**Spherical Torus References**

January 1997

(Please send improvements and update to mpeng@pppl.gov. Thanks.)

**1996**

1\. M. A. Abdou et al., "Results of an International Study on a
High-Volume Plasma-Based Neutron Source for Fusion Blanket Development,"
Fusion Technology, **29** (1996) 1.

2\. A. Akers et al., "Stability and Additional Heating Properties of
Spherical Tokamak Plasmas on START," IAEA-CN-64/C2-1, 16th IAEA Fusion
Energy Conference, Montreal, Canada, 7-11, October 1996.

3\. F. Alladio et al., "SPHERA, Spherical Plasma for HElicity Relaxation
Assessment," (Frascati, April 24, 1996).

4\. C. G. Bathke et al., "A Systems Assessment of the Five Starlite
Tokamak Power Plants," 12th Topical Mtg. Technology of Fusion Energy,
June 16-20, 1996, Reno Nevada, to be published in Fusion Technology.

5\. D. B. Batchelor et al., "High-Harmonic Ion Cyclotron Heating and
Current Drive in Ultra-Small Aspect Ratio Tokamaks," IAEA-CN-64/DP-21,
16th IAEA Fusion Energy Conference, Montreal, Canada, 7-11, October
1996.

6\. R. J. Buttery et al., "Study of Internal Reconnection Events on the
START Tokamak," presented at the 1996 EPS mtg., Kiev.

7\. I. Cook et al., "Key Issues for the Economic Validity of Magnetic
Fusion Power," 12th Topical Mtg. Technology of Fusion Energy, June
16-20, 1996, Reno Nevada, to be published in Fusion Technology.

8\. V. E. Golant et al., "Basic Peculiarities of GLOBUS-M Spherical
Tokamak Project," IAEA-CN-64/GP-15, 16th IAEA Fusion Energy Conference,
Montreal, Canada, 7-11, October 1996.

9\. M. Gryaznevich, "MHD Characteristics of Initial NBI Heated Plasmas
on START," presented at the 1996 EPS mtg., Kiev.

10\. T. R. Jarboe et al., "Recent Results from the Helicity Injected
Tokamak Experiment," IAEA-CN-64/CP-18, 16th IAEA Fusion Energy
Conference, Montreal, Canada, 7-11, October 1996.

11\. J. E. Menard et al., "Ideal MHD Stability Limits of
Low-Aspect-Ratio Tokamak Plasmas," accepted for publication in Nucl.
Fusion.

12\. R. L. Miller et al., "Stability for Bootstrap-Current Driven Low
Aspect Ratio Tokamaks," GA-A22321, accepted for publication in Phys.
Plasmas.

13\. F. Najmabadi, "Assessment of Options for Attractive Commercial and
Demonstration Tokamak Fusion Power Plants," 12th Topical Mtg. Technology
of Fusion Energy, June 16-20, 1996, Reno Nevada, to be published in
Fusion Technology.

14\. F. Najmabadi, "Assessment of Tokamak Plasma Operation Modes as
Fusion Power Plants: The Starlite Study,"IAEA-CN-64/G-1, 16th IAEA
Fusion Energy Conference, Montreal, Canada, 7-11, October 1996.

15\. M. Ono et al., "Investigation of the Effect of Resistive MHD Modes
on Spherical Torus Performance in CDX-U," IAEA-CN-64/C2-2, 16th IAEA
Fusion Energy Conference, Montreal, Canada, 7-11, October 1996.

16\. Y-K. M. Peng, "The Spherical Torus Pathway," 1996 Annual Mtg and
Symp. of Fusion Power Associates, May 30-31, 1996, Pleasanton, CA, to be
submitted to J. Fusion Energy.

17\. Y-K. M. Peng et al., "Summary of Workshop on Establishing the
Physics Basis Needed to Access the Potential of Compact Toroidal
Reactors, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, July 19-22, 1994," Fusion Technology,
**29** (1996) 210.

18\. M. Peng et al., "Design Assumptions and Bases for Samll D-T-Fueled
Spherical Tokamak (ST) Fusion Core," 12th Topical Mtg. Technology of
Fusion Energy, June 16-20, 1996, Reno Nevada, to be published in Fusion
Technology.

19\. L. J. Qiu et al., "A Compact tokamak Transmutation Reactor,"
IAEA-CN-64/GP-28, 16th IAEA Fusion Energy Conference, Montreal, Canada,
7-11, October 1996.

20\. C. M. Roach, "Modelling Ohmic Confinement Experiments on the START
Tokamak," UKAEA FUS 331 (May, 1996).

21\. D. C. Robinson, "The way forward for the Spherical Tokamak," 12th
Topical Mtg. Technology of Fusion Energy, June 16-20, 1996, Reno Nevada,
to be published in Fusion Technology.

