
               (lg)                                                                             

               Main stem   24.78        34.61          29.39          55.93        0.00         11.94
               (sm)                                                                             

               Tributary   45.15        27.58          65.41          21.27        4.85         7.70
               (lg)                                                                             

               Tributary   72.00        36.83          85.33          49.28        0.13         10.60
               (sm)                                                                             

  Middle Fork  Main stem   4.91         20.57          0.00           0.00         0.00         0.00
  Willamette   (lg)                                                                             

               Main stem   22.49        83.17          5.04           27.26        25.79        10.00
               (sm)                                                                             

               Tributary   11.53        47.15          3.87           8.61         24.76        3.13
               (lg)                                                                             

               Tributary   32.09        77.67          1.98           28.73        10.44        3.52
               (sm)                                                                             

  Molalla      Main stem   1.29         0.00           0.00           0.00         0.00         0.00
               (lg)                                                                             

               Main stem   125.07       0.26           9.45           3.31         32.41        0.00
               (sm)                                                                             

               Tributary   67.82        73.74          29.58          7.23         14.60        2.55
               (lg)                                                                             

               Tributary   151.08       182.14         14.88          22.57        6.75         8.12
               (sm)                                                                             

  North        Main stem   0.17         0.00           0.00           0.00         0.00         0.00
  Santiam      (lg)                                                                             

               Main stem   3.35         27.13          22.31          24.83        2.55         0.00
               (sm)                                                                             

               Tributary   11.80        27.97          20.45          23.02        6.95         0.28
               (lg)                                                                             

               Tributary   37.48        41.14          14.08          61.41        1.00         0.24
               (sm)                                                                             

  South        Main stem   2.81         0.00           0.00           0.00         0.00         0.00
  Santiam      (lg)                                                                             

               Main stem   57.39        24.42          8.98           6.76         20.66        6.60
               (sm)                                                                             

               Tributary   61.13        34.80          37.31          7.03         27.09        13.79
               (lg)                                                                             

               Tributary   212.11       153.29         10.12          44.08        6.22         5.49
               (sm)                                                                             
  ------------ ----------- ------------ -------------- -------------- ------------ ------------ ---------

^a^ Main stem (lg) \> 25 m; main stem (sm) 10--25 m; tributary (lg)
5--10 m; tributary (sm) \< 5 m.

Table I.18 Accessible and inaccessible prime spawning kilometers for
winter steelhead populations in the Willamette ESU by stream width
category.

  ------------ ----------- ------------ -------------- -------------- ------------ ------------ ---------
  Population   Stream      Accessible   Inaccessible   Inaccessible   Partially    Partially    Unknown
               Size^a^                  Due to\        Due to Natural Accessible   Accessible   
                                        Man-made       Barriers       Due to       Due to       
                                        Barriers                      Man-made     Natural      
                                                                      Barriers     Barriers     

  Calapooia    Main stem   0.71         0.00           0.00           0.00         0.00         0.00
               (lg)                                                                             

               Main stem   17.98        0.91           0.00           0.00         0.00         0.00
               (sm)                                                                             

               Tributary   19.67        21.03          0.40           11.02        0.00         0.00
               (lg)                                                                             

               Tributary   52.32        57.55          0.18           37.05        0.00         0.00
               (sm)                                                                             

  Coast Range  Main stem   0.38         0.00           0.00           0.09         0.00         0.00
               (lg)                                                                             

               Main stem   11.96        4.27           11.19          15.95        5.24         3.08
               (sm)                                                                             

               Tributary   45.28        71.92          26.49          132.90       13.85        12.62
               (lg)                                                                             

               Tributary   236.02       408.45         30.66          474.95       14.09        35.95
               (sm)                                                                             

  Molalla      Main stem   76.06        0.00           11.07          3.09         30.96        0.00
               (sm)                                                                             

               Tributary   53.55        37.05          37.47          4.49         25.59        2.39
               (lg)                                                                             

