# RSVP {#rsvp .unnumbered}

# The AGS Conceptual Design Report {#the-ags-conceptual-design-report .unnumbered}

## Table of contents {#table-of-contents .unnumbered}

**Chapter I. The overall picture** 5

> **1. Introduction**
>
> **2. BNL/AGS-RSVP Project management** 5

2.1 Management Basis 6

2.2 RSVP Project Organization 6

2.3 Management during the construction phase 8

2.4 Management during the operations phase 9

> **3. The AGS modifications** 9

3.1 RHIC required modifications 10

3.2 Modifications for environmental protection 10

3.3 Modifications to restore high intensity proton operations in the AGS
10

3.4 RSVP specific modifications 11

**4. Timelines and Milestones** 12

**Chapter II: Technical details of the performance and proposed
modifications** 15

> **1. The AGS and Booster description** 15

1.1 The Booster / AGS performance 16

1.2 Slow extraction from the AGS 17

> **2. Booster modifications** 19
>
> 2.1 Conventional infrastructure 19

2.2 Electrical modifications 20

> 2.3 Mechanical modifications 20
>
> 2.4 RF modifications 22
>
> 2.5 Instrumentation 22

2.6 Controls 23

> **3. AGS Modifications**
>
> 3.1 Conventional infrastructure 24
>
> 3.2 Electrical modifications 24
>
> 3.3 Mechanical modifications 25
>
> 3.4 Instrumentation 26
>
> 3.5 Controls 27
>
> 4\. Modifications for RSVP Experiments 27
>
> 4.1 Intensity upgrades 27
>
> 4.2 Modifications for MECO 29

4.3 Modifications for KOPIO 32

> **5. The AGS Switchyard** 34
>
> 5.1 Planned changes to the Switchyard 35
>
> 5.2 The AGS --NASA Facility 36
>
> 5.3 Switchyard Shielding 36
>
> 5.4 Switchyard Infrastructure 36
>
> 5.5 Instrumentation 37
>
> 5.6 Controls 37
>
> 5.7 Personnel Access controls 37
>
> **6. References** 38

**Chapter III. The MECO experiment** 39

1.  

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1.  **Over view: Experimental Support and Facility (ES&F) for MECO** 39

2.  **Beam Transport design to the MECO target: A-Line** 39

3.  **The MECO production target** 42

4.  **Beam line and experimental area construction** 43

> 4.1 Beam line construction 43
>
> 4.2 The SC solenoid magnet system 44
>
> 4.3 Shielding design and installation for the experimental area 44
>
> 4.4 Experimental facilities 45

5.  **Operations support** 45

6.  **Environmental Protection and Personnel Safety** 45

7.  **References** 46

**Chapter IV: KOPIO** 47

2.  

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```
1.  **Primary beam transport modifications** 47

2.  **Production target** 49

3.  **Shielding/Beam Dump** 50

4.  **Secondary beam** 51

5.  **Vacuum** 53

6.  **Experiment Installation** 54

7.  **Secondary Beam and Experimental Area Shielding** 54

8.  **Access Control System** 54

**Chapter V: ESHQ** 55

1.  **Purpose** 55

> 1.1 Process Activity Description
>
> 1.2 Inventory Hazards 56

2.  **Preliminary Hazard Analysis** 57

3.  **ESHQ Plans for Construction by RSVP/C-AD/BNL Staff and
    Subcontractors**60

4.  **ESHQ Plans for Commissioning, Operations, and Post Operations** 62

**Chapter VI: The PASS System** 66

1.  **Introduction** 66

2.  **System General Characteristics** 66

3.  **System design** 66

> 3.1 Field Machines 67
>
> 3.2 Critical Device Control 67
>
> 3.3 Gate System 67
>
> 3.4 Beam crash and Sweep Systems 67
>
> 3.5 ODH System 68
>
> 3.6 Pass Command System 69

4.  **Review and Testing** 69

**Chapter VII: Controls** 73

1.  **Scope of work** 73

2.  **Method** 74

**Chapter VIII: Instrumentation** 76

1.  **External Profile Monitors** 76

> 1.1 Introduction 76
>
> 1.2 EPM Operation Principle 77
>
> 1.3 EPM Design 77
>
> 1.4 Vacuum Limitations 80
>
> 1.5 Performance 81

2.  **KOPIO High Intensity requirements** 81

> 2.1 Modifications of the EPM 82
>
> 2.2 Magnetic Field 82

3.  **Profile Monitors: Segmented Wire Chamber** 83

4.  **Profile Monitors: Scanning Target** 83

5.  **Current Transformers** 84

6.  **Secondary Emission Chamber** 85

7.  **Loss Monitors** 86

8.  **Target Instrumentation** 87

> 8.1 Pin Diodes 87
>
> 8.2 Telescopes 87
>
> 8.3 Target Temperature Monitor 88
>
> 8.4 Target Flag 88
>
> 8.5 Loss Monitor 88

## Chapter I, The Overall Picture and RSVP Management {#chapter-i-the-overall-picture-and-rsvp-management .unnumbered}

# Introduction

The Rare Symmetry violating Processes (RSVP) Project and Program at
Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) is a Major Research Equipment -
Facility Construction (MRE-FC) project and research program of the
National Science Foundation (NSF). It was developed as a means to carry
out a set of very compelling particle physics experiments at BNL's
Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS) machine after the U.S. Department
of Energy (DOE) terminated the use of this machine as a DOE user
facility in U.S. Fiscal Year (FY) 1999. RSVP at this time, consists of
two separate experiments, KOPIO and MECO that will be constructed over
the next several years and then operated to produce physics results.

The RSVP project will be incorporated into the C-AD complex of
accelerators and beam lines. In this chapter we present the
modifications and new construction that are required to provide the high
intensity beams for RSVP and the impact on the facility as a whole.

The Collider-Accelerator Department (C-AD) complex, figure 1,
constitutes a number of accelerators including two Tandem Van de Graff
accelerators, a 200 MeV linear accelerator LINAC, a Booster synchrotron,
the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron and the Relativistic Heavy Ions
Collider. These are combined to serve several programmatic operations to
deliver a variety of beams to the user community. These include:

-   The Tandem/ Booster/AGS as injectors to the Relativistic Heavy Ions
    Collider (RHIC)

-   The LINAC/Booster/AGS as injectors of polarized protons to RHIC.

-   The Tandem/Booster delivery of ion beams to the NASA Space Radiation
    Laboratory (NSRL).

-   The Tandem/Booster/AGS delivery of ions to the NASA-AGS beam line.

-   The LINAC delivery of high intensity protons to the Brookhaven
    Linear Isotope Production facility (BLIP).

-   The LINAC/Booster/AGS delivery of high intensity proton beams to the
    RSVP experiments, the focus of this document.

In order to maintain high efficiency significant versatility is
required. This includes the capability of operating multiple programs
simultaneously achieved via pulse to pulse modulated time sharing (PPM)
as well as the ability to make fast changes of state requiring few
minutes and is done entirely via computer controls (mode switching). A
given program that can be performed in a time sharing mode (either via
PPM or a mode switching) would be defined as capable of concurrent mode
operation. The Booster delivery of ions to the NSRL and the AGS, or
polarized protons or high intensity protons to the AGS may be
accomplished in concurrent mode operation. The same is true of the AGS
delivering ions or polarized protons to RHIC and high intensity protons
to RSVP. On the other hand, the AGS Switchyard must be capable of
delivering high intensity protons to RSVP experiments and ions to a high
energy NASA beam line. The operation of RSVP and the NASA-AGS program
cannot run concurrently as high intensity protons must not activate the
NASA beam components due to the required frequent experimenter access
into the beam line. Similarly the delivery of beams to the two RSVP
experiments are not concurrent.

![](media/image1.png){width="6.5in"
height="4.070833333333334in"}**Figure 1:** The Linac Booster and AGS and
overall accelerator complex and the layout of the KOPIO and MECO
Experimental Areas at the Collider-Accelerator Department Facilities.

The C-AD follows strict guidelines and a rigorous review process for all
installed systems. This includes conventional safety requirements and to
comply with the goal to keep radiation exposure to C-AD workers and
equipment as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) and enforces limits on
beam losses and radiation levels for environmental protection. The C-AD
safety systems include access controls to radiation areas, active
radiation monitoring to ensure radiation levels follow predetermined
guidelines, and ground water activation monitoring.

# AGS RSVP Project Management

# 2.1 Management Basis {#management-basis .unnumbered}

The RSVP Project will be managed for the NSF through the RSVP Project
Office and will be overseen by the Joint Oversight Group (JOG) of the
two agencies as provided for in the NSF-DOE MOU. This AGS Management
Plan will capture the elements of the management of the BNL/AGS-RSVP
project and become part of the RSVP Management Plan for the RSVP
Project.

The DOE Site Office at BNL, through the Federal Project Director, will
oversee the Laboratory related aspects of the RSVP Project (permanent
modifications of the AGS, its extraction system and proton beam lines,
and experiment installations). In addition, the Laboratory Associate
Director for High Energy and Nuclear Physics will provide additional
direct oversight to the BNL/AGS-RSVP project.

Specific details about the management structure and governing policy are
provided in the NSF-DOE MOU, provided as an Appendix to the RSVP
Management Plan.

# 2.2 RSVP Project Organization {#rsvp-project-organization .unnumbered}

The RSVP Project organization chart is shown in figure 2 below. In
addition to reporting directly to the RSVP Project office as shown in
the chart, the BNL/AGS-RSVP project also reports directly to the BNL
Associate Director for High Energy and Nuclear Physics, The DOE
Brookhaven Area Office and the head of the Collider Accelerator
Department. The approach is to satisfy the needs of the RSVP Project
office consistent with guidance provided to the BNL/AGS-RSVP project by
individuals in the other reporting lines. Conflicts that cannot be
resolved will need to be resolved at the NSF/DOE level.

**Figure 2.** RSVP Project Organization chart

The BNL/AGS-RSVP project organization chart is shown in figure 3 below
with, except for the RSVP Project office, all upper level reporting
lines removed. The level 3 project managers listed in the boxes
reporting to the AGS project are members of the C-AD and have separate
management lines to answer to and do not have full-time responsibility
to RSVP. The level 3 subsystem managers are responsible to insure work
gets scheduled to meet established milestones. The C-AD Chair has the
responsibility to insure there is adequate staff to meet the milestones.
The deputy AGS Upgrades Project manager has the responsibility to report
such needs. The C-AD chief mechanical and electrical engineers are
responsible for insuring the necessary engineering resources are made
available.

F**igure 3.** BNL/AGS-RSVP project organizational chart.

##  {#section .unnumbered}

## 2.3 Management during construction phase {#management-during-construction-phase .unnumbered}

Work will be defined by yearly MOU's between the BNL/AGS-RSVP project,
RSVP Project office and experiments. Work will be performed using C-AD
personnel together with new hires to either back-fill for RHIC needs or
do work for RSVP. In all instances RHIC priority will be maintained.
Conflicts will be handled with the goal to not seriously impact
established RSVP milestones. At times this may require overtime or
second shift work.

RSVP representatives will be required to participate in the ES&F
Division usual "Monday" ES&F Division Staff Meeting where the week's
Division work plan is discussed. Plan to continue weekly RSVP specific
meetings (these began in July 2004), including relevant Department
personnel and representatives from the experiments, to discuss
management issues, technical progress, schedule and cost issues
throughout the life of the project. Other invitees include
representatives from the RSVP Project Office and the DOE Brookhaven Area
Office.

##  {#section-1 .unnumbered}

## 2.4 Management during operations phase {#management-during-operations-phase .unnumbered}

## RSVP will be scheduled to run concurrent with RHIC operations and outside of RHIC operations. The present C-AD planning meetings relevant to RHIC operations are listed below. {#rsvp-will-be-scheduled-to-run-concurrent-with-rhic-operations-and-outside-of-rhic-operations.-the-present-c-ad-planning-meetings-relevant-to-rhic-operations-are-listed-below. .unnumbered}

##  {#section-2 .unnumbered}

1.  Monday "Schedule Meeting" between RHIC experiment representatives,
    RHIC run coordinator, and C-AD Experiment and Accelerator Division
    Heads and Scheduling Physicist to discuss/fix the schedule for the
    upcoming week. Chaired by the Scheduling Physicist

2.  Tuesday \"Time Meeting\" of BNL personnel (key engineers,
    physicists, MCR operations personnel, C-AD management, Associate Lab
    Director for HE&NP, experimenters and others are held during RHIC
    operations to discuss the schedule of collider operations (as well
    as AGS fixed target operations, if applicable), luminosity issues,
    any special problems operations personnel or experimenters may have
    etc. Chaired by the Scheduling Physicist.

3.  Wednesday "RHIC Machine/Detector Planning Meeting" with experiments,
    attended by ALD for HE&NP, C-AD Department head, C-AD Division
    heads, RHIC Computing Facility representative, experiment
    spokespersons and others. Chaired by P. Pile

4.  Daily (as needed) "RHIC Machine Status Accelerator Physicist
    Meeting" - accomplishments/problems of the previous 24 hrs, plan for
    next 24 hrs, experiment representatives are welcomed. Chaired by
    Accelerator Run Coordinator

These meetings are expected to continue into the RSVP era. The plan is
to integrate key RSVP personnel into the RHIC planning meetings so they
become participants in the scheduling and priority setting process.

As will be the case during the RSVP construction phase, RHIC operational
needs will take priority over RSVP.

**Details of the AGS Project Management Plan are contained elsewhere in
the RSVP Project Management Plan**

# The AGS modifications

The AGS modifications for RSVP can be divided up into four basic
categories. First are the modifications to the Booster and AGS that will
ensure that RSVP operations do not compromise the operation of RHIC.
Second modifications that are required to ensure compliance with
laboratory environmental protection guidelines. Third modifications that
are required to resume clean operations with high intensity. Finally
modifications that are required to meet the RSVP experimental
specifications.

##  {#section-3 .unnumbered}

## 3.1 RHIC Required Modifications {#rhic-required-modifications .unnumbered}

The high intensity proton beam has sufficient power to cause physical
damage to accelerator components in the Booster and the AGS. A number of
areas to which damage to components will affect RHIC operations have
been identified.

During Booster injection and acceleration the beam has the potential of
damaging the heavy ion inflector septum located in the C3 straight
section of the Booster ring. A protection system will be added to
prevent this from occurring. Also Booster injection beam losses cause
radiation damage to magnet coil insulation, eventually resulting in
magnet shorts. To remedy this carbon blocks are being added to specific
areas in the injection region to absorb and diffuse beam losses in those
areas. In addition collimation is being added to the injection transfer
line to reduce beam losses in the injection region.

Losses during acceleration will damage magnet coil insulation in both
the Booster and AGS. To some level this damage is predictable. We know
where losses occur. But predicting which magnets will fail is difficult.
To ensure we are prepared for magnet failures we will be purchasing
spare magnet coils to have in hand if and when a failure occurs.
Experience during the 1980's and 1990's tells us that we should expect
about one magnet repair per year for both the Booster and the AGS during
high intensity operations.

There exists a single spare unit for the Booster extraction septum
magnet, known as the F6 septum. This magnet is very difficult to
replace, and out of 5 replacements that have been done in the past, 3
resulted in the spare unit becoming shorted requiring immediate repair.
This increased the occupational dose to workers and extended the repair
period. A second spare magnet will be built prior to high intensity
operation.

## Modifications for Environmental Protection

New policies at BNL require that groundwater activation cannot exceed 5
% of the EPA drinking water limit. In order to meet this requirement we
must put water impervious covers, called caps, over the soil-shielding
covering the accelerator tunnels. The cost for these caps is borne
entirely by RSVP, since the RHIC and NASA operations do not produce
significant enough radiation, except at the dump that is already capped,
to exceed the 5% limit. High intensity proton operations do produce
significant radiation in all soil-shielded areas of the Booster Ring,
and calculations show that the amount of beam loss required to exceed
the 5 % level is not detectable, and therefore avoidable, with existing
instrumentation. Therefore all shielding covering the Booster and AGS
tunnels will have caps installed.

## Modifications to Restore High Intensity Proton Operations in the AGS

The Booster and AGS have not operated for high intensity since 2002. The
next anticipated high intensity operation is not until 2010. To ensure
that the AGS will be capable of achieving beam intensities comparable to
those achieved in 2002 a number of systems are required to be repaired
and/or upgraded. Systems that fall under this category of modifications
are the Booster loss monitors system, the Booster extraction kicker
pulse forming network (PFN), AGS injection kicker PFN, controls systems,
AGS RC networks and ring grounds systems, AGS sextupole coils, motion
systems, AGS loss monitors, and video systems.

The AGS extraction system will be redesigned for RSVP needs. The current
extraction devices are ageing and require significant maintenance.
Although RSVP demands require we design and build new magnets and power
supplies, the age and condition of the exiting systems merit this be
done independently, even were we only to return to the operational
levels of 2002.

##  {#section-4 .unnumbered}

## 3.4 RSVP Specific Modifications {#rsvp-specific-modifications .unnumbered}

In order to achieve the RSVP program goals a number of systems need to
be added or modified in the Booster and AGS. The goals are listed in
Table 1. KOPIO requires a 25 MHz bunch structure on the slow extracted
beam, which will be accomplished by the addition of a 25 MHz RF cavity,
built in collaboration with TRIUMF. To achieve the 200 psec bunch widths
a 100 MHz RF cavity may be required. To achieve the 100x10^12^
protons/cycle requires the intensity upgrades to the Booster and AGS.
MECO requires a lower frequency bunch structure, which can be
accomplished via the exiting RF systems in the AGS. To achieve the
extinction level of 10^-9^ will require a gap cleaning system to be
installed in the AGS. This system will be composed of an AC dipole and a
series of strip-line kickers in the AGS. The high throughput beam
intensity for MECO requires the intensity upgrades to the Booster and
the AGS. The two main intensity upgrades consist of RF feedback in the
Booster RF systems, to gain high stability and improve the capture
efficiency during injection and the addition of kicker modules to AGS
injection to allow an increase in the transfer beam energy from the
Booster to the AGS. This will reduce the space charge effects seen
during injection in the AGS, and will allow the beam to be kicked unto
the equilibrium orbit during injection, thereby reducing losses.

Since MECO is a much lower beam energy extraction for the AGS, the
aperture of the extraction magnets is not sufficient to allow efficient
slow extraction. New extraction magnets need to be designed to
accommodate the larger beam for MECO. The same magnets are required for
KOPIO and so new power supplies are required, since the new magnets will
require higher currents to achieve the magnetic fields required for
KOPIO extraction.

Some beam studies have been performed that provide the proof of
principle for the extraction systems for both experiments. These studies
will be described in more detail in section 4. Additional beam studies
have even been performed in order to explore some of the parameters for
the KOPIO experiment. But to better understand the extraction processes
and the best ways to optimize the parameters for the two experiments a
significant amount of simulations work needs to be done. The simulations
need to explore the parameter goals of the two experiments, and to
understand high intensity and space charge effects on the experiment
parameters and on the accelerator performance.

Both RSVP experiments have demanding beam requirements. Table 1
summarises the RSVP targeted performance goals along with the nominal
operating parameters for slow extracted beam from the AGS. To meet these
goals C-AD has evaluated all the systems required for high intensity
protons operations and identified those systems that require updating
and repair.

The operational goal is to run the MECO experiment at a sustained beam
intensity of 20 TP/s. We are working towards raising this target to 40
TP/s. The actual spill length for KOPIO will be determined once rates
are known and experiment optimization is completed. For planning
purposes we should make sure the target design is good to 30TP/sec (50%
above the present K0PI0 design specifications). Table 2 shows and
operational scenario for the RSVP experiments.

