# Point Estimate Results

This chapter summarizes the doses and risks calculated for each of the
four hypothetical individuals (family members) comprising each of the
seven exposure scenarios as described in [Chapter
3](../Chapter_03_ready%20for%20CDC%20031405.doc). Each family consists
of:

-   An adult female.

-   An adult male.

-   A male child born in 1955.

-   A male child born in 1964.

The chapter is organized into two main sections:

Section 11.1 is an introduction and overview of results. The
introduction ([Section 11.1.1](#introduction)) summarizes the exposure
routes and pathways considered for each exposure scenario. The overview
of results ([Section 11.1.2](#overview-of-dose-results)) summarizes the
range of radiation doses and cancer risks calculated for all
hypothetical members of all scenarios, and identifies those exposure
pathways and radionuclides that consistently caused the largest doses
and cancer risks among the hypothetical family members.

[Section 11.2](#detailed-results-for-each-scenario) present radiation
doses and cancer risks for each member of each family exposure scenario.
It is divided into seven subsections -- one for each exposure scenario.
Each subsection addresses:

1.  Effective dose and cancer risks for each family member, summed over
    the 39 years covered by this study.

2.  Annual effective dose for each family member.

3.  Radionuclides that dominated the radiation dose.

4.  Effective dose for each family member from external exposure to
    radiation, and from ingesting and inhaling radionuclides.

5.  The principal exposure pathways (e.g., eating contaminated foods)
    that led to the radiation dose.

Effective doses and cancer risks are presented in two significant
figures. This format was chosen because it facilitates comparison of
doses and risks that are far apart as well as those that are similar but
not identical. Effective doses presented as the percent of the entire
effective dose received over 39 years are shown to the nearest 0.1%
although the calculations are likely not that accurate. Introduction and
Overview of Results

### Introduction

Radiation dose in this chapter is presented as effective dose. Effective
dose represents the sum of equivalent doses calculated for up to 23
bodily tissues and organs (e.g., lungs, bone, thyroid) as weighted by a
set of factors ([Chapter
10](../Chapter_10_ready%20for%20CDC%20031405.doc)) that have been
recommended by the International Commission on Radiation Protection
(ICRP) \[ICRP-60\]. These weighting factors account for the different
sensitivity of different bodily tissues to radiation-induced cancers.
Results are generally presented in units of milliSieverts (mSv). A
milliSievert is one-one thousandth of a Sievert (Sv), the recommended
international unit for radiation dose. We also often present equivalent
results in units of millirem (mrem), the radiation dose unit most
commonly used in the United States. A millirem is 0.01 milliSieverts[^1]
The cancer incidence and cancer fatality risks presented in this chapter
represent the sum of risks calculated for 14 organs (or cancer sites) of
the body (see [Chapter
10](../Chapter_10_ready%20for%20CDC%20031405.doc)). Both cancer
incidence and fatality risks, as presented here, result solely from
exposure to radionuclides released from SRS activities. These risks are
in addition to those risks of cancer that the person would have without
this radiation exposure. We present cancer incidence and fatality risks
in units of percent: For example, a person with a 1% cancer incidence
risk would face a one-in-one hundred lifetime risk of developing cancer
due to the radiation exposures discussed here.

Exposures, tabulated for 18 exposure pathways in [Chapter
9](../Chapter_09_ready%20for%20CDC%20031405.doc), are used to compute
doses and risks by the methods outlined in [Chapter
10](../Chapter_10_ready%20for%20CDC%20031405.doc). Table 11-1[^2]
summarizes each pathway, provides a shorthand description of each
pathway, distinguishes whether the pathway resulted from radionuclides
released by SRS into either the air or into surface water, and
identifies the exposure route resulting from each exposure pathway.

Table 11‑1 Exposure Routes and Pathways for Air and Water Pathways

  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Exposure Route & Pathway                           Shorthand       Air        Water
                                                     Description     Releases   Releases
  -------------------------------------------------- --------------- ---------- ----------
  **External radiation:**                                                       

  Immersion in a plume of contaminated air           Air Immersion   X          

  Exposure to soil contaminated with radionuclides   Ground          X          
  deposited from the air                             Contamination              

  Exposure to a shoreline contaminated with          Shoreline                  X
  radionuclides deposited from water                                            

  Exposure to contaminated water while swimming      Swimming                   X

  Exposure to contaminated water while boating       Boating                    X

  **Ingestion:**                                                                

  Leafy vegetable consumption                        Leafy           X          
                                                     Vegetables                 

  Root vegetable consumption                         Root Vegetables X          

  Fruit consumption                                  Fruit           X          

  Grain consumption                                  Grain           X          

  Beef consumption\*                                 Beef            X          

  Poultry consumption\*                              Poultry         X          

  Milk consumption                                   Milk            X          

  Egg consumption                                    Eggs            X          

  Inadvertent soil consumption                       Soil            X          

  Fish consumption                                   Fish                       X

  Inadvertent ingestion of water while swimming      Inadvertent                X
                                                     Swimming                   
                                                     Ingestion                  

  **Inhalation:**                                                               

  Inhalation of contamination in a plume of air      Air Inhalation  X          

  Inhalation of contamination resuspended from soil  Resuspended     X          
  after deposition from the air                      Soil                       

  \*Beef consumption is a surrogate for consumption                             
  of all types of beef, including venison acquired                              
  through deer hunting on or near SRS. See [Chapter                             
  8](../Chapter_08_ready%20for%20CDC%20031405.doc)                              
  for an explanation of the reasons for this.                                   
  Poultry consumption is a surrogate for                                        
  consumptions of chicken and other fowl, including                             
  that acquired through bird hunting on or near SRS.                            
  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

As shown, thirteen of these eighteen exposure pathways are associated
with release of radionuclides by SRS into the air (*air pathways*),
while five are associated with release into surface water (*water
pathways*). Each hypothetical member of each exposure scenario may have
received radiation exposures from some or all of these exposure
pathways. Members of Rural Family One, Rural Family Two, the
Urban/Suburban Family, and the Migrant Worker Family all received
radiation exposures only from the air pathways. Members of the Delivery
Person Family, the Outdoors Person Family, and the Family Living Near
the River all received radiation exposures from the water as well as the
air pathways.

### Overview of Dose Results

Table 11-2 presents the effective dose received by each member of each
hypothetical exposure scenario, as summed over the 39 years covered by
this study. Doses for each scenario are presented for all air pathways;
for all water pathways, and for air and water pathways combined.

The smallest radiation dose from all air pathways was received by the
Child Born in 1964 of Rural Family One, while the largest radiation
doses from all air pathways was received by the Child Born in 1955 of
the Outdoors Person Family. The smallest radiation dose from all water
pathways was received by the Child Born in 1955 of the Outdoors Person
Family, while the largest radiation dose from all water pathways was
received by the two adults of the Delivery Person Family. Considering
combined air and water pathways, the smallest dose by any member of any
exposure scenario was received by the Child Born in 1964 of the Rural
Family Scenario, while the largest dose was received by the Child Born
in 1955 of the Outdoors Person Family.

For any exposure scenario, most of the dose (i.e. from about 50 percent
to more than 90 percent) received through all air pathways by the two
adults and the Child Born in 1955 came from drinking milk and eating
beef containing ^131^I. Doses from tritium and ^41^Ar were also
important for these three family members. Most doses from tritium came
from drinking milk and eating beef containing this radionuclide, while
most doses from ^41^Ar came from the air immersion pathway. ^131^I,
tritium, and ^41^Ar were mostly released into the air during the very
early days of SRS operation. In fact, about 99% of all ^131^I released
over 39 years had been released by the end of 1961.

Table 11‑2 39-Year Effective Dose (mSv) for Each Member of Each Scenario

+--------------+---------+--------+--------+----------+--------------+
| Scenario     | P       | Adult  | Adult  | Child    | Child Born   |
|              | athways | Female | Male   | Born in  | in 1964      |
|              |         |        |        | 1955     |              |
+==============+=========+========+========+==========+==============+
| Rural Family | Air     | 0.30   | 0.42   | 1.6      | 0.072        |
| One          |         |        |        |          |              |
|              | Water   | \_\_\_ | \_\_\_ | \_\_\_   | \_\_\_\_\_   |
|              |         |        |        |          |              |
|              | All     | 0.30   | 0.42   | 1.6      | 0.072        |
+--------------+---------+--------+--------+----------+--------------+
| Rural Family | Air     | 0.70   | 0.97   | 3.8      | 0.14         |
| Two          |         |        |        |          |              |
|              | Water   | \_\_\_ | \_\_\_ | \_\_\_   | \_\_\_       |
|              |         |        |        |          |              |
|              | All     | 0.70   | 0.97   | 3.8      | 0.14         |
+--------------+---------+--------+--------+----------+--------------+
| Ur           | Air     | 0.33   | 0.73   | 2.7      | 0.11         |
| ban/Suburban |         |        |        |          |              |
| Family       | Water   | \_\_\_ | \_     | \_\_\_   | \_\_\_       |
|              |         |        | \_\_\_ |          |              |
|              | All     | 0.33   |        | 2.7      | 0.11         |
|              |         |        | 0.73   |          |              |
+--------------+---------+--------+--------+----------+--------------+
| Migrant      | Air     | 0.45   | 0.62   | 2.2      | 0.083        |
| Worker       |         |        |        |          |              |
| Family       | Water   | \_     | \_     | \_\_\_   | \_\_\_\_     |
|              |         | \_\_\_ | \_\_\_ |          |              |
|              | All     |        |        | 2.2      | 0.083        |
|              |         | 0.45   | 0.62   |          |              |
+--------------+---------+--------+--------+----------+--------------+
| Delivery     | Air     | 0.40   | 0.57   | 2.1      | 0.12         |
| Person       |         |        |        |          |              |
| Family       | Water   | [5.7]  | [5.7]  | [        | [2.0]        |
|              |         | {.unde | {.unde | 3.1]{.un | {.underline} |
|              | All     | rline} | rline} | derline} |              |
|              |         |        |        |          | 2.1          |
|              |         | 6.1    | 6.3    | 5.2      |              |
+--------------+---------+--------+--------+----------+--------------+
| Outdoors     | Air     | 1.6    | 2.5    | 8.3      | 0.36         |
| Person       |         |        |        |          |              |
| Family       | Water   | [1.5]  | [1.7]  | [        | [1.5]        |
|              |         | {.unde | {.unde | 1.2]{.un | {.underline} |
|              | All     | rline} | rline} | derline} |              |
|              |         |        |        |          | 1.8          |
|              |         | 3.0    | 4.2    | 9.4      |              |
+--------------+---------+--------+--------+----------+--------------+
| Near Water   | Air     | 0.31   | 0.42   | 1.7      | 0.088        |
| Family       |         |        |        |          |              |
|              | Water   | [1.8]  | [1.8]  | [        | [1.7]        |
|              |         | {.unde | {.unde | 1.4]{.un | {.underline} |
|              | All     | rline} | rline} | derline} |              |
|              |         |        |        |          | 1.8          |
|              |         | 2.1    | 2.2    | 3.1      |              |
+--------------+---------+--------+--------+----------+--------------+

Small discrepancies are caused by rounding errors.