               Tributary   131.77       152.46         19.95          23.54        9.68         8.43
               (sm)                                                                             

  North        Main stem   1.51         20.13          20.58          10.70        2.37         0.00
  Santiam      (sm)                                                                             

               Tributary   7.19         30.00          24.49          20.19        6.88         0.37
               (lg)                                                                             

               Tributary   23.47        48.27          19.25          55.58        1.54         0.29
               (sm)                                                                             

  South        Main stem   0.37         0.00           0.00           0.00         0.00         0.00
  Santiam      (lg)                                                                             

               Main stem   28.68        18.71          6.77           3.74         19.73        6.56
               (sm)                                                                             

               Tributary   41.83        28.88          45.58          7.79         31.32        19.13
               (lg)                                                                             

               Tributary   194.84       135.88         14.14          49.18        8.36         7.57
               (sm)                                                                             
  ------------ ----------- ------------ -------------- -------------- ------------ ------------ ---------

^a^ Main stem (lg) \> 25 m; main stem (sm) 10--25 m; tributary (lg)
5--10 m; tributary (sm) \< 5 m.

Table I.19 Accessible and inaccessible possible spawning kilometers for
winter steelhead populations in the Willamette ESU by stream width
category.

  ------------ ----------- ------------ -------------- -------------- ------------ ------------ ---------
  Population   Stream      Accessible   Inaccessible   Inaccessible   Partially    Partially    Unknown
               Size^a^                  Due to\        Due to Natural Accessible   Accessible   
                                        Man-made       Barriers       Due to       Due to       
                                        Barriers                      Man-made     Natural      
                                                                      Barriers     Barriers     

  Calapooia    Main stem   4.12         0.00           0.00           0.00         0.00         0.00
               (lg)                                                                             

               Main stem   29.29        3.19           0.00           0.47         0.00         0.00
               (sm)                                                                             

               Tributary   29.77        26.96          0.51           14.16        0.00         0.00
               (lg)                                                                             

               Tributary   75.39        84.57          0.43           50.14        0.00         0.00
               (sm)                                                                             

  Coast Range  Main stem   2.27         0.00           0.00           3.80         0.00         0.00
               (lg)                                                                             

               Main stem   41.71        4.89           13.97          46.54        9.03         8.31
               (sm)                                                                             

               Tributary   76.67        117.93         34.38          191.89       15.56        20.12
               (lg)                                                                             

               Tributary   321.55       554.15         41.17          650.07       17.25        52.88
               (sm)                                                                             

  Molalla      Main stem   1.29         0.00           0.00           0.00         0.00         0.00
               (lg)                                                                             

               Main stem   130.57       0.26           11.27          3.31         35.41        0.00
               (sm)                                                                             

               Tributary   80.47        79.27          52.46          7.55         35.82        4.93
               (lg)                                                                             

               Tributary   185.49       223.68         28.66          31.07        13.06        9.81
               (sm)                                                                             

  North        Main stem   0.17         0.00           0.00           0.00         0.00         0.00
  Santiam      (lg)                                                                             

               Main stem   3.72         30.28          27.92          25.72        4.01         0.00
               (sm)                                                                             

               Tributary   13.42        44.15          34.05          28.22        8.95         0.37
               (lg)                                                                             

               Tributary   42.67        62.32          27.50          80.90        2.43         0.51
               (sm)                                                                             

  South        Main stem   2.81         0.00           0.00           0.00         0.00         0.00
  Santiam      (lg)                                                                             

               Main stem   61.51        27.72          11.26          6.76         23.96        6.60
               (sm)                                                                             

               Tributary   66.90        49.43          63.19          12.23        41.52        25.19
               (lg)                                                                             

               Tributary   282.58       198.83         19.36          68.98        13.25        10.96
               (sm)                                                                             
  ------------ ----------- ------------ -------------- -------------- ------------ ------------ ---------

^a^ Main stem (lg) \> 25 m; main stem (sm) 10--25 m; tributary (lg)
5--10 m; tributary (sm) \< 5 m.

