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GEORGE WASHINGTON BIRTHPLACE NATIONAL MONUMENT

PRESENTS

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**STUDENT WORKBOOK**

## WORD BANK

indentured servants representative England

General Assembly Rappahannock bartering

Thomas Jefferson Potomac plantations

James Monroe corn 1789

James Madison Yorktown representation

Commander-in-Chief 1619 President

natural resource tobacco 1783

George Washington credit 1776

Northern Neck 1788 slaves

1657. debt

Did You Know?

"George Washington surveyed more than 200 tracts, containing upwards of
66,000 acres of land. Washington made his first map (survey) in 1747 and
his last one in 1799, so that he made maps for a period of over half a
century. He owned 69,605 acres of land in 37 different locations".
(Martin, Lawrence, [The George Washington Atlas]{.underline} Washington,
D.C.: United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission, 1932,
preface.)

**Park Background**

Is your mother or father keeping something valuable for you until you
are older? Maybe it is your grandfather's pocket watch that he wanted
you to have. It could be your grandmother\'s necklace or photograph.
Your family \"safekeeps\" this item until you can understand its
importance for you and your family. These items tell a story about your
family. You will want to keep these \"special\" family items to pass
down to your children.

The National Park Service has the same role your parents do in
safekeeping your \"special\" family items. The National Park Service
protects places that have a story to tell about the land, wildlife, or
history. These sites are protected because they are "special places" for
the people of the United States. The role of the National Park Service
has been to protect and preserve (safekeep) these places for the future.

Where George Washington was born is a \"special place" for the people of
the United States. The birthplace is important because George Washington
was the "Father of Our Country." Visitors have traveled to the
birthplace of George Washington since 1815. George Washington Birthplace
National Monument became a part of the National Park Service in 1930.
Across the United States, almost 400 places that tell a story are in
safekeeping by the National Park Service. This means that your children
and your children's children will be able to visit these sites just as
you can.

Fill in the blanks using the words from the Work Bank, Timeline, and
Crossword Puzzle.

####### John Washington Arrives in Virginia

In colonial times, money was scarce in the Chesapeake. If English money
was sent to the Chesapeake, there would not be currency in England.
Tobacco was raised by most planters and used in place of money. Farms
where planters raised tobacco were called .

John Washington sailed to Westmoreland County, Virginia, on the English
merchant ship *Seahorse of London* 50 years after Jamestown was settled.
He arrived in Virginia in the year [­­­­­­]{.underline}. The ship sailed up
the Potomac River into Mattox Creek and took on a cargo of . When the
*Seahorse* was loaded with tobacco, she set sail. The ship ran aground
on a sandbar and sank in a storm. After the ship was floated again,
second officer John Washington left the ship and stayed in Westmoreland
County with Colonel Nathaniel Pope, a local planter. Planters were
gentlemen that planted . The tobacco shipped to would give the planter
on his account with the merchant.

**[Planter John Washington]{.underline}**

John Washington married Ann Pope (Colonel Pope's daughter) in 1658 and
was given 700 acres of land on Mattox Creek (Colonial Beach) as a
wedding gift. The land grew tobacco to use as money or sell. Tobacco was
the cash crop on the plantation. Cattle, hogs, sheep, fowl, vegetables,
and crops such as corn were raised for food. The work on a plantation
required manpower (people) for raising crops and caring for the
livestock. Tobacco needed the most manpower; it took 1 person to work 2
acres of tobacco. People were brought to the colonies from England with
their passage on ship paid by the planters. The people brought over
would have to work 4 to 7 years for the planter and receive their
"Freedom Dues," a bushel of corn and a suite of clothes. They were
called and were a cheap source of labor. The planters (that paid the
passage) would receive 50 acres of land per servant or head, causing
this to be known as the headright system. John Washington used the
headright system for claiming land. He paid the passage from England for
63 indentured servants brought to Virginia. Indentured servants would
never own any land in England. If they came to the Chesapeake colonies
and worked for a planter for 4 to 7 years, the servants would buy their
own land after their indenture. Land was plentiful and cheap. Land was
the reason people came to the Chesapeake; land was needed to plant
tobacco and make money.

Ships loaded with Africans came to Virginia as early as . Africans were
another source of cheap labor for the planters raising tobacco. The
first Africans brought over were indentured servants like the people
from England. By the 1640s, tobacco was the main cash crop and the
planters needed cheap labor to raise it. The planter would make more
money by not having to pay the people that worked the tobacco. By 1662,
all Africans brought to the Chesapeake became . Tobacco (making money)
was the reason for slavery. The more slaves a planter owned, the more
tobacco could be raised for money.