The Child Born in 1964 was born after the largest releases into the air
from SRS. For this reason, his doses received through the air pathways
were consistently smaller than those received by any other member of any
family exposure scenario. The Child Born in 1964 received most of his
dose from the air pathways from ingestion or inhalation of tritium,
followed by external exposure to ^41^Ar. The two ingestion pathways of
most importance for this family member were the milk and beef ingestion
pathways. ^131^I was consistently the third most important radionuclide
for this family member, mainly from eating milk and beef.

The dose received by any family member from all air pathways was highly
dependent on that family member's assumed exposure locations,
particularly the locations where the family member obtained food, lived,
or worked. For example, the dose received by the Adult Female from all
air pathways ranged across all seven scenarios from 0.30 to 1.6 mSv, or
a factor of about five. This range in dose was notably larger than the
range in dose that could be accounted for considering the differences in
activities performed by the Adult Female in each scenario (e.g., a
larger fraction of her foods was contaminated in some scenarios than in
others). Radionuclide concentrations in the exposure locations depended
on the meteorological parameters that influenced calculations of
radionuclide dispersion in air. Among these parameters were the
distances from the release points and the distributions of average wind
speeds and atmospheric stability conditions.

Almost the entire dose received by any family member from all water
pathways came from eating fish containing radionuclides. The three
radionuclides that contributed the most to these doses were ^137^Cs,
^32^P, and ^90^Sr. The relative importance of any radionuclide depended
on whether the fish came from the Savannah River or from Lower Three
Runs Creek.

## Detailed Results for Each Scenario

### Rural Family One

This hypothetical family lived in Girard, GA, and spent much of their
work, home activities, and recreation time outdoors (see Figure 11-1).
The Adult Male was a farmer, and the Adult Female worked at home. The
family hunted, fished, and swam around the Girard area and in the nearby
area of Briar Creek. The family did no boating. The children attended
grade school in Girard and high school in Waynesboro, GA. Otherwise, the
children stayed in Girard and became farmers when they grew up.

![](media/image1.wmf){width="5.99375in" height="5.4944444444444445in"}

Figure 11‑1 Exposure Locations for Rural Family One

All the family's milk and eggs came from cows and hens located in
Girard. The fish eaten by the family was caught in Briar Creek or other
nearby locations. Because Briar Creek is not located hydrologically
downstream from SRS, none of the fish eaten by the family were affected
by SRS release of radionuclides to surface water.

During the 1950s, half of the beef, poultry, leafy and root vegetables,
and fruit eaten by the family was grown or produced on the family farm.
The remaining half came from other sources such as stores in Girard.
Half of this food was locally grown or produced, and the remaining half
came from sources away from the SRS area. Beginning in 1960, only 25% of
their beef, poultry, vegetables, and fruit was grown or produced on the
family farm. The remaining 75% came from other sources such as stores.
Half of this remaining food was grown or produced in Girard, and half
came from sources outside the SRS area.[^3] All of the locally-produced
grain eaten by the family was corn.[^4]

Drinking water and water used to irrigate any food grown and eaten by
the family came from ground- or surface-water sources assumed to be
unaffected by SRS releases.

#### Effective Dose and Total Risks

Table 11-3 lists the effective dose and cancer risks for each member of
Rural Family One, as summed over the 39 years covered in this study. All
of these doses and risks came from exposure to radionuclides that had
been released by SRS into the air.

Table 11‑3 39-Year Effective Dose and Cancer Risks for Rural Family One

+-------------------------+----------+-------+----------+------------+
| Dose or Risk            | Adult    | Adult | Child    | Child Born |
|                         | Female   | Male  | Born in  |            |
|                         |          |       | 1955     | in 1964    |
+-------------------------+----------+-------+----------+------------+
| Effective Dose (mSv)    | 0.30     | 0.42  | 1.6      | 0.072      |
+-------------------------+----------+-------+----------+------------+
| Cancer Incidence Risk   | 0.00083  | 0     | 0.016    | 0.0011     |
| (%)                     |          | .0011 |          |            |
+-------------------------+----------+-------+----------+------------+
| Cancer Fatality Risk    | 0.00030  | 0.    | 0.0025   | 0.00069    |
| (%)                     |          | 00038 |          |            |
+-------------------------+----------+-------+----------+------------+

The Child Born in 1955 received the largest dose and risks. He received
an effective dose of 1.6 mSv (160 mrem), a cancer incidence risk of
0.016%, and a cancer fatality risk of 0.0025%. The Child Born in 1964
received the smallest dose and risks. The effective dose for the Child
Born in 1964 was 4% of that for the Child Born in 1955.

Since dose is calculated in a risk-weighted fashion (effective dose),
one would expect that the ratio of risk to dose would be a constant. For
the adults, this seems to be so. However, as explained in [Chapter
10](../Chapter_10_ready%20for%20CDC%20031405.doc), especially Section
10.2.2 and 10.3, internal conversion coefficients for dose and risk were
considered to be age dependent. As a consequence, for the children the
ratio of risk to dose is higher, which accounts for (1) the greater dose
for a unit intake at younger ages and (2) the higher risk from childhood
exposures, related partly to the longer latency period. However, the
ratio of risk to dose for the children depends in a complex fashion on
the time history of exposure and the particular radionuclides causing
the exposure.

#### Effective Dose by Year

Figure 11-2 shows the percent of the entire 39-year effective dose
received each year by each family member.[^5] Figure 11-3 shows the
annual dose received by each family member from 1954 through 1992. Note
that the vertical axis (y-axis) of this figure is in units of Sieverts
(rather than milliSieverts) and that its scale is logarithmic. A
logarithmic scale is used because the annual doses range by a factor of
more than 1000.[^6] combines the information in these two figures. It
lists the percent of the entire 39-year effective dose received each
year by each family member, as well as their annual dose.

![](media/image2.wmf){width="4.522222222222222in"
height="3.751388888888889in"}

Figure 11‑2 Percent of 39-Year Effective Dose by Year for Rural Family
One

![](media/image3.wmf){width="5.375in" height="3.526388888888889in"}

Figure 11‑3 Annual Effective Dose (Sv) for Rural Family One

Table 11‑4 Annual Effective Dose (mSv) for Rural Family One

  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
          Adult Female         Adult Male            Child Born in         Child Born in 
                                                     1955                  1964          
  ------- ------------- ------ ------------- ------- ------------- ------- ------------- -------
  Year    Dose          \%     Dose          \%      Dose          \%      Dose          \%

  1954    1.7x10^-04^   0.1    1.7x10^-04^   \<0.1                                       

  1955    0.020         6.6    0.027         6.5     0.058         3.6                   

  1956    0.16          51.6   0.23          53.6    1.2           72.8                  

  1957    0.034         11.3   0.049         11.6    0.14          8.9                   

  1958    0.0066        2.2    0.0086        2.0     0.017         1.1                   

  1959    0.021         7.0    0.030         7.0     0.082         5.2                   

  1960    0.0039        1.3    0.0048        1.1     0.010         0.6                   

  1961    0.011         3.6    0.015         3.5     0.055         3.4                   

  1962    0.0040        1.3    0.0048        1.1     0.0066        0.4                   

  1963    0.0038        1.3    0.0046        1.1     0.0059        0.4                   

  1964    0.0039        1.3    0.0048        1.1     0.0059        0.4     0.011         14.7

  1965    0.0027        0.9    0.0033        0.8     0.0040        0.3     0.0064        8.9

  1966    0.0026        0.9    0.0031        0.7     0.0039        0.2     0.0043        5.9

  1967    0.0027        0.9    0.0032        0.8     0.0038        0.2     0.0044        6.1

  1968    0.0024        0.8    0.0030        0.7     0.0036        0.2     0.0042        5.9

  1969    0.0036        1.2    0.0047        1.1     0.0053        0.3     0.0068        9.4

  1970    0.0016        0.5    0.0020        0.5     0.0025        0.2     0.0038        5.2

  1971    0.0017        0.6    0.0021        0.5     0.0026        0.2     0.0027        3.8

  1972    0.0020        0.7    0.0025        0.6     0.0029        0.2     0.0030        4.2

  1973    0.0018        0.6    0.0022        0.5     0.0022        0.1     0.0026        3.6

  1974    0.0015        0.5    0.0018        0.4     0.0018        0.1     0.0022        3.1

  1975    9.4x10^-04^   0.3    0.0012        0.3     0.0012        0.1     0.0015        2.0

  1976    9.1x10^-04^   0.3    0.0011        0.3     0.0011        0.1     0.0013        1.8

  1977    9.4x10^-04^   0.3    0.0012        0.3     0.0012        0.1     0.0014        1.9

  1978    0.0010        0.3    0.0013        0.3     0.0013        0.1     0.0015        2.1

  1979    8.1x10^-04^   0.3    0.0010        0.2     0.0010        0.1     0.0012        1.7

  1980    8.7x10^-04^   0.3    0.0011        0.3     0.0011        0.1     0.0013        1.8

  1981    9.1x10^-04^   0.3    0.0011        0.3     0.0011        0.1     0.0014        1.9

  1982    9.7x10^-04^   0.3    0.0012        0.3     0.0012        0.1     0.0012        1.7

  1983    0.0011        0.4    0.0014        0.3     0.0014        0.1     0.0014        2.0

  1984    0.0014        0.5    0.0018        0.4     0.0018        0.1     0.0018        2.5

  1985    0.0013        0.4    0.0017        0.4     0.0017        0.1     0.0017        2.4

  1986    9.9x10^-04^   0.3    0.0012        0.3     0.0012        0.1     0.0012        1.7

  1987    0.0010        0.3    0.0013        0.3     0.0013        0.1     0.0013        1.7

  1988    7.4x10^-04^   0.2    9.5x10^-04^   0.2     9.5x10^-04^   0.1     9.5x10^-04^   1.3

  1989    5.2x10^-04^   0.2    6.8x10^-04^   0.2     6.8x10^-04^   \<0.1   6.8x10^-04^   0.9

  1990    4.0x10^-04^   0.1    5.3x10^-04^   0.1     5.3x10^-04^   \<0.1   5.3x10^-04^   0.7

  1991    3.2x10^-04^   0.1    4.2x10^-04^   0.1     4.2x10^-04^   \<0.1   4.2x10^-04^   0.6

  1992    2.3x10^-04^   0.1    3.1x10^-04^   0.1     3.1x10^-04^   \<0.1   3.1x10^-04^   0.4

  Total   0.30          100    0.42          100     1.6           100     0.072         100
  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Most of the dose was received during the first years of site operation.
In 1956 the Child Born in 1955 received 1.2 mSv (120 mrem), or 73% of
his entire dose, the Adult Female received 0.16 mSv (16 mrem), or 52% of
her entire dose, and the Adult Male received 0.23 mSv (23 mrem), or 54%
of his entire dose. Doses received during 1955, 1957, 1959, and 1961
were also relatively large. By the end of 1961, all of these three
family members had received at least 84% of their entire radiation dose.