Table I.20 A comparison of accessible and inaccessible prime spawning
kilometers for multiple species of concern in the Kalama and Clackamas
watersheds.

  ------------ ----------- ----------- ------------ -------- -------------- --------- -------------- --------- ------------ -------- ------------ -------- --------- -------
  Population   Stream                  Accessible            Inaccessible             Inaccessible             Partially             Partially             Unknown   
               Size^a^                                       Due to\                  Due to Natural           Accessible            Accessible                      
                                                             Man-made                 Barriers                 Due to                Due to                          
                                                             Barriers                                          Man-made              Natural                         
                                                                                                               Barriers              Barriers                        

  KALAMA                                                                                                                                                             

  Fall chinook Main stem               30.39                 0.00                     6.04                     0.00                  0.00                  0.00      
               (sm)                                                                                                                                                  

               Tributary               26.26                 2.34                     11.58                    0.00                  0.00                  0.39      
               (lg)                                                                                                                                                  

               Tributary               20.91                 2.76                     11.00                    0.18                  0.00                  0.45      
               (sm)                                                                                                                                                  

  Winter                   Main stem                33.53                   0.00                     8.59                   0.00                  0.00               0.00
  steelhead                (sm)                                                                                                                                      

                           Tributary                41.79                   4.76                     17.44                  0.08                  0.00               0.97
                           (lg)                                                                                                                                      

                           Tributary                36.25                   5.37                     21.33                  0.58                  0.00               0.67
                           (sm)                                                                                                                                      

  Chum                     Main stem                61.28                   0.00                     4.99                   0.00                  0.00               0.00
                           (sm)                                                                                                                                      

                           Tributary                25.96                   1.67                     16.52                  0.00                  0.00               0.25
                           (lg)                                                                                                                                      

                           Tributary                26.22                   4.83                     12.53                  0.12                  0.00               0.20
                           (sm)                                                                                                                                      

  Summer                   Main stem                30.39                   0.00                     6.04                   0.00                  0.00               0.00
  steelhead                (sm)                                                                                                                                      

                           Tributary                26.26                   2.34                     11.58                  0.00                  0.00               0.39
                           (lg)                                                                                                                                      

                           Tributary                20.91                   2.76                     11.00                  0.18                  0.00               0.45
                           (sm)                                                                                                                                      

  Spring                   Main stem                30.39                   0.00                     6.04                   0.00                  0.00               0.00
  chinook                  (sm)                                                                                                                                      

                           Tributary                26.26                   2.34                     11.58                  0.00                  0.00               0.39
                           (lg)                                                                                                                                      

                           Tributary                20.91                   2.76                     11.00                  0.18                  0.00               0.45
                           (sm)                                                                                                                                      

  CLACKAMAS                                                                                                                                                          

  Fall chinook             Main stem                18.56                   0.00                     0.00                   0.00                  0.00               0.20
                           (lg)                                                                                                                                      

                           Main stem                48.87                   0.00                     7.97                   0.00                  10.34              0.00
                           (sm)                                                                                                                                      

                           Tributary                44.22                   0.00                     14.15                  0.15                  16.18              0.60
                           (lg)                                                                                                                                      

                           Tributary                379.73                  45.28                    17.55                  24.06                 25.83              4.83
                           (sm)                                                                                                                                      

  Winter                   Main stem                92.79                   17.07                    0.00                   0.00                  1.89               0.65
  steelhead                (lg)                                                                                                                                      

                           Main stem                87.13                   18.84                    40.22                  2.69                  33.88              3.07
                           (sm)                                                                                                                                      

                           Tributary                68.86                   24.47                    54.24                  9.11                  40.42              14.69
                           (lg)                                                                                                                                      

                           Tributary                428.48                  146.86                   58.24                  59.89                 94.13              38.92
                           (sm)                                                                                                                                      