######## Trade With England

Planters like John Washington would ship raw materials to England and
buy the finished products from English merchants. Colonists in the
Chesapeake area were not allowed to manufacture finished products.
Instead, Virginia and Maryland colonists would ship raw materials like
trees to England. Trees are an example of a . Raw materials and tobacco
shipped to England would give a planter credit with the English
merchant. The planter would order fine clothes, china, and household
items from the English merchants. The merchants would charge the items
shipped to the colonies to the planter's account. Money owed to the
English merchant was the planter's [.]{.underline} Money never changed
hands between the Chesapeake planters and the English merchants. The
merchants kept an account book on each planter that showed the credits
for tobacco sent to England and the debts for the goods shipped to the
plantation.

There were no towns during the early years of settling the Northern
Neck. Rivers were the colonial highways and everything moved by ship.
The creeks, rivers, and bay (around the Northern Neck) provided loading
and unloading wharfs within short distances of every plantation. Ships
would bring goods and supplies directly to the plantation or a
neighbor's wharf. The Northern Neck did not need a town; goods could be
delivered to the plantation. Towns such as Fredericksburg developed
during George Washington's childhood. In these towns, farmers could
trade goods such as eggs at the store for nails, sugar, or other goods.
Trading goods for goods or services is known as .

######## The "Duties" of the Washingtons

John Washington was a gentleman and had certain "duties" as such. It was
the duty of a gentleman (someone that owned land and could read and
write) to be a servant of the public. Public service included serving in
appointed and elected positions. Church and state were one unit in
Colonial Virginia. People voted and paid their taxes at their parish (a
county was divided into parishes or church districts). The parish was a
local government unit that was governed by 12 vestrymen (members of the
church). John Washington served as vestryman in the Anglican Church and
the name was changed to the Washington Parish in his honor. John
Washington served as a major in the Virginia Militia. In Westmoreland
County, John was Justice of the Peace and a member of the county court.
He was elected to the Virginia House of Burgesses. The House of
Burgesses was the first form of government in the colonies. The House of
Burgesses is the oldest legislative (lawmaking) body in the western
hemisphere. Today it is called the

.

John Washington moved his family to Bridges Creek (near the Washington
burial grounds) in 1664. John would own over 8,000 acres of land at his
death. John and Ann Washington's eldest son was named Lawrence. Lawrence
was a lawyer and carried on the Washington's duties in public service.
He was Sheriff, Justice of the Peace, and a member of Westmoreland
County court. Lawrence also was a member of the House of Burgesses. He
married Mildred Warner from Gloucester County, Virginia. Lawrence and
Mildred had a son named after her father, Augustine. Augustine
Washington bought 150 acres of land on Popes Creek in 1718 (the year
Blackbeard the pirate was killed in Carolina). Augustine Washington was
living at Popes Creek with his first wife, Jane Butler, by 1726. Jane
died 3 years later, leaving 2 sons. In 1731, Augustine Washington
married Mary Ball. On February 22, 1732, Augustine and Mary's first
child was born at Popes Creek Plantation. They named him

.

WASHINGTON FAMILY TREE

**John Washington** married 1658 **Anne Pope**, Daughter of Nathaniel
Pope

Emigrated to Virginia 1656 ?-1668

1632-1677

**Lawrence Washington** married1686 **Mildred Warner**

1659-1698 ?-1701

Jane Butler married 1715 **Augustine Washington** 2^nd^ marriage 1731
**Mary Ball**

1699-1729 1694-1743 1708 or 1709-1789 George Washington

Butler, born & died 1716 February 22, 1732 -- December 14,1799

#  

##  Lawrence, 1718-1752 Elizabeth, 1733-1797

Augustine, Jr., 1719 or 1720-1762 Samuel, 1734-1781

Jane, 1722-1735 John Augustine, 1735-1787

> Charles, 1738-1799

Mildred, 1739-1740

George Washington married Martha Dandridge Custis on January 6, 1759.
She had two children from her previous marriage and was living at the
White House Plantation in New Kent County. George raised and loved these
children, Jack and Patsy, as his own.

# [Popes Creek Plantation]{.underline}

Virginia was an English colony. The King of England appointed Virginia's
governor. In the Chesapeake, wealth was measured by the amount of land
and the number of slaves a person owned. In the 1700's about 300
families had carved large plantations out of the wilderness and had
formed an upper class that ruled Virginia.

Rivers were important to the colonists in Tidewater Chesapeake areas.
The James, York, Rappahannock, and Potomac Rivers were the colonial
highways to bring news and goods from the outside world. The land named
the Northern Neck was located between the and

Rivers. This tidewater plantation system in the Northern Neck produced 3
of the first 5 presidents:

,

,

.