The Child Born in 1964 received his largest annual dose in 1964, when he
received 0.011 mSv (1.1 mrem) or 15% of his entire dose. It represented
about 1% of the largest annual dose received by the Child Born in 1955.

After 1961, the annual dose received by the family members gradually
decreased from roughly 0.004 - 0.006 mSv per year to roughly 0.0003 mSv
per year. This point is shown in Figure 11-3. When each of the children
reached age 18 (in 1973 and 1982, respectively), their annual doses
equaled the Adult Male's. This occurred because their radiation
exposures were modeled to be the same as the Adult Male's. Annual doses
for the Adult Female were always smaller than those for the Adult Male
because she always ate less food and inhaled less air.

Figure 11-4 lists the radionuclides that caused the largest doses over
39 years for each family member.

The two adults and the Child Born in 1955 were exposed to largely the
same quantities and distributions of radionuclides.[^7] ^131^I caused
radiation doses mainly from eating beef and milk. It was also a major
contributor to inhalation doses and a secondary contributor to doses
from external radiation. Tritium caused radiation doses from ingestion
and inhalation. ^41^Ar was the largest contributor to doses from
external radiation, while ^239^Pu (along with ^131^I) was a major
contributor to doses from inhalation. ^14^C caused doses mainly through
ingestion.

The Child Born in 1964 did not experience the very large releases of
^131^I that occurred in the 1950s and early 1960s. Hence, ^131^I dropped
to third in order of importance for this child. Tritium accounted for
most of his dose, primarily through ingestion and inhalation. ^131^I was
a secondary contributor to ingestion dose, followed by ^14^C. ^41^Ar
caused nearly his entire external radiation dose. ^238^Pu was an
important contributor to inhalation dose.

Most of the radiation dose received by this family came from eating food
containing radionuclides (Figure 11-5). Ingestion contributed from 70 to
93 percent of the dose. External exposure to radiation contributed from
2 to17 percent of the dose. Inhalation contributed from 5 to 14 percent
of the dose.

![](media/image4.wmf){width="4.873611111111111in"
height="4.352777777777778in"}

Figure 11‑4 Percent of 39-Year Effective Dose by Dominant Isotopes for
Rural Family One

![](media/image5.wmf){width="4.6875in" height="3.261111111111111in"}

Figure 11‑5 Percent of 39-Year Effective Dose by Exposure Route for\
Rural Family One

Compared to other family members, the Child Born in 1964 received a
smaller dose from ingestion and a larger dose from external exposure to
radiation and from inhalation. Again, this resulted from his missing the
large releases of iodine and other radionuclides during the 1950s and
early 1960s.

Table 11-5 lists the effective dose received over 39 years by each
family member through each exposure pathway. Figure 11-6 illustrates the
percent of effective dose. Tables of effective dose by radionuclide for
each route and pathway are provided in [Appendix
K](../Appendix_K_ready%20for%20CDC%20031405.doc).

Family members received most of their dose from eating beef and milk. At
least 50 percent of the dose received by the two adults came from eating
beef, while 15 to 16 percent of their dose came from drinking milk. The
Child Born in 1955 received most of his dose from drinking milk (44%)
and from eating beef (43%). Beef and milk pathways contributed 51% of
the dose received by the Child Born in 1964.

The next largest doses were generally from eating fruits and vegetables
-- i.e., from 6 to 15 percent of the entire dose over 39 years. Doses
from eating grain, poultry, and eggs ranged from 0.4 to 4 percent of the
entire dose. Except for the Child Born in 1964, eggs contributed less
than 1% of the entire dose.

Table 11‑5 Year Effective Dose (mSv) by Exposure Pathway for Rural
Family One

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                Adult Female         Adult Male           Child Born           Child Born   
                                                                          in 1955              in 1964      
  ------------ ---------------- ------------ ------- ------------ ------- ------------ ------- ------------ -------
  Route        Pathway          Dose         \%      Dose         \%      Dose         \%      Dose         \%

  External     Air Immersion    0.024        8.0     0.024        5.7     0.024        1.5     0.012        16.6

               Ground           0.0024       0.8     0.0025       0.6     0.0024       0.1     9.3x10^-5^   0.1
               Contamina-tion                                                                               

  Ingestion    Beef             0.15         50.7    0.24         57.1    0.69         43.2    0.011        15.3

               Eggs             0.0014       0.5     0.0023       0.6     0.0021       0.1     0.0014       2.0

               Fruit            0.011        3.6     0.0105       2.5     0.043        2.7     0.0054       7.5

               Grain            0.0011       0.4     0.0013       0.3     0.0036       0.2     6.3x10^-4^   0.9

               Leafy Vegetables 0.018        5.9     0.018        4.2     0.030        1.9     9.7x10^-4^   1.3

               Milk             0.049        16.1    0.065        15.3    0.70         43.9    0.026        35.4

               Poultry          0.0010       0.3     0.0012       0.3     0.0013       0.1     8.1x10^-4^   1.1

               Root Vegetables  0.0073       2.4     0.010        2.4     0.014        0.9     0.0044       6.1

               Soil\*           4.9x10^-7^   \<0.1   4.9x10^-7^   \<0.1   7.4x10^-6^   \<0.1   8.1x10^-8^   \<0.1

  Inhalation   Air Inhalation   0.031        10.1    0.041        9.7     0.082        5.1     0.0091       12.6

               Resuspended Soil 0.0040       1.3     0.0054       1.3     0.0037       0.2     7.9x10^-4^   1.1

  Total                         0.30         100     0.42         100     1.59         100     0.0721       100

  \*Doses from                                                                                              
  the soil                                                                                                  
  ingestion                                                                                                 
  pathway were                                                                                              
  no more than                                                                                              
  0.0005% of                                                                                                
  any family                                                                                                
  member's                                                                                                  
  entire                                                                                                    
  39-year                                                                                                   
  dose.                                                                                                     
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

![](media/image6.wmf){width="5.084722222222222in"
height="4.317361111111111in"}

Figure 11‑6 Percent of 39-Year Effective Dose by Exposure Pathway for
Rural Family One

Differences in doses for the two adults arose because of differences in
their eating patterns. For example, the Adult Male and Adult Female each
ate the same quantities of leafy vegetables, and each received the same
radiation dose from this pathway. But the Adult Male ate 1.6 times as
much beef as the Adult Female (see [Appendix
F](../Appendix_F%20tables%20-%20Ready%20for%20CDC%20031405.doc)), and
thus received 1.6 times the dose from this pathway.

The Child Born in 1955 received a larger ingestion dose than did the two
adults, especially from drinking milk. His dose from drinking milk was
ten times larger than the doses received by the two adults. His doses
from most of the other pathways were also somewhat larger. Differences
came primarily from changes, as the Child Born in 1955 aged, in his
annual rates of eating foods, and, while growing from a child to an
adult, his larger effective dose per quantity of radionuclide ingested
(see [Appendix D](../Appendix_D_ready%20for%20CDC%20031405.doc)).

The Child Born in 1964 received a smaller ingestion dose than did any of
the other family members. The distribution of dose among ingestion
pathways was also different. The ingestion dose for the Child Born in
1964 was mostly caused by drinking milk and by eating beef containing
tritium (see [Appendix
K](../Appendix_K_ready%20for%20CDC%20031405.doc)).

Of the two external exposure pathways, at least ten times as much dose
was received from exposure to radionuclides in the air than from
radionuclides that had been deposited on soil or other surfaces.

External doses from air immersion were slightly larger for the two
adults than for the Child Born in 1955. Because external radiation doses
were determined as if all family members were always adults,[^8] the
small difference in dose between the two adults and this child resulted
from: (1) differences in annual levels of exposure during the years the
child attended high school in Waynesboro (the two adults always stayed
in Girard); and (2) the additional year of radiation exposure (1954)
experienced by the two adults.

For the two adults and the Child Born in 1955, the small differences in
doses from external exposure to contaminated ground surfaces were
largely caused by differences in the fractions of their time spent
indoors and outdoors. Structures provided radiation shielding against
exposures from contaminated ground surfaces. Because the Adult Male
spent more time outdoors than the Adult Female, he received larger
doses. But the Child Born in 1955 spent more time inside in his early
years than he did after he grew (see Appendix D). The outcome of these
competing influences was that his dose was slightly larger than that for
the Adult Female and slightly smaller than that for the Adult Male

Doses from inhalation pathways resulted from: (1) breathing
radionuclides that were in the air before being deposited on the ground,
and (2) breathing radionuclides that had been resuspended from soil
after being deposited on the ground. Clearly most inhalation doses
resulted from the first pathway. Only 4 to 12 percent of all inhalation
doses came from inhalation of radioactive particles after they had been
resuspended from soil.