**Table 1.** **RSVP operational beam parameters**

+-------------------+--------------+----------------+-----------------+
|                   | > Normal SEB | ########       | ####            |
|                   |              | # KOPIO {#kopi | ##### MECO {#me |
|                   |              | o .unnumbered} | co .unnumbered} |
+-------------------+--------------+----------------+-----------------+
| P (GeV/c)         | 25.5         | 25.5           | 7.5             |
+-------------------+--------------+----------------+-----------------+
| Rep. Time (sec)   | 5.3          | 7.18           | 1               |
+-------------------+--------------+----------------+-----------------+
| Spill Length      | 3            | 4.88           | 0.5             |
| (sec)             |              |                |                 |
+-------------------+--------------+----------------+-----------------+
| Intensity         | \> 70        | 100 TP/pulse   | 20 TP/pulse, 2  |
|                   | TP/pulse     |                | bunches         |
+-------------------+--------------+----------------+-----------------+
| Bunch length      | DC           | 200 psec       | \~10 nsec       |
|                   |              | (goal)         |                 |
|                   |              |                |                 |
|                   |              | 260 (w/o 100   |                 |
|                   |              | MHz)           |                 |
+-------------------+--------------+----------------+-----------------+
| Time between      | DC           | 40 nsec        | 1.35 usec       |
| bunche            |              |                |                 |
+-------------------+--------------+----------------+-----------------+
| dp/p (%)          | 0.7 - 0.9    | \< 0.5         | \~ 1.0          |
+-------------------+--------------+----------------+-----------------+
| Int. Intensity (# | 7x10^20^     | 9x10^20^       | 2x10^20^        |
| protons)          |              |                |                 |
|                   | (            |                |                 |
|                   | post-Booster |                |                 |
|                   | sum)         |                |                 |
+-------------------+--------------+----------------+-----------------+
| Extinction        | ######       | 10^-3^         | 10^-9^          |
|                   | ### NA {#na  |                |                 |
|                   | .unnumbered} |                |                 |
+-------------------+--------------+----------------+-----------------+

## Table 2. An Illustrative Scenario for RSVP Running {#table-2.-an-illustrative-scenario-for-rsvp-running .unnumbered}

+------+-----------------+-----------+----------------+---------------+
| **Fi | **Running       | *         | **Begin (end)  | **Hours of    |
| scal | Activity**      | *Duration | intensity**    | running**     |
| Ye   |                 | (weeks)** |                |               |
| ar** |                 |           |                |               |
+------+-----------------+-----------+----------------+---------------+
| 2010 | Pre-operations: | 8         | As high as     | 640           |
|      |                 |           | possible       |               |
|      | KOPIO neutral   |           |                |               |
|      | beam, MECO      |           |                |               |
|      | extinction      |           |                |               |
+------+-----------------+-----------+----------------+---------------+
| 2011 | KOPIO           | 5         | 10 (30)        | 400           |
|      | Engineering     |           | TP/pulse       |               |
+------+-----------------+-----------+----------------+---------------+
| 2011 | KOPIO           | 20        | 30 (75) TP/p   | 2000          |
|      | Operations      |           |                |               |
+------+-----------------+-----------+----------------+---------------+
| 2012 | MECO            | 5         | 2 (10)         | 400           |
|      | Engineering     |           | TP/second      |               |
+------+-----------------+-----------+----------------+---------------+
| 2012 | MECO Operations | 20        | 10 (17.5) TP/s | 2000          |
+------+-----------------+-----------+----------------+---------------+
| 2013 | KOPIO           | 25        | 75 (100) TP/p  | 2240          |
|      | Operations      |           |                |               |
+------+-----------------+-----------+----------------+---------------+
| 2014 | MECO Operations | 25        | 17.5 (20) TP/s | 2240          |
+------+-----------------+-----------+----------------+---------------+
| 2015 | KOPIO           | 25        | 100 TP/p       | 2240          |
|      | Operations      |           |                |               |
+------+-----------------+-----------+----------------+---------------+
| 2016 | MECO Operations | 25        | 20 TP/s        | 2240          |
+------+-----------------+-----------+----------------+---------------+
| **T  |                 |           |                |               |
| OTAL |                 |           |                |               |
| S:** |                 |           |                |               |
+------+-----------------+-----------+----------------+---------------+
| **8  |                 |           |                |               |
| W    |                 |           |                |               |
| EEKS |                 |           |                |               |
| PRE- |                 |           |                |               |
| OPER |                 |           |                |               |
| ATIO |                 |           |                |               |
| NS** |                 |           |                |               |
+------+-----------------+-----------+----------------+---------------+
| **10 |                 |           |                |               |
| W    |                 |           |                |               |
| EEKS |                 |           |                |               |
| E    |                 |           |                |               |
| NGIN |                 |           |                |               |
| EERI |                 |           |                |               |
| NG** |                 |           |                |               |
+------+-----------------+-----------+----------------+---------------+
| **1  |                 |           |                |               |
| 2960 |                 |           |                |               |
| T    |                 |           |                |               |
| OTAL |                 |           |                |               |
| H    |                 |           |                |               |
| OURS |                 |           |                |               |
| OPER |                 |           |                |               |
| ATIO |                 |           |                |               |
| NS** |                 |           |                |               |
+------+-----------------+-----------+----------------+---------------+

1.  **Timelines and Milestones**

The two charts below show the BNL/AGS-RSVP project Timelines and
Milestones for the AGS and Switchyard modification and the KOPIO and
MECO beam lines and experiment construction taken from the project Work
Breakdown Structure.

![](media/image2.png){width="5.138194444444444in" height="8.7in"}

![](media/image3.png){width="4.5875in" height="8.8in"}

**Chapter II: Technical details of the performance and proposed
modifications**

#  {#section-5 .unnumbered}

# Booster and AGS Description

The AGS has a long history of providing high quality slow extracted
beams to fixed target experiments. It is the only high energy
accelerator in the world to achieve beam intensities over 70x10^12^
protons/cycle. The AGS Booster began operations in 1991 and has since
been the injector for the AGS.

## Table 1: Booster and AGS Parameters {#table-1-booster-and-ags-parameters .unnumbered}

+------------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+
| # Pa             | # Booster               | #                       |
| rameter {#parame |  {#booster .unnumbered} |  AGS {#ags .unnumbered} |
| ter .unnumbered} |                         |                         |
+------------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+
| # Circumfere     | # 201.78 (1/4 AGS)      | # 807                   |
| nce {#circumfere |  m {#ags-m .unnumbered} | .094 m {#m .unnumbered} |
| nce .unnumbered} |                         |                         |
+------------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+
| # Ave. R         | # 32.1                  | # 128.4                 |
| adius {#ave.-rad | 14 m {#m-1 .unnumbered} | 53 m {#m-2 .unnumbered} |
| ius .unnumbered} |                         |                         |
+------------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+
| # Bend R         | # 13.86                 | # 85.37                 |
| adius {#bend-rad | 56 m {#m-3 .unnumbered} | 85 m {#m-4 .unnumbered} |
| ius .unnumbered} |                         |                         |
+------------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+
| # Lattice        | # Separated Functio     | # Combined Functi       |
| Type {#lattice-t | n, FODO {#separated-fun | on, FOFO {#combined-fun |
| ype .unnumbered} | ction-fodo .unnumbered} | ction-fofo .unnumbered} |
+------------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+
| # No             | # 6 {                   | # 12 {                  |
| . Super periods  | #section-6 .unnumbered} | #section-7 .unnumbered} |
| {#no.-super-peri |                         |                         |
| ods .unnumbered} |                         |                         |
+------------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+
| # B              | # 4.82, 4.83 {          | # 8.72, 8.80 {          |
| etatron Tune X,Y | #section-8 .unnumbered} | #section-9 .unnumbered} |
|  {#betatron-tune |                         |                         |
| -xy .unnumbered} |                         |                         |
+------------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+
| # Vacuum Chamb   | 70 x 120 mm Dipoles     | # 78 x                  |
| er {#vacuum-cham |                         | 173 mm Dipoles {#x-173- |
| ber .unnumbered} | 152 mm (circular) Quads | mm-dipoles .unnumbered} |
+------------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+
| # Max. Rigid     | #                       | # 110                   |
| ity {#max.-rigid | 17 Tm {#tm .unnumbered} |  Tm {#tm-1 .unnumbered} |
| ity .unnumbered} |                         |                         |
+------------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+
| # Inje           | # 2.2 Tm (200           | # 9.076 Tm (1.94 G      |
| ction Rigidity { | MeV protons) {#tm-200-m | eV protons) {#tm-1.94-g |
| #injection-rigid | ev-protons .unnumbered} | ev-protons .unnumbered} |
| ity .unnumbered} |                         |                         |
+------------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+
| # Ac             | # 8.                    | # 2.5                   |
| celeration Rate  | 9 T/s {#ts .unnumbered} | T/s {#ts-1 .unnumbered} |
| {#acceleration-r |                         |                         |
| ate .unnumbered} |                         |                         |
+------------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+

The AGS Booster accepts ions from the Tandem Van de Graff and polarized
protons and high intensity protons from the 200 MeV LINAC. The AGS
Booster is a high vacuum rapid cycling accelerator used to fill the AGS
with ions and/or protons (1.94 GeV) and to slow extract ions to NSRL (1
GeV/n ions). The AGS accepts ions, polarized protons, and high intensity
protons from the Booster and through fast extraction is used to fill
RHIC with ions and/or polarized protons. It can also slow extract ions
and high intensity protons to fixed target experiments. Table 1 gives a
summary of the parameters for the Booster and the AGS. Figure 1 shows
the layout of the Booster along with the components of interest for
RSVP.

![](media/image4.png){width="5.5in" height="4.9in"}

**Figure 1.** Booster schematic indicating the locations of the RSVP
modifications.

## 1.1 Booster/AGS Performance {#boosterags-performance .unnumbered}

For normal slow extracted beam (SEB) operation with a 5.4 second AGS
cycle time and 6 Booster fills per AGS cycle, the peak throughput
achieved was 19.6 Tp/sec, (1 TP = 1x10^12^ protons) Booster Late and
13.7 Tp/sec, AGS Late. The peak intensity for SEB operation was 73
TP/cycle. Table 2 shows the 10 pulse best performance data from the 2002
SEB run.

Table 2: SEB 10 Pulse Ave. Data (best performance)

+---------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+-----+--------+
|               | **Inte  | **     | **Beam  | **A    | **  | **Lo   |
|               | nsity** | Effici | Loss**  | LARA** | Los | ss/m** |
|               |         | ency** |         |        | s** |        |
|               | **      |        | **(Tp/c | **     |     | **(    |
|               | (Tp/cyc | *      | ycle)** | (Tp/cy | **  | W/m)** |
|               | le)\*** | *(%)** |         | cle)** | (kW |        |
|               |         |        |         |        | )** |        |
+---------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+-----+--------+
| **Linac**     | **177** | **-**  | **-**   | **-**  | **  |        |
|               |         |        |         |        | -** |        |
+---------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+-----+--------+
| **Booster     | **125** | **71** | **52**  | **54** | **  | *      |
| Injected**    |         |        |         |        | 0.3 | *1.5** |
|               |         |        |         |        | 1** |        |
+---------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+-----+--------+
| **Booster     | **106** | **86** | **18**  | **18** | *   | *      |
| Extracted**   |         |        |         |        | *0. | *2.5** |
|               |         |        |         |        | 5** |        |
+---------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+-----+--------+
| **AGS         | **78**  | **74** | **28**  | **     | **  | **2.0  |
| Injected**    |         |        |         | 31.5** | 1.6 | \*\*** |
|               |         |        |         |        | 2** |        |
+---------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+-----+--------+
| *             | **76**  | **98** | **2**   | **3**  | **  | *      |
| *Transition** |         |        |         |        | 0.2 | *0.3** |
|               |         |        |         |        | 6** |        |
+---------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+-----+--------+
| **After       | **73**  | **95** | **3**   | *      | **  | *      |
| Transition**  |         |        |         | *4.5** | 0.6 | *0.8** |
|               |         |        |         |        | 3** |        |
+---------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+-----+--------+
| **AGS Late**  | **73**  | *      | **0**   | *      | **  | **0**  |
|               |         | *100** |         | *1.5** | 0** |        |
+---------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+-----+--------+

\*\* assumed lost in the AGS

For normal fast extracted beam (FEB) operation with a 2.77 sec. AGS
cycle time and 6 Booster cycles fills per AGS cycle, the peak throughput
achieved was 30 Tp/sec, Booster Late and 22 Tp/sec, AGS Late. The peak
intensity for FEB operation was 61.4 TP/cycle. Table 3 shows the 10
pulse best performance data from the 2001 FEB run.

Table 3: FEB 10 Pulse Ave. Data (best performance, not sustainable
operation)

+---------------+--------+---------+----------+--------+----+-------+
|               | *      | **Effic | **Beam   | **A    | ** | **Los |
|               | *Inten | iency** | Loss**   | LARA** | Lo | s/m** |
|               | sity** |         |          |        | ss |       |
|               |        | **(%)** | **(Tp/   | **     | ** | **(W  |
|               | **     |         | cycle)** | (Tp/cy |    | /m)** |
|               | (Tp/cy |         |          | cle)** | ** |       |
|               | cle)** |         |          |        | (k |       |
|               |        |         |          |        | W) |       |
|               |        |         |          |        | ** |       |
+---------------+--------+---------+----------+--------+----+-------+
| **Linac**     | *      | **-**   | **-**    | **-**  | *  | **-** |
|               | *115** |         |          |        | *- |       |
|               |        |         |          |        | ** |       |
+---------------+--------+---------+----------+--------+----+-------+
| **Booster     | **89** | **77**  | **27**   | **     | ** | **    |
| Injected**    |        |         |          | 27.7** | 0. | 1.5** |
|               |        |         |          |        | 31 |       |
|               |        |         |          |        | ** |       |
+---------------+--------+---------+----------+--------+----+-------+
| **Booster     | **83** | **93**  | **6**    | *      | ** | **    |
| Extracted**   |        |         |          | *9.2** | 0. | 1.6** |
|               |        |         |          |        | 33 |       |
|               |        |         |          |        | ** |       |
+---------------+--------+---------+----------+--------+----+-------+
| **AGS         | **66** | **78**  | **18**   | **     | *  | *     |
| Injected**    |        |         |          | 16.3** | *2 | *2.5\ |
|               |        |         |          |        | .0 | *\*** |
|               |        |         |          |        | ** |       |
+---------------+--------+---------+----------+--------+----+-------+
| **Before      | **     | **94**  | **3.7**  | *      | *  | **    |
| Transition**  | 62.3** |         |          | *1.5** | *0 | 1.1** |
|               |        |         |          |        | .9 |       |
|               |        |         |          |        | ** |       |
+---------------+--------+---------+----------+--------+----+-------+
| **After       | **     | **99**  | **0.6**  | *      | *  | **    |
| Transition**  | 61.6** |         |          | *2.3** | *0 | 0.2** |
|               |        |         |          |        | .2 |       |
|               |        |         |          |        | ** |       |
+---------------+--------+---------+----------+--------+----+-------+
| **AGS Late**  | **     | *       | **0.3**  | *      | ** | **    |
|               | 61.4** | *99.5** |          | *0.8** | 0. | 0.3** |
|               |        |         |          |        | 25 |       |
|               |        |         |          |        | ** |       |
+---------------+--------+---------+----------+--------+----+-------+

\*\* assumed lost in the AGS

As can be seen in tables 2 and 3 the beam losses at different times in
the cycle can be significant during high intensity operation. These
losses are administratively managed to keep radiation dose to workers to
as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) and for these workers to still
be able to maintain the accelerator.

## 1.2 Slow Extraction from the AGS {#slow-extraction-from-the-ags .unnumbered}

Slow extraction from a synchrotron refers to the deliberate excitation
of a betatron resonance so that transverse oscillation amplitudes of
charged particles cross into the acceptance of an extraction septum.
When the motion of particles falling into resonance is strongly
influenced by their longitudinal momentum, extraction is referred to as
*chromatic*. Slow extraction from the AGS is a chromatic slow extraction
that exploits a sextupole driven resonance to excite the particle
transverse amplitudes. Four sextupoles are used to create the resonance.
To extract the beam in resonance, three septa devices are utilized; a
very thin electrostatic septum (H20), a thin magnetic septum (F5), and a
thick magnetic septum (F10). The three septa need to be precisely
aligned to minimize losses during the extraction process. Two orbit
deformations are created to distort the equilibrium orbit around the
septa, ensuring that no other aperture in the accelerator can shadow the
septa devices. Figure 2 shows a schematic view of the AGS slow
extraction system.

![](media/image5.jpeg){width="6.143055555555556in"
height="5.7555555555555555in"}

**Figure 2.** The AGS Slow Extraction Systems

The AGS Resonant extraction system and the beam transport and switchyard
systems were designed in the pre-AGS Booster era, when the kinetic
energy of the injected beam was 200 MeV. In the post-Booster era, which
began in 1991, this energy is now 1.94 GeV. For these two energies the
ratio of *βγ* is approximately 3.5. Therefore the maximum possible beam
emittance is over 3.5 times larger for post-Booster high intensity
beams. Even though the emittance is larger, through careful measurements
and simulations we have been able to find optics solutions that allow
clean extraction and transport of these high intensity beams for normal
high energy slow extraction. The measured beam emittances for high
intensity protons, made in 1996, are ~h~^99%,N^ = 98 mm-mrad and
~v~^99%,N^ = 85 mm-mrad. Table 4 lists normal SEB performance
parameters.

The extraction efficiency, at lower intensity operation (below 50 TP),
is usually very close to 98%. At higher intensities we have observed a
slight degradation, to 97.5%, which is apparently due to transverse
instabilities causing some vertical beam blowup.

We use a 93 MHz RF cavity to correct low frequency spill structure by
employing RF phase displacement, which accelerates particles through the
resonance, reducing the effect of variations in the passage through the
resonance and creating a more uniform in time beam distribution. At high
intensity it has been observed that this degrades the extraction
efficiency slightly, to about 97 %. This additional 0.5% in beam loss
gets dumped into the AGS beam dump at the end of the flattop.

Transport efficiencies are a function of the beam splitting in the
switchyard. At high energy, with no beam splits the efficiency is
typically better than 95%. Most of the losses are in the area of the
beam splitters (which are limiting apertures for the existing
switchyard), even for no beam splits, and on the associated Lambertson
magnets.

#  Table 4: AGS SEB Performance Parameters {#table-4-ags-seb-performance-parameters .unnumbered}

  ------------------------- -------------------- ------------------------
  **Parameter**             **Value**            **Units**

  Momentum                  25.5                 GeV/c

  Extract. Eff.             96-98                \%

  Transport Eff.            90-95                \%

  Rep. Period               4-8                  second

  Flattop Length            2-6                  second

  Spill Length              1.8-5.8              second

  Working Point             8.67/8.76            Tune (*νx, νy*)

  Chromaticity              -2.3/0.2             Chrom.(*ξx, ξy*)
  ------------------------- -------------------- ------------------------

# 2.0 Booster Modifications {#booster-modifications .unnumbered}

Modifications to the AGS Booster for RSVP will ensure operation for RSVP
without impact to either RHIC or NSRL.

### 2.1 Conventional Infrastructure {#conventional-infrastructure .unnumbered}

Tunnels, buildings, services and access points exist and are already
maintained under existing contracts. The only area of concern is ageing
cable trays in the tunnels. These are explicitly identified in the WBS.
Infrastructure upgrade components include: identified damage to cables
trays, and work to be performed in and around the cable trays. A safety
review of this work must identify whether the trays are safe.

##  {#section-10 .unnumbered}

## 2.2 Electrical Modifications {#electrical-modifications .unnumbered}

A number of areas were identified where cables are getting old and
brittle, or have suffered either radiation or mechanical damage. These
cables would be repaired, replaced or removed if they are no longer in
use in advance of running high intensity as further activation during
high intensity operations will accelerate the failure rates in the
cables. They also pose hazards to C-AD personnel who may have to work on
or near the cables. Additionally, the radiation burden to workers will
be unacceptable if they have to do cable repair in areas that have high
levels of residual radioactivity following high-intensity running
periods. It is important to note that damaged cables pose an
unacceptable risk of fire and electrocution either of which result in a
significant programmatic impact.

A number of magnet coils have become damaged over the years and C-AD
managers have determined that a failure rate of one magnet per year is
to be expected during high intensity operations. In order to be prepared
for this we plan to purchase additional coil sets during the
construction phase. Included in the construction cost estimate is the
cost to replace one set of coils. During RSVP operations we expect to
repair one magnet per year. If this is not done then further activation
from high intensity protons will increase the risk that a magnet will
fail during operations. This has the potential of adversely affecting
RHIC and NASA operations. With spare parts on hand to repair a shorted
magnet, then the estimated repair time is at least one week (longer if
it requires cool-down time). If we don't have the parts for the repair
(e.g., magnet coils), then it could result in a three to six month
shutdown to allow requisition of the parts, testing and installation.

The pulse forming networks (PFN's) for the Booster F3 extraction kicker
power supply and associated capacitor bank have received significant
radiation dose over many years of operation and are in need of
replacement. Included in the WBS is a redesign of the capacitor banks,
to reduce radiation damage in future high intensity operations, and to
replace ageing and radiation damaged components. If not done then
further activation from high intensity protons will increase the risk
that the charging system for the extraction kicker will fail during
operations. The extraction kicker is required for RHIC operations. The
impact on the operating schedule is significant, since a repair will
require at least one week, without cool-down time, and many months if we
have to requisition parts.

## 2.3 Mechanical Modifications {#mechanical-modifications .unnumbered}

A critical component to the operation of any RHIC or AGS program is the
Booster extraction septum magnet (F6). A spare magnet is included in the
RSVP WBS. RHIC operations will not significantly activate this magnet.
If this work is not done then the anticipated activation from high
intensity protons will increase the risk of a magnet failure and would
adversely affect RHIC and NASA operations, as well as RSVP.

![](media/image6.jpeg){width="5.295138888888889in"
height="2.046527777777778in"}

Figure 3. F6 location in the Booster.

Beam losses at Booster injection are the most significant source of
residual activation in the Booster. A particular problem is activation
due to the beam scraping and associated stripping of the H^-^ beam that
is injected before the H^-^ stripping foil. This has led to the failure
of the Booster main dipole at C5, which is a special design for proton
injection with a hole bored through the side laminations to allow the
H^-^ beam to enter from the transfer line. In addition the foil
stripping of H^-^ to H^+^, which occurs in the upstream section of the
C6 straight section, is not 100% efficient. The fraction of the H^-^
beam that misses the foil ends up in the C7 main dipole. This magnet was
replaced after it developed a short to ground in 1998. Methods to reduce
this activation include adding collimation in the transfer line to
prevent beam scrapping at the entrance of the C5 magnet and to prevent
the H^-^ beam from missing the stripping foil. The addition of carbon
blocks between the vacuum chamber and the magnet coils in the C5 and C7
magnets will help diffuse and absorb lost particles.

![](media/image7.jpeg){width="6.104861111111111in"
height="3.334722222222222in"}

Figure 4. The injection region in the Booster. The Red arrow shows where
H^-^ is injected.