Virginia produced 4 of the first 5 presidents.
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ was the third President of the
United States and a Virginian.

Thomas Lord Fairfax owned the Northern Neck of Virginia. Over 5 million
acres of land had been granted to his family for their loyalty to the
King of England. Lord Fairfax wanted people to settle in the Northern
Neck. The colonists would pay quit rents (yearly fee like rent to own)
for 7 years to own land in the Northern Neck. The more people that
settled in the Northern Neck, the more money Lord Fairfax made.

Popes Creek Plantation was located on the Potomac River in Westmoreland
County. Augustine Washington had over 20 slaves and 4 indentured
servants working on Popes Creek. The plantation included raising hogs,
cattle, sheep, geese and fowl. These animals were for food and clothing.
Oxen were trained for working the fields and horses were used for
riding. The Native Americans had introduced a crop to the colonials that
was raised on every plantation: . The plantation was like a village with
the Washington family, indentured servants, and slaves. Ships would
bring needed goods right to the plantation wharf on the Potomac River.

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# [George Washington's Youth]{.underline}

The eldest child of Augustine and Mary Ball Washington was George.
Augustine and Mary Ball had five children after George: Elizabeth,
Samuel, John, Augustine, Charles, and Mildred. In 1735, the Washington
family moved from Popes Creek to Little Hunting Creek. The Washingtons
moved to Ferry Farm (near Fredericksburg) on the Rappahannock River in
1738.

When George was 11 years old, his father, Augustine, died. George
inherited Ferry Farm where he lived with his mother and siblings. This
plantation was not large enough to support a "gentleman's" lifestyle in
Virginia. Mary Ball Washington could not afford to send George to
England for an education. At the age of thirteen, George Washington
began studying geometry and surveying using a set of surveyor's
instruments from the storehouse at Ferry Farm. Virginia needed surveyors
to measure land and land was plentiful. Surveying was a gentleman's
trade like doctors and lawyers.

Young George Washington met Thomas Lord Fairfax, owner of
the[\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.]{.underline} Lord Fairfax
enjoyed fox hunting and riding horses. George Washington was an
excellent horseman and could keep up with the hounds during the fox
chase. Fairfax liked George Washington and sent him on his first
surveying job at the age of 16. One year later, George was appointed
surveyor for Culpeper County. He made good money as a surveyor and was
known for his fairness, honesty, and dependability. It was during this
time that Washington began to buy and sell land, a habit he would
continue throughout his life. When George was 18 years of age, he bought
1459 acres of land in Frederick County (Winchester, Virginia). He would
be elected to the House of Burgesses from Frederick County in 8 years.
This would be the beginning of Washington's political career.

######## George Washington: Soldier, Planter, and Statesman

When George Washington was 20, Governor Dinwiddie appointed him as major
in the Virginia Militia. Also that year, George Washington's older
half-brother Lawrence, owner of Mount Vernon, died. Augustine Washington
had stated in his will that if Lawrence died without children the
property would go to George. Mount Vernon became George Washington's
home when he was twenty-two.

In 1754, George Washington fought his first battle against the French
and Indians in Jumonsville, Pennsylvania. He surrendered Fort Necessity
to the French on July 4 that same year. The following year, the French
and Indian War was formally declared. During the French and Indian War,
George Washington served with honor and courage. In 1758, he retired
from the Virginia Militia to his farm at Mount Vernon.

After the French and Indian War, England (Parliament) wanted to tax the
colonies heavily for the debt of the war. The colonists believed there
could not be taxation without in Parliament. The colonists believed that
only the local governments had the power to tax. Parliament believed
that it had the right to tax the colonists. The colonists held meetings
in Philadelphia to discuss the problems with England. In 1775, George
Washington was appointed of the Continental Army. On July 4, , the
thirteen colonies declared their freedom with the Declaration of
Independence.

wrote the Declaration of Independence. General George Washington
defeated Lord Cornwallis at the

Battle of in 1781. While the surrender of Cornwallis' army ended the
last major conflict, the Revolutionary War did not end

until .

After the war was over, General Washington resigned his commission as
Commander-in-Chief in Annapolis, Maryland. This was George Washington's
greatest single act, for not since the days of the early republics of
Greece and Rome had a military leader handed the power back to the
people. George Washington read his resignation to the Continental
Congress and retired to Mount Vernon.