-   For the air inhalation pathway, the Adult Male received a somewhat
    larger dose than did the Adult Female because he had a larger
    breathing capacity (see [Appendix
    E](../Appendix_E%20ready%20for%20CDC%20031405.doc)). However, the
    Child Born in 1955 received about twice as much dose as the two
    adults. This resulted from two competing influences: The breathing
    rate of the Child Born in 1955 was small as an infant but increased
    as he grew to manhood; conversely, the dose received per unit
    quantity of radionuclide inhaled was generally larger during his
    earlier years than during his later years.[^9]

-   For the soil resuspension pathway, the inhalation doses for the
    Adult Male were again larger than those for the Adult Female.
    However, inhalation doses for the Child Born in 1955 were smaller
    than those for the two adults. This pattern is different than that
    seen for the air inhalation pathway. This occurred because the
    quantities and distributions of radionuclides affecting these
    individuals were different for this pathway than for the air
    inhalation pathway, in addition to competing influences such as
    those described above.[^10]

### Rural Family Two

This hypothetical family was similar to Rural Family One, except that
this family lived in Williston, SC, instead of Girard, GA (Figure 11-7).
They spent much of their work, home activities, and recreation time
outdoors. The Adult Male was a farmer and the Adult Female worked at
home. The family hunted, fished, and swam in the Williston area. This
family did no boating. The children attended grade and high school in
Williston. When they grew up, the children became farmers, adopting the
same activities as did their adult male parent.

![](media/image7.wmf){width="5.503472222222222in"
height="6.920138888888889in"}

Figure 11‑7 Exposure Location for Rural Family Two

All of the family's milk and eggs came from cows and hens located in
Williston (on the family farm or nearby). All the fish eaten by the
family was caught in streams and ponds in or near Williston. Because
these streams and ponds are not located hydrologically downstream from
SRS, none of the fish eaten by the family were affected by SRS release
of radionuclides to surface water.

During the 1950s, half of the beef, poultry, leafy and root vegetables,
and fruit eaten by the family was grown or produced on the family farm.
The remaining half came from other sources such as stores in Williston.
Half of this remaining food (i.e., food not grown or raised on the
family farm) was grown or produced in Williston and the other half came
from outside the SRS area. Beginning in 1960, only 25% of their beef,
poultry, vegetables, and fruit was grown or produced on the family farm.
The remaining 75% was obtained from other sources such as stores in
Williston. Half of this remaining food was locally-grown or produced,
and half came from outside the SRS area.

All locally-grown grain eaten by the family was corn. Drinking water and
water used to irrigate any food grown and eaten by the family came from
ground- or surface-water sources assumed to be unaffected by SRS
releases.

#### Effective Dose and Total Risks

Table 11-6 lists the effective dose and cancer risks for each member of
Rural Family Two over 39 years of SRS operation. All doses and risks
resulted from exposure to radionuclides that had been released into the
air.

Table 11‑6 39-Year Effective Dose and Cancer Risks for Rural Family Two

+------------------------+---------+---------+----------+------------+
| Dose or Risk           | Adult   | Adult   | Child    | Child Born |
|                        | Female  | Male    | Born in  |            |
|                        |         |         | 1955     | in 1964    |
+------------------------+---------+---------+----------+------------+
| Effective Dose (mSv)   | 0.70    | 0.97    | 3.8      | 0.14       |
+------------------------+---------+---------+----------+------------+
| Cancer Incidence Risk  | 0.0019  | 0.0025  | 0.037    | 0.0021     |
| (%)                    |         |         |          |            |
+------------------------+---------+---------+----------+------------+
| Cancer Fatality Risk   | 0.00064 | 0.00080 | 0.0056   | 0.0013     |
| (%)                    |         |         |          |            |
+------------------------+---------+---------+----------+------------+

Doses and risks were about double those for Rural Family One (Table
11-3), which mainly resulted from the different exposure location
(Williston vs. Girard and Waynesboro). The Child Born in 1955 received
the largest dose and risks. He received an effective dose over 39 years
of 3.8 mSv (380 mrem), a cancer incidence risk of 0.037%, and a cancer
fatality risk of 0.0056%. The Child Born in 1964 again received the
smallest dose and risks. The dose for the Child Born in 1964 was about
4% of that for the Child Born in 1955.

#### Effective Dose by Year

Figure 11-8 shows the percent of the entire 39-year effective dose
received each year by each family member, while Figure 11-9 shows the
annual effective dose (in units of Sieverts) received by each family
member. Again, the vertical axis (y-axis) of Figure 11-9 is in
logarithmic scale. The shapes of each figure are similar to
corresponding figures for Rural Family One (Figure 11-2 and Figure
11-3). More detailed information is contained in Table 11-7 which lists
the percent of the entire 39-year effective dose received each year by
each family member, as well as their annual dose in milliSieverts.

Most of the dose was received during the early days of site operation.
In 1956, the Child Born in 1955 received 2.8 mSv (280 mrem), or 74% of
his entire dose over 39 years. During this year the Adult Female
received 0.37 mSv (37 mrem), or 54% of her entire dose, and the Adult
Male received 0.54 mSv (54 mrem), or 56% of his entire dose. The Child
Born in 1964 received his largest dose in 1964 when he received 0.020
mSv (2 mrem), or 15% of his entire dose over 39 years.

![](media/image8.wmf){width="4.894444444444445in"
height="4.1097222222222225in"}

Figure 11‑8 Percent of 39-Year Effective Dose by Year for Rural Family
Two

![](media/image9.wmf){width="5.995833333333334in"
height="4.134027777777778in"}

Figure 11‑9 Annual Effective Dose (Sv) for Rural Family Two

Table 11‑7 Annual Effective Dose (mSv) for Rural Family Two

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
          Adult Female          Adult Male            Child Born in         Child Born in 
                                                      1955                  1964          
  ------- ------------- ------- ------------- ------- ------------- ------- ------------- -------
  Year    Dose          \%      Dose          \%      Dose          \%      Dose          \%

  1954    5.7x10^-04^   0.1     5.8x10^-04^   0.1                                         

  1955    0.045         6.5     0.061         6.3     0.14          3.6                   

  1956    0.37          53.6    0.54          55.5    2.8           73.7                  

  1957    0.081         11.6    0.12          11.9    0.33          8.9                   

  1958    0.015         2.1     0.019         2.0     0.037         1.0                   

  1959    0.049         7.1     0.070         7.1     0.19          5.1                   

  1960    0.0084        1.2     0.010         1.1     0.022         0.6                   

  1961    0.025         3.6     0.035         3.6     0.13          3.4                   

  1962    0.0084        1.2     0.010         1.0     0.014         0.4                   

  1963    0.0079        1.1     0.0094        1.0     0.012         0.3                   

  1964    0.0080        1.1     0.0096        1.0     0.012         0.3     0.025         14.9

  1965    0.0051        0.7     0.0061        0.6     0.0074        0.2     0.014         8.2

  1966    0.0049        0.7     0.0059        0.6     0.0073        0.2     0.0094        5.7

  1967    0.0051        0.7     0.0060        0.6     0.0071        0.2     0.0095        5.8

  1968    0.0048        0.7     0.0058        0.6     0.0071        0.2     0.0094        5.7

  1969    0.0075        1.1     0.0097        1.0     0.011         0.3     0.015         9.0

  1970    0.0031        0.4     0.0038        0.4     0.0049        0.1     0.0083        5.0

  1971    0.0035        0.5     0.0043        0.4     0.0053        0.1     0.0065        4.0

  1972    0.0039        0.6     0.0048        0.5     0.0057        0.2     0.0068        4.1

  1973    0.0036        0.5     0.0043        0.4     0.0043        0.1     0.0064        3.9

  1974    0.0029        0.4     0.0036        0.4     0.0036        0.1     0.0055        3.4

  1975    0.0018        0.3     0.0023        0.2     0.0023        0.1     0.0036        2.2

  1976    0.0018        0.3     0.0021        0.2     0.0021        0.1     0.0031        1.9

  1977    0.0017        0.3     0.0022        0.2     0.0022        0.1     0.0031        1.9

  1978    0.0020        0.3     0.0026        0.3     0.0026        0.1     0.0036        2.2

  1979    0.0015        0.2     0.0019        0.2     0.0019        0.1     0.0028        1.7

  1980    0.0017        0.2     0.0020        0.2     0.0020        0.1     0.0029        1.8

  1981    0.0018        0.3     0.0022        0.2     0.0022        0.1     0.0031        1.9

  1982    0.0019        0.3     0.0023        0.2     0.0023        0.1     0.0028        1.7

  1983    0.0022        0.3     0.0027        0.3     0.0027        0.1     0.0032        2.0

  1984    0.0027        0.4     0.0035        0.4     0.0035        0.1     0.0041        2.5

  1985    0.0025        0.4     0.0032        0.3     0.0032        0.1     0.0038        2.3

  1986    0.0021        0.3     0.0026        0.3     0.0026        0.1     0.0035        2.1

  1987    0.0022        0.3     0.0027        0.3     0.0027        0.1     0.0034        2.1

  1988    0.0016        0.2     0.0020        0.2     0.0020        0.1     0.0025        1.5

  1989    0.0010        0.1     0.0014        0.1     0.0014        \<0.1   0.0019        1.1

  1990    7.4x10^-04^   0.1     9.8x10^-04^   0.1     9.8x10^-04^   \<0.1   0.0010        0.6

  1991    5.7x10^-04^   0.1     7.6x10^-04^   0.1     7.6x10^-04^   \<0.1   8.3x10^-04^   0.5

  1992    4.2x10^-04^   0.1     5.6x10^-04^   0.1     5.6x10^-04^   \<0.1   5.6x10^-04^   0.3

  Total   0.70          100     0.97          100     3.8           100     0.16          100
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#### Dominant Radionuclides, Exposure Routes, and Pathways

Figure 11-10 shows the radionuclides that caused the largest doses over
39 years for each family member.

Generally similar radionuclides dominated dose to each family member as
those for Rural Family One (see Figure 11-4). Yet there were small
differences: For example, the two adults received larger doses from
^238^Pu than from ^14^C (unlike Rural Family One), and the distribution
of dose from the principal radionuclides was slightly different (e.g.,
^131^I caused 74% of the dose to the Adult Male in Rural Family One and
79% of the dose to the Adult Male in Rural Family Two).