## 2.4 RF Modifications {#rf-modifications .unnumbered}

To improve the operation of the RF and allow for multiple modes of
operation, the Band III RF cavities were modified with RF fast feedback.
This feedback allows the RF system to compensate for high intensity and
operate with greater stability. Adding RF feedback to the Band II
cavities is included in the WBS. For high intensity operation both
systems are in use thus further modifications of the Band III system are
required as beam loading becomes significant. This is in an important
item for RSVP operations and will improve the stability of the beam
intensities and may allow higher intensities to be achieved. This work
must be done, although it will not impact RHIC or NASA operations, since
the current state of the Booster RF system cannot support the high
intensity protons operation called for RSVP.

## 2.5 Instrumentation {#instrumentation .unnumbered}

There are a number of issues related to the instrumentation in the
Booster.

1)  The Booster loss monitor system is old, has become extremely
    unreliable, and needs repair and upgrading. Included here is
    replacement of old gas lines and a new data acquisition system.
    While this is not required for RHIC or NASA operations. It is a
    critical system that is required for high intensity operations,
    since it is used to alarm on high losses and defines thresholds for
    ALARA limits.

2)  There are two wall current monitors in the Booster. One is used
    exclusively for the RF system to provide a reference for the phase
    loops. The other is available for measurements. The new wall monitor
    added in FY03 was designed for high intensity, but suffers from a
    frequency response problem. A new design is required as well as data
    acquisition. Similarly this is not required for RHIC or NASA
    operations. It is crucial for high intensity operations, since the
    frequency response problem prevents resolving high frequency
    instabilities with the high intensity beams. This system was cut out
    of the main project during cost cutting exercises.

3)  The C3 inflector is used to inject heavy ions into the Booster,
    figure 4 above. In October 2003 it was found that the septum of the
    inflector was distorted, figure 5. Historically it was necessary to
    operate with a vertical offset of the heavy ion beams during
    injection. After repairing the septum it was no longer necessary to
    operate with the vertical offset. Protecting the septum from the
    high intensity proton beams is required. A protection system will be
    designed and built. This particular item is important as it has the
    potential of seriously affecting RHIC and NASA operations.

![](media/image8.jpeg){width="3.5555555555555554in"
height="2.6666666666666665in"}![](media/image9.jpeg){width="3.5555555555555554in"
height="2.6666666666666665in"}

Figure 5. Photographs of the damaged C3 inflector (the "folded" sheet
should be flat).

4)  Repair/replacement of radiation damaged or old instrumentation
    cables needs to carried our prior to the high intensity running in
    order not to increase their activation and accelerate failure rates
    in the cables. They pose a fire hazard and pose an electrocution
    hazard to C-AD personnel who may have to work on or near the cables.

5)  BTA instrumentation will have some modifications made to allow
    remote gain switching between heavy ions and high intensity protons.
    This is not required for the current RHIC or NASA operations. It
    will affect RSVP, since the ability to change gains remotely will
    provide a faster setup of the Booster to AGS transfer line with high
    intensity protons during RHIC or NASA operations. This system was
    cut out of the main project during cost cutting exercises.

## 2.6 Controls {#controls .unnumbered}

The following controls items must be addressed to ensure maintainable
delivery of high intensity protons. This is detailed in a later chapter.

1)  Standard VME interfaces will be provided for the instrumentation
    systems listed above, replacing un-maintainable legacy controls
    hardware.

2)  Software and database engineering will be needed for both new
    front-end interfaces and console level applications.

# 3. AGS Modifications {#ags-modifications .unnumbered}

Modifications to the AGS for RSVP will ensure high intensity proton
operation for RSVP without impact to RHIC.

## 3.1 Conventional Infrastructure {#conventional-infrastructure-1 .unnumbered}

Similar to the Booster above, the AGS tunnels, buildings, services and
access points exist and are already maintained under existing contracts.
The only area of concern is ageing cable trays in the tunnels. These are
explicitly identified in the WBS. Infrastructure upgrade components
include: identified damage to cables trays, and work to be performed in
and around the cable trays. A safety review of this work must identify
whether the trays are safe. We must include in our contingency the
possibility of supporting further repair and/or upgrade of portions of
the cable tray systems.

## 3.2 Electrical {#electrical .unnumbered}

There are a number of areas where cables are getting old and brittle, or
have become radiation damaged or damaged in other ways. These cables
would be repaired or replaced or removed if they are no longer in use in
advance of running high intensity. If this work is not done before high
intensity running then there is much greater risk that further
activation during high intensity operations will accelerate failure
rates in the cables. They also pose hazards to C-AD personnel who may
have to work on or near the cables. Additionally, the radiation burden
to workers will be unacceptable if they have to do cable repair in areas
that have high levels of residual radioactivity following high-intensity
running periods. It is important to note that damaged cables pose the
risk of fire and electrocution. A fire could have a significant
programmatic impact and potential for electrocution is an unacceptable
risk.

There are a number of magnet coils which have become damaged over the
years and C-AD managers have identified a set of magnets which have
received the highest beam losses and would have coils replaced in
advance to running high intensity. If this is not done then further
activation from high intensity protons will increase the risk that the
magnet will fail during operations. This has the potential of adversely
affecting RHIC and NASA operations.

The AGS Main Magnet ripple has been evaluated and the plan for improving
it requires a new active filter power supply. Ripple structure on the
slow extracted beam needs to be minimized in order to keep individual
bunch intensities for both RSVP experiments as uniform as possible. In
addition, the dynamics of the slow extraction process for bunched and
micro-bunched slow extraction are such that bunch widths and extinction
rates have dependencies on the amount of ripple structure seen by the
beam. This system was removed from the project during the cost cutting
exercise, with the knowledge that it would impact RSVP performance.

The F5 (thin) and F10 (thick) septa are critical components for slow
extraction for RSVP. New low ripple power supplies for the new magnets
are included. If this is not done it will seriously affect RSVP
operations since the risk of failure using the existing supplies
(assuming they could be made compatible with the new magnets) is
considered very high due to their age (\>30 yrs) and current condition.

In the last slow extraction run we learned that the J10 beam dump bump
power supply was a significant source of beam spill ripple. A new
low-ripple power supply is included to eliminate this problem. If this
is not done it will seriously affect RSVP operations since it has a
significant affect on the beam spill structure. This system was removed
from the project during the cost cutting exercise, with the knowledge
that it would impact RSVP performance.

The pulse forming networks (PFN's) for the AGS A5 injection kicker power
supply and associated capacitor bank have received significant radiation
dose over many years of operation and are in need of replacement.
Included in the WBS is a redesign of the capacitor banks, to reduce
radiation damage in future high intensity operation, and to replace
aging and radiation damaged components. If this is not done then further
activation from high intensity protons will increase the risk that the
charging system for the extraction kicker will fail during operations.
This is also an ALARA issue, since the best time to make these
modifications is while the accelerators are not highly activated. The
extraction kicker is required for RHIC operations. A failure of this
system will have a significant impact on the operating schedule, since a
repair will require at least one week, without cool-downtime, and many
months if we have to requisition parts.

## 3.3 Mechanical {#mechanical .unnumbered}

Critical components for RSVP are the extraction septa in the AGS. There
are three devices used in the extraction process, a very thin
electrostatic septum (F20), a thin magnet septum (F5), and a thick
magnetic septum (F10). The existing devices are old, and do not have
sufficient aperture for the high intensity RSVP beams (in particular for
MECO, which is lower energy extraction). The replacement of these
devices is considered an ALARA issue, since the existing devices are
difficult to maintain. New designs will allow an easier and more
efficient maintenance of these devices and a reduction in the radiation
burden on workers. These devices can become significantly activated
during high intensity slow extraction. It is best to start with new,
non-activated devices.

The current electrostatic septum design may adversely affect the AGS
impedance significantly, so part of the new design is to evaluate this
and develop a design that has a minimal impact on the impedance. Figure
6 shows the current AGS septum and the septum used at CERN, which is our
model for a new design. The AGS impedance is an important issue for high
intensity operations since beam instabilities are a function of the
impedance.

To make the acceptance of the electrostatic septum (H20) and the thick
magnetic septum (F10) greater than 99 mm-mrad for 8 GeV protons we
require the following specifications shown in Table 5: (Currently F10
and H20 gaps are \~20 mm)

Table 5: New extraction septa parameters for RSVP

  --------------- ------------ ------------------- -----------------------
                  F5           F10                 H20

  Horz. gap (mm)  44.45        38.1                10 - 20 (variable gap)

  Vert. gap (mm)  22           30.4                30.4

  Length (m)      0.667        0.81+1.22=2.03      2.3

  Septum (mm)     0.76         13.5/15.85          0.05

  Bend (mrad)     1.1          18.5                0.43

  Field (max)     2.1 kG       14.4 kG             80 kV/cm
  --------------- ------------ ------------------- -----------------------

![](media/image10.jpeg){width="2.8819444444444446in"
height="3.03125in"}![](media/image11.jpeg){width="3.702777777777778in"
height="2.873611111111111in"}

**Figure 6.** The AGS electrostatic septum (left) and CERN electrostatic
septum (right).

A careful review of vacuum chamber grounds, insulation, and RC networks
has been done and a plan has been developed to best reduce the
impedances due to the vacuum chamber and to prevent beam/rf noise from
radiating into other equipment. These issues are significant for high
intensity running and could affect RSVP operations and potentially
affect RHIC.

New coils are identified for the AGS sextupoles, which have not been
replaced in over 40 years and cannot accept the higher currents required
for developing higher intensity beams. In an existing improvement
project 12 sextupole coils have been replaced. For this project, we
would utilize this new coil design and replace 16 more coils in the AGS.
For cost reductions, this system was moved into RSVP management
contingency.

## 3.4 Instrumentation {#instrumentation-1 .unnumbered}

There are a number of issues related to the instrumentation in the AGS.

1)  The AGS long loss monitor system is becoming old and needs repair
    and upgrades. Included here is replacement of old gas lines and
    detectors, and new electronics. This system is critical for high
    intensity operations, since it is our primary monitor of extraction
    efficiency and is used for operations ALARA alarm monitoring.

2)  There is one wall current monitor in the AGS. It historically
    suffers serious degradation problems during high intensity
    operation. A new design specifically for high power beams is
    included. The wall current monitor is a critical piece of
    instrumentation used to understand the longitudinal beam
    characteristics. Additionally, for observing beam instabilities
    associated with high intensity protons, a higher frequency (higher
    bandwidth, up to 1 GHz) wall current monitor is required. Not doing
    this work will impact our ability to diagnose high intensity
    phenomena. This system was cut out of the main project during cost
    cutting exercises.

3)  Motion controls for flags and movable devices in the AGS ring are
    old and need to be replaced. This includes very old controls for the
    motors. While it does not affect RHIC or NASA operations, it will
    seriously affect RSVP.

4)  RSVP needs 4 flags in the AGS which will require cameras that can
    withstand the high radiation environment. This upgrade is not
    required for RHIC or NASA operations.

5)  Repair/replacement of radiation damaged or old cables. This is to be
    done prior to high intensity operations in order to avoid further
    activation which accelerates the failure rates in the cables.
    Damaged cables pose the risk of fire and electrocution.

6)  AGS ring grounds monitoring system upgrade. Not doing this work will
    not affect RHIC or NASA operations. It will seriously affect RSVP.

## 3.5 Controls {#controls-1 .unnumbered}

The following controls items must be addressed to ensure maintainable
delivery of high intensity proton beams. This is detailed in a later
chapter.

1.  Standard VME interfaces will be provided for the instrumentation
    systems for which existing legacy controls interfaces are
    un-maintainable.

2.  Standard VME power supply interfaces will be provided for the H20,
    F5, and F10 septa power supplies.

3.  Software and database engineering will be needed for both new
    front-end interfaces and console level applications.

Not doing this work will adversely affect RSVP operations, since
maintaining legacy controls hardware that have unpredictable failure
modes and poor documentation is extremely difficult.

# 4. Modifications for RSVP Experiments {#modifications-for-rsvp-experiments .unnumbered}

#  {#section-11 .unnumbered}

# 4.1 Intensity Upgrades {#intensity-upgrades .unnumbered}

Beam intensity is limited by a number of different factors. Each stage
in the acceleration process, from the LINAC to the experiment has
associated beam losses. In each area the details of the given process
dictates the loss mechanisms. For example, during Booster injection beam
has to be captured inside the RF momentum and phase acceptance (called
an RF bucket) and there is an intrinsic RF capture beam loss during this
process. At high intensity, space charge forces cause additional beam
losses. Significant time is spent, during operations for high intensity,
adjusting parameters to minimize these losses. As a result there exist
fundamental limits on achievable beam intensities due to the amount of
initial beam available from the ion source and as a result of the
transmission efficiencies at the various stages of the accelerators. The
modifications in both the Booster and AGS for intensity are focused
entirely on improving transmission efficiencies in the various stages of
the accelerators. Another limitation to the beam intensity is the
acceptable rate of the beam losses during a given operation period. The
accelerators have to be maintainable by people and so the amount of
activation of the accelerators is managed administratively to keep
workers' occupational dose as low as reasonably achievable.

In the Booster, the RF capture process can be improved by providing RF
feedback. This is illustrated in figure 7, which shows the stability of
the RF during injection and capture. The figure shows the RF gap volts
sum, with both the 1^st^ and 2^nd^ harmonic systems on. The horizontal
scale spans 4 revolution periods. The vertical scale spans 100
consecutive sets of these 4 revolution periods. The RF feedback system
would eliminate the variations in the phase of the RF sine waves.

![](media/image12.jpeg){width="4.5in" height="3.35in"}

**Figure 7.** RF gap volts sum. 1st and 2nd harmonic cavities at
injection during RF capture.

The largest increase in performance is expected to come from
improvements in the transfer of beam from the Booster to the AGS.
Currently the kicker magnet responsible for AGS injection is operating
beyond its capabilities, causing losses in both the Booster and the AGS.
The original design for the Booster to AGS transfer line was for 1.5
GeV. The goal of the AGS injection upgrades is to do the transfer at 2.0
GeV. We currently transfer beam from the Booster to the AGS at 1.94 GeV
with an AGS injection mismatch, since the maximum rigidity that the A5
injection kicker is capable of corresponds to slightly higher than 1.5
GeV. The rest of the elements in the Booster to AGS transfer systems are
capable of 2.0 GeV operation. This mismatch in apertures reduces the
transfer efficiency due to the inability of the kicker magnet to get the
beam into a stable orbit in the AGS. Upgrading the A5 kicker system and
increasing the injection energy will allow higher beam currents to be
maintained with lower beam losses. Because the AGS is operating in a
mode where it is very nearly limited by radiation losses, improving the
beam transfer is a crucial step in increasing the beam intensity.

The upgrade to the AGS injection system consists of adding two more
kicker modules into the A10 straight section in the AGS. This work is
being done in collaboration with TRIUMF, who will supply the A10 kicker
magnets, PFNs, and power supplies. TRIUMF is responsible for providing
the new HV portion including the Transmission Line kicker magnet and
vacuum enclosure, HVPS, Thyratrons and switch assembly, optically
isolated thyratron grid drive circuits, PFL cables, HV transmission
cables, terminating resistors, cooling, vacuum tank, and fast
anti-parallel ("clipper") diodes with grading capacitors. The TRIUMF
group is using designs based on the KAON Factory. BNL will be
responsible for controls and timing, as well as a new A10 building, and
will provide new cable runs to A10 as short as possible to minimize any
tail on the field pulse.

**4.2 Modifications for MECO**

Prior to the BNL/AGS-RSVP project, modifications of the Booster and AGS
for MECO appeared in the MECO WBS. These items have been moved into the
Booster AGS . There are two components to the MECO modifications. First
a vertical AC dipole which can operate in CW mode and provide enough
kick to displace the entire beam in the accelerator outside of the
vacuum chamber. Second is a set of stripe-line kickers and associated
electronics and power amplifiers that are capable of negating the kick
of the AC-dipole for the high intensity bunches. The purpose of these
two systems working together is to ensure a high degree of intra-bunch
extinction. These two systems are critical for the successful operation
of the MECO experiment.

![](media/image13.png)

**Figure 8.** A schematic picture of the MECO beam time structure. The
top drawing shows the micro-structure, with 30 ns proton pulses
separated by 1.35 s. The shaded region is the time during which
conversion electrons are detected. The botton drawing shows the
macro-structure with a 0.5 s train of micro-pulses in a 1.0 s
accelerator cycle.

As discussed in the MECO TDR, a pulsed beam is crucial to reduce prompt
backgrounds to an acceptable level. The required muon beam pulse
duration \<\< is separated by approximately = 880 ns, the mean lifetime
of the muon Coulomb ground state in Al. A natural way to do this with
the AGS is to fill two RF buckets separated by half the circumference of
the machine, 1.35 s, and then extract the beam while still bunched.
Figure 8 shows schematically the time structure of the proposed beam.

Two machine operating parameters are affected by the pulsed beam
requirement. First is the amount of beam extracted between the filled
bunches. This is characterized by the extinction, defined as the ratio
of the proton flux in a time interval between the two bunches to that in
a filled bucket. Second is the intensity in the filled buckets required
to reach the MECO muon intensity goal. We believe that acceptable
values of the first parameter can be achieved, based on beam experiments
that have been done to test this method of extraction and measurements
of the extinction. The AGS has operated with 6, 8 and 12 buckets in the
2.7 s revolution time. Minimizing the number of unfilled RF buckets is
an advantage, since only particles in RF buckets can remain in stable
orbits during acceleration. We propose that the AGS would run with
harmonic number 6 (6 RF buckets in the revolution time) with a goal of
achieving 2.10^13^ protons per cycle (1.10^13^ protons per filled RF
bucket), the maximum intensity that has been demonstrated in previous
AGS high intensity running. The maximum throughput that has been
demonstrated is 2.2.10^13^ protons/sec in the AGS. C-AD accelerator
physicists believe that doubling the density is possible. This is due to
two differences in MECO vs. standard running conditions. First, only two
transfers from the booster to the AGS will be required. Hence, beam will
be stored at transfer energy, where space charge effects are most
severe, for only 160 ms. Secondly, the beam will not be accelerated
through transition. Beam instabilities at transition restrict the bucket
density during normal operations and this limitation will not exist. No
tests have yet been done of operation at the elevated bucket intensity.
Since only two transfers from the booster are required and we only
accelerate to 7.5 GeV, the cycle time is short. The main limitation on
achieving the desired intensity will be losses during the cycle. Tests
have yet to be done of an operation at the desired beam throughput. The
absolute cycle time for MECO will be limited by the magnitude of the
losses.

There may be advantages to producing a pulsed beam with spacing 2.7 s.
This could be achieved by running the AGS at higher harmonic number (12,
for example) and filling two adjacent buckets. The two filled buckets
would then be coalesced just before extraction, resulting in a single
bunch in the 2.7 s revolution time. This running mode is particularly
advantageous if a calorimeter with long collection time, e.g., BGO
crystals, is used. It would allow a longer detection time (up to 1.8 s
out of 2.7 s), resulting in a gain in sensitivity per unit running time.
The disadvantage is the higher instantaneous intensity, since all the
beam is now in one bunch rather than two. The CA-D accelerator
physicists believe that either mode of operation is viable. The choice
of the operating mode would not have to be made until rather late and
could be changed during the experiment.

Some extinction tests have been done. One RF bucket was filled and
accelerated to 24 GeV and the bunched beam was slow extracted. We
measured the trigger rate in a neutral kaon decay experiment at various
times with respect to the RF bucket. That trigger is known to have
unmeasurably small rate when high energy protons are not hitting the
Kaon production target. Thus the rate is proportional to the rate of
protons hitting the target. Figure 9 shows the relative intensity as a
function of time with respect to the filled bucket. The extinction
between buckets is below 10^-6^ and in unfilled buckets is of order
10^-3^. The solid histogram and dots are result from measurements with a
QVT and scalars respectively. Both were used in order to get a good
measure of the main pulse shape and a good dynamic range. The extracted
pulse has a width of about 30 ns. During these tests, no beam time was
available to understand the source of beam in unfilled buckets nor was
any tuning done to reduce beam in unfilled buckets.

![](media/image14.png){width="4.3in" height="4.213779527559055in"}

**Figure 9.** Plot of the beam intensity as a function of time with

respect to pulses in the bunched beam extracted from the AGS.

A second study was carried out using the E787 detector. That experiment
used 24 GeV proton beam incident on a platinum target to produce a
secondary beam of 720 MeV/c K+. The beam is defined by a series of
counters including a Cerenkov counter and Pb glass detector. For the
test, the proton beam was extracted at 7.4 GeV/c and the secondary beam
tuned to 200 MeV/c. Pions of momentum 200 MeV/c have approximately the
same beta as 720 MeV/c kaons and will trigger the Cerenkov counter. The
pion rate was measured by a coincidence between an upstream
scintillation counter and the Cerenkov counter. One AGS RF bucket was
filled, producing bunches separated by 2.7 s. Approximately 105 pions
per 0.3s spill were counted. The measurement consisted of determining
the total pion rate and comparing it to the rate between bunches. The
total rate used a coincidence with a signal 900 ns long centered on the
extracted RF bucket. The background was measured in a 1800 ns interval
between the filled bunches. The extinction (defined as the ratio of
these count rates, corrected by about a factor 2 for saturation) was
measured to be \~1.0 x10^-7^. Again, the test time did not allow
signifcant tuning to improve the spill quality.