22\. S. Sinman and A. Sinman, "Profile Control for an Alternative
Spherical Tokamak," IAEA-CN-64/CP-24, 16th IAEA Fusion Energy
Conference, Montreal, Canada, 7-11, October 1996.

23\. E. R. Solano, \"Fast ion orbits in spherical tokamaks,\" Phys.
Plas., **3** (1996) 1187.

24\. J. Spitzer et al., "Engineering Design of the National Spherical
Tokamak Experiment," 12th Topical Mtg. Technology of Fusion Energy, June
16-20, 1996, Reno Nevada, to be published in Fusion Technology.

25\. R. D. Stambaugh et al., "The Spherical torus Approach to Magnetic
Fusion Development," GA-A22226 (1996); 12th Topical Mtg. Technology of
Fusion Energy, June 16-20, 1996, Reno Nevada, to be published in Fusion
Technology; IAEA-CN-64/G1-2, 16th IAEA Fusion Energy Conference,
Montreal, Canada, 7-11, October 1996.

26\. I. V. Sviatoslavsky et al., "Design Issues of a Low Aspect Ratio
Tokamak Volume Neutron Source," 12th Topical Mtg. Technology of Fusion
Energy, June 16-20, 1996, Reno Nevada, to be published in Fusion
Technology.

27\. D. J. Ward, "Resistive Wall Stabilization by Toroidal Rotation:
Effects of Partial Wall configurations and Aspect Ratio,"
IAEA-CN-64/DP-2, 16th IAEA Fusion Energy Conference, Montreal, Canada,
7-11, October 1996.

28\. H. Yamada et al., "Helicity Injection Experiments and Turbulence
measurements on the Spherical Tokamak TST," IAEA-CN-64/CP-15, 16th IAEA
Fusion Energy Conference, Montreal, Canada, 7-11, October 1996.

29\. M. Yamada et al., "Global Stability Study of the Ultra Low Aspect
Ratio Tokamak, ULART," Nucl. Fusion, **36** (1996) 1210.

30\. M. J. Walsh et al., "First Results of Neutral Beam Heating in START
Spherical Tokamak Plasmas," presented at the 1996 EPS mtg., Kiev.

31\. M. J. Walsh et al., "Record Central Beta Produced by NBI in the
START Spherical Tokamak," presented at the 1996 EPS mtg., Kiev.

**1995**

1\. M. Abdou et al., "Requirements and Design Envelope for a Volumetric
Neutron Source (VNS) Fusion Facility for Fusion Nuclear Technology
Development," Plasma Phys. Contr. Nucl. Fusion Research 1994, **2**, 733
(IAEA, 1995).

2\. R. Buttery et al., "Steady-State Spherical Tokamaks and Future
applications," Plasma Phys. Contr. Nucl. Fusion Research 1994, **2**,
633 (IAEA, 1995).

3\. V. Chan et al., "," 22nd EPS Conf. Bournemouth, **19C** (EPS Geneva,
1995) I, 377.

4\. J. W. Connor et al., "," 22nd EPS Conf. Bournemouth, **19C** (EPS
Geneva, 1995) II, 205.

5\. G. Counsell et al., "," 22nd EPS Conf. Bournemouth, **19C** (EPS
Geneva, 1995) IV, 365.

6\. A. C. Drake et al., "The Mega Amp Spherical Tokamak," 16th IEEE/NPSS
Symposium On Fusion Engineering, September 30-October 5, 1995, **Vol.
2**, 1456 (IEEE 95CH35852).

7\. S. K. Erents et al., "A Study of Exhaust and Edge Plasma Parameters
in the START Tokamak," J. Nucl. Mat., **220-222** (1995) 658.

8\. J. D. Galambos, Y-K. M. Peng, \"Probabilistic Analysis of a Proposed
Low Aspect Ratio Tokamak,\" ORNL TM12998 (1995).

9\. E. Golant, et al., "GLOBUS-M, From Concept to Engineering," 16th
IEEE/NPSS Symposium On Fusion Engineering, September 30-October 5, 1995,
**Vol. 2**, 1464 (IEEE 95CH35852).

10\. M. Gryaznevich et al., "Performance of the START Spherical
Tokamak," 22nd EPS Conf. Bournemouth, **19C** (EPS Geneva, 1995) II, 17.

11\. K. Gusev, et al., "GLOBUS-M Central Solenoid," 16th IEEE/NPSS
Symposium On Fusion Engineering, September 30-October 5, 1995, **Vol.
2**, 1460 (IEEE 95CH35852).

12\. T. C. Hender et al., "Long Term Applications of High β Spherical
Tokamaks," 22nd EPS Conf. Bournemouth, **19C** (EPS Geneva, 1995).

13\. Y. S. Hwang et al., "," Plasma Phys. Contr. Nucl. Fusion Research
1994, **1**, 737 (IAEA, 1995).