![](media/image10.wmf){width="5.673611111111111in"
height="5.2131944444444445in"}

Figure 11‑10 Percent of 39-Year Effective Dose by Dominant Isotopes for
Rural Family Two

These differences occurred because Rural Families One and Two were
located at different directions and distances from the points were
radionuclides were released from SRS into the air. The distributions of
average wind speeds and stability classes were different, resulting in
different patterns of radionuclide dispersion in air. The average
concentrations of radionuclides in air were different, over the 39 years
considered in the study, at Waynesboro than they were at Girard.

Most of the radiation dose received by this family came from eating
foods containing radionuclides (Figure 11-11). All family members
received from 68 to 94 of their entire dose over 39 years from
ingestion. From 2 to 19 percent of their entire dose came from exposure
to external radiation, and from 5 to 14 percent of their entire dose
came from inhalation of radionuclides. This pattern of dose is similar
to that seen for Rural Family One (Figure 11-5).

Table 11-8 lists the effective dose over 39 years, by pathway, for each
family member. Figure 11-12 illustrates the percent of the effective
dose received through each pathway over 39 years. Although the doses
listed in Table 11-8 are larger for each pathway than those for Rural
Family One (Table 11-5), the percent of dose caused by each pathway was
similar.

For all family members, and especially the Child Born in 1955, most of
their dose came from eating beef and milk (i.e., from 50 to 88 percent
of their entire dose). For all family members, from 5 to 14 percent of
their entire dose came from eating fruit and vegetables. A smaller dose
was received from eating grain, poultry, and eggs. Eating these three
foods contributed from 0.4 to 4 percent of each family member's entire
dose. Relatively tiny doses came from inadvertently eating soil
containing radionuclides -- i.e., no more than 0.0005% of any family
member's entire dose.

Most of the dose from external exposure to radiation came from immersion
in a plume of air contaminated with radionuclides, rather than from
radionuclides after they had been deposited on the ground. Similarly,
most inhalation doses came from inhalation of radionuclides from this
contaminated plume, as opposed to inhalation of radionuclides that had
been resuspended from soil. This pattern is comparable to that seen for
Rural Family One.

![](media/image11.wmf){width="5.567361111111111in"
height="4.286111111111111in"}

Figure 11‑11 Percent of 39-Year Effective Dose by Exposure Route for\
Rural Family Two

Table 11‑8 39-Year Effective Dose (mSv) by Exposure Pathway for Rural
Family Two

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 12%" />
<col style="width: 14%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 11%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 11%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th></th>
<th></th>
<th colspan="2">Adult Female</th>
<th colspan="2">Adult Male</th>
<th colspan="2">Child Born in 1955</th>
<th colspan="2">Child Born in 1964</th>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<th>Route</th>
<th>Pathway</th>
<th>Dose</th>
<th>%</th>
<th>Dose</th>
<th>%</th>
<th>Dose</th>
<th>%</th>
<th>Dose</th>
<th>%</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td>External</td>
<td><p>Air</p>
<p>Immersion</p></td>
<td>0.054</td>
<td>7.8</td>
<td>0.054</td>
<td>5.6</td>
<td>0.054</td>
<td>1.4</td>
<td>0.039</td>
<td>23.5</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td>Ground Contamina-tion</td>
<td>0.0056</td>
<td>0.8</td>
<td>0.0060</td>
<td>0.6</td>
<td>0.0057</td>
<td>0.2</td>
<td>2.2x10<sup>-4</sup></td>
<td>0.1</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Ingestion</td>
<td>Beef</td>
<td>0.36</td>
<td>52.4</td>
<td>0.57</td>
<td>58.8</td>
<td>1.64</td>
<td>43.7</td>
<td>0.024</td>
<td>14.6</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td>Eggs</td>
<td>0.0027</td>
<td>0.4</td>
<td>0.0044</td>
<td>0.5</td>
<td>0.0040</td>
<td>0.1</td>
<td>0.0029</td>
<td>1.8</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td>Fruit</td>
<td>0.023</td>
<td>3.3</td>
<td>0.023</td>
<td>2.3</td>
<td>0.10</td>
<td>2.7</td>
<td>0.011</td>
<td>6.8</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td>Grain</td>
<td>0.0023</td>
<td>0.3</td>
<td>0.0028</td>
<td>0.3</td>
<td>0.0082</td>
<td>0.2</td>
<td>0.0013</td>
<td>0.8</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td>Leafy Vegetables</td>
<td>0.042</td>
<td>6.0</td>
<td>0.042</td>
<td>4.3</td>
<td>0.071</td>
<td>1.9</td>
<td>0.0021</td>
<td>1.3</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td>Milk</td>
<td>0.11</td>
<td>16.1</td>
<td>0.15</td>
<td>15.3</td>
<td>1.66</td>
<td>44.2</td>
<td>0.053</td>
<td>32.4</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td>Poultry</td>
<td>0.0019</td>
<td>0.3</td>
<td>0.0024</td>
<td>0.2</td>
<td>0.0024</td>
<td>0.1</td>
<td>0.0017</td>
<td>1.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td>Root Vegetables</td>
<td>0.015</td>
<td>2.1</td>
<td>0.021</td>
<td>2.1</td>
<td>0.029</td>
<td>0.8</td>
<td>0.0086</td>
<td>5.2</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td>Soil*</td>
<td>1.2x10<sup>-6</sup></td>
<td>&lt;0.1</td>
<td>1.2x10<sup>-6</sup></td>
<td>&lt;0.1</td>
<td>1.8x10<sup>-5</sup></td>
<td>&lt;0.1</td>
<td>1.9x10<sup>-7</sup></td>
<td>&lt;0.1</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Inhalation</td>
<td><p>Air</p>
<p>Inhalation</p></td>
<td>0.063</td>
<td>9.0</td>
<td>0.084</td>
<td>8.7</td>
<td>0.17</td>
<td>4.6</td>
<td>0.019</td>
<td>11.4</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td>Resuspend-ed Soil</td>
<td>0.0099</td>
<td>1.4</td>
<td>0.013</td>
<td>1.4</td>
<td>0.0093</td>
<td>0.2</td>
<td>0.0019</td>
<td>1.2</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td><strong>Total:</strong></td>
<td>0.70</td>
<td>100</td>
<td>0.97</td>
<td>100</td>
<td>3.8</td>
<td>100</td>
<td>0.16</td>
<td>100</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="10">*Doses from the soil ingestion pathway were no more
than 0.0005% of any family member’s entire 39-year dose.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

![](media/image12.wmf){width="5.6625in" height="4.808333333333334in"}

Figure 11‑12 Percent of 39-Year Effective Dose (mSv) by Exposure Pathway
for Rural Family Two

### Urban/Suburban Family

This hypothetical family lived in Augusta, GA, and, except for
employment for the Adult Male and for the children when they each
reached age 18, all family members stayed in Augusta for all activities,
including school and church (Figure 11-13). The Adult Male worked onsite
at SRS for all 39 years. When the children grew up, they lived in
Augusta and worked onsite at SRS (beginning in 1973 for the Child Born
in 1955 and in 1982 for the Child Born in 1964). All family members
swam, boated, and fished in the Savannah River flowing through Augusta
upstream of SRS.

Half the family's milk came from cows located in the Augusta area, and
half came from cows located in the New Ellenton area. All eggs came from
hens located in the Augusta area. Half of the beef, poultry, leafy
vegetables, root vegetables, and fruit was grown or produced in the
Augusta area, and half came from unaffected non-local sources. All of
the corn eaten by the family was grown locally. Fish came from surface
water sources assumed by be unaffected by releases from SRS (e.g., from
the Savannah River upstream of SRS).

![](media/image13.wmf){width="5.999305555555556in"
height="6.059027777777778in"}

Figure 11‑13 Exposure Locations for Urban/Suburban Family

#### Doses and Total Risks

Table 11-9 lists the effective dose and cancer risks determined for each
member of the Urban/Suburban Family over 39 years of SRS operation. All
doses and risks came from exposure to radionuclides that had been
released into the air.

The Child Born in 1955 received the largest radiation dose and cancer
risks in the scenario. He received an effective dose of 2.7 mSv (270
mrem), a cancer incidence risk of 0.027%, and a cancer fatality risk of
0.0041%. The Child Born in 1964 received the smallest dose and risks
which is 4% of that for the Child Born in 1955.

Table 11‑9 39-Year Effective Dose and Cancer Risks for Urban/Suburban
Family

  ---------------------------- --------- -------- ------------ ------------
  Dose or Risk                 Adult     Adult    Child Born   Child Born
                               Female    Male     in 1955      in 1964

  Effective Dose (mSv)         0.33      0.73     2.7          0.11

  Cancer Incidence Risk (%)    0.00090   0.0025   0.027        0.0016

  Cancer Fatality Risk (%)     0.00032   0.0013   0.0041       0.00098
  ---------------------------- --------- -------- ------------ ------------

The Adult Male received more than twice the dose than did the Adult
Female. This difference in dose between the two adults is more
significant than was the case for Rural Family One (Table 11-3) and
Rural Family Two (Table 11-6). The reason is as follows: For the
Urban/Suburban Scenario the Adult Female spent her entire time in the
Augusta area, while the Adult Male spent 2000 hours each year on the SRS
site. But for the two rural family scenarios, the Adult Male and Adult
Female both spent their entire time "at home" in Girard and Williston.

Effective Dose by Year

Figure 11-14 shows the percent of the entire 39-year effective dose
received each year by each family member, while Figure 11-15 shows the
annual effective dose (in units of Sieverts) received by each family
member. Table 11-10 lists the percent of the entire 39-year effective
dose received each year by each family member, as well as their annual
dose. Again, most of the dose was received during the early days of site
operation.

In 1956, the Child Born in 1955 received 2.0 mSv (200 mrem), or 73% of
his entire dose. During this year, the Adult Female received 0.17 mSv
(17 mrem), or 53% of her entire dose, and the Adult Male received 0.26
mSv (26 mrem), or 36% of his entire dose.[^11] In 1964, the Child Born
in 1964 received 0.014 mSv (1.4 mrem), or 13% of his entire dose. This
dose was 1% of the largest annual dose received by the Child Born in
1955.