These tests are quite promising. The desired extinction goal of better
than 10^-9^ from the AGS is within reach. Two possibilities have been
explored. The first involves a system of kickers in the AGS ring. This
method of improving the extinction has the advantage that the kickers
will run continuously during acceleration and require relatively small
field since the beam is kicked many times. The basic idea of the system
is to use two magnet systems in the AGS ring. One magnet produces a
field modulated at 60 kHz. This would serve to destabilize the beam, and
only low field is required for this purpose. To preserve the stability
of the beam in the filled RF buckets, a kicker is operated at the
frequency of the filled RF buckets, about 740 kHz in the case of two
filled buckets in the 2.7 s revolution time of the machine. The field
integral in this kicker is adjusted to be equal and opposite in
magnitude to that of the sinusoidally modulated magnet, and it fires
only when the filled buckets pass through it. Hence, the net momentum
transfer to protons in the filled RF buckets is zero. The second system
consists of an external kicker, and is described in the MECO TDR. An
additional piece of the AGS gap cleaning system is to include a set of
collimators in the external beam line. The dynamics of the internal gap
cleaning process are such that particles that do get extracted during
the intra-bunch period will have large amplitudes. Careful placement of
a set of collimators in the external beam line will capture the
large-amplitude out of time particles.

The Booster/AGS WBS includes a gap cleaning system for MECO consisting
of an AC-dipole that will modulate at 60 kHz to destabilize the beam.
The second part of the gap cleaning system consists of 4 sets of
strip-line kicker, operating at 740 kHz, and will act together to
counteract the effect of the AC-dipole on the main bunches. In addition,
modifications for the ASG RF system are included to allow the three
systems, the AC-dipole, the strip-line kickers, and the main RF system
to work synchronously on the beam. The addition of collimators to the
external beam lines is in the Switchyard and MECO beam line WBS.

One additional modification for MECO is a system to increase the cooling
capacity of the AGS RF power amplifier tubes. The current RF system is
only capable of operating at a maximum duty factor of 50 %. To achieve
the high throughput beam intensities for MECO may require operating the
AGS RF system at as high as an 80 % duty factor.

**4.3 Modifications for KOPIO**

There are three components to the KOPIO modifications two of which are
co-funded by TRIUMF. These are an upgrade to the AGS injection kicker
subsystems, a new 25 MHz RF cavity, and a new 100 MHz RF cavity. The
upgrade to the injection kickers will permit higher injection momentum
and permit for higher beam intensities for KOPIO. The new 25 MHz RF
cavity is used to generate the micro-bunch structure in the slow
extracted beam to KOPIO. The 100 MHz RF cavity allows making even
shorter bunches in the micro-bunch structure. These three systems are
critical for achieving the KOPIO bunch and beam intensity goals.

The KOPIO Experiment requires that the AGS produce high intensity
extracted proton beams with a time structure characterized by very short
pulses called microbunches cleanly separated from each other by an
interval of 40 ns. The microbunches are needed so that a measurement of
the kaon velocity can be made via time-of-flight. The flight time is
determined from the moment the primary proton beam strikes the KOPIO
target and the measured time when a photon from decay is observed in the
Preradiator and Calorimeter. The time spread of the proton microbunch
interacting in the target should not dominate the timing resolution.
Contributions to the timing resolution come from the Preradiator and
Calorimeter which have measured time resolutions on the order of
(90\~ps)/$\sqrt{E}$ for photons of energy *E* in GeV. Additional
contributions to the time resolution come from the uncertainty in the
location of the production point in the target which adds on the order
of 100\~ps to the time resolution as a function of the kaon momentum.
Based on simulation studies of time resolution on the kaon velocity, the
optimal microbunch width was selected to be 200\~ps RMS.

The microbunching technique proposed for KOPIO is compatible with slow
extraction schemes such as that used at the AGS. It proceeds according
to the following steps. First protons are injected into the AGS in 6
buckets, and accelerated to the operating momentum of 25.5 GeV/c by
using the main AGS RF accelerating cavities. Then the RF voltage is shut
off causing the protons in the 6 buckets to debunch, spreading the
protons around the AGS in a continuous band. This debunching establishes
the DC coasting beam that will be extracted, uniform in phase, with a
fractional momentum distribution defined by the longitudinal emittance.
Typically, an additional RF gymnastic is done, in which the phase of the
RF is caused to jump to the unstable fixed point for a few milliseconds
just before shutting the RF off. When properly executed with a low RF
voltage, this increases the momentum spread slightly, but, more
importantly, shapes the radial distribution of the debunched beam.

A beam dynamics simulation called SLEX-Long1D has been used to evaluate
this microbunch extraction process. It makes use of coordinates relative
to a reference frame co-rotating with the equilibrium orbit. The
simulation does not make use of beam transport elements, but instead
calculates an orbit-by-orbit transfer function based on a symplectic
Hamiltonian. The beam dynamics for the i^th^ particle depends on the
vertical and horizontal coordinates, x~i~, x~i~\', y~i~, and y~i~\' as
well as the orbital coordinates s~i~ and s~i~\' where the \`\`prime\'\'
denotes the derivative with respect to the equilibrium orbit parameter
s. This 2 + 2 dimensional simulation tracks horizontal (transverse) and
longitudinal motion only, with no vertical component. There is no
explicit coupling in the Hamiltonian between the transverse and
longitudinal motion; only that provided by chromatic dependence of the
beam tune. Once the coasting beam is established, the extraction RF
cavities are brought on at a frequency that is far from any betatron
resonance. KOPIO plans to make use of a 25-MHz cavity and a 100-MHz
harmonic cavity. The voltage on both cavities is increased slowly so
that the beam response is adiabatic. Once the cavities are at operating
voltage of 150 kV, the frequency is reduced to bring the beam closer and
closer to the 8 2/3 resonance. Those beam particles that are far from
resonance will receive RF kicks that sometimes increase their energy and
sometimes decrease their energy, giving no net effect. Only a narrow
momentum band of beam particles will be within the resonance condition.
The RF potential gives them a net increase in energy each time they pass
through the RF cavities. The resonance condition, created by a set of
sextupoles in the AGS, causes progressively larger transverse
oscillations producing a large-amplitude horizontal deviation from the
equilibrium orbit. This horizontal excursion takes the particle across
the aperture of the extraction septum that bends the particle trajectory
out of the circulating beam orbit, and towards the extraction beam line.

The narrowness of the regions in phase space that overlap the extraction
resonance determines the shortness of the extracted microbunches in the
time domain. The overlap region can be made narrower by increasing the
depth of the RF buckets by increasing the voltage on the RF cavities.
But the microbunch width depends only on the square root of the cavity
voltage, making large gains are hard to achieve in this manner. Adding a
100-MHz harmonic cavity to the 25-MHz cavity allows for tighter time
structure without the difficulty of operating the cavities at
prohibitively high voltages. The effect of the higher harmonic cavity is
to steepen up the phase dependence of the RF buckets, much like trying
to create a square wave by adding higher harmonics to a sine wave.

Since only the particles at the nodes of the RF buckets receive
transverse displacements, there is no mechanism for extracting particles
at times between the microbunches. This extraction technique offers very
tight time distributions with no contribution from particles extracted
between the microbunches.

Studies with test beams were conducted in 2002 and 2004 to measure the
microbunch width and interbunch extinction performance of the AGS using
this extraction technique. In 2002 a simple photon telescope observing a
thin target in the extracted proton beam looked for the prompt photons
to reproduce the microbunch time structure of the proton beam. By using
a single 93-MHz RF cavity operating at 22\~kV, a microbunch width of
240\~ps was observed. This result is in good agreement with the expected
microbunch width and the simulation result of 218\~ps. Figure 10 shows
the data and simulation results for the test-beam case.

![](media/image15.png)

**Figure 10.** Measured and simulated microbunch time distributions for
a 93-MHz RF cavity operating at 22 kV.

The Booster/AGS WBS includes both the 25 MHz RF system and the 100 MHz
RF system. The 25 MHz system is being built in collaboration with
TRIUMF. BNL is responsible for the power amplifier design, the interface
to the RF cavity, and the installation of the cavity. The 100 MHz RF
system is being designed and built entirely by BNL.

# 5. The AGS Switchyard {#the-ags-switchyard .unnumbered}

The existing AGS Switchyard was designed and built over 25 years ago.
Its purpose was to service many experiments simultaneously. Since the
AGS was capable of providing more beam per cycle than any single
experiment was capable of accepting, it was a very cost effective method
of operation. The existing switchyard was designed at a time when the
peak AGS intensity was below 10^13^ protons per cycle and beam was
injected into the AGS directly from the LINAC. Nevertheless it has
operated very well in the post-Booster era and beam intensities in
excess of 7x10^13^ have been delivered. The key feature of operation of
the Switchyard is the splitting of beams. The operation of RSVP does not
require split beams. The acceptance of the beam splitters is not
sufficient to allow an un-split beam transport, without beam losses on
the beam splitters. This is especially true for MECO, which operates at
lower energy, and thus with a larger beam. A new Switchyard is being
proposed, in which all beam splits are removed. MECO will be situated in
the A-line (7.5 GeV/c beam) and K0PI0 will be situated in the B-line
(25.5 GeV/c beam).

The possibility of running E949 (C-line) during RSVP construction will
be accommodated but will require a new beam dump (this is part of the
E949 budget request) and completion of the switchyard work to the point
where work outside the switchyard can proceed while E949 runs. The AGS
NASA Radiobiology experiment (A3 beam) will be relocated. The RHIC
e-cooling R&D project will be situated in the North East Building
Addition (C1/C5 beam area) and the D-line will be decommissioned. No
other Slow Beam experiments (including test beams) will be accommodated
at this time. Beam will be delivered to only one experiment at a time
(no beam splits).

**5.1 Planned changes to the AGS switchyard**

The present switchyard design incorporates 3 electrostatic beam
splitters with motion controls, three thin Lambertson magnets with
motion controls, several thick Lambertson magnets, skew quads, tilted
dipoles, lots of beam instrumentation, ramped dipoles, beam servo
dipoles etc. All this allows the AGS beam to be split into up to 4 beam
lines, something not needed by the RSVP experiments (MECO or K0PI0 run
as an \"OR\"). We propose to simplify the switchyard to allow only one
beam line at a time. Simple dipole magnet switches will be used to
select the appropriate beam line. All splitters, Lambertsons, servos,
ramps, skew quads etc will be removed as well as the vertical pitching
presently needed to thread the beams through Lambertson apertures. This
will make available shielding, transport magnets and additional floor
space for the RSVP experiments and should help offset the costs.

A new switchyard preliminary design along with the required beam line
elements, shielding, vacuum, services, instrumentation, and controls
have been completed. New drawings and documentation to complete the WBS
costs were produced.

The beam optics design for RSVP primary proton transports presents near
zero dispersion (position and angle) beams to the respective target
stations, thereby avoiding the need for servo-SWICS and ramped dipoles
to keep the beams on target. These are described in the respective MECO
and KOPIO chapters.

The plan is to install a beam plug downstream of the 4 quads (CQ1-4)
that bring the beam into the switchyard and configure the shielding so
that work in the switchyard can be done while RHIC operates with either
HI or protons. Only minimal beam instrumentation is required in this
simplified switchyard. These changes to the switchyard will result in a
more robust switchyard, minimal activation of components, easier beam
tuning and lower maintenance cost.

This work has no impact on RHIC operations. It does significantly impact
RSVP construction and operations, since included in the design are
provisions for RSVP construction and maintenance during RHIC and RSVP
operations, which are constrained and limited by the current switchyard
configuration. The layout of the new switchyard including the beam
lines, shielding and the MECO and KOPIO experiment locations are shown
in figure 11.

![](media/image16.png){width="6.875in" height="4.125694444444444in"}

**Figure 11.** The switchyard and experimental beam lines. The primary
beam lines are in blue, and the secondary beam lines for MECO and KOPIO
respectively are in red.

**5.2 AGS NASA Facility**

In the event NASA wishes to continue biology experiments using the AGS,
the facility presently located in the A3 beam line can be moved
(including the trailer) to the switchyard near the Switchyard East Gate.

**5.3 Switchyard shielding**

Shielding modifications are kept to a minimum, since the existing
shielding is basically in the correct configuration. The major changes
are in the shielding between the AGS and the switchyard, which will be
modified to allow access to the switchyard and beam line areas during
RHIC or polarized proton operations. The shielding interfaces to the A
line (for MECO) and B line (for KOPIO) will be modified to accommodate
the new design and to allow access to those areas when one or the other
is in operation.

## 5.4 Switchyard infrastructure {#switchyard-infrastructure .unnumbered}

The new switchyard design does not require as many vacuum interfaces,
allowing for improved vacuum without significant upgrade of the vacuum
system infrastructure. Many flanges could be welded, eliminating many
vacuum failure points. The vacuum around the MECO RF modulated magnet
needs to be better than the rest of the switchyard. The interfaces for
this section will be thin windows.

The power requirements for the new switchyard are reduced, since the
number of elements is reduced. The number of power supplies is reduced.
Power distributions will need to be adjusted, since the load
distribution is changed, but this is a minimal alteration.

All moveable magnets are eliminated. Most magnets are recycled elements,
so no new designs are required, with the possible exception of the BD4
replacement. This thick Lambertson magnet is required to permit beam to
pass through to C target or be bent into B line to KOPIO. Collimators to
be included are a first stage collimator in the upstream switchyard, and
secondary collimators in the beam lines. The main purpose of the
collimators is to remove large amplitude particles and beam halo.

Existing buildings and services will support the new systems. New
controls and instrumentation electronics will be located in an air
conditioned trailer inside the main experimental area building.

######## 5.5 Instrumentation {#instrumentation-2 .unnumbered}

The switchyard has historically been instrumented with flags, since this
is the best method of observing the split beams (on a phosphor screen).
But without split beams flags, which require video and more complex data
acquisition systems, are no longer required. There is also a large set
of existing beam loss monitors, which can be reduced to less than half
the existing set. Some repair and upgrade of this system is required, to
be in proper condition for long term RSVP operation, but for the most
part does not require significant redesign or modification. New profile
monitors, either segmented wire ion chambers (SWIC), or external profile
monitors (EPM). In most of the Switchyard EPM's will be utilized, since
they do not require any movable parts. This permits non-destructive beam
measurements and simplifies the mechanical operation. In the upstream
part of the Switchyard we will use one SWIC, since this area is part of
the AGS vacuum and EPM's will not work when the vacuum is better than
0.1 torr.

######## 5.6 Controls {#controls-2 .unnumbered}

The following controls items must be addressed to ensure maintainable
delivery of high intensity protons. This is detailed in a later chapter.

1)  Standard VME interfaces will be provided for the instrumentation
    systems for which legacy controls interfaces are un-maintainable.

2)  Software and database engineering will be needed for both new
    front-end interfaces and console level applications.

########  {#section-12 .unnumbered}

**5.7 Personnel Access Controls**

The access control safety system (PASS) for the switchyard and the beam
lines will use networked Programmable Logic Controllers \[PLC\]. In
order to provide the required dual independent protection the area
served by PASS has two independent PLC's \[field machines\]. These field
machines are separately networked \[DH+\] into 2 divisions \[A and B\].
Each division independently provides full protection. All the I/O's
(gate switches, critical devices, etc.) are redundantly monitored by
both PLC systems. The MCR operator interface utilizes touch screen
displays \[flat panels\] on a command network that is connected through
firewall machines to the separate divisions.

**6. References**

**C-AD AGS RSVP Project Office web site:
[[http://server.cad.bnl.gov/esfd/RSVP/RSVP_AGS_WBS.htm]{.underline}](http://server.cad.bnl.gov/esfd/RSVP/RSVP_AGS_WBS.htm)**

**BNL SBMS Subject Area: Accelerator Safety, Design Practice for Known
Beam-Loss Locations, Effective Date: September 2000
([[https://sbms.bnl.gov/standard/1r/1r09e011.htm]{.underline}](https://sbms.bnl.gov/standard/1r/1r09e011.htm))**

**Chapter III. The MECO experiment**

# 1. Overview: Experimental Support and Facility (ES&F) for MECO {#overview-experimental-support-and-facility-esf-for-meco .unnumbered}

The layout of the MECO experiment is shown in Figure 1. It will be
constructed at the end of the A-line in the AGS East Experimental Area
(EEA) in building (Bldg. 912). MECO seeks to observe evidence of the
muon to electron conversion, a process forbidden by the Standard Model,
with a sensitivity 10,000 times better than previously achieved. MECO
will use an extremely intense muon beam from pion decays produced from
an intense bunched proton beam impinging on the experiment target. The
required time structure will be achieved by exploiting the time
structure in the circulating AGS beam that is defined by the
accelerating RF structure.

![](media/image17.gif){width="4.277083333333334in"
height="3.1222222222222222in"}

##  {#section-13 .unnumbered}

## Figure 1: A cutaway of the layout of the MECO experiment {#figure-1-a-cutaway-of-the-layout-of-the-meco-experiment .unnumbered}

##  {#section-14 .unnumbered}

The C-AD ES&F Division is responsible for the design and construction of
the new primary proton beam line. They also provide operation support
and maintenance of the production target, the installation of
experimental equipment and related facilities, technical support for the
operation of the three large SC solenoid magnets, and technical support
for the experimental activities during physics running.

##  {#section-15 .unnumbered}

## 2. Beam Transport Design to the Target. A new beam line: A-Line  {#beam-transport-design-to-the-target.-a-new-beam-line-a-line .unnumbered}

MECO will make use of a mini-bunched extracted proton beam, in which
bunches are spaced at 1.35 μs, with the momentum of 7.5 GeV/c, the
intensity of 20.10^12^ proton per macro-pulse, and a repetition rate of
1.0 second (50 % duty factor).

The entire A-line must be raised by 0.37m to match the MECO target
height, which is 2.35m from the experimental building floor, or 0.37m
above the plane of the AGS ring. The height of the MECO beam is
constrained by the massive cosmic ray shielding. This elevation is
achieved by bending the beam at the upstream end of the switchyard using
two pitching magnets (AP3-4).

The new beam optics design and transport has been completed, Figure 2
The MECO experiment requires specific extinction between bunches of the
order of one part in 10^9^. This goal is achieved by developing and
installing a radio frequency modulated magnet (RFMM) in the A-line. This
in addition to AGS modifications (AC dipole and strip-line kickers)
which internally clean up the protons between the filled buckets (see
related section). This magnet will run synchronously with the AGS
internal RF at 0.74 MHz and generates sinusoidal magnetic field, which
kicks the unwanted inter-bunch protons vertically in one direction,
while channeling the beam bunches in the opposite direction. Two
Lambertson septum magnets located at 20m downstream of RFMM will further
separate the two beams. The desired protons in the mini-bunches will
pass through the field-free region of Lambertson magnets and travel
towards the target. The inter-bunch protons will be further bent (by the
Lambertson magnets) into a detector system so that the actual extinction
will be identified and monitored quantitatively. Another possibility for
extinction monitoring is to use a spectral magnet and a high frequency
detector system to measure the transmitted proton beam time structure
behind the experiment target (near the beam stop). If adopted,
collimators will replace the Lambertson magnets.

![](media/image18.png){width="5.625in" height="4.121527777777778in"}The
A-line optics design has the following constraints: the beam envelop is
well within the magnet apertures to minimize losses, a parallel beam of
less than 30 mm within the RFMM and Lambertson magnets region,
compensate for the vertical and horizontal dispersions and focus the
beam spot at the target. The required beam spot on target is such that
95% of the beam should be within an 8mm diameter.

**Figure 2**. The A-line optics design.

The beam design assumes a 7.5 GeV/c primary beam with emittance of 100
mm.mr and a 1% p/p momentum bite. Quadrupole magnets are positioned
between the RFMM and Labmertson magnets to symmetrically match the
parallel beam profiles. The design reserves enough drift space between
Lambertson magnets and the target station to ensure that there is
sufficient spatial beam separation for the apparatus used in the
extinction measurement. The final focusing quadrupole (AQ14-15) and
pitching magnets also must be located at a distance, to provide space
for shielding around the solenoid magnets. These constraints have pushed
the proton beam dump to the end of the building. The last dipole (AD5)
creates a 9° bend, which serves as the beam switch, final horizontal
steering, and momentum selection. The last two pitching magnets (AP5-6)
ensure the beam hits the target in a helical path through the gradient
axial magnetic field.

The new beam line utilizes existing or modified magnetic elements from
our inventory to the extent possible. The two pitching magnets (AP5-6)
and the two Lambertson septum magnets must be designed and fabricated
specially for this application.

A large potion of the existing infrastructure (shielding blocks,
labyrinths, beam components, power supplies, cables, and beam dumps)
must be removed from the former A-primary, A1, A2, and A3 lines to make
room for the new beam line. The entire D6 line must be eliminated to
make room for the positioning of the MECO experiment. Much of the
existing materiel will be handled as radioactive waste, which includes
vacuum elements, old target stations and shielding materials in their
proximity.

In order to reduce the beam loss during the high intensity proton
transport, the vacuum inside the beam pipe should be maintained below
10^-3^ torr. The vacuum in the RFMM region is at 5.10^-6^ torr.

The beam line will be equipped with appropriate instrumentation to
assist in tuning and to ensure a clean transport (details are provided
in the instrumentation chapter)

1.  External Beam Profile Monitors (EPM): Four (4) EPM's in MECO A-line,
    to monitor the horizontal/vertical beam profile and position.