  Chum                     Main stem                36.96                   0.00                     0.00                   0.00                  0.00               0.00
                           (lg)                                                                                                                                      

                           Main stem                0.03                    0.00                     0.00                   0.00                  0.00               0.00
                           (sm)                                                                                                                                      

                           Tributary                43.75                   0.00                     0.00                   0.00                  1.31               0.00
                           (lg)                                                                                                                                      

                           Tributary                325.27                  55.17                    0.00                   0.00                  8.49               0.00
                           (sm)                                                                                                                                      

  Spring                   Main stem                88.91                   16.62                    0.00                   0.00                  1.40               0.65
  chinook                  (lg)                                                                                                                                      

                           Main stem                42.58                   15.17                    23.77                  0.00                  30.26              2.23
                           (sm)                                                                                                                                      

                           Tributary                18.37                   19.71                    23.34                  0.00                  29.57              10.26
                           (lg)                                                                                                                                      

                           Tributary                94.90                   54.36                    26.46                  9.01                  54.45              21.57
                           (sm)                                                                                                                                      
  ------------ ----------- ----------- ------------ -------- -------------- --------- -------------- --------- ------------ -------- ------------ -------- --------- -------

^a^ Main stem (lg) \> 25 m; main stem (sm) 10--25 m; tributary (lg)
5--10 m; tributary (sm) \< 5 m.

Table I.21 Currently and historically available prime and possible
spawning kilometers for those populations with estimated viability
targets. Estimated population viability targets for each of four
scenarios are provided in the final columns.

  ------------ --------------- ----------- ------------ --------- ------------ ----------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
  ESU          Population^a^   Possible\   Possible\    Prime\    Prime\       Current     Scenario   Scenario   Scenario   Scenario   Scenario
                               Current     Historical   Current   Historical   Abundance   1^b^ (5%)  1^b^ (15%) 2^c^ (5%)  3^d^ (5%)  4^e^(5%)

  Columbia     Grays (winter)  228.95      229.65                              960         3,300      2,000      6,300      3,900      7,100
  chum                                                                                                                                 

               Lower gorge     81.33       82.02                               375         1,600      1,000      3,000      1,900      3,500
               (winter)                                                                                                                

  Upper        North Santiam   210.23      346.97       129.43    227.82       1,382       4,500      2,600      8,700      5,200      9,900
  Willamette   (winter)                                                                                                                
  steelhead                                                                                                                            

               South Santiam   580.51      856.49       385.86    569.33       916         3,300      1,900      6,000      3,800      7,100
               (winter)                                                                                                                

               Mollala         524.04      827.25       358.74    548.24       655         2,400      1,500      4,700      2,900      5,500
               (winter)                                                                                                                

               Calapooia       203.33      318.06       138.75    218.25       104         700        400        1,100      700        1,300
               (winter)                                                                                                                

  Upper        McKenzie        283.38      382.41       84.03     111.38       1,861       5,700      3,300      10,700     6,600      13,000
  Willamette   (spring)                                                                                                                
  chinook                                                                                                                              

               Clackamas       369.47      475.33       113.64    147.71       1,103       3,600      2,200      7,000      4,300      8,300
               (spring)                                                                                                                

  Lower        Wind (winter)   48.9        54.18        37.83     42.49        286         1,300      800        2,400      1,500      2,900
  Columbia                                                                                                                             
  steelhead                                                                                                                            

               South Fork      81.57       92.12        60.25     68.1         463         1,900      1,100      3,600      2,200      4,100
               Toutle (summer)                                                                                                         

               Sandy (winter)  295.09      386.1        215.42    281.81       965         3,300      2,000      6,400      3,800      7,400

               North Fork      209.43      330.13       143.12    229.88       176         900        600        1,700      1,100      1,900
               Toutle (winter)                                                                                                         

               Kalama (winter) 112.23      122.36       78.76     84.78        539         2,200      1,300      4,000      2,300      4,600