![](media/image14.wmf){width="4.772222222222222in"
height="4.217361111111111in"}

Figure 11‑14 Percent of 39-Year Effective Dose by Year for
Urban/Suburban Family

![](media/image15.wmf){width="6.002083333333333in"
height="3.6555555555555554in"}

Figure 11‑15 Annual Effective Dose (Sv) for Urban/Suburban Family

Table 11‑10 Annual Effective Dose (mSv) for Urban/Suburban Family

  -------- ------------- ------- ------------- ------- ------------- ------- ------------- ------
           Adult Female          Adult Male            Child Born in         Child Born in 
                                                       1955                  1964          

  Year     Dose          \%      Dose          \%      Dose          \%      Dose          \%

  1954     1.2x10^-04^   0.0     6.7x10^-04^   0.1                                         

  1955     0.021         7.9     0.046         7.0     0.046         2.7                   

  1956     0.13          49.7    0.21          32.1    1.2           71.5                  

  1957     0.030         10.9    0.055         8.3     0.15          8.7                   

  1958     0.0062        2.3     0.021         3.2     0.018         1.0                   

  1959     0.018         6.7     0.043         6.5     0.084         5.0                   

  1960     0.0036        1.3     0.020         3.0     0.010         0.6                   

  1961     0.010         3.9     0.030         4.6     0.059         3.5                    

  1962     0.0034        1.3     0.020         3.1     0.0059        0.4                   

  1963     0.0033        1.2     0.022         3.3     0.0054        0.3                   

  1964     0.0037        1.4     0.019         2.9     0.0060        0.4     0.0081        9.5

  1965     0.0024        0.9     0.016         2.4     0.0039        0.2     0.0064        7.5

  1966     0.0023        0.8     0.016         2.4     0.0037        0.2     0.0041        4.8

  1967     0.0023        0.8     0.018         2.7     0.0035        0.2     0.0041        4.8

  1968     0.0022        0.8     0.013         1.9     0.0035        0.2     0.0042        4.9

  1969     0.0039        1.4     0.013         2.0     0.0057        0.3     0.0072        8.4

  1970     0.0015        0.5     0.0068        1.0     0.0025        0.1     0.0038        4.5

  1971     0.0016        0.6     0.0077        1.2     0.0027        0.2     0.0028        3.3

  1972     0.0019        0.7     0.0096        1.5     0.0030        0.2     0.0031        3.6

  1973     0.0016        0.6     0.0096        1.5     0.0096        0.6     0.0025        3.0

  1974     0.0014        0.5     0.0059        0.9     0.0059        0.3     0.0023        2.7

  1975     0.0010        0.3     0.0040        0.6     0.0040        0.2     0.0015        1.7

  1976     9.1x10^-04^   0.3     0.0047        0.7     0.0047        0.3     0.0012        1.4

  1977     9.9x10^-04^   0.3     0.0042        0.6     0.0042        0.3     0.0014        1.6

  1978     0.0010        0.4     0.0037        0.6     0.0037        0.2     0.0015        1.8

  1979     8.6x10^-04^   0.3     0.0035        0.5     0.0035        0.2     0.0012        1.4

  1980     9.0x10^-04^   0.3     0.0042        0.6     0.0042        0.2     0.0012        1.4

  1981     0.0009        0.3     0.0039        0.6     0.0039        0.2     0.0014        1.7

  1982     0.0009        0.3     0.0038        0.6     0.0038        0.2     0.0038        4.5

  1983     0.0011        0.4     0.0031        0.5     0.0031        0.2     0.0031        3.6

  1984     0.0015        0.5     0.0034        0.5     0.0034        0.2     0.0034        4.0

  1985     0.0013        0.5     0.0038        0.6     0.0038        0.2     0.0038        4.5

  1986     0.0010        0.4     0.0037        0.6     0.0037        0.2     0.0037        4.3

  1987     0.0010        0.4     0.0045        0.7     0.0045        0.3     0.0045        5.3

  1988     9.3x10^-04^   0.3     0.0021        0.3     0.0021        0.1     0.0021        2.4

  1989     6.4x10^-04^   0.2     0.0010        0.1     0.0010        0.1     0.0010        1.1

  1990     5.1x10^-04^   0.2     8.7x10^-04^   0.1     8.7x10^-04^   \<0.1   8.7x10^-04^   0.9

  1991     3.9x10^-04^   0.1     7.0x10^-04^   0.1     7.0x10^-04^   \<0.1   7.0x10^-04^   0.7

  1992     3.0x10^-04^   0.1     5.4x10^-04^   0.1     5.4x10^-04^   \<0.1   5.4x10^-04^   0.6

  Total    0.2702        100     0.6588        100     1.6789        100     0.0856        100
  -------- ------------- ------- ------------- ------- ------------- ------- ------------- ------

The pattern shown in Figure 11-15 differs notably from that shown for
Rural Family One (Figure 11-3) and Rural Family Two (Figure 11-9). For
the two rural families, the annual doses for all family members were
similar after the mid 1960s. But for the Urban/Suburban Family, annual
doses for some members differed after the mid 1960s, for the following
reasons: Although the Adult Male always worked on the SRS site, the
children spent their early years entirely in Augusta. But when the
children began work in 1973 and 1982, respectively, their annual doses
equaled those for the Adult Male. The Adult Female always stayed in
Augusta.

#### Exposure Routes and Pathways 

Figure 11-16 shows the radionuclides that were the largest contributors
of dose over 39 years for each family member.

The major contributors to dose were essentially the same as those
identified for Rural Family One (Figure 11-4) and Rural Family Two
(Figure 11-9 ~~Figure 11-10~~). Of interest is the larger importance of
^41^Ar, compared to tritium, for the Adult Male.

![](media/image16.wmf){width="4.652083333333334in"
height="4.263888888888889in"}

Figure 11‑16 Percent of 39-Year Effective Dose by Dominant Isotopes for
Urban/Suburban Family

![](media/image17.wmf){width="4.820833333333334in"
height="3.7243055555555555in"}

Figure 11‑17 Percent of 39-Year Effective Dose by Exposure Route for
Urban/Suburban Family

The larger dose from ^41^Ar is partially illustrated by Figure 11-17.
External exposure to radiation caused 36% of the entire dose for the
Adult Male, a larger percent than that for any other member of the
family.[^12] Otherwise, doses from ingestion were again important. For
all family members, from 52 to 93 percent of their entire 39-year dose
came from eating foods containing radionuclides. Except for the Adult
Male, the contribution to dose by ingestion was comparable to that seen
for Rural Family One (Figure 11-5) and Rural Family Two (Figure 11-11).

Table 11-11 and Figure 11-18 show the dose, and percent of dose, over 39
years by pathway for each member of the family. The foods that
contributed most to radiation dose were beef and milk. For all family
members, from 48 to 91 percent of their entire dose came from eating
beef and milk. The next largest doses generally came from eating fruit
and vegetables (from 2 to 9 percent of their entire dose). Eating grain,
poultry, and eggs contributed from 0.2 to 3 percent of their entire
dose. Inadvertently eating soil containing radionuclides contributed no
more than 0.0003% of any family member's entire dose.

Table 11‑11 39-Year Effective Dose (mSv) by Exposure Pathway for
Urban/Suburban Family

  ------------- ---------------- ------------ ------- ------------ ------- ------------ ------- ------------ -------
                                 Adult Female         Adult Male           Child Born           Child Born   
                                                                           in 1955              in 1964      

  Route         Pathway          Dose         \%      Dose         \%      Dose         \%      Dose         \%

  External      Air Immersion    0.017        6.2     0.257        38.6    0.0577       3.4     0.0207       23.6

                Ground           0.0026       1.0     0.0052       0.8     0.0026       0.2     1.0x10^-4^   0.1
                Contamina-tion                                                                               

  Ingestion     Beef             0.12         42.6    0.18         27.4    0.51         30.4    0.0099       11.6

                Eggs             0.0017       0.6     0.0028       0.4     0.0026       0.2     0.0017       1.9

                Fruit            0.0075       2.8     0.0073       1.1     0.023        1.3     0.0050       5.9

                Grain            0.0011       0.4     0.0013       0.2     0.0029       0.2     7.3x10^-4^   0.8

                Leafy Vegetables 0.0089       3.3     0.0089       1.3     0.014        0.8     8.5x10^-4^   1.0

                Milk             0.065        24.1    0.087        13.1    0.93         55.7    0.027        31.7

                Poultry          0.0010       0.4     0.0012       0.2     0.0012       0.1     7.6x10^-4^   0.9

                Root Vegetables  0.0065       2.4     0.0090       1.4     0.012        0.7     0.0041       4.8

                Soil\*           5.5x10^-7^   \<0.1   1.1x10^-6^   \<0.1   8.3x10^-6^   \<0.1   9.0x10^-8^   \<0.1

  Inhala-tion   Air Inhalation   0.039        14.5    0.090        13.6    0.12         6.9     0.014        16.6

                Resuspended Soil 0.0046       1.7     0.012        1.8     0.0044       0.3     9.2x10^-6^   1.1

  Total                          0.27         100     0.66         100     1.7          100     0.086        100

  \* Doses from                                                                                              
  the soil                                                                                                   
  ingestion                                                                                                  
  pathway were                                                                                               
  no more than                                                                                               
  0.0003% of                                                                                                 
  any family                                                                                                 
  member's                                                                                                   
  entire                                                                                                     
  39-year dose.                                                                                              
  ------------- ---------------- ------------ ------- ------------ ------- ------------ ------- ------------ -------

![](media/image18.wmf){width="5.668055555555555in"
height="4.456944444444445in"}

Figure 11‑18 Percent of 39-Year Effective Dose for Exposure Pathway for
Urban/Suburban Family

The large external radiation dose received by the Adult Male came from
the 2000 hours he spent each year at work. It was assumed that all hours
were spent near K-Reactor. The great bulk of his external exposures
resulted from immersion in a plume of radionuclides in air, rather than
from exposure to radionuclides that had been deposited on the ground.

For all family members, doses from inhalation mainly came from breathing
radionuclides from the contaminated air plume, rather than breathing
radionuclides that had been resuspended from soil after being deposited
on the ground.

### Migrant Worker Family

As a hypothetical rural family, all family members spent much of their
work, home activities, and recreation time outdoors. Because the Adult
Male and Adult Female worked as migrant farm workers, the family lived
in New Ellenton for half of each year (Figure 11-19). The family did no
boating but did enjoy other water sports such as fishing and swimming in
local pools, ponds and creeks. The children attended schools in New
Ellenton. When grown, the children became migrant farmers spending half
of each year in New Ellenton.