2.  Current Transformers (CT): Two (2) current transformers located at
    downstream of the RFMM and upstream of the production solenoid
    (downstream of AD5), to monitor the beam intensity, before and after
    the extinction device RFMM.

3.  Beam Loss Monitor (BLM): The A-line will be equipped with a number
    of the beam loss monitors (line type and point type), in order to
    detect the losses resulted from an individual or a group of beam
    elements. These will also help in optimizing the beam transport
    efficiency and minimize activation to the equipment. Detailed loss
    monitor distributions will be determined, after the beam line and
    shielding designs are finalized and reviewed by the Radiation Safety
    Committee.

4.  Beam line personnel safety systems and related interlocks (details
    elsewhere).

## 3. The MECO production target {#the-meco-production-target .unnumbered}

The MECO collaboration is responsible for the conceptual design of the
production target shown in Figure 3. The BNL engineers will verify the
design and calculations fabricate the target and install it inside the
production solenoid (PS). The target is made of gold or platinum, 160 mm
in length and 6 mm in diameter, cooled by a closed circulating water
system. The beam energy deposition in the target is estimated as 5 kW on
average and 10 kW peak. The expected target temperatures are shown in
figure 4. The conceptual design calls for handling the target assembly
as a single unit for purposes of replacement, storage, and any other
services. This shall be performed remotely to minimize the radiation
exposure to personnel \[1\].

![](media/image19.png){width="4.2in"
height="1.7847222222222223in"}**Figure 3.** The MECO water-cooled
production target cutaway view

![](media/image20.png){width="5.3in" height="3.670138888888889in"}

**Figure 4.** The steady state target temperature at fixed radii vs
position along the target

The high intensity proton beam must hit the target through an 80mm
diameter pipe, which is mounted in the gap between the PS and TS
(transport solenoid) cryostats. A window at the end of this pipe
separates the beam line vacuum (10^-3^ torr) from PS vacuum (10^-4^
torr). Accurate targeting is crucial for pion production, SC magnet
quench prevention, and radiation reduction in the building. The
following instrumentation is considered essential to ensure proper
targeting:

1.  1 picture frame type beam loss monitor installed at the beam
    entrance to the PS;

2.  10 sets of PIN photodiode type loss monitors mounted symmetrically
    on the outer surface of the PS radiation heat shield (i.e., the
    inner surface of the PS cryostat);

3.  2 flags and 1 camera installed to mirror the beam spot from the down
    stream end of the target;

4.  A number of temperature sensors mounted around the radiation heat
    shield.

In addition, two sets of collimators in the beam line are used to
restrict deviations. Passive heavy metal shielding on the TS cryostat
outer surface is also being considered by the collaboration \[2\].

## 4.0 Beam line and experimental area construction  {#beam-line-and-experimental-area-construction .unnumbered}

**4.1 Beam line construction**

Based on the optics design described in section 1.0, beam elements were
selected existing stock and installed accordingly. Table 1 lists the
parameters and status of these devices.

#### **Table 1. Magnet Parameter List for MECO A-line** {#table-1.-magnet-parameter-list-for-meco-a-line .unnumbered}

  ------------ ------------ ------------ ---------------- --------------- ---------- ------------- ------------- ----------- ------------
  **Magnet**   **Magnet**   **L_eff**    **Field/Grad**   **Integral**    **Io**     **R**         **Voltage**   **Power**   **PS**

  **Name**     **Type**     **(inch)**   **(kG/kG/in)**   **(kG in/kG)**  **(kA)**   **(m-Ohm)**   **(V)**       **(kW)**    **Status**

  **AQ8**      **5Q36**     **38.5**     **0.9662**       **37.1989**     **0.24**   **97.5**      **23.0**      **5.4**     **Exists**

  **AQ9**      **5Q36**     **38.5**     **-1.8275**      **-70.3593**    **0.44**   **97.5**      **43.4**      **19.3**    **Exists**

  **AQ10**     **5Q36**     **38.5**     **1.5055**       **57.9620**     **0.37**   **97.5**      **35.7**      **13.1**    **Exists**

  **AQ11**     **5Q36**     **38.5**     **-1.5886**      **-61.1597**    **0.39**   **97.5**      **37.7**      **14.6**    **Exists**

  **AQ12**     **5Q36**     **38.5**     **2.0850**       **80.2726**     **0.51**   **97.5**      **49.5**      **25.1**    **Exists**

  **AD4**      **18D72**    **78.0**     **19.8207**      **1546.0170**   **2.24**   **45.8**      **102.7**     **230.1**   **Exists**

  **AQ13**     **5Q36**     **38.5**     **3.1958**       **123.0395**    **0.78**   **97.5**      **75.9**      **59.0**    **Exists**

  **AD5**      **18D72**    **78.0**     **19.8207**      **1546.0170**   **2.24**   **45.8**      **102.7**     **230.1**   **Exists**

  **AQ14**     **8Q24**     **28.0**     **-3.1396**      **-87.9084**    **2.58**   **21.6**      **55.6**      **143.3**   **Exists**

  **AQ15**     **8Q24**     **28.0**     **3.4001**       **95.2023**     **2.87**   **21.6**      **62.0**      **177.7**   **Exists**

  **AP5**      **TBD**      **TBD**      **TBD**          **TBD**         **TBD**    **TBD**       **TBD**       **TBD**     **TBD**

  **AP6**      **TBD**      **TBD**      **TBD**          **TBD**         **TBD**    **TBD**       **TBD**       **TBD**     **TBD**
  ------------ ------------ ------------ ---------------- --------------- ---------- ------------- ------------- ----------- ------------

The applied polarity convention used in the above table is: for dipole
magnets, a positive sign stands for bending in the same direction as AGS
beam, for quadupole magnets, a positive sign stands for horizontally
focusing. The AP5-6 parameters are yet to be determined. The two
Lambertson magnets are not listed. The plan calls for modifying existing
switchyard Lambertson septa depending upon the final decision of
extinction monitoring scheme.

It is planned to construct a temporary target station and beam dump for
a MECO low intensity beam test, prior to completion of the SC magnet
system to be used for beam tuning exercises.

**4.2 The SC solenoid magnet system**

C-A Department is responsible for the installations of the SC magnet
system, including the return yokes, cryogenic system, and the power
supplies. This is done under the guidance of the MECO magnet personnel.
The C-A Department (with the help of the BNL Magnet Division) is
responsible for the design and fabrication of cryogenic system, the
magnet power supplies, and quench detection/protection systems. The
technical designs of these systems are described in the MECO CDR, WBS
1.5 (MECO magnet system).

**4.3 Shielding design and installation for the experimental area**

![](media/image16.png){width="6.375in" height="3.45625in"}

**Figure 5.** The layout of the MECO beam line and experiment shielding
and beam dump (red).

The plan view of the present shielding and beam stop design are shown in
figure 5. At this stage, the required shielding material and thickness
were computed using an analytic formula \[3\]. The dose equivalent
outside the lateral shielding was calculated by the exponential decay
with the hadron mean free path through the materials. The present
shielding design consists of 3.6 m heavy concrete (or equivalent) in
addition to the PS assembly material. The dose equivalent behind the
beam stop was calculated using an effective decay path for muon
penetrations. The present beam stop consists a 4 m (width) by 7 m
(depth) central part, which is surrounded by concrete blocks. The front
face of the stop is 10 m away from the target. The present design is
expected to reduce the dose outside the shielding (or behind the beam
stop) to 25 mrem per man-year. The roof shielding is not shown in this
layout. It is important to study the neutron scattering in the air
(sky-shine effect) from the target region, and come up with a sufficient
roof shield. It is planned to complete the roof design, re-visit the
side shielding and beam stop design, by using computer codes (MARS,
MCNPX) in the near future.

The production target will be located inside of PS. Hybrid heavy metals
(copper and tungsten) form a radiation heat shield surrounding the
target area, to prevent PS magnet from quenching. The PS coils and
cryostat walls also provide a certain degree of radiation shielding. The
PS return yoke helps reduce the soil activation in the target area. A
0.75 meter thick steel sleeve is also included to further reduce the
radiation exposure and to contain the magnetic fringe field in the
experimental area.

The primary purpose of the return yoke outside DS (detector solenoid) is
cosmic ray background shielding. This 0.5 meter thick steel sleeve will
be surrounded by a 1-meter thick heavy concrete wall. The combined steel
and concrete shielding also serve to protect the experimenters from high
radiation.

There will be no return yokes outside the curved TS. Non-magnetic
material (trimmed concrete blocks filled with boron-doped polyethylene)
will be used for radiation shielding in this area, this to accommodate
the interferences due to the V-shaped support rods for the TS coils.

**4.4 Experimental Facilities**

The former E964 counting house will be re-furbished to become the
control room for the MECO experiment. A facility hut will be designed
and built for the RFMM, located in the middle of A-line. An electronics
hut will be built near the DS, for fast electronics signals.

## 5. Operations Support {#operations-support .unnumbered}

During testing with beam, C-AD ES&F Division is responsible for the
operations support. This includes:

A.  SC magnets operation support (cryogenic, vacuum, and electrical
    technicians support);

B.  Target operation;

C.  Proton beam line support (instrumentation, vacuum, and power
    supplies);

D.  Muon beam vacuum: muon beam volume is the entire internal region
    from TS to DS, which is designed by the MECO collaboration to E-4
    torr;

E.  Liaison Engineer and liaison physicist support.

## 6.0 Environmental Protection and Personnel Safety Issues  {#environmental-protection-and-personnel-safety-issues .unnumbered}

The C-AD Experiment Safety Review Committee and the Radiation Safety
Committee will review the hazards associated with the experiment at the
design stage. Relevant corrective action and mitigation are then
implemented.

Radiation hazard has been often discussed in previous sections. In the
PS vicinity area, the floor will be modified and water proofed by an
epoxy sealant coating, in order to reduce any soil contamination, in
case a water leak occurs in this area (water is used for cooling the
target and heat radiation shield). A helium container will be installed
in the space between the PS and the proton beam stop, in order to
prevent and reduce the air borne radioactivity inside the shielded area.
In A-line, interlocked beam loss monitors will be installed on all
collimators. These are interlocked with the AGS extraction magnets, so
that beam will be terminated immediately if the radiation level exceeds
the set thresholds. The radiation dose at various locations will be
checked and recorded on a daily basis by the Health Physics Group. The
Liaison Physicist is tasked with periodic monitoring of the beam optics
and magnet settings. The magnet settings read backs are also interlocked
with the beam permit system.

The fringe field generated by SC solenoids is largely screened by the
return yokes and steel shielding. Based upon the present floor design,
the residual field at the experimental control room should be well below
5 Gauss.

Oxygen deficiency issues have to be addressed due to the presence of the
large amount cryogens in the SC magnets. This is especially the case in
the refrigerator room. People who work in the area will receive special
training. Inside the shielded area, alarming oxygen deficiency detectors
will be installed. ODH interlocked exhaust fans will also be installed
in the MECO experimental area.

Building 912 is defined as Radiation area. Access to the shielded area
(High Radiation Area) is prohibited when the beam is on. Three gates are
designed to allow monitored personnel entry (with beam off and the
respective devices locked out) in different modes (controlled access or
restricted access) after the radiation survey is completed. Under the
controlled access mode, An ID card must be scanned, and the single entry
process is controlled and monitored by the C-A main control room. All
gates are interlocked with beam permit condition via the C-A safety
system.

**7. References:**

\[1\] **Production Target Reference Design** (MECO-Target-03-001), M.
Hebert and J. Popp, 3 March 2004.

\[2\] **Energy Deposition in PS and TS Coils in Beam Normal and Fault
Conditions** (MECO Internal Document, MECO-118), V. Tumakov and K.
Brown, 9 December 2003.

\[3\] **A Guide to Radiation and Radioactivity Levels near High Energy
Particle Accelerators**, A. H. Sullivan, Nuclear Technology Publishing,
1992

## Chapter IV: The KOPIO beam line and experiment {#chapter-iv-the-kopio-beam-line-and-experiment .unnumbered}

![](media/image21.jpeg){width="4.3in" height="3.1416666666666666in"}

**Figure 1.** The KOPIO experimental layout.

**1. Primary Beam Transport Modifications**

![](media/image22.png){width="5.75in"
height="4.313888888888889in"}**Figure 2.** The KOPIO beam line optics.
The vertical axis is in cm.

KOPIO requires 100 TP of 25.5 GeV/c protons/spill, microbunched at 25
MHz with rms bunch widths of less than 260 ps. The optimum spill length
will depend on available beam quality and intensity but is anticipated
to be close to 4.9 seconds in duration with an AGS cycle time 2.3
longer. Because of the small vertical aperture of the secondary neutral
beam collimators, the vertical spot size at the production target should
be smaller than 2 mm with a similar constraint on the vertical alignment
of the primary beam and target with the secondary beam collimators.

The redesign of the primary proton beam in the B Line minimizes momentum
dispersion at the production target, thereby eliminating the need for
programmed current ramps or feedback on beam transport dipole magnets to
stabilize the horizontal position of the beam on the target by tracking
the momentum variation of the beam during resonant extraction. Figure 2
shows the vertical and horizontal primary beam envelopes. The horizontal
trace crosses the horizontal axis in the vicinity of BD6. The dispersion
of an originally on-axis but -2.5%, off-momentum trajectory (dotted
line) is seen to vanish near this location. Chromatic aberration of the
off-momentum envelope is apparent the figure. The horizontal and
vertical beam profiles of the proton beam at the center of the
production target are displayed in Figure 3.

![](media/image23.png){width="4.625in" height="2.09375in"}**Figure 3.**
The horizontal and vertical beam spots at the KOPIO target

The primary beam magnets and power supplies are standard AGS equipment
and are in stock. They are listed along with power requirements in Table
1 and Table 2 for the portion of the B Primary Beam transported from the
dipole magnet, AD2 in the switchyard, which when activated steers the
extracted proton beam into the A Line to the MECO experiment.

  ------------ --------- ----------------- ------------- -------------------
  Magnet       Type      Gradient(kG/cm)   Current (A)   Power Supply (KW)

  BQ5,8        4Q16      -1.502            400           14.43

  BQ6,7        4Q16      1.103             300           8.12

  BQ 9a,b      4Q16      1.209             300           8.12

  BQ10         8Q32      0.9634            250           5.21

  BQ11         8Q48      -0.4675           1000          36.00

  BQ12         5Q36      0.2191            150           2.20

  BQ13         5Q36      1.311             1000          97.50

  BQ14         3Q48      -2.111            2400          74.88
  ------------ --------- ----------------- ------------- -------------------

**Table1.** Primary Beam Quadrupole Magnets and Power Supplies. The
magnet designations indicate the aperture in inches with the first
character and the length of the steel by the last two, also in inches.
Power supplies for CQ5-8 are presently connected to the appropriate
magnets.

  -------------- -------------- --------------- ------------ --------------
  Magnet         Type           Field(kG)       Current(A)   Power Supply
                                                             (KW)

  BD3            18D36          11.13           1575         92.96

  BD4            3.5X7D92       5.81            1500         13.50

  BD5-8          3X4D78         10.70           3000         54.00

  BP                                                         

                                                             
  -------------- -------------- --------------- ------------ --------------

**Table 2.** Beam Dipole Magnets and Power Supplies. Power supplies for
BD5-8 are presently connected to the appropriate magnets.

  -------------- -------------- --------------- ------------ --------------
  Magnet Type    Magnetic Field Integral(kGm)   Current(A)   Power
                                                             Supply(KW)

  B1D1           Special Design BD1+BD2=37.7    1470         450

  B1D2           Special Design                 3065         620

  B1D3           Special Design 5.7             3000         1,300

  B1D4           Modified 48D48 1.5-2.1         3000 + 2000  1,000
                 3m Gap &                                    
                 Booster Coils                               
  -------------- -------------- --------------- ------------ --------------

**Table 3.** Neutral Beam Sweeping Magnets and Power Supplies. The B1D4
booster coils on operate at different currents.

**2. Production Target**

![](media/image24.png){width="2.3456692913385826in"
height="2.3in"}![](media/image25.png){width="1.801968503937008in"
height="1.0098425196850394in"}![](media/image26.png){width="2.104330708661417in"
height="1.2263779527559056in"}The water-cooled production target concept
is illustrated in Figure 4. The platinum target is positioned by a
series of thin clips in a water-jacket supported from an overhead
shielding block through which cooling water piping and wiring for
temperature monitoring instrumentation pass. The overhead shielding
section of the target assembly is designed to complete the roof
shielding and has water and electrical disconnect fittings at the top.

**Figure 4.** Water Cooled Target Assembly.

The target is supported from a shielding block above by water carrying
tubes which are braced by connection to the 0.5mm thick cylinder wall.
The target is positioned in the center of the 1.27mm I.D. water jacket
by a series of thin spring clips. The entire assembly can be removed as
a unit, placed on top of a shielded enclosure surrounding the target,
and moved to a storage area in the event of a failure. An aluminum oxide
flag inclined at 45 degrees allows observation of the fluorescent image
of the beam spot by a shielded video camera viewing the flag through a
mirror. The target is contained in a 316L stainless steel alloy
container with a wall thickness of 0.5 mm to minimize beam interactions.
The simulations predict a water flow of 3.2 gallons/minute will result
in an output water temperature of 85 degrees F.

The GEANT calculated longitudinal distribution of energy deposition in a
4mm diameter platinum target. The temperature distributions within the
target as well as at its surface were simulated using the ANSYS 6.0 code
are displayed in Figure 5. The target was divided longitudinally into
four segments for stress relief arising from thermal expansion. A stress
analysis was also carried out.

![](media/image27.jpeg){width="2.2716535433070866in"
height="2.0082677165354332in"}![](media/image28.jpeg){width="2.204724409448819in"
height="1.9799212598425198in"}![](media/image28.jpeg){width="0.7807086614173229in"
height="0.9354330708661417in"}![](media/image28.jpeg){width="0.7807086614173229in"
height="0.9354330708661417in"}![](media/image29.png){width="2.4484251968503936in"
height="2.2in"}

**Figure 5.** GEANT calculations of the energy deposition in
GeV/mm/10^5^ protons for 2, 3 , 4, diameter Beams respectively and the
peak temperature distributions inside and on the surface of the
production target.

![](media/image16.png){width="5.625in" height="2.709722222222222in"}**3.
Shielding /Beam Dump**

**Figure 6.** Layout of the KOPIO beam line and shielding

The primary beam sidewall and roof shielding consists of 3m of heavy
concrete or substituting the equivalent steel plate for some of the
concrete, figure 6. The primary beam dump is 31 meters of steel in a
cavity in which the beam is initially incident on a concrete block which
attenuates residual beta and gamma radiation. This shielding can be
found in stock or decommissioned beam lines. The beam dump begins 20m
downstream of the production target in order to minimize its
contribution to the neutron background at the experiment.

**4. Secondary Beam**

![](media/image30.png){width="2.3854330708661418in"
height="1.3728346456692913in"}![](media/image31.png){width="2.085433070866142in"
height="1.3992125984251969in"}![](media/image32.png){width="2.9220472440944882in"
height="1.3401574803149607in"}The secondary beam consists of a
collimator system centered about a horizontal production angle of 42.5
degrees and defines the 100 mr (horizontal) by 4 mr (vertical)
acceptances. Two radiation hard sweeping magnets pitch the charged
component of the beam, in particular e^+^e^-^ pairs emanating from a 7
cm thick photon converter ("spoiler") which removes the gammas
originating in neutral pion decay, vertically out of the acceptance.
Conceptual design drawings of t t he upstream sweeping magnets,
developed with 3-dimensional magnetic field simulations using the OPERA
program and the horizontal component of magnetic field along the beam
axis are shown in Figure 7, the ordinate is given in Gauss and the
abscissa in cm. The simulated integral field of 3.37 Tm exceeds the
requirement.

![](media/image33.png){width="2.940157480314961in"
height="2.2992125984251968in"}![](media/image34.png){width="3.1716535433070865in"
height="2.1338582677165356in"}**Figure 7.** The Schematics of magnets D1
and D2 and the horizontal component of the magnetic field of the pair on
beam axis.

**Figure 8.** Conceptual design of sweeper magnet D3 and the horizontal
component of the Magnetic Field on axis.

A third sweeping magnet is planned for the region between the last
collimator and the upstream photon veto wall to remove remaining charged
particles before the beam enters the fiducial region. An integral field
of 1.9Tm of over 2m has been specified. The beam divergence implies a
gap of 1.5m to accommodate the vacuum enclosure. As in the case of the
fourth sweeping magnet, using a 48D48 spectrometer magnet with the gap
opened from .47m to 1.5m by means of backleg shims was considered but
the large fringe field would be have to be greatly reduced at the
upstream veto wall. A preliminary alternative magnet design has been
modeled with OPERA and the calculated horizontal component of magnetic
field is on the axis is plotted in Figure 8.

The fourth sweeping magnet is located immediately downstream of the
calorimeter array in order to deflect charged particles from decays into
the charged particle veto counters. A 48D48 spectrometer magnet with its
gap opened to 3m and turned on its side to produce a vertical
deflection, has been modeled with a 10cm thick iron field clamp on the
upstream side of the magnet in order to reduce the fringe field at the
photomultiplier tubes of the pre-radiator, the charged particle veto
counters and the photon barrel calorimeter locations 2m upstream of the
iron plate. A peak field of 0.21T was obtained with an integral of
0.57Tm. The field clamp was calculated to reduce the field to 20G in the
area of concern. Figure 9 shows D4 with its field clamp and the field
plot. The off axis field is still smaller.