               Kalama (summer) 77.74       82.84        15.71     17.71        443         1,800      1,100      3,400      2,100      4,000

               Hood (winter)   137.58      138.47       117.71    118.6        593         2,300      1,400      4,400      2,700      5,000

               Hood (summer)   97.16       99.77        25.16     25.93        560         2,100      1,300      4,200      2,500      4,800

               Clackamas       919.27      1126.52      649.23    815.49       386         1,600      1,000      3,100      1,900      3,500
               (winter)                                                                                                                

  Lower        White Salmon    0.33        70.94        0         23.07        163         900        600        1,600      1,000      1,800
  Columbia     (fall)                                                                                                                  
  chinook                                                                                                                              

               Washougal       84.05       163.8        24.91     49.66        735         2,700      1,600      5,200      3,000      5,800
               (fall)                                                                                                                  

               Sandy (late     217.21      225.19       68.48     72.14        1,095       3,600      2,200      7,000      4,300      8,400
               fall)                                                                                                                   

               North Fork      86.66       364.61       28.56     108.65       8,915       20,300     12,000     39,300     23,800     47,900
               Lewis (bright)                                                                                                          

               Mill,           117.45      122.79       37.15     38.59        348         1,500      1,000      2,900      1,700      3,300
               Abernathy,                                                                                                              
               Germ. (fall)                                                                                                            

               Kalama (fall)   77.74       82.84        24.31     24.9         1,192       3,900      2,400      7,600      4,400      8,700

               Grays (fall)    132.52      132.52       45.26     45.26        62          500        300        800        500        900

               Elochoman       85.36       115.57       27.76     36.23        297         1,400      800        2,500      1,500      2,800

               Cowlitz (fall)  418.05      918.86       137.54    290.61       748         2,800      1,600      5,300      3,200      6,100

               Coweeman (fall) 61.28       71.09        19.49     22.02        425         1,800      1,100      3,400      2,000      3,800

               Clackamas       567.95      613.22       186.45    201.4        164         900        600        1,600      1,000      1,800
               (fall)                                                                                                                  

               Sandy (fall)    227.1       285.77       72.67     91.8         140         800        500        1,400      900        1,700
  ------------ --------------- ----------- ------------ --------- ------------ ----------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------

^a^ Populations and scenarios are from Appendix D (Tables D.3--D.6).

^b^ The two targets for scenario 1 represent a 5 and a 15% chance of
extinction in the next 100 years. Scenario 1 assumes no hatchery
influence and no change in marine survival.

^c^ Scenario 2 assumes some hatchery influence and no change in marine
survival.

^d^ Scenario 3 assumes no hatchery influence and a change in marine
survival.

^e^ Scenario 4 assumes both a hatchery influence and a change in marine
survival.

> Table I.22 Implied fish densities for current fish abundance and for
> scenarios of a 5% and a 15% risk of extinction in 100 years.

  ------------ --------------- ----------- ------------ --------- ------------ ------------ ------------ --------- ------------ ------------ ------------ --------- ------------
  ESU          Population^a^   Current                                         Scenario                                         Scenario                            
                               Abundance                                       1^b^--5%                                         1--15%                              
                                                                               Extinction                                       Extinction                          
                                                                               Risk                                             Risk                                

                               Possible                 Prime                  Possible                  Prime                  Possible                  Prime     

                               Current     Historical   Current   Historical   Current      Historical   Current   Historical   Current      Historical   Current   Historical

  Lower        Grays           4.2         4.2                                 14.4         14.4                                8.7          8.7                    
  Columbia                                                                                                                                                          
  River chum                                                                                                                                                        

               Lower gorge     4.6         4.6                                 19.7         19.5                                12.3         12.2                   

  Upper        North Santiam   6.6         4.0          10.7      6.1          21.4         13.0         34.8      19.8         12.4         7.5          20.1      11.4
  Willamette                                                                                                                                                        
  River                                                                                                                                                             
  steelhead                                                                                                                                                         