![](media/image19.wmf){width="5.59375in" height="7.010416666666667in"}

Figure 11‑19 Exposure Location for Migrant Worker Family

During the six months of each year that the family lived in New
Ellenton, all of their milk and eggs came from cows and hens located in
New Ellenton. Half of the family's beef, poultry, leafy vegetables, root
vegetables, and fruit was grown or produced in New Ellenton and half
came from sources away from SRS. All of their corn was grown in New
Ellenton. Because ponds and creeks in the vicinity of New Ellenton are
not located hydrologically downstream from SRS, none of the fish eaten
by the family was affected by SRS releases. Drinking water and water
used to irrigate foods eaten by the family came from sources unaffected
by SRS releases.

#### Doses and Total Risks

Table 11-12 lists the effective dose and cancer risks assessed for each
member of the Migrant Worker Family over 39 years of SRS operation. All
doses and risks came from exposure to radionuclides that had been
released into the air.

The Child Born in 1955 received the largest dose and risks -- i.e., an
effective dose of 2.2 mSv (220 mrem), a cancer incidence risk of 0.022%,
and a cancer fatality risk of 0.0034%. The Child Born in 1964 received
the smallest dose and risks. The dose for the Child Born in 1964 was 4%
of that for the Child Born in 1955.

Table 11‑12 39-Year Effective Dose and Cancer Risks for Migrant Worker
Family

  ---------------------------- --------- --------- ------------ ------------
  Dose or Risk                 Adult     Adult     Child Born   Child Born
                               Female    Male      in 1955      in 1964

  Effective Dose (mSv)         0.45      0.62      2.2          0.083

  Cancer Incidence Risk (%)    0.0012    0.0016    0.022        0.0013

  Cancer Fatality Risk (%)     0.00042   0.00052   0.0034       0.00078
  ---------------------------- --------- --------- ------------ ------------

Of interest is the relatively large doses received by these family
members, compared to those received by members of the previous
scenarios, even though the Migrant Worker Family was assumed to be in
the vicinity of SRS only half of any year. The main reason is that the
members of the Migrant Worker Family resided in New Ellenton, SC, which
is immediately north of SRS, while members of other scenarios lived
farther away from SRS, and in different directions. New Ellenton was the
source of all of their milk and eggs, and half of their other foods.

#### Effective Dose by Year

Figure 11-20 shows the percent of the 39-year effective dose received
each year by each family member, while Figure 11-21 shows the annual
effective dose (in units of Sieverts) received by each family member.
Table 11-13 lists the percent of the entire 39-year effective dose
received each year by each family member, as well as their annual dose.

In 1956 the Child Born in 1955 received 1.6 mSv (160 mrem)), or 73% of
his entire dose. During this year, the Adult Female received 0.23 mSv
(23 mrem), or 52% of her entire dose, and the Adult Male received 0.34
mSv (34 mrem), or 54% of his entire dose.[^13] In 1964, the Child Born
in 1964 received 0.011 mSv (1.1 mrem), or 13% of his entire dose.

![](media/image20.wmf){width="4.666666666666667in"
height="4.124305555555556in"}

Figure 11‑20 Percent of 39-Year Effective Dose by Year for Migrant
Worker Family

![](media/image21.wmf){width="6.002083333333333in"
height="3.8027777777777776in"}

Figure 11‑21 Annual Effective Dose (Sv) for Migrant Worker Family

Table 11‑13 Annual Effective Dose (mSv) for Migrant Worker Family

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
           Adult Female         Adult Male           Child Born in         Child Born in 
                                                     1955                  1964          
  -------- ------------- ------ ------------- ------ ------------- ------- ------------- ------
  Year     Dose          \%     Dose          \%     Dose          \%      Dose          \%

  1954     2.9x10^-04^   0.1    2.9x10^-04^   0.0                                        

  1955     0.036         8.0    0.049         7.8    0.084         3.8                   

  1956     0.236         52.2   0.34          54.3   1\. 6         73.1                  

  1957     0.050         11.3   0.072         11.6   0.19          8.8                   

  1958     0.0090        2.0    0.012         1.9    0.021         1.0                   

  1959     0.031         6.9    0.043         6.9    0.11          5.1                   

  1960     0.0056        1.3    0.0068        1.1    0.013         0.6                   

  1961     0.018         4.0    0.024         3.9    0.083         3.8                   

  1962     0.0051        1.1    0.0060        1.0    0.0072        0.3                   

  1963     0.0050        1.1    0.0058        0.9    0.0067        0.3                   

  1964     0.0051        1.1    0.0060        1.0    0.0069        0.3     0.011         13.2

  1965     0.0035        0.8    0.0041        0.7    0.0046        0.2     0.0068        8.2

  1966     0.0034        0.8    0.0039        0.6    0.0046        0.2     0.0050        6.0

  1967     0.0035        0.8    0.0040        0.6    0.0045        0.2     0.0049        5.9

  1968     0.0032        0.7    0.0038        0.6    0.0044        0.2     0.0049        5.9

  1969     0.0060        1.3    0.0078        1.3    0.0084        0.4     0.010         12.1

  1970     0.0020        0.4    0.0025        0.4    0.0030        0.1     0.0044        5.2

  1971     0.0023        0.5    0.0028        0.4    0.0032        0.1     0.0033        4.0

  1972     0.0026        0.6    0.0031        0.5    0.0034        0.2     0.0035        4.2

  1973     0.0023        0.5    0.0027        0.4    0.0027        0.1     0.0030        3.6

  1974     0.0018        0.4    0.0021        0.3    0.0021        0.1     0.0024        2.9

  1975     0.0011        0.2    0.0014        0.2    0.0014        0.1     0.0015        1.8

  1976     0.0011        0.2    0.0013        0.2    0.0013        0.1     0.0014        1.7

  1977     0.0011        0.2    0.0013        0.2    0.0013        0.1     0.0015        1.7

  1978     0.0014        0.3    0.0017        0.3    0.0017        0.1     0.0019        2.3

  1979     9.3x10^-04^   0.2    0.0011        0.2    0.0011        0.1     0.0012        1.5

  1980     0.0010        0.2    0.0012        0.2    0.0012        0.1     0.0014        1.6

  1981     0.0011        0.3    0.0014        0.2    0.0014        0.1     0.0015        1.8

  1982     0.0012        0.3    0.0014        0.2    0.0014        0.1     0.0014        1.7

  1983     0.0013        0.3    0.0016        0.3    0.0016        0.1     0.0016        2.0

  1984     0.0016        0.4    0.0021        0.3    0.0021        0.1     0.0021        2.5

  1985     0.0015        0.3    0.0019        0.3    0.0019        0.1     0.0019        2.3

  1986     0.0013        0.3    0.0015        0.2    0.0015        0.1     0.0015        1.8

  1987     0.0014        0.3    0.0017        0.3    0.0017        0.1     0.0017        2.0

  1988     9.2x10^-04^   0.2    0.0012        0.2    0.0012        0.1     0.0012        1.4

  1989     5.5x10^-04^   0.1    7.2x10^-04^   0.1    7.2x10^-04^   \<0.1   7.2x10^-04^   0.9

  1990     4.5x10^-04^   0.1    5.9x10^-04^   0.1    5.9x10^-04^   \<0.1   5.9x10^-04^   0.7

  1991     3.3x10^-04^   0.1    4.4x10^-04^   0.1    4.4x10^-04^   \<0.1   4.4x10^-04^   0.5

  1992     2.6x10^-04^   0.1    3.4x10^-04^   0.1    3.4x10^-04^   \<0.1   3.4x10^-04^   0.4

  Total    0.45          100    0.62          100    2.2           100     0.083         100
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

This 1964 dose was less than 1% of the largest annual dose for the Child
Born in 1955. The pattern of annual dose is comparable to that seen for
Rural Family One (Figure 11-3) and Rural Family Two (Figure 11-9).

#### Dominant Radionuclides, Exposure Routes, and Pathways

Figure 11-22 shows the radionuclides that were the largest contributors
of dose over 39 years for each member of the Migrant Worker Family. The
dominant radionuclides were generally the same as those for Rural Family
One (Figure 11-4) and Rural Family Two (Figure 11-10). But there were
small differences. For example, ^238^Pu was somewhat more important for
the Child Born in 1955 for the Migrant Worker Family than for Rural
Family Two; and Ru-106 was somewhat more important for the Child Born in
1964 for the Migrant Worker Family than for Rural Family Two.

![](media/image22.wmf){width="5.219444444444444in"
height="4.785416666666666in"}

Figure 11‑22 Percent of 39-Year Effective Dose by Dominant Isotopes for
Migrant Worker Family

Most of the radiation dose received by this family came from eating food
containing radionuclides (Figure 11-23). All family members received
from 58 to 91 percent of their entire dose from ingestion. From 2 to 23
percent of their entire dose came from exposure to external radiation,
and from 7 to 18 percent of their entire dose came from inhalation. This
pattern of dose is similar to that seen for Rural Family One (Figure
11-5) and Rural Family Two (Figure 11-11).

![](media/image23.wmf){width="4.893055555555556in"
height="3.7756944444444445in"}

Figure 11‑23 Percent of 39-Year Effective Dose by Exposure Route for
Migrant Worker Family

Table 11-14 and Figure 11-24 show the effective dose, and percent of
dose, by pathway and family member over 39 years. In general, the same
pathways dominated radiation doses as those seen for Rural Family One
(Table 11-5) and Rural Family Two (Table 11-8). Eating beef and drinking
milk caused from 40 to 84 percent of their entire dose. Eating fruit and
vegetables caused from 6 to 15 percent of their entire dose, and eating
poultry, eggs, and grain caused from 1 to 3 percent of their entire
dose. Inadvertently eating soil contributed no more than 0.0008% of any
family member's entire dose.

Most external radiation doses came from immersion in a plume of
contaminated air, rather than from radionuclides that had been deposited
on the ground. Most inhalation doses came from breathing radionuclides
directly from the plume of contaminated air, rather than breathing
radionuclides that had been resuspended from soil.