14\. T. Jarboe et al., "Formation and Sustainment of a Low Aspect Ratio
Tokamak by Coaxial Helicity Injection," Plasma Phys. Contr. Nucl. Fusion
Research 1994, **1**, 725 (IAEA, 1995).

15\. M. Katsurai et al., "," Trans. Fusion Technology, **27** (1995) 97.

16\. B. A. Nelson et al., "," Phys. Plasmas, **2** (1995) 2337.

17\. M.P.S. Nightingale et al., "Status of the START Neutral Beam
Injection Project," 16th IEEE/NPSS Symposium On Fusion Engineering,
September 30-October 5, 1995, **Vol. 2**, 1448 (IEEE 95CH35852).

18\. M. Peng et al., "Spherical Tokamak (ST) Transmutation of Nuclear
Waste," 16th IEEE/NPSS Symposium On Fusion Engineering, September
30-October 5, 1995, **Vol. 2**, 1423 (IEEE 95CH35852, 1996).

19\. M. Peng et al., "Physics Progress Towards Compact Tokamak Reactors
with Normal Conducting Toroidal Field Coils," Plasma Phys. Contr. Nucl.
Fusion Research 1994, **2**, 643 (IAEA, 1995).

20\. M. Peng, "Prospects and Status of Low Aspect Ratio Tokamaks,"
Trans. Fusion Technology, **27** (1995) 138.

21\. A. Sykes et al., "The START Spherical Tokamak," Plasma Phys. Contr.
Nucl. Fusion Research 1994, **1**, 719 (IAEA, 1995).

22\. A. Sykes et al., "Study of X-Point Plasmas in the START Tokamak,"
22nd EPS Conf. Bournemouth, **19C** (EPS Geneva, 1995) III, 117.

23\. M. J. Walsh et al., "Confinement at Tight Aspect Ratio in START,"
22nd EPS Conf. Bournemouth, **19C** (EPS Geneva, 1995) III, 33.

24\. M. Yamada et al., ","Trans. Fusion Technology, **27** (1995) 161.

**1994**

1\. M. Abdou, et al., \"Phase 1 report of the IEA Study on High Volume
Plasma-Based Neutron Source (HVPNS),\" University of California - Los
Angeles Report, UCLA-FNT-94, UCLA-ENG-95-111, December 1994.

2\. M. Cox et al., "Heating and Current Drive in Tight Aspect Ratio
Tokamaks," 21th EPS Conf. Contr. Fusion and Plasma Phys., **III** (EPS,
1994) 1130.

3\. John Galambos et al., \"Minimum Q=1 and Ignited Spherical Tokamak
Devices,\" Fusion Technology, **26** (1994) 1196.

4\. S. G. Kalmykov, "Low-Aspect-Ratio Tokamaks: Plasma Sheath Cross
Section Natural Elongation as a Function of Current Profile," Soviet
Plas. Phys. Rep., **20** (1994) 844.

5\. B. A. Nelson et al., "," Phys. Rev. Lett., **72** (1994) 3666.

6\. B. A. Nelson et al., "," Nucl. Fusion, **34** (1994) 1111.

7\. A. Sykes, "Progress in Spherical Tokamaks," Plasma Phys. Contr.
Fusion, **36** (1994) B93.

**1993**

1\. N. Amemiya et al., "," J. Phys. Soc. Japan, **63** (1993) 1552.

2\. S. Dean, et al., "Pilot Plant: A Shortened Path to Fusion Power," in
Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion Research 1992, **3**, 355
(IAEA, Vienna, 1993).

3\. R. M. O. Galvao et al., "Dependence of Natural Elongation of Low
Aspect Ratio Tokamak Plasmas on Current Profile," Comm. Plas. Phys.
Control. Fusion, **15** (1993) 219.

4\. T. C. Hender et al., "," Plasma Phys. Contr. Nucl. Fusion Research
1992, **3**, 339 (IAEA, 1993).

5\. M. Ono et al., "," Plasma Phys. Contr. Nucl. Fusion Research 1992,
**1**, 693 (IAEA, 1993).

6\. M. Peng, E. T. Cheng, "Magnetic Fusion Driven Transmutation of
Nuclear Waste," Journal of Fusion Energy, **12** (1993) 381.

7\. M. Peng et al., "Small Steady-State Tokamak (TST) for Divertor
Testing," Fusion Technology 1992, **Vol. 2**, 1641 (Elsevier Science
Publishers B.V., 1993).

8\. M. Peng et al., "The TST: A Small Steady-State Tokamak for
Integrated Divertor Testing," ORNL/TM-12216 (January 1993).

**1992**

1\. P. K. Browning et al., "," Phys. Rev. Lett., **68** (1992) 1722.

2\. D. Galambos et al., "Systems Studies of Copper-Conducting and
Superconducting-Coil Pilot-Plants," Fusion Technology, **21** (1992)
1759.