               South Santiam   1.6         1.1          2.4       1.6          5.7          3.9          8.6       5.8          3.3          2.2          4.9       3.3

               Mollala         1.2         0.8          1.8       1.2          4.6          2.9          6.7       4.4          2.9          1.8          4.2       2.7

               Calapooia       0.5         0.3          0.7       0.5          3.4          2.2          5.0       3.2          2.0          1.3          2.9       1.8

  Upper        McKenzie        6.6         4.9          22.1      16.7         20.1         14.9         67.8      51.2         11.6         8.6          39.3      29.6
  Willamette                                                                                                                                                        
  River                                                                                                                                                             
  chinook                                                                                                                                                           

               Clackamas       3.0         2.3          9.7       7.5          9.7          7.6          31.7      24.4         6.0          4.6          19.4      14.9

  Lower        Wind            5.8         5.3          7.6       6.7          26.6         24.0         34.4      30.6         16.4         14.8         21.1      18.8
  Columbia                                                                                                                                                          
  River                                                                                                                                                             
  steelhead                                                                                                                                                         

               South Fork      5.7         5.0          7.7       6.8          23.3         20.6         31.5      27.9         13.5         11.9         18.3      16.2
               Toutle                                                                                                                                               

               Sandy           3.3         2.5          4.5       3.4          11.2         8.5          15.3      11.7         6.8          5.2          9.3       7.1

               North Fork      0.8         0.5          1.2       0.8          4.3          2.7          6.3       3.9          2.9          1.8          4.2       2.6
               Toutle                                                                                                                                               

               Kalama (winter) 4.8         4.4          6.8       6.4          19.6         18.0         27.9      25.9         11.6         10.6         16.5      15.3

               Kalama (summer) 5.7         5.3          28.2      25.0         23.2         21.7         114.6     101.6        14.1         13.3         70.0      62.1

               Hood (winter)   4.3         4.3          5.0       5.0          16.7         16.6         19.5      19.4         10.2         10.1         11.9      11.8

               Hood (summer)   5.8         5.6          22.3      21.6         21.6         21.0         83.5      81.0         13.4         13.0         51.7      50.1

               Clackamas       0.4         0.3          0.6       0.5          1.7          1.4          2.5       2.0          1.1          0.9          1.5       1.2

  Lower        White Salmon    493.9       2.3                    7.1          2727.3       12.7                   39.0         1818.2       8.5                    26.0
  Columbia                                                                                                                                                          
  River                                                                                                                                                             
  chinook                                                                                                                                                           

               Washougal       8.7         4.5          29.5      14.8         32.1         16.5         108.4     54.4         19.0         9.8          64.2      32.2

               Sandy (late     5.0         4.9          16.0      15.2         16.6         16.0         52.6      49.9         10.1         9.8          32.1      30.5
               fall)                                                                                                                                                

               North Fork      102.9       24.5         312.1     82.1         234.2        55.7         710.8     186.8        138.5        32.9         420.2     110.4
               Lewis                                                                                                                                                

               Mill            3.0         2.8          9.4       9.0          12.8         12.2         40.4      38.9         8.5          8.1          26.9      25.9

               Kalama          15.3        14.4         49.0      47.9         50.2         47.1         160.4     156.6        30.9         29.0         98.7      96.4

               Grays           0.5         0.5          1.4       1.4          3.8          3.8          11.0      11.0         2.3          2.3          6.6       6.6

               Elochoman       3.5         2.6          10.7      8.2          16.4         12.1         50.4      38.6         9.4          6.9          28.8      22.1

               Cowlitz         1.8         0.8          5.4       2.6          6.7          3.0          20.4      9.6          3.8          1.7          11.6      5.5

               Coweeman        6.9         6.0          21.8      19.3         29.4         25.3         92.4      81.7         18.0         15.5         56.4      50.0

               Clackamas fall  0.3         0.3          0.9       0.8          1.6          1.5          4.8       4.5          1.1          1.0          3.2       3.0

               Sandy           0.6         0.5          1.9       1.5          3.5          2.8          11.0      8.7          2.2          1.7          6.9       5.4
  ------------ --------------- ----------- ------------ --------- ------------ ------------ ------------ --------- ------------ ------------ ------------ --------- ------------

^a^ Populations and scenarios are from Appendix D (Tables D.3--D.6).