![](media/image35.png){width="3.4354330708661416in"
height="2.25in"}![](media/image36.png){width="3.149212598425197in"
height="1.952755905511811in"}

![](media/image37.png){width="3.1in"
height="3.015972222222222in"}**Figures 9.** Conceptual design of sweeper
magnet D4 and the horizontal component of Magnetic Field on axis.

The collimator design requires that the first aperture, which defines
the neutral beam acceptance, shields the subsequent collimator apertures
from particle trajectories originating in the production target. The
defining apertures of the four collimators are tungsten or HEVIMET
inserts in 4mx4m steel walls of 1m thickness which will be tapered to
match the divergence of the calculated beam envelope. The horizontal and
vertical collimator configurations are displayed in Figure 10. The 50 cm
gaps between individual collimators are to be filled with borated
concrete. In addition to the large neutron capture cross section for
neutrons that have been thermalized by collisions with the protons in
the

> **Figure 10.** Collimator geometry. The C0 collimator

limits only the vertical acceptance

![](media/image38.wmf)water component of the concrete, boron also emits
an alpha rather than a 5 MeV gamma which is typical of neutron capture
in nuclei. MCNPX simulations have demonstrated the effectiveness of
hydrogenous material in reducing neutron ambiance in the collimator
array.

The threshold for neutral pion production by neutrons is 750 MeV/c.
Background simulations have demonstrated that because the gammas
resulting from neutral pion decays are the event signature, the halo of
neutrons of 750 MeV/c outside the beam envelope must not exceed a level
of 10^-5^ of the beam intensity. Employing neutron spectra from the
water cooled platinum target obtained with the MARS program, simulations
with GEANT and FLUKA, that were used in the collimator system design,
have shown that the 10^-5^ limit on halo can be maintained, figure 11.

######## Figure 11. MCNPX Results for Neutrons as a Function of Depth in the Collimator Array. The data is given in neutrons of less than 20 MeV/cm^2^ per incident proton on target as a function of depth in the collimator array. The data points are given at points behind each of four 1m thick Pb collimators separated by 50cm with a conical aperture whose axis is at 45 degrees to the production target. The data points indicated by X were obtained with polyethylene filling the spaces between the collimators whereas those represented by + were obtained for empty spaces. {#figure-11.-mcnpx-results-for-neutrons-as-a-function-of-depth-in-the-collimator-array.-the-data-is-given-in-neutrons-of-less-than-20-mevcm2-per-incident-proton-on-target-as-a-function-of-depth-in-the-collimator-array.-the-data-points-are-given-at-points-behind-each-of-four-1m-thick-pb-collimators-separated-by-50cm-with-a-conical-aperture-whose-axis-is-at-45-degrees-to-the-production-target.-the-data-points-indicated-by-x-were-obtained-with-polyethylene-filling-the-spaces-between-the-collimators-whereas-those-represented-by-were-obtained-for-empty-spaces. .unnumbered}

The small vertical acceptance of the collimators necessitates accurate
alignment of the collimators relative to both to each other and to the
production target. The simulations indicate that vertical misalignments
of a few mm can lead to a large increase in neutron halo.

A possible approach to maintaining a tolerance of 1mm would be to mount
the neutral beam components, i.e. the collimators and sweeping magnets,
on a steel plate of sufficient thickness to insure vertical alignment of
better than 1mm between the individual collimators. The production
target assembly would incorporate a precision vertical adjustment in
order to maintain alignment with the collimator axis, figure 10.
Vertical and horizontal trim magnets in the downstream section of the
proton beam line will allow the beam position on the production target
to be optimized.

######## 5. Vacuum {#vacuum .unnumbered}

KOPIO requires a vacuum of 10^-7^ Torr in the neutral beam and event
detection region. Cryogenic pumps were chosen for this purpose although
turbo molecular pumps will also be needed to bring the pressure below
10^-3^ Torr where the cryo pumps become effective. Because of the
importance of the collimation system performance in reducing beam halo,
it was decided to configure the vacuum piping by means of a large
manifold in a trench below the collimators connecting to the beam pipe
via three 25cm diameter vertical pipes between collimator elements that
are transversely staggered along the beam so as to minimize displacement
of the borated concrete between the collimators.

The downstream beam pipe vacuum need only be in the microtorr range and
will be separated from the upstream region by a 150 micron thick
aluminized kapton window immediately downstream of the calorimeter.
Bypass plumbing and vacuum sensors will allow the two sections of beam
pipe to be simultaneously pumped down to the microtorr range with
minimal pressure differential.

**6. Experimental Installation**

A pit of 2.5 to 3m depth must be provided to allow full detector
coverage of the experimental acceptance and access to the pre-radiator
on-board electronics, the calorimeter readout, photon veto barrel and
photon veto wall as a consequence of the beam height of 2m above the
floor.

A prefabricated structure with power and air conditioning will be
erected adjacent to the east shielding sidewall of the experimental area
for fast electronics for processing detector signals and triggering. The
counting house originally built for E802 and successor experiments in
the B Line will be used by the KOPIO collaboration.

A platform for power supplies for the calorimeter electronics and some
signal processing will be installed above the calorimeter array.

**7. Secondary Beam and Experimental Area Shielding**

One meter of light concrete has been estimated as sufficient for side
wall shielding and covering the top of the neutral beam. The
effectiveness of 1m of steel and 2m of light concrete for a beam was
calculated with the MCNPX code. A meter of heavy concrete roof over the
beam catcher is necessary because of the fraction of the 10^11^ neutrons
in the beam interacting in 50 mm of Pb converters in the catcher.

**8. Access Control System**

\`\`Controlled Access" to the B primary beam cave between the switchyard
and the KOPIO will be through an outer gate which will involve use a
personal card, the upgraded iris scanner, key tree and video monitoring
system that has come into use at the AGS, RHIC and the NSRL in recent
years. The production target area will be accessed through an additional
internal gate with a special key because of the very high residual
radiation levels present.

The experimental area will be accessed through upstream gates on either
side of the pit area

in which the preradiator, calorimeter and barrel veto are located and
two separate gates providing access to the downstream veto counters and
the beam catcher. Access control similar to that for the primary beam
cave will be used unless experimenter controlled access and sweep is
approved for the upstream area by the C-A Department Radiation Safety
Committee.

# Chapter IV. ESHQ

#  {#section-16 .unnumbered}

# 1. Purpose of the ESHQ Chapter {#purpose-of-the-eshq-chapter .unnumbered}

This chapter briefly describes the rigorous safety and environmental
protection activities associated with the RSVP Project that will be
completed prior to commencement of construction, commissioning,
operations and post-operations.

## 1.1 Process or Activity Descriptions  {#process-or-activity-descriptions .unnumbered}

Both the MECO and KOPIO beam lines and experiments will utilize high
intensity beams, new state of the art detector systems (calorimeters and
wire chambers), large conventional magnets (KOPIO sweepers), large bore
superconducting magnets (MECO PS and DS), and large decay volume
structures under vacuum (KOPIO). These have been described in detail in
the KOPIO and MECO CDRs and in earlier chapters.

Take for example, the decay volume and the entire beam path within the
view of the detector must be at high vacuum, about 10^-7^ torr, in order
to suppress background from neutron and K^0^ interactions with the
residual gas. KOPIO is pursuing a carbon fiber or aluminum vessel for
the decay vacuum system. Using this non-standard technology may
introduce unknowns in the design and fabrication. For the KOPIO vacuum
decay system, a Failure Mode and Effects Analysis of entire system will
be performed along with testing of a scale model.

The KOPIO detector pit is designed approximately 135 m^2^ in area by 3.3
m deep. It is positioned from the exit of the neutral beam collimator to
the downstream exit of the sweeping magnet. Two 1.3 m wide by 1.3 m deep
utility trenches will connect the detector pit to the west EEBA man
trench in Building 912. Safety railings, access ladders, ODH provisions,
and flammable gas detection will likely be needed for the pit. ODH
issues also surround the MECO superconducting magnets.

With regard to the protection of groundwater from tritium contamination,
the accelerators will need additional protection due to a combination of
high-intensity beam operations and a very low level of contamination now
allowed at the BNL site. Present plans call for an impermeable rain
water barrier to be installed over all areas of the AGS and Booster
Rings where beam losses may activate the soil resulting in leached water
above 5% of the Drinking Water Standard for tritium or sodium-24. This
will be done in conformance of BNL's SBMS requirements.

Two methods of installing the impermeable barrier are presently being
considered. The specific type of impermeable barrier will depend on the
terrain over these accelerators. One method is to use a High Density
Polyethylene Membrane (HDPM) placed about 0.7 m below grade, similar to
the caps installed over landfills. The second method is to install a cap
over the earth shields covering the accelerators, using reinforced
Gunnite or concrete. Gunnite is a material used to form swimming pools.
Each of these methods has been used successfully in the past over
portions of the Booster, AGS and RHIC earth shields. The maximum cap
coverage area still needed for the AGS earth shield is about 11,000 m^2^
and for the Booster earth shield about 2,200 m^2^.

## 1.2 Inventory of Hazards  {#inventory-of-hazards .unnumbered}

Ionizing Radiation --The Linac, AGS and Booster enclosures are High
Radiation Areas. These accelerators would be expected to have residual
radiation levels between 0.1 and 10 rem per hour after a running period
with high-intensity protons. With the exception of the primary beam
lines and target caves in Building 912, most of Building 912 is a
Radiation Area. The residual radiation level in routinely occupied areas
in Building 912 when these experiments are not running would be less
than 0.5 mrem per hour in most areas. During running periods, Building
912 levels are expected to range between 1 and 20 mrem per hour in
accessible areas, particularly near cable trenches and other
penetrations into the primary beam lines. Residual radiation levels
inside the primary beam line enclosures and target caves would be
similar to that in the AGS Ring, about 0.1 to 10 rem per hour, although
the targets themselves may range up to several hundred rem per hour at
30 cm. Direct in-beam exposure to primary and secondary beams may be as
high as several terarad per hour; thus, primary and secondary beams
would be fully enclosed and not accessible. By design, fault levels in
accessible areas due to unanticipated beam loss would be less than 20
mrem per fault.

1.  0.  Non-ionizing Radiation - High power, 24 kW, RF systems that
        generate large fields of electromagnetic radiation in the
        frequency range of a 740 kHz will be present. Alignment lasers
        will be used in the experiments. Laser light systems to feed
        light into experimental detector systems will be used. Lasers
        will be used for calibration and timing checks on experimental
        detectors.

    ```{=html}
    <!-- -->
    ```
    0.  Hazardous or Toxic Materials - Although the dominant shield
        materials are concrete, copper, tungsten and iron, lead
        shielding may be used in limited amounts to shield against
        residual radiation when High Radiation Areas must be occupied.
        Beryllium windows and lithium-doped cylinders will be used.
        Lead-tungstate crystal, bismuth germinate or Bi~4~Ge~3~O~12~
        will be used. Hazardous chemicals will include cleaning agents
        and cooling-water treatment chemicals.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
1.  Radioactive Materials -- Various low-level radioactive materials
    will be present in the nearby shielding, beam stops, primary
    beam-line equipment and accelerator equipment due to activation from
    high-energy hadrons. Typically, the embedded nuclides are ^60^Co,
    ^22^Na and ^3^H, and they are found in pCi/g quantities. High levels
    of residual radioactivity will be contained in primary targets that
    are made of tungsten, gold or platinum; levels will be on the order
    of several hundred Curies. These targets will decay rapidly by about
    a factor of 5 within a few days. Low-level, about 20 Ci, radiation
    sources such as ^60^Co or ^137^Cs will be used for detector testing.

Fire - Welding gases and flammable/explosive gases may exist during
construction or during repair periods. Detectors such as the MECO straw
detector represent significant combustible loading. Flammable detector
gases may be used in some experimental detector systems. Lucite and
scintillator materials used in photon detectors represent combustible
loading.

3.  Electrical Energy - Electrical hazards such as electrical shock and
    arc flash will be present. High voltage and high current systems
    will be used. Equipment is normally de-energized prior to work.

Oxygen Deficiency - The cryogenic system for the MECO superconducting
solenoids contains cryogenic liquids, such as helium, that can be
released. The pit in the KOPIO experiment may represent an ODH if
argon-ethane gas is used in the contiguous detectors.

Kinetic Energy - Kinetic energy hazards associated with motorized
materials-handling-equipment and with the operation of hand and shop
tools will exist. Superconducting solenoids containing super-cooled
liquids have the potential to suffer a local instantaneous heat load
that could trigger quenching.

6.  Potential Energy - High magnetic fields, up to 5 Tesla, will be
    present and loose, ferrous objects will have to be located at a safe
    distance from the superconducting solenoids. Potential energy
    hazards such as those associated with compressed gases and vacuum
    vessels, as well as those associated with hoisting and rigging
    operations will exist. Potential energy hazards due to working at
    heights, either from scaffold structures or trenches or pits, will
    be present.

    Thermal Energy - Heat sources such as soldering irons and vacuum
    heating blankets will exist. Primary-beam targets will be
    significant sources of heat.

    Cryogenic Temperatures - Skin contact with cryogenic materials due
    to spills or splashes may cause freezing or "cryogenic burns."

Soil Activation -- Due to the use of high intensity proton beam, soil
activation is possible throughout the acceleration path and the
transport path of the primary proton beam. Unless controlled with caps,
soil activation will lead to groundwater contamination.

Gaseous Radioactive Emissions -- Cooling fluids and cryogenic fluids
near targets will be activated by primary and secondary beams, and
produce emissions on the order of several mCi per year of ^11^C and
^13^N, and Ci per year levels of tritium.

12. 

## 2. Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA)  {#preliminary-hazard-analysis-pha .unnumbered}

An initial review of environmental, safety and health issues related to
RSVP facilities leads to the conclusion that fire, ionizing radiation,
laser, RF radiation, oxygen deficiency and electrical hazards require
further safety analysis, an analysis that considers the hazards and
controls in detail.

The Collider-Accelerator Department and Brookhaven National Laboratory
have specific programs that RSVP, BNL and C-AD staff must comply with in
order to identify, analyze, design-out and/or control these hazards. For
example:

-   [Accelerator Safety Subject
    Area](https://sbms.bnl.gov/sbmsearch/subjarea/40/40_SA.cfm?parentID=40)

-   [Accelerator System Safety Committee
    Review](http://www.rhichome.bnl.gov/AGS/Accel/SND/assrc.htm)

-   [Authorization](http://www.rhichome.bnl.gov/AGS/Accel/SND/authbasis.htm)

-   [ALARA Committee
    Review](http://www.rhichome.bnl.gov/AGS/Accel/SND/alara.htm)

-   [Cryogenic Safety Sub-Committee
    Review](http://www.rhichome.bnl.gov/AGS/Accel/SND/past_leshc_business.htm)

-   [[Conduct of
    Operations]{.underline}](http://www.rhichome.bnl.gov/AGS/Accel/SND/conductofops.htm)

-   [Design Practice for Known Beam Loss
    Locations](https://sbms.bnl.gov/sbmsearch/subjarea/40/40_Exh9.cfm?ExhibitID=6375)

-   [Electrical Safety at
    C-AD](http://www.rhichome.bnl.gov/AGS/Accel/SND/electrical_safety.htm)

-   [Environmental Management
    System](http://www.rhichome.bnl.gov/AGS/Accel/SND/ems_at_c-a_department.htm)

-   [Experimental Safety Review
    Committee](http://www.rhichome.bnl.gov/AGS/Accel/SND/esrc.htm)

-   [Facility and Area Risk
    Assessments](http://www.rhichome.bnl.gov/AGS/Accel/SND/facility_and_area_risk_assessments.htm)

-   [[Facility Specific
    Training]{.underline}](http://www.rhichome.bnl.gov/AGS/Accel/SND/training.htm)

-   [[Hazard Screening
    Tool]{.underline}](http://www.rhichome.bnl.gov/AGS/Accel/SND/C-AHazardTool/screen.html)

-   [Job Risk
    Assessments](http://www.rhichome.bnl.gov/AGS/Accel/SND/job_risk_assessments.htm)

-   [[OSH Management
    System]{.underline}](http://www.rhichome.bnl.gov/AGS/Accel/SND/osh_management_system.htm)

-   [Process Evaluations for Environmental
    Aspects](http://www.rhichome.bnl.gov/AGS/Accel/SND/process_evaluations.htm)

-   [Radiation Safety Committee
    Review](http://www.rhichome.bnl.gov/AGS/Accel/SND/radiation_safety_committee.htm)

-   [[Work Controls for C-A
    Staff]{.underline}](http://www.rhichome.bnl.gov/AGS/Accel/SND/OPM/Ch02/02-28.PDF)

In general, the following specific occupational safety and health
techniques will be used in the order listed in order to reduce or
eliminate the potential risks associated with construction and operation
of the RSVP facilities:

-   Eliminate the hazard/risk

-   Control the hazard/risk at source, through the use of engineering
    controls

-   Minimize the hazard/risk through the use of safe work systems, which
    include administrative control measures such as check-off lists and
    work permits

-   If residual hazards/risks cannot be controlled by the above
    measures, then use appropriate personal protective equipment,
    including clothing

Emergency issues will be addressed in the [[C-A OPM
3.0]{.underline}](http://www.rhichome.bnl.gov/AGS/Accel/SND/OPM/Ch03/03-00.PDF),
Local Emergency Plan for the C-A Department.

Prior to work in RSVP facilities, key competency requirements are
required to be met by technicians, scientists, guests and
sub-contractors. A job training assessment (JTA) will be performed for
every job category. Specific training will be listed in each person's
[[training record]{.underline}](http://training.bnl.gov/), and training
requirements will be checked by the Work Control Coordinators.

The shielding policy for this facility is the same as that for the rest
of the Collider-Accelerator facilities since the RSVP facilities are to
be the responsibility of the Department. Specifically, the
Collider-Accelerator Department's Radiation Safety Committee will review
facility-shielding configurations to assure that the shielding has been
designed to:

-   Prevent contamination of the ground water

-   Limit annual site-boundary dose equivalent to less than 5 mrem

-   Limit annual on-site dose equivalent to inadvertently exposed people
    in non-Collider-Accelerator Department facilities to less than 25
    mrem

-   Limit dose equivalent to any area where access is not controlled to
    less than 20 mrem during a fault event

-   Limit the dose equivalent rate to radiation-workers in continuously
    occupied locations to ALARA but in no case would it be greater than
    0.5 mrem in one hour or 20 mrem in one week

-   Limit the annual dose equivalent to radiation workers where
    occupancy is not continuous to ALARA, but in no case would it exceed
    1000 mrem

In addition to review and approval by the Radiation Safety Committee,
final shield drawings must be approved by the Radiation Safety Committee
Chair or the ESHQ Associate Chair. Shield drawings are verified by
comparing the drawing to the actual configuration. Radiation surveys and
fault studies are conducted after the shield has been constructed in
order to verify the adequacy of the shield configuration. The fault
study methodology that is used to verify the adequacy of shielding is
proscribed and controlled by Collider-Accelerator Department procedures.

Significant environmental aspects of the RSVP Project include:

-   Sole Source Aquifer

-   Excavation Within Building 912

-   Chemical Storage/Use

-   Liquid Effluent

-   Hazardous Waste

-   Radioactive Waste

-   Radiation Exposures

-   New or Modified Federal/State Permits

-   Soil Activation and Groundwater Contamination with Tritium

Although BNL is situated over a Sole Source Aquifer, operation of the
RSVP facilities should not affect the aquifer. This would include
discharges to the BNL sanitary and storm water systems. The BNL
Standards Based Management System Subject Area [Liquid
Effluents](https://sbms.bnl.gov/sbmsearch/subjarea/18/18_SA.cfm?parentID=18)
provides requirements related to discharges. Work planning, design
review, and safety inspections are three examples of several C-AD
methods used to ensure hazardous effluents would not make their way into
the sanitary waste-stream or storm-water discharges.

Excavation would be required to install the KOPIO experimental pit
inside Building 912. Excavation would be limited to the area immediately
inside the existing experimental building. Soil removed from this area
would be checked for activation and handled in accordance with
established C-AD procedures and BNL Subject Areas.

Routine operation and maintenance actions associated with these
facilities would involve the use of chemicals or compounds, generally in
small quantities. BNL\'s Chemical Management System would track the
quantity, location, owner and storage of any chemical inventory.

Any discharges associated with the RSVP facilities, including
cooling-tower effluent, would be managed according to the BNL Standards
Based Management System Subject Area [Liquid
Effluents](https://sbms.bnl.gov/sbmsearch/subjarea/18/18_SA.cfm?parentID=18).

Routine operation and maintenance actions associated with RSVP
facilities would result in a small amount of hazardous wastes being
generated, primarily cleaning compounds. The total volume generated
would not be expected to exceed a few tens of cubic feet per year and
would not constitute a significant increase to Collider-Accelerator
Department total estimates. All hazardous wastes would be managed in
accordance with established C-AD procedures and BNL Subject Areas.

Routine operation and maintenance actions associated with RSVP
facilities would result in a moderate amount of radioactive waste being
generated. The total volume generated would not be expected to exceed a
few hundred cubic feet per year and would not constitute a significant
increase to Collider-Accelerator Department total estimates. All
radioactive wastes would be managed in accordance with established C-AD
procedures and BNL Subject Areas.