George Washington was called back to public service to preside over the
Constitutional Convention in 1787. Washington's leadership led him to
become the "Father of Our Country." One of Washington's friends and a
fellow Virginian, [i]{.underline}s considered the "Father of the United
States Constitution." The presence of George Washington at the meetings
held the states together because everyone trusted him. The Constitution
was ratified in\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Ratification of the Constitution required
9 of the 13 states to adopt it.

In , George Washington became the first of the United States. George
Washington served 2 terms as president and then retired, setting the
example for future presidents. Twice George Washington gave his power
back to the government (people) by resigning as Commander-in-Chief and
later as President. He died at Mount Vernon in 1799. In George
Washington's will he freed his slaves. George Washington was the only
founding father to provide in his will that all of his slaves were to be
freed.

VIRGINIA TIMELINE

1607 Jamestown settlement

> Africans brought to Jamestown

1658. John Washington settles in Westmoreland County

1662 Slavery Legal

1718 Augustine Washington purchases Popes Creek Plantation

1726. Augustine moves his family to Popes Creek

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1732. George Washington born at Popes Creek

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1749. George Washington appointed Surveyor for Culpeper Co.

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1752. Governor Dinwiddie appoints George Washington Major in the
      Virginia Militia

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1775. April 19, Lexington and Concord

> June 15, George Washington elected Commander-in-Chief

1781. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

1783 Revolutionary War ends

> George Washington resigns as Commander-in-Chief

1787. Washington presides over Constitutional Convention James Madison
      drafted U.S. Constitution

1788. U.S. Constitution Ratified

1789. 

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1797. George Washington resigns as President

1799 G. Washington dies at Mt. Vernon and frees his slaves in his will.

> COMPLETE THE TIMELINE WITH THE EVENTS BELOW
>
> October 19, Lord Cornwallis surrenders at Yorktown
>
> First General Assembly-House of Burgesses
>
> George Washington elected President

# Virginia History Crossword Puzzle

# ![](media/image3.wmf){width="5.557638888888889in" height="4.5in"}

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# ACROSS

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# 1 George Washington was the first

# 4 city on the fall line of the James River

# 7 Lord Cornwallis surrendered British forces to General Washington

# 9 Father of the U.S. Constitution

# 11 Plantation where George Washington was born

# 13 Oldest lawmaking body in the western hemisphere

# 15 George Washington\'s first career

# 16 city on the fall line of the Rappahannock River

# 17 Land between the Potomac and Rappahannock Rivers

# 18 Farm where tobacco was raised

# 

# DOWN

# 

# 2 wrote the Declaration of Independence

# 3 African sold in Virginia to work against his will 

# 5 Merchant would give planter this when tobacco arrived in England

# 6 Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army

# 8 Raw materials such as trees 

# 9 First Washington in Colonial Virginia

# 10 Merchant charged planter\'s account for goods shipped to Virginia

# 12 Trading goods for goods or services

# 14 Used as money in Colonial Virginia

# 

### 

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#### George Washington and Manners

##### When George Washington was your age, he was learning 

proper manners and how to behave. He copied 110 manners titled "Rules of

Civility and Decent Behavior in Company and Conversation." Rule number

1 states "Every action done in company ought to be with some sign of

respect to those that are present." This is the Golden Rule, to treat
others the

way that you want to be treated. The Golden Rule includes having respect

for other people.

List 3 ways you could show respect for your teacher and

classmates**[:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline}**

**[\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline}**

List 3 ways you could show respect for your parents at home**:**

**[\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline}**

**[\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline}**

List 3 ways you could show respect for your country**:**

**[\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline}**

**[\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline}**

**[\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline}**

###### 

###### FOLLOW-UP EXERCISES

Follow-Up Activities are to be completed after your visit to the park.

### ![](media/image5.png){width="2.8958333333333335in" height="2.3541666666666665in"}

### 

### A spider pan is a frying pan with legs. Write a 

paragraph about a spider pan. Include details such as:

-   who used it

-   where it was used (on the plantation)

-   who would eat the food

-   where the food would be eaten

-   why the spider pan had legs

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This is a hoe used to chop weeds, to hill up dirt around

crops, and to cook. Write a paragraph about this tool.

Include details such as:

-   the main crops hilled up with this tool

-   who used it

-   what food is named for being cooked on this tool

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-   where was the food cooked

-   who ate the food

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height="4.122222222222222in"}

### This is a tobacco 

### 

### plant. See how the 

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### dirt is "hilled up" 

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### around the plant to 

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### keep moisture near 

### 

### the roots. Write a 

### 

### paragraph about 

### 

### tobacco. Include 

### 

### details such as:

-   why the colonists raised tobacco,

-   who worked the tobacco in the fields

-   who sold the tobacco

-   who bought the tobacco

-   how the income from tobacco was used