^b^ Scenario 1 assumes no hatchery influence and no change in marine
survival.

Table I.23 Implied fish densities for scenarios 2, 3, and 4 with a 5%
extinction risk in the next 100 years.

  ------------ --------------- ------------ ------------ --------- ------------ ------------ ------------ --------- ------------ ------------ ------------ --------- ------------
  ESU          Population^a^   Scenario                                         Scenario                                         Scenario                            
                               ^b^2--5%                                         3^c^--5%                                         4^d^--5%                            
                               Extinction                                       Extinction                                       Extinction                          
                               Risk                                             Risk                                             Risk                                

                               Possible                  Prime                  Possible                  Prime                  Possible                  Prime     

                               Current      Historical   Current   Historical   Current      Historical   Current   Historical   Current      Historical   Current   Historical

  Lower        Grays           27.5         27.4                                17.0         17.0                                31.0         30.9                   
  Columbia                                                                                                                                                           
  River chum                                                                                                                                                         

               Lower gorge     36.9         36.6                                23.4         23.2                                43.0         42.7                   

  Upper        North Santiam   41.4         25.1         67.2      38.2         24.7         15.0         40.2      22.8         47.1         28.5         76.5      43.5
  Willamette                                                                                                                                                         
  River                                                                                                                                                              
  steelhead                                                                                                                                                          

               South Santiam   10.3         7.0          15.5      10.5         6.5          4.4          9.8       6.7          12.2         8.3          18.4      12.5

               Mollala         9.0          5.7          13.1      8.6          5.5          3.5          8.1       5.3          10.5         6.6          15.3      10.0

               Calapooia       5.4          3.5          7.9       5.0          3.4          2.2          5.0       3.2          6.4          4.1          9.4       6.0

  Upper        McKenzie        37.8         28.0         127.3     96.1         23.3         17.3         78.5      59.3         45.9         34.0         154.7     116.7
  Willamette                                                                                                                                                         
  Chinook                                                                                                                                                            

               Clackamas       18.9         14.7         61.6      47.4         11.6         9.0          37.8      29.1         22.5         17.5         73.0      56.2

  Lower        Wind            49.1         44.3         63.4      56.5         30.7         27.7         39.7      35.3         59.3         53.5         76.7      68.3
  Columbia                                                                                                                                                           
  River                                                                                                                                                              
  steelhead                                                                                                                                                          

               South Fork      44.1         39.1         59.8      52.9         27.0         23.9         36.5      32.3         50.3         44.5         68.0      60.2
               Toutle                                                                                                                                                

               Sandy           21.7         16.6         29.7      22.7         12.9         9.8          17.6      13.5         25.1         19.2         34.4      26.3

               North Fork      8.1          5.1          11.9      7.4          5.3          3.3          7.7       4.8          9.1          5.8          13.3      8.3
               Toutle                                                                                                                                                

               Kalama (winter) 35.6         32.7         50.8      47.2         20.5         18.8         29.2      27.1         41.0         37.6         58.4      54.3

               Kalama (summer) 43.7         41.0         216.4     192.0        27.0         25.4         133.7     118.6        51.5         48.3         254.6     225.9

               Hood (winter)   32.0         31.8         37.4      37.1         19.6         19.5         22.9      22.8         36.3         36.1         42.5      42.2

               Hood (summer)   43.2         42.1         166.9     162.0        25.7         25.1         99.4      96.4         49.4         48.1         190.8     185.1