Routine operation and maintenance actions associated with the RSVP and
associated accelerator facilities would result in low-level radiation
exposures to workers. Interlocks, access controls, training and
procedures would be used to minimize exposures and employ ALARA
principles.

Because portions of the affected area are within the one-half mile
corridor of the Peconic River and are proximate to wetlands, BNL would
submit to the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation an
application for permit under the Wild, Scenic and Recreational River
Systems Act. Depending on the disposition of cooling-tower discharges,
the existing New York State Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
(SPDES) permit would be revised as necessary.

Any proposed cooling-water systems for the RSVP facilities would be
closed-loop de-ionized water systems using ion exchange beds that would
be removed for regeneration or disposal by a contractor off-site. At the
proposed beam currents and energies, low-level induced radioactivity
would be expected in cooling water exposed to primary and secondary
beams. This water would be collected and handled according to approved
waste practices. Discharge of radioactive water or contaminants to the
ground or to the sanitary system would be neither planned nor expected
from the RSVP cooling systems. Closed-loop cooling systems would be
connected to a cooling tower via a heat exchanger. Cooling-tower waters
would be treated either with ozone or with biocides and rust inhibitors,
and would meet all SPDES effluent limits.

It is noted that high-energy protons and other high-energy particles
emerging from beam loss areas are eventually scattered or absorbed in
earth shielding. Typical long-lived radioactive atoms created in soil
shielding by the activation process are tritium (^3^H), with a half-life
of 12.3 years, and sodium-22 (^22^Na), with a half-life of 2.7 years.
The C-AD Department will place permanent water-impermeable caps over the
Booster and AGS tunnels in order to prevent rainfall from leaching these
activation products from the soil shielding into the groundwater. It is
noted that a large 5-acre concrete apron extends throughout Building
912, and this apron protects the soil beneath the experimental areas.
Direct activation of the groundwater has been examined near the KOPIO
pit area and sufficient shielding will be used to prevent contamination
of the groundwater.

# 3. ESHQ Plans for Construction by RSVP/C-AD/BNL Staff and by Sub Contractors {#eshq-plans-for-construction-by-rsvpc-adbnl-staff-and-by-sub-contractors .unnumbered}

Portions of the RSVP project will be constructed by RSVP/C-AD/BNL staff
and portions by sub-contractors, most notably the caps for the AGS and
Booster accelerators. All requests for goods or services will be
processed through a formal and well-documented system of review to
incorporate any special environmental, safety or health requirements of
the contractor or vendor. For both sub-contractors and RSVP/C-AD/BNL
staff, all work or contracts will be reviewed using the requirements in
the BNL Subject Area [Work Planning and Control for Experiments and
Operations](https://sbms.bnl.gov/sbmsearch/subjarea/109/109_SA.cfm?parentID=109).
The drawings for the RSVP Project will be sent to the BNL's Safety and
Health Services Division for review by the appropriate ES&H disciplines.

C-AD will define the scope of work with sufficient detail to provide
reviewers and support personnel with a clear understanding of what is
needed, expected, and required. For sub-contractors, this will include
the type of work to be performed, location of work, defined contract
limits, allowed access routes, and any sensitive or vulnerable
Laboratory operations or infrastructure that may be impacted by this
work.

The C-AD will ensure that facility hazards are characterized and
inventoried specific to the expected construction location and
activities.

The C-AD will ensure that minimum ES&H competency requirements for
contractors and RSVP/C-AD/BNL staff are detailed. For sub-contractors,
these requirements will be provided to the Procurement & Property
Management Division (PPM). PPM will include those requirements in the
bid and contract documents to qualify contractors for award. Competency
requirements will be consistent with the project, facility and job to be
performed.

Candidates for contract award will be required to submit the following:

> *Comprehensive Corporate Environmental, Safety and Health Program* -
> Candidates for contract award must submit an acceptable Corporate
> Health and Safety Program to be considered for award. This program
> must be sufficiently detailed to clearly define ES&H responsibility,
> accountability, and authority of the company\'s employees for the
> intended work to be performed and the hazards to be encountered.
>
> *Performance History* - Injury/Illness reports for the previous three
> years and environmental compliance record for the latest 5-year period
> would be submitted.
>
> *Complex or Hazardous Activities* - For projects involving complex or
> hazardous activities, submission of equivalent project experience,
> hazard-specific management programs, resumes and related work
> histories of field and supervisory personnel will be required. In
> addition, copies of any required certifications, registrations or
> applicable County, State, or Federal Permits must be submitted.
>
> *Administration* - Personnel responsibilities will include the
> obligation to obey the safe working practices for their trade, the
> frequency and scope of inspections for deficiencies, corrective
> actions to be taken, reporting of accidents, injuries, near-misses,
> spills, and leaks.
>
> *Enforcement, Reporting, and Evaluation* - Corrective action will be
> clearly defined with abatement and punitive actions outlined. The
> reporting and record-keeping process will be outlined with specific
> responsibilities for notifying BNL, contractor, and regulatory
> personnel, documenting the deficiency and its abatement.
>
> *Project Environmental Safety and Health Plan -* The contractor will
> be required to submit a project safety plan that complies with the
> requirements of the Federal Acquisition Regulations, BNL SBMS
> Requirements and 29 CFR 1926 Safety and Health Regulations for
> Construction.

The C-AD will ensure only authorized personnel are allowed on the
Laboratory property to perform work. They shall carry current BNL issued
gate passes, identification badges, or be escorted by an authorized
Laboratory employee. To obtain access, contractor employees and non-BNL
RSVP personnel must have received BNL and C-AD site-specific training or
be assigned an escort.

Materials to be disposed-of, recycled or otherwise reused either on or
off-site, shall pass through the vehicle radiation monitor in the
presence of a Radiological Control Technician or equivalent.

The RSVP job site will be inspected with sufficient frequency to
accurately assess compliance with ES&H obligations, and to identify any
weaknesses in ES&H management of the site. Violations of ES&H
requirements shall be cause for a work interruption on that portion of
the work, and may be grounds for a Stop Work Order for the entire
project. Inspections will be documented. Records will be kept of hazards
and the corrective actions taken.

Imminent danger, or failure to adequately correct identified safety
deficiencies in a timely manner will be cause for a Stop Work Order to
be issued on part or the entire project. The Stop Work Order can only be
lifted when the C-AD or the contractor has prevented or controlled the
identified hazards, and corrected the ES&H management system
deficiencies that allowed them to occur.

All accidents, injuries, illnesses, environmental hazards, imminent
danger, and near-misses will be reported to the appropriate BNL
authority immediately. Investigation and reporting will be in compliance
with BNL SBMS requirements.

Fire, accidents involving injury, illness or property damage, injury or
illness of unknown origin, any quantity of pollutant dropped anywhere,
the suspicion or discovery of munitions will require immediate
notification of BNL Emergency Services (x911).

Contractor employees will be required to maintain current permits for
the activities being performed at the jobsite.

#  {#section-17 .unnumbered}

# 4. ESHQ Plans for Commissioning, Operations and Post Operations {#eshq-plans-for-commissioning-operations-and-post-operations .unnumbered}

The Collider-Accelerator Department (C-AD) will identify hazards and
associated on-site and off-site impacts to the workers, the public and
the environment from the RSVP facilities for both normal operations and
credible accidents. Although C-AD will not list and describe every
hazard at the RSVP facilities, sufficient detail will be provided to DOE
to ensure that C-AD has performed a comprehensive hazard and risk
analysis. The amount of descriptive material and analysis will be
related to both the complexity of the facility and the nature and
magnitude of the hazards. In addition, C-AD will provide an
understanding of radiation risks to the workers, the public and the
environment.

The C-AD will provide appropriate documentation and detailed description
of engineered controls, such as interlocks and physical barriers, and
administrative measures, such as training, taken to eliminate, control
or mitigate hazards from operation. The C-AD will demonstrate that
controls are sufficient to satisfy requirements and manage identified
conditions associated with hazards. C-AD will document the methods used
to mitigate the hazards to the extent prescribed by applicable
requirements, codes or consensus standards.

The C-AD will describe the Department management organization, and the
function and location of each RSVP facility in addition to details of
major components and their operation. The descriptions will be of
sufficient depth and breadth that a reviewer familiar with accelerator
operations but unfamiliar with a particular RSVP system can readily
identify potential hazards and populations or environments at risk.

The ESHQ analysis will address the hazards of all the systems within the
purview of the RSVP operations. It will cover all facilities such as
injectors, accelerators and experimental areas in Building 912.

The ESHQ analysis will follow the generally accepted principles that
include:

1.  A description of the function of the integrated RSVP facilities and
    the protection afforded the public and worker's health and safety,
    and the protection of the environment.

2.  An overview of the results and conclusions of the ESHQ analysis
    including a description of the comprehensiveness of the safety
    analysis and appropriateness of the Accelerator Safety Envelope.

3.  A review of the land, water, air and wildlife environment within
    which the RSVP facilities operate, individual facility
    characteristics that are safety-related and the methods to be used
    to operate the accelerators, the beam-lines and the experiments. The
    following items will be addressed either directly or by reference to
    an existing current safety analysis:

    -   Site geography, seismology, meteorology, hydrology, demography
        and adjacent facilities that may affect or may be affected by
        the RSVP facilities

    -   Design criteria and as-built characteristics for components with
        safety-significant functions

    -   Features that minimize the presence of hazardous environments
        such as those that ensure radiation exposures are kept ALARA
        during operation and maintenance

    -   BNL and C-AD organizational and management structures and a
        delineation of responsibilities for safety, health and
        environmental protection

    -   The function of engineered and administrative controls both for
        routine operation and for emergency conditions

    -   Critical operational procedures to prevent or mitigate accidents

    -   Design criteria and characteristics of experimental equipment,
        systems and components having safety-significant functions

4.  The safety analysis, including the systematic methods used to
    identify and mitigate hazards and risks, will be documented.
    Hazardous materials, energy sources and potential sources of
    environmental pollution including radiological hazards will be
    characterized and quantified. Coupled with the identification of
    hazards will be a description of the controls that are employed for
    their mitigation. The description of controls will include
    discussion of credible challenges and estimates of consequences in
    the event of corresponding failure. A discussion of the risk to
    workers, the public and the environment from radiation will be
    included. In addition, the methods to ensure radiation exposures are
    kept ALARA during operation, maintenance and facility modification
    will be described.

5.  An Accelerator Safety Envelope will be developed for RSVP
    commissioning and operations and will consist of the engineered and
    administrative bounding conditions within which the BNL and C-AD
    will operate the RSVP facilities.

6.  A quality assurance program will be applied at the RSVP facilities,
    focusing upon activities that influence protection of the worker,
    the public and the environment.

Post-operations activities normally include a transition period,
followed by deactivation, decommissioning and remedial surveillance
activities. These activities will likely require development of a
written plan that meets whatever requirements are in place at the time
of post-operations. This plan will incorporate budget and schedule
realities.

These RSVP facilities are large and complex and could contain
radioactive and/or hazardous substances long after termination of
operations. The post-operations plan will be developed by BNL when RSVP
facilities complete their mission and are declared excess. The RSVP
facilities will then pass into a transition period where they are
ultimately prepared for disposition. The disposition period of RSVP's
life-cycle may include deactivation, decommissioning, and surveillance
and maintenance activities.

As part of the post-operations plan, specific end-points will be agreed
upon by the applicable regulators and stakeholders. End-points are the
detailed specifications of conditions to be achieved for the RSVP space,
systems, and major equipment.

BNL will ensure that surveillance and maintenance activities for RSVP
post operations are adequate to maintain the Accelerator Safety Envelope
during the final stages of operations through a seamless transition to
the final disposition of the facility.

Post-operational activities will likely be facilitated by using a
modular approach. The overall post-operations plan will likely be
prepared as separate plans focused on discrete logical modules of the
RSVP facilities such as injectors, targets, experiments, or experimental
buildings rather than a single document addressing the entire RSVP
program.

Requirements that apply to post-operations activities will be identified
in the post operations plan. Requirements may originate from several
sources, including regulatory requirements, contract obligations,
internal BNL and C-AD procedures, and formal commitments made by BNL
management. Requirements will also address appropriate LOTO of
equipment, hazardous chemical and radioactive material storage and/or
disposal, periodic surveillances to verify continuing safe conditions,
and physical security measures to prevent unwanted public access.

C-AD will collect and retain records on appropriate aspects of RSVP
operations that may be needed to facilitate decommissioning or return of
the accelerator site to other uses. Types of records that will be
considered for long term retention to facilitate post-operational
activities will include items such as:

-   Records documenting the use, storage, and disposition of regulated
    or hazardous chemicals or of radioactive materials

-   Records documenting routine and non-routine facility releases of
    radioactive or hazardous materials

-   Records documenting parameters (e.g. beam intensity, repetition
    rate, pulse length, beam energy, etc.) that would facilitate
    assessments of the extent of activation of items such as shielding,
    components and adjacent soils

-   Records documenting routine and non-routine contamination events
    including decontamination efforts and long-term residual
    contamination

Operations at adjacent C-AD facilities may be ongoing concurrent with
RSVP post-operational activities. C-AD will consider the potential
impact from those operations as well as impacts to those operations by
any post-operational RSVP activities. These considerations will include:

-   Safety impacts including radiation burdens, ODH hazards, etc. from
    adjacent operations

-   Possible disruption of safety systems shared between facilities,
    e.g. fire alarm system

-   Structural impacts including alignment and stability of nearby
    structures or equipment

-   Operational impacts including disruption of access or services to
    adjacent operations or restrictions on access and services caused by
    adjacent operations

Detailed records from operations as well as records of post-operations
activities will be archived for proper long-term retrieval consistent
with applicable regulations, e.g. DOE O 200.1, Information Management
Program.

Chapter V. The PASS System

## 1. Introduction {#introduction-1 .unnumbered}

Particle Accelerator Safety System (PASS) provides an integrated system
for protection from potential radiation and oxygen deficiency \[ODH\].
The general design approach will be described, then the overall
architecture of the system and that of the independent sub-systems.

## 2. General Characteristics {#general-characteristics .unnumbered}

In order to provide radiation protection compliant with DOE 5480.25,
PASS is required to prevent beam in the area by two independent devices
\[Critical Devices\] during any area entry, provide dual independent
area entry detection during beam operation and dual independent control
logic. In addition PASS assures that there are no personnel in the area
when beam is enabled to that area with the use of monitored sweeps, beam
imminent signals and beam crashes.

Four access states re provided, No Access, Controlled Access, Restricted
Access and Safe.

In the No Access mode the area has been cleared of personnel, all gates
are reset and locked, all keys are in the key trees in the main control
room \[MCR key tree\] and the radiation sources are enabled.

Controlled Access mode is used for short entries with a limited number
of entrants and makes it possible to enter and exit an area and not
require that the area be re-swept before going to the No Access mode. In
this mode the radiation sources are disabled and entry requires the
entrant to carry a key from the MCR key tree, to log in and out and be
observed at the gate by a gate watch. At the gate the entrants presents
themselves to local gate watch or over a closed circuit television
system the remote watch in MCR and opens the gate with the key and a
gate release from MCR. For exit a MCR gate release is also required.

Restricted Access is used for extended access periods and requires that
the area be re-swept before going to the No Access mode. In this mode
the radiation sources are disabled. Any person with an entry card that
is valid for the area may enter.

Safe mode is the default mode when a problem is detected \[e.g. wiring
problems, ODH issues, etc.\] The entry procedure is similar to
Controlled Access. ODH requires that PASS monitor the air for the oxygen
content and activate alarms and emergency ventilation if a significant
deviation from normal is detected.

## 3. System Design {#system-design .unnumbered}

PASS uses networked Programmable Logic Controllers \[PLC\] as the basis
of the system. In order to provide the required dual independent
protection the area served by PASS is subdivided into 3 sub-sections
each of which is served by two independent PLC's \[field machines\].
These field machines are separately networked \[field network\] into 2
divisions \[A and B\]. Each division independently provides full
protection. For operational convenience there are two sets of A and B
divisions \[sub-systems\] forming the SEB areas \[A and B lines and the
switchyard\], figure 1. Each field machine provides full protection for
its associated sub-section. Operator interface is through touch screen
displays \[LCD Touch Panels\] on a command network that is connected
through firewall machines to the separate divisions.

## 3.1 Field Machines {#field-machines .unnumbered}

Individual field machines supply all functions needed to insure the
safety of personnel in associated area. Communications to the command
network consists of status information and state commands from the user
interface that are accepted by the field machine if and only if they are
consistent with the status of the associated area. Each field machine
independently controls and monitors the critical devices, gates, ODH (if
applicable) beam abort (crash system), and monitors the sweep. Control
of individual devices by the two divisions is implemented with relays in
order to isolate the divisions. Divisions A and B utilize different
series of Allen-Bradley PLC's \[SLC 5/04's or 05's in division A and PLC
5's in division B\] in order to reduce the probability of a common mode
failure. In addition the two divisions are programmed by different
programmers, working independently from a common engineering
specification \[state tables\].

### 3.2 Critical Device Control {#critical-device-control .unnumbered}

Critical devices are arranged in pairs and each one is disabled
independently by the A and B divisions. Allen-Bradley PLC Remote
Input/Output \[RI/O's\] blocks are the interfaces between the individual
field machines and the critical device system. Use of this standard
communication interface provides a supervised link with defined failure
response. Critical device status is monitored through the same RI/O's.
If, after an appropriate response time, a critical device does not
respond as safe when disabled an additional device \[or pair\] is
disabled \[Reachback\]. For the beam transport to the switchyard a beam
plug is used as critical device and the SEB lines transport magnets are
used as critical devices except at low energies \[injection into the
booster\] where beam stops are used. The interlocking of the Booster
inject beamstops is done thought the existing relay based interlock
system. When an area is placed in the No Access mode visual and auditory
beam imminent warnings are activated for a period before the critical
devices for the area are enabled.

### 3.3 Gate System {#gate-system .unnumbered}

There are a number of different types of gates, entrance gates, internal
gates, and separation gates. All gates are equipped with two switches,
which indicate that the gate is closed, one for each division. Entrance
gates and internal gates have electric strikes, with latch-indicating
switches, emergency entry break glasses, with indicating switches, key
switches for gate reset, sweep and gate release, system response lights
and status indicators and a card reader for Restricted Access entry.
Separation gates have key switches for sweep and system response lights
and status indicators and are monitored by both corresponding peers. All
gate switches are readout by discrete R\\IO modules with 24vdc digital
logic.

**3.4 Beam Crash and Sweep System**

In order to insure that no personnel are in the area when the radiation
source is enabled it is searched by a sweep team that follows a
proscribed path activating key switches at sweep check stations that are
readout in the same manor as the gate switches. When the area is put in
the No Access mode warnings are activated prior to enabling the critical
devices. If anyone is in the area at this time they activate the beam
crash, which uses pull cord and actuator installed along the non-machine
side of the aisles. These are also readout in the way as the gate
switches.

### 3.5 ODH Systems {#odh-systems .unnumbered}

The oxygen sensors for the ODH system are located at high points in the
covered areas, because we are concerned primarily with helium. Each
location has a pair of sensors \[one for each division\] that are
associated with a local display and alarm panel. At the local panel the
measured oxygen is displayed and only the alarm state is readout by the
local peer in the same way as the gate switches are. In the ring there
is a set of exhaust fans and air supply vents, corresponding to each
sensor, that are operated when a sensor alarms. If the area is in the No
Access mode then the ODH alarms do not activate the fans and vents.
There are manual controls located at entry gates that activate all fans
and vents.

## 3.6 PASS Command System {#pass-command-system .unnumbered}

In each division the field network is connected to a master PLC \[Fig.
1\], which translates commands from the operator interface into commands
for the field machine. This machine collects status information from the
field machine and transmits it to upper level machines. The firewall
machine is the link between the command network and the master machines
in each of the divisions. It is configured to permit data transfer to
and from the individual divisions and the command network, but to
prohibit communication between the two divisions.

On the command level networks are located behind the firewall machines
for the two sub-system, the corresponding control Panelviewers \[Fig.
2\], alarm Panelviewer, access control console Panelviewer \[Fig. 3\]
and a status logging PC. The control Panelviewers provide full access to
all control functions and an extensive range of status information for
the corresponding sub-system and are configured to permit communication
with its sub-system only. Both subsystems report alarm information to
the alarm Panelviewer. The access control console Panelviewer is
intended for supervision of remote Controlled Accesses and is limited to
providing gate releases and to selection of the gates to be viewed on
the TV monitors. There is a pc that is running a very restrictive
Allen-Bradley support program that permits it to log all activities on
both sub-systems.

There are six key trees located in the PASS control racks \[fig. 2\].
Each tree captures the sweep/reset keys for an operationally integral
part of the system and is required to be complete in order to place that
area in the No Access mode. In some cases a series of trees is required
to be complete.

**4.0 Review and Testing**

The basic defining specification for the system was reviewed and
approved by the relevant safety committees and management. Based upon
these specifications detailed documentation \[state tables\] was
developed by an ad hoc committee that included PASS personnel and
representatives of the safety committees. During the construction and
programming of the system a series of certification test procedures were
developed for initial certification and periodic re-certification of the
system prior to use. Upon completion of the initial tests and review and
approval of the results the configuration of the hardware and software
is fixed and becomes subject to formal configuration management.
Subsequent modifications are reviewed and retested using a graded
approach. In order to assure a consistent approach to the review and
approval process, one member of the departmental safety division is the
principle non-system reviewer.