3\. M. Peng et al., "Small Tokamaks for Fusion Technology Testing,"
Fusion Technology, **21** (1992) 1729.

4\. M. Roberto, "Natural Elongation of Spherical Tokamaks," Nucl.
Fusion, **32** (1992) 1666.

5\. A. Sykes et al., "," Nucl. Fusion, **32** (1992) 694.

6\. H. R. Wilson, Nucl. Fusion, **32** (1992) 257.

**1991**

1\. N. Amemiya et al., "," J. Phys. Soc. Japan, **60** (1991) 2632.

2\. D. Galambos, Y-K. M. Peng, "Ignition and Burn Criteria for D-3He
Tokamak and Spherical Torus Reactors," Fusion Technology, **19** (1991)
31.

3\. J. D. Galambos et al., "Scoping Studies for Small Steady-State
Tokamaks for Divertor Testing," 14th Symposium for Fusion Engineering
Proceedings, Vol. 2, p. 1114 (IEEE, 91CH3503-3, 1991).

4\. J. Hicks, "Toroidal Field System for Tight Aspect Ratio Tokamak
Reactors," Fusion Engineering and Design, **18** (1991) 227; also as
UKAEA Report AEA FUS 118.

5\. M. Peng, J. B. Hicks, "Engineering Feasibility of Tight Aspect Ratio
Tokamak (Spherical Torus) Reactors," Fusion Technology 1990, **Vol. 2**,
1287 (Elsevier Science Publishers B. V., 1991).

**1990**

1\. S. P. Hakkarainen et al., "Natural Elongation and Triangularity of
Tokamak Equilbria," Phys. Fluids, B **2** (1990) 1565.

2\. M. Irie et al., "," 17th EPS Conf. Amsterdam, **14B** (EPS Geneva,
1990) Part II, 627.

**1989**

1\. J. A. Holmes et al., "," Phys. Fluids, B **1** (1989) 358.

2\. T. R. Jarboe, "," Fusion Technology, **15** (1989) 7.

**1988**

1\. G. A. Collins et al., Nucl. Fusion, **28** (1988) 255.

**1987**

1\. H. Bruhns et al., "," Nucl. Fusion, **27** (1987) 2178.

2\. I. R. Jones et al., "An Experimental Investigation of Low Power,
Long Duration Rotamak Discharges," Aust. J. Phys., **40** (1987) 157.

**1986**

1\. R. L. Miller et al., "Advanced Tokamak Reactors Based on the
Spherical Torus (ATR?ST)," LA-10740-MS (June 1986)

2\. M. Peng, D. J. Strickler, "Features of Spherical Torus Plasmas,"
Nuclear Fusion, **26** (1986) 576.

**1985**

1\. E. A. Lazarus et al., "Feasibility Study of Spherical Torus
Experiment (STX)," ORNL/TM- , (December 1985).

2\. M. Peng et al., "Spherical Torus: An Approach to Compact Fusion at
Low Field - Initial Ignition Assessments," Fusion Technology, **8**
(1985) 338.

3\. M. Peng, "Compact D-T Fusion Spherical Torus at Modest Fields,"
Transactions American Nuclear Society, **49** (1985) 123.

4\. M. Peng, D. J. Strickler, "Features of Spherical Torus Plasmas,"
ORNL/FEDC-85/6 (December 1985).

5\. M. Peng et al., "Initial Assessment of Ignition Spherical Torus,"
ORNL/FEDC-85/5 (December 1985).

6\. M. Peng, "Spherical Torus, Compact Fusion at Low Field,"
ORNL/FEDC-84/7 (February 1985).

**1984 and earlier**

1\. W. N. Hugrass et al., "Compact Torus Configuration Generated by a
Rotating Magnetic Field: the Rotamak," Phys. Rev. Lett., **44** (1980)
1676.

2\. D. L. Jassby, \"Small-Aspect-Ratio, Small-Major-Radius Tokamak
Reactors,\" Com, on Plasma Phys. and Control. Fusion, **3** (1978) 151.

3\. D. L. Jassby, \"A Small-Aspect-Ratio Torus for Demonstrating
Thermonuclear Ignition,\" in Fusion Reactor Design Concepts (IAEA,
Vienna, 1978), 119.

4\. D. L. Jassby, et al., \"PITR- A Small Aspect Ratio, Small Major
Radius Ignition Test Reactor, \" Proc. 3rd Topical Mtg on Technol. of
Cont. Nucl. Fusion (NTIS, 1978), **Vol. 2**, 1101.

5\. M. Peng, R. A. Dory, "Very Small Aspect Ratio Tokamak," ORNL/TM-6535
(October 1978).

6\. M. Peng, "Continuous Tokamak," ORNL/TM-6319 (April 1978).