               Clackamas       3.4          2.8          4.8       3.8          2.1          1.7          2.9       2.3          3.8          3.1          5.4       4.3

  Lower        White Salmon    4848.5       22.6                   69.4         3030.3       14.1                   43.3         5454.5       25.4                   78.0
  Columbia                                                                                                                                                           
  River                                                                                                                                                              
  chinook                                                                                                                                                            

               Washougal       61.9         31.7         208.8     104.7        35.7         18.3         120.4     60.4         69.0         35.4         232.8     116.8

               Sandy (late     32.2         31.1         102.2     97.0         19.8         19.1         62.8      59.6         38.7         37.3         122.7     116.4
               fall)                                                                                                                                                 

               North Fork      453.5        107.8        1376.1    361.7        274.6        65.3         833.3     219.1        552.7        131.4        1677.2    440.9
               Lewis                                                                                                                                                 

               Mill            24.7         23.6         78.1      75.1         14.5         13.8         45.8      44.1         28.1         26.9         88.8      85.5

               Kalama          97.8         91.7         312.6     305.2        56.6         53.1         181.0     176.7        111.9        105.0        357.9     349.4

               Grays           6.0          6.0          17.7      17.7         3.8          3.8          11.0      11.0         6.8          6.8          19.9      19.9

               Elochoman       29.3         21.6         90.1      69.0         17.6         13.0         54.0      41.4         32.8         24.2         100.9     77.3

               Cowlitz         12.7         5.8          38.5      18.2         7.7          3.5          23.3      11.0         14.6         6.6          44.4      21.0

               Coweeman        55.5         47.8         174.4     154.4        32.6         28.1         102.6     90.8         62.0         53.5         195.0     172.6

               Clackamas       2.8          2.6          8.6       7.9          1.8          1.6          5.4       5.0          3.2          2.9          9.7       8.9
               (fall)                                                                                                                                                

               Sandy           6.2          4.9          19.3      15.3         4.0          3.1          12.4      9.8          7.5          5.9          23.4      18.5
  ------------ --------------- ------------ ------------ --------- ------------ ------------ ------------ --------- ------------ ------------ ------------ --------- ------------

^a^ Populations and scenarios are from Appendix D (Tables D.3--D.6).

^b^ Scenario 2 assumes some hatchery influence and no change in marine
survival.

^c^ Scenario 3 assumes no hatchery influence and a change in marine
survival.

^d^ Scenario 4 assumes both a hatchery influence and a change in marine
survival.

![](media/image1.png){width="4.9319444444444445in" height="6.81875in"}

Figure I.1 Reaches in the Willamette/Lower Columbia domain with existing
habitat digital survey data from the Oregon Department of Fish and
Wildlife (ODFW) and the U.S. Forest Service (USFS). The ODFW digital
survey data was used for the channel-width modeling. Please note that
neither survey includes the mainstem Willamette or Columbia Rivers.

![](media/image2.png){width="5.590277777777778in"
height="7.527083333333334in"}

![](media/image3.png){width="5.339583333333334in"
height="7.361805555555556in"}

Figure I.3 Stream accessibility and passability for all streams
considered in the Willamette/Lower Columbia analysis. Legend describes
the various categories of accessibility. Stream kilometers that are
inaccessible because of man-made barriers are indicated in black. Light
outlines and labels indicate the fourth-field hydrologic basin.

![](media/image4.png){width="6.3597222222222225in"
height="5.073611111111111in"}

Figure I.4 Example of the identification of prime and possible habitat
attributes. Map indicates stream reaches classified as "prime habitat"
for chinook rearing or spawning in the Lewis River, based only on
defined gradient thresholds. The white symbols indicate patches of
streams (reaches) that meet the thresholds. Black streams represent
streams inaccessible due to man-made barriers.

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[^1]: Nusum, M. 2002, personal communication---map review, Oregon
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