![](media/image39.wmf)

**Figure 1**

![](media/image40.jpeg){width="5.708267716535433in"
height="4.375196850393701in"}

![](media/image41.png){width="4.274305555555555in"
height="3.4166666666666665in"}

**Chapter VI. Controls**

1\. Scope of Work

The C-AD Controls Division will provide computer controls for various
subsystems to be constructed or modified for the RSVP project. These
controls will be compatible with existing standards in use at the AGS
and RHIC. Existing designs and/or commercial hardware will be utilized,
and only a small amount of software development will be required.
Configuration of database and software for the new interface modules
will be required.

The following table lists the subsystem elements addressed in the
various Controls tasks:

+------------------+-----------------------+---------------------------+
| # Project        | ##                    | ## Su                     |
| Task {#project-t | Controls Task {#contr | bsystem Elements {#subsys |
| ask .unnumbered} | ols-task .unnumbered} | tem-elements .unnumbered} |
+------------------+-----------------------+---------------------------+
| KOPIO            | Instrumentation       | Hardware interfaces for   |
|                  | Interface Hardware    | EPMs and/or SWICs, loss   |
|                  |                       | monitors and beam         |
|                  |                       | inhibit, flag, target     |
|                  |                       | telescope and target      |
|                  |                       | temperature monitor       |
+------------------+-----------------------+---------------------------+
|                  | Instrumentation       | Database and front-end    |
|                  | Software and Database | software configuration    |
|                  |                       | for above elements        |
+------------------+-----------------------+---------------------------+
|                  | Power Supply          | Control cabling for       |
|                  | Interface Hardware    | magnet power supply       |
|                  |                       | relocation                |
+------------------+-----------------------+---------------------------+
|                  | Power Supply Software | Database configuration    |
|                  | and Database          | for above elements        |
+------------------+-----------------------+---------------------------+
| MECO             | Instrumentation       | Hardware interfaces for   |
|                  | Interface Hardware    | EPMs and/or SWICs, loss   |
|                  |                       | monitors and beam         |
|                  |                       | inhibit, current          |
|                  |                       | transformer, collimators, |
|                  |                       | flags, target telescope   |
|                  |                       | and target temperature    |
|                  |                       | monitor                   |
+------------------+-----------------------+---------------------------+
|                  | Instrumentation       | Database and front-end    |
|                  | Software and Database | software configuration    |
|                  |                       | for above elements        |
+------------------+-----------------------+---------------------------+
|                  | Power Supply          | Control cabling for       |
|                  | Interface Hardware    | beam-line magnet power    |
|                  |                       | supply relocation; new    |
|                  |                       | interfaces for MECO       |
|                  |                       | superconducting magnets   |
+------------------+-----------------------+---------------------------+
|                  | Power Supply Software | Database configuration    |
|                  | and Database          | for above elements;       |
|                  |                       | front-end software and    |
|                  |                       | console application       |
|                  |                       | configuration for MECO    |
|                  |                       | magnets                   |
+------------------+-----------------------+---------------------------+

### 2. Method {#method .unnumbered}

The control system hardware assembled for this project will be identical
in all respects to equipment in use at the C-AD facilities. Standard VME
chassis will be configured with appropriate interface modules for the
RSVP subsystems. These chassis will be connected to the existing
fiber-optic infrastructure providing Ethernet and timing connections
with the central servers and control room. Network switches, remote
power reset modules, and terminal servers will be required for new
equipment locations.

In the Booster and AGS, the new interface modules will be installed in
both four (4) new and three (3) existing chassis. Most of the switchyard
interfaces will be installed in two (2) new chassis installed in the
instrumentation electronics racks. A few downstream switchyard
instrumentation interfaces will be located in the MECO/KOPIO beam-line
chassis because of cable length constraints. The KOPIO and MECO
beam-line instrumentation electronics will be located together. The
interfaces will require one (1) dedicated chassis for each experiment
and two (2) shared chassis, one of which will be dedicated to the loss
monitor and beam inhibit system. The MECO superconducting solenoid power
supplies will also require a dedicated VME chassis and a PLC unit for
state control and monitoring. Each chassis will contain a microprocessor
module, a general utility module for timing input and a battery powered
cache memory module to preserve configuration across reboots. Timing
delay modules, signal fan-outs, scalers, and analog and digital I/O
modules will be configured according to the needs for each subsystem.

Each instance of new equipment interfacing will require database
configuration for access by front-end application interface software for
control and monitoring, including alarms. Very little new application
software will be required. A notable exception is the Booster loss
monitor application for the main control room. A new application will be
needed that is designed for the new interface hardware using modern
graphical user interface tools.

**Chapter VII Instrumentation**

#  {#section-18 .unnumbered}

# 1. External Profile Monitor {#external-profile-monitor .unnumbered}

**1.1 Introduction:**

The residual ionization beam profile monitor has been used in C-AD
accelerators for a long time. It makes use of multiple traversal of the
beam through the high vacuum residual gas to produce enough ionization
for observation. The device is normally called IPM (Internal beam
Profile Monitor). It was realized that the AGS external beam area is
another candidate application of this principle. In the switchyard, the
vacuum was in the micron range, before the 1995 AGS high intensity
upgrade. The beam intensity was less than 10 TP in the individual beam
lines. The combination of intensity and vacuum uniquely provided the
opportunity for a new device, EPM (External beam Profile Monitor). After
the AGS high intensity upgrade, the vacuum in the switchyard
deteriorated to tens of micron's. This spoiled the capability of the
EPM. The device can no longer function as a beam profile device as the
excessive number of ions produced caused undesired broadening of the
measurement. RSVP requires a very high intensity beam, 100 TP per pulse
and spill rate about 20TP per second. It becomes desirable to revive
this device for RSVP application, since it is not intrusive and requires
no material in the beam. The study is aiming at the possibility of
extending the range of external beam transport vacuum for EPM operation.

**1.2 EPM Operation Principle**

The charged particle path through a material or gas causes the
atom/molecule to be ionized. Collecting this ionization gives us the
intensity distribution of the charged beam. We have applied this
principle in Segmented Wire gas Ionization Chamber (SWIC), used
extensively in the heavy ion beam lines, and some secondary charged beam
lines. In normal air, the ionization of a minimum ionizing particle
creates about 60 ion pairs in one centimeter. In vacuum, at around one
micron pressure, the secondary ionization no longer exists/dominates.
The primary ionization is about 12/cm of STP air. When 10^12^ protons
(1TP) travel through 10cms of air, the following charge is produced;

> 10^12^ x 12 x 10 x 1.6^-19^ = 19.2 micro Coulomb
>
> For 1 micron, 10^-6^ of STP. We then get 19.2 pico Coulomb.

This is at the low end of our normal integrator electronics dynamic
range at the time of the original conception. On the other hand, the
intensity could be higher and the vacuum is not exactly at 1 micron.

**1.3 EPM Design**

The primary design concern is to create a simple and flexible
construction. We utilize an end plate mounted system using a 12" beam
pipe as housing. Figure 1 shows the design detail.

The collecting and bias plates are mounted on rods which are mounted on
the supporting end plate. There are two sets of plates, one for
horizontal and the other for the vertical measurement. The "signal
plane" is a printed circuit board with strips 2 mm apart, shown in
figure 2.

![](media/image42.jpeg){width="6.0in" height="3.85in"}

**Figure 1**. EPM Drawing

> ![](media/image43.jpeg){width="4.545833333333333in"
> height="3.8493055555555555in"}
>
> **Figure 2.** Signal board.

On top of the signal plane, there is a guard plate to shape the
electrical field, Figure 3. The active area of the collecting region is
14.7 cm along the beam direction. The maximum beam active width is 2 mm
x 32=6.4 cm. The distance between signal and bias plane is 10 cm. This
limited the beam size to be less than 10 cm to avoid obstructing the
beam. Figure 4 shows the detectors mounted on the rods, and Figure 5
shows the actual device mounted in the D line transport.

> ![](media/image44.jpeg){width="4.652083333333334in" height="3.4875in"}
>
> **Figure 3.** Signal board guard plane.
>
> ![](media/image45.jpeg){width="5.2555555555555555in"
> height="3.467361111111111in"}
>
> **Figure 4.** Photo of the detectors mounted on the end plate.
>
> ![](media/image46.jpeg){width="5.052777777777778in"
> height="3.4298611111111112in"}
>
> **Figure 5.** Finished EPM mounted in the D line transport.

**1.4 Vacuum limitations**

As the ions drift in the vacuum they will collide with the residual gas.
The average length of travel is about 5 cm. The "estimated" collision
length is about 1.0x10^-5^ cm at STP. At 1-micron vacuum, the collision
length becomes 10 cm. This puts the normal operating vacuum of the EPM
in the 1-micron range. Fig. 6 shows the maximum positive voltages we
could apply on the bias plane vs. the vacuum. The pump used in the test
setup limits the lowest vacuum. For good operation, the vacuum needed to
be 10 microns or less (for more than 2 kV applied across the 10 cm gap).

![](media/image47.wmf)

> **Figure 6.** Maximum voltage of EPM vs. Vacuum in the EPM.

**1.5 Performance:**

With D line Vacuum on the order of one micron and the beam intensity of
7 TP. The three EPM's, D224, D355 and D380 profiles are shown in Fig. 7.
The integrator is at high gain (1.0 nano farad) and the display gain set
at 2. The display is at .5 volts per cm. The profile remains fairly
constant when bias voltage is more than 2 kV. We normally operated at 4
kV positive bias voltage. The estimated collected charge is about 1,600
pico coulomb. (The integrated area is 18 Volts. The gain is factor of 2
and the capacitor is 182 pico farad) This gives about 230 pico coulomb
per TP. It is more than a factor of 10 better than the estimated
ionization of 1-micron pressure. Part of the answer could be that the
pressure is really more than 1 micron and other could be that the
residual gas is more ionized. It is welcome news for the EPM
application.

> ![](media/image48.jpeg){width="5.448611111111111in"
> height="3.522222222222222in"}
>
> Fig. 7. Scope trace for the Horizontal and Vertical profile of 3 EPM.

**2. KOPIO high Intensity Requirements:**

The new RSVP experiment will demand 100 TP beam extracted and delivered
to the target station. Two problems arise with the current
instrumentation;

1.  The beam intensity monitor is needed. The old SEC (Secondary
    Emission Chamber) is known to deteriorate; the secondary emission
    coefficient is reduced by almost 40 % after one year of 40 TP
    running.

2.  Need for less intrusive detector for beam profile monitor: The SWIC
    and Flag will create unnecessary beam loss in the beam transport
    system. This will reduce the effectiveness of these devices.

In this context, the EPM idea was revitalized. We could use EPM to
monitor the beam both in profile and intensity. For the intensity, we
need to monitor the vacuum pressure and also the components of the
residual gas. The first step of the development is to check on the
vacuum requirement of EPM. We know it works with l micron vacuum, but
how far could we relax the vacuum requirement?

**2.1 Modification of EPM:**

We know from experience that the EPM profile and amplitude grow to
unmanageable levels when the vacuum spoils to more than 30 micron. That
is why we stopped using the device when the vacuum in the Switchyard was
spoiled. The idea of confining the electrons with magnetic field was
used in the accelerator IPM. Adding the magnetic field in the drift
direction should confine the spread of signal. It is not clear how
collisions will disperse the signal width since electrons should have 4
times longer collision length (assuming the size of electron is zero
compare with atom), the collision effect should be smaller. On the other
hand, the electrons will have a higher intrinsic velocity, thermo motion
and recoil momentum in the ionization process. The magnetic field will
minimize these effects on the profile.

**2.2 Magnetic Field:**

The simplest way to add a magnetic field is using permanent magnets.
Figures 8 shows the modification.

![](media/image49.jpeg){width="6.430555555555555in"
height="4.777083333333334in"}

**Figure 9.** The detail indicating the addition of the permanent
magnets.

# 3. Profile Monitors: Segmented Wire Ionization Chamber {#profile-monitors-segmented-wire-ionization-chamber .unnumbered}

The Segmented Wire Ionization Chamber (SWIC) located 11 feet from the
exit of the AGS ring will measure transverse beam horizontal and
vertical profiles. This type of device has been used extensively at C-AD
during previous high intensity proton experiments. Due to the
semi-destructive nature of this measurement, we will incorporate remote
control plunging capability.

Typically this is an array of 32 thin signal wires in each of the
horizontal and vertical planes sandwiched between high voltage planes,
and argon-CO2 gas flows through the entire head assembly. The plunging
head assembly is separated from the vacuum by thin aluminum windows. A
similar device, although on a slightly larger scale, is successfully
employed at the NSRL facility, see picture below.

![](media/image50.jpeg){width="2.247916666666667in"
height="2.9972222222222222in"}

**Figure 10.** Plunging SWIC assembly in the NSRL beamline.

SWIC signal processing electronics will be a C-AD standard Eurocard
based integrator configuration, we will modify an existing electronics
package, which will include remote control gain and appropriate
integrator capacitor values for RSVP type beams.

# 4. Profile Monitors Scanning Target {#profile-monitors-scanning-target .unnumbered}

The scanning target will be located in the upstream portion of the
external beam transport in the AGS ring enclosure. It provides the
ability to measure transverse beam profiles, with enhanced capability in
probing the characteristics of the beam halo. These measurements are
used to arrive at emittance characteristics, which are important tuning
parameters while setting up extraction. Understanding & minimizing beam
halo is critical to minimize beam losses and optimize transport
efficiency. This measurement is done by scanning two separate
electrically isolated thin horizontal and vertical tungsten targets
across the beam path while measuring the secondary emission current from
the targets, and the scattered secondary particles using scintillators
and photomultipliers in a telescope configuration as shown in figure 11.

![](media/image51.png){width="4.120833333333334in"
height="2.4868055555555557in"}

**Figure 11.** Schematics of a scanning target device and detector.

Past experience with this device resulted in beam profile measurement
with 2 to 3 orders dynamic range with the secondary emission signals,
and 4 to 5 orders with the telescopes, and good agreement between the
two techniques. For the RSVP application we plan on improving
performance by revising the target design, replacing any rad-damaged
components, and upgrading the motion controls to the standard for
similar systems.

![](media/image52.png){width="4.3909722222222225in"
height="2.6333333333333333in"}

**Figure 12.** Installed target scanning device.

# 5. Current Transformer {#current-transformer .unnumbered}

The most basic measurement on a beam is that of its intensity. A widely
used device is the \"Current Transformer\" which allows one to determine
the electric current that a beam constitutes or, depending on the
circumstances, the electric charge contained in a burst of beam. Figure
13 shows the principle and beam line assembly.

![](media/image53.png){width="2.75in"
height="1.4118055555555555in"}![](media/image54.jpeg){width="1.525in"
height="1.3034722222222221in"}

**Figure 13**. Current Transformer principle, and assembly in copper
shroud

A current transformer will be installed in the upstream portion of the
external beam transport in the AGS ring enclosure. We will use an
existing transformer detector assembly which was employed previously for
measuring single fast extracted bunched beam intensities. For RSVP we
will purchase commercial electronics from the same manufacturer which is
capable of measuring the RSVP beam.

In the MECO transport beamline, there will be two matched current
transformers assemblies, one upstream and one downstream of the
Lambertson's. Using a BNL modified version of the available commercial
signal processing electronics, an extinction measurement can be made.
This extinction measurement feature was eliminated during cost cutting,
so we will only provide one set of electronics, but will order two
toroids since they can be accurately matched during production. Using
the one set of standard electronics for the downstream MECO transformer
will enable overall external transport efficiency measurements with a
few percent accuracy. The beamline assemblies include a necessary
ceramic break, copper shroud, and calibration winding, and will be
similar to existing C-AD devices. The toroids and standard electronics
are commercially available from Bergoz. The signal processing
electronics will provide average current measurements and a calibration
technique.

# 6. Secondary Emission Chamber {#secondary-emission-chamber .unnumbered}

A secondary emission chamber (SEC) provides a semi-destructive
measurement of the beam intensity versus time. For the RSVP application,
a standard SEC design will be modified to include plunging capability
which will allow measurements during tuning and troubleshooting, and the
capability to remove it during running periods. The assembly structure
can be described as an evacuated chamber with 5 thin aluminum foil
planes that are situated perpendicular to the beam trajectory. Three of
the planes are high voltage bias (+450 V), two of the planes (A & B) are
for Signal pickup (virtual ground). The configuration of these five
planes is HV-S-HV-S-HV; the Signal (S) planes are sandwiched between
adjacent High Voltage (HV) planes. See figure 14 for a view of chamber
assembly and internal structure.

![](media/image55.jpeg){width="2.261111111111111in"
height="2.2319444444444443in"}
![](media/image56.jpeg){width="2.446527777777778in"
height="2.3340277777777776in"}

**Figure 14**. Secondary Emission Chamber internal and full assembly.

As the beam passes through the foils, electrons are released from each
of the foil surfaces at a rate of about 2.2% per proton. Since there are
two signal planes, each with two sides, this yields four sides (with
relative negative voltage potential) producing (emitting) electrons. The
two (A & B) signal planes are typically joined electrically (externally)
to sum the currents. So a net 8.8% production is realized.

Signal conditioning is done via a long coax cable to an op-amp based
integrator circuit that provides analog (current to voltage conversion)
and digital (current to frequency conversion) measurement data. A rate
interlock circuit is also included which has adjustable rate thresholds
and can generate a beam inhibit trigger to turn off extraction in the
event of an inadvertent undesirably high spill rate.

#  {#section-19 .unnumbered}

# 7. Loss Monitors {#loss-monitors .unnumbered}

In order to provide machine protection throughout the machines and the
transport beam lines, and allow "hands-on" maintenance, as well as a
tool for tuning, the beam loss monitor system will be critical for
minimizing losses and optimizing efficiency. Ionization chamber
detectors are installed adjacent to the beam vacuum chambers. These
argon-CO~2~ filled chambers provide a calibrated current signal which
originates when minimum ionizing secondary particles (generated when
primary beam hits vacuum chamber apertures) cause pair production in the
argon-CO~2~, this charge is collected on a signal electrode by applying
a bias voltage across the chamber. The loss signal is routed to
integrator based processing electronics which provides data to the beam
inhibit, loss accounting, and high level data display application
systems. In the Booster, AGS, and transport beamlines, the ion chamber
detectors are typically sealed 3/8" or 7/8" Heliax cable, which are
either pressurized, or flow the argon-CO~2~ gas.

# Target Instrumentation

#  {#section-20 .unnumbered}

# 8.1 PIN Diodes {#pin-diodes .unnumbered}

PIN Diodes will be employed as a high sensitivity directional loss
monitor near the MECO target magnet. These devices have proved useful at
many accelerators. Since they are solid state electronic based, they
will not suffer from stray magnetic field interference, but are
susceptible to high levels of radiation. We will be able to learn a lot
about targeting parameters during the early transport setup effort.

![](media/image57.png){width="2.665277777777778in"
height="1.979861111111111in"}![](media/image58.jpeg){width="2.70625in"
height="1.9645833333333333in"}

**Figure 15.** PIN Diode operation principle diagram, and detector
assembly, both courtesy of Bergoz.

These devices are commercially available from Bergoz. We will build
custom enclosures for each, as well as a power and calibration control
chassis.

#  {#section-21 .unnumbered}

# 8.2 Telescopes {#telescopes .unnumbered}

Another diagnostic commonly used for similar fixed target experiments is
the telescope. It is essentially a linear array of three scintillator
photomultiplier-tube (PMT) assemblies positioned carefully so that
secondary particles only from the target will pass through all three
scintillators. The signal processing electronics condition the analog
PMT signals, then feed a coincidence stage which generates pulses that
are monitored by the Controls system. This system has been proven to
provide valuable data regarding targeting efficiency.

![](media/image59.jpeg){width="1.9090277777777778in" height="1.6in"}

**Figure 16.** Telescope assembly for fixed targets.

# Target Temperature Monitor

The temperature of the fixed targets will be monitored via
thermocouples; this data will be used as an input to the beam inhibit
system to ensure against target damage, and as a reference for targeting
efficiency. The thermocouples will be placed on the outer heat jacket in
a variety of locations to measure heat distribution and for redundancy.
An Allen Bradley PLC system will be employed to process the signals,
provide data, and compare measured temperatures to predetermined
operating thresholds.

#  {#section-22 .unnumbered}

# Target Flag

In order to optimize the beam targeting parameters, a thin Al-Ox
phosphor flag will be mounted in the beam path and viewed by a nearby
radiation hardened video camera. A rad-hard multi-position neutral
density filter will be used to extend the system dynamic range. The
image will digitized via frame grabber for detailed analysis, and
available for display live throughout the complex. This flag-video
diagnostic has been used successfully for many high intensity proton
fixed target experiments.

![](media/image60.jpeg){width="3.0in" height="1.3333333333333333in"}
![](media/image61.jpeg){width="2.388888888888889in" height="1.34375in"}

**Figure 17.** Conceptual KOPIO target & flag configuration, and similar
rad-hard camera assembly installed in the Booster ring.

# Target Loss Monitors

Several ion chamber loss monitors will be installed near the targets. An
effective configuration used to monitor and diagnose beam transport
parameters is what we call a "picture frame", this entails loss monitor
detectors mounted above, below, to the left, and the right of the beam
vacuum chamber just upstream of the last large quadrupole before the
target. The mounting bracket, which holds the detectors, looks like an
empty picture frame centered around the beam transport vacuum chamber.
The quadrupole acts a shield to block backscatter secondary particles
from the primary target.