Table 11‑14 39-Year Effective Dose (mSv) by Exposure Pathway for Migrant
Worker Family

  ------------- ---------------- ------------ ------- ------------ ------- ------------ ------- ------------ -------
                                 Adult Female         Adult Male           Child Born           Child Born   
                                                                           in 1955              in 1964      

  Route         Pathway          Dose         \%      Dose         \%      Dose         \%      Dose         \%

  External      Air Immersion    0.039        8.7     0.039        6.2     0.039        1.8     0.019        23.1

                Ground           0.0054       1.2     0.0058       0.9     0.0054       0.2     2.2x10^-4^   0.3
                Contamina-tion                                                                               

  Ingestion     Beef             0.23         52.1    0.37         58.7    1.0          48.2    0.015        17.8

                Eggs             0.0010       0.2     0.0017       0.3     0.0016       0.1     0.0010       1.2

                Fruit            0.015        3.2     0.014        2.3     0.064        2.9     0.0061       7.4

                Grain            0.0020       0.4     0.0024       0.4     0.0075       0.3     9.7x10^-4^   1.1

                Leafy Vegetables 0.027        6.0     0.027        4.3     0.045        2.1     0.0012       1.5

                Milk             0.052        11.6    0.069        11.0    0.79         36.2    0.019        22.4

                Poultry          0.0011       0.3     0.0014       0.2     0.0015       0.1     9.0x10^-4^   1.1

                Root Vegetables  0.0091       2.0     0.013        2.0     0.019        0.9     0.0049       5.9

                Soil\*           1.1x10^-6^   \<0.1   1.1x10^-6^   \<0.1   1.7x10^-5^   \<0.1   1.8x10^-7^   \<0.1

  Inhala-tion   Air Inhalation   0.054        12.1    0.073        11.6    0.15         6.9     0.013        16.2

                Resuspend-ed     0.0098       2.2     0.013        2.1     0.0091       0.4     0.0019       2.3
                Soil                                                                                         

  Total                          0.45         100     0.62         100     2.29         100     0.083        100

  \* Doses from                                                                                              
  the soil                                                                                                   
  ingestion                                                                                                  
  pathway were                                                                                               
  no more than                                                                                               
  0.0008% of                                                                                                 
  any family                                                                                                 
  member's                                                                                                   
  entire                                                                                                     
  39-year dose.                                                                                              
  ------------- ---------------- ------------ ------- ------------ ------- ------------ ------- ------------ -------

![](media/image24.wmf){width="5.334027777777778in"
height="4.529166666666667in"}

Figure 11‑24 Percent of 39-Year Effective Dose by Exposure Pathway for
Migrant Worker Family

### Delivery Person Family 

This hypothetical family lived in Barnwell, SC, where the children
attended grade and high school. Because the Adult Male worked as a
delivery driver for a bottling plant in Allendale, SC, he spent portions
of his time in Allendale and onsite at SRS, where he made periodic
deliveries. (When the children reached 18 they lived in Barnwell and
became delivery drivers like the Adult Male.) The Adult Female worked at
home. All family members attended religious services in Martin, SC, for
a few hours per week. All family members swam, fished, and spent time
along the shoreline at Lower Three Runs Creek near Martin. The Adult
Male hunted deer and fowl in the Martin vicinity. The family boated in
the Savannah River, catching fish in Smith Lake and spending time along
its shoreline (Figure 11-25).

![](media/image25.wmf){width="5.9944444444444445in"
height="7.189583333333333in"}

Figure 11‑25 Exposure Locations for Delivery Person Family

Half the family's milk and eggs came from cows and hens located in
Barnwell, and half from cows and hens located in Martin. In addition,
half the family's beef and poultry came from Barnwell and half from
Martin. Half of the beef and poultry from Barnwell was actually produced
in the Barnwell area (and therefore possibly contained radionuclides
from SRS), and half was acquired (e.g., by stores) from sources away
from the SRS area.

Of the beef and poultry from Martin, 25% consisted of meat from hunting
deer and wild fowl. [^14] That is, 25% of the beef from Martin consisted
of locally-hunted venison while

25% of the poultry from Martin consisted of locally-hunted wild fowl. Of
the remaining 75% of the beef and poultry from Martin, half was produced
in the Martin area, and half was acquired (e.g., by stores) from sources
well away from SRS.[^15]

Half the leafy vegetables, root vegetables, and fruit came from Barnwell
and half from Martin. Half of this produce from Barnwell was
locally-grown, as was half of this produce from Martin.[^16] Half of the
corn eaten by the family was grown in Barnwell and half was grown in
Martin. Half of the fish was caught in Lower Three Runs Creek at Martin,
and half was caught in Smith Lake.

#### Effective Dose and Total Risk

Table 11-15 lists the effective dose and cancer risks for each member of
the Delivery Person Family over 39 years of SRS operation. The doses and
risks included those from radionuclides released into surface water as
well as radionuclides released into the air.

Table 11‑15 39-Year Effective Dose and Risks for Delivery Person Family

  --------------------------- ---------- ---------- ----------- -----------
  Dose or Risk                Adult      Adult Male Child Born  Child Born
                              Female                in 1955     in 1964

  **Effective Dose (mSv)**                                      

  Air Pathways                0.40       0.57       2.1         0.12

  Water Pathways              5.7        5.7        3.1         2.0

  All Pathways                6.1        6.3        5.2         2.1

  **Cancer Incidence Risk                                        
  (%)**                                                         

  Air Pathways                0.0012     0.0017     0.022       0.0018

  Water Pathways              0.027      0.027      0.048       0.031

  All Pathways                0.028      0.029      0.070       0.033

  **Cancer Fatality Risk                                        
  (%)**                                                         

  Air Pathways                0.00050    0.00074    0.0038      0.0011

  Water Pathways              0.020      0.020      0.032       0.021

  All Pathways                0.020      0.021      0.036       0.022
  --------------------------- ---------- ---------- ----------- -----------

The Adult Male received an effective dose of 6.3 mSv (630 mrem), the
Adult Female received an effective dose of 6.1 mSv (610 mrem), and the
Child Born in 1955 received an effective dose of 5.2mSv (520 mrem). The
dose for the Child Born in 1964 was about one-half to one-third of the
dose for the other family members. The Child Born in 1955 had the
largest cancer risks in this scenario; the Child Born in 1964 had the
smallest.

Although the doses received from only the air pathways were comparable
for most Delivery Family members to those received by Rural Family One
members, the addition of the water pathways raised the overall doses
received by the Delivery Family members to levels much larger than those
received by Rural Family One members. The distribution of dose between
all air pathways and all surface water pathways is shown in Figure
11-26. Except for the Child Born in 1955, surface water pathways caused
at least 91% of the entire dose over 39 years. For that child, however,
air pathways contributed 41% of his entire dose while water pathways
contributed 59%.

In the previous four scenarios based on air pathways only, the Child
Born in 1955 always received the largest dose. But here, when doses
through all water pathways are added to those through all air pathways,
the Adult Male received the largest dose. This dose resulted mainly from
eating fish containing radionuclides (see below).

![](media/image26.wmf){width="5.1875in" height="3.8930555555555557in"}

Figure 11‑26 Distribution of 39-Year Effective Dose (%) Between Air and
Water Pathways for Delivery Person Family

#### Effective Dose by Year

The percent of the entire dose contributed each year for each family
member is shown in Figure 11-27, while Figure 11-28 shows the annual
dose for each member of the Delivery Person Family. Table 11-16 lists
the percent of the entire 39-year effective dose received each year by
each family member, as well as their annual dose. These two figures and
table include doses from all air and all water pathways.

The Child Born in 1955 received the largest annual dose of any family
member: In 1956, he received 1.6 mSv (160 mrem), or 30% of his entire
dose. In 1958, the Adult Female and Adult Male each received their
largest annual dose: the Adult Female received 1.0 mSv (100 mrem), or
17% of her entire dose, while the Adult Male also received 1.0 mSv (100
mrem), or 16% of his entire dose. The largest annual dose for the Child
Born in 1964 occurred in 1964 when he received 0.55 mSv (55 mrem), or
15% of his entire dose.

Figure 11-29 shows the annual effective dose received by each family
member from all air pathways. Annual doses from the air pathways
followed a similar pattern as those for previous scenarios. Most doses
were received during the early days of operation. During 1956, the Adult
Female received 0.18 mSv (18 mrem), or 46% of her dose from all air
pathways, the Adult Male received 0.26 mSv (26 mrem), or 46% of his dose
from all air pathways, and the Child Born in 1955 received 1.5 mSv (150
mrem), or 71% of his dose from all air pathways. In 1964, the Child Born
in 1964 received 0.017 mSv (1.7 mrem), or 15% of his dose from all air
pathways.

Figure 11-29 shows that the annual doses received by the two children
eventually merged with doses received by the Adult Male, when the
children began work in Allendale and at SRS when each child reached age
18. The dose curves for the Adult Male and two children tended to
"separate" from that for the Adult Female in later years, although the
separation is not as pronounced as that seen Figure 11-15 for the
Urban/Suburban Family. This occurred because the Adult Male and grown
children of the Delivery Family spent much less time on the SRS site
than did the Adult Male and grown children of the Urban/Suburban
Family.[^17]

![](media/image27.wmf){width="4.709027777777778in"
height="2.967361111111111in"}

Figure 11‑27 Percent of 39-Year Effective Dose by Year for Delivery
Person Family -- Air + Water Pathways

![](media/image28.wmf){width="3.873611111111111in"
height="3.5881944444444445in"}

Figure 11‑28 Annual Effective Dose (Sv) for Delivery Person Family --
Air + Water Pathways

Table 11‑16 Annual Effective Dose (mSv) for Delivery Person Family

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                  Adult           Adult                  Child                  Child           
                  Female          Male                   Born in                Born in         
                                                         1955                   1964            
  ------- ------- -------- ------ ------- ------- ------ ------- ------- ------ ------- ------- -------
  Year    Dose             \%             Dose    \%             Dose    \%             Dose    \%

  1954    0.040            0.6            0.040   0.6                                           

  1955    0.11             1.7            0.12    1.8            0.17    3.3                    

  1956    0.29             4.7            0.37    5.8            1.58    30.4                   

  1957    0.62             10.2           0.64    10.2           0.40    7.7                    

  1958    1.0              16.5           1.0     16.1           0.39    7.5                    

  1959    0.27             4.4            0.28    4.5            0.20    3.8                    

  1960    0.16             2.6            0.16    2.6            0.088   1.7                    

  1961    0.14             2.3            0.15    2.3            0.13    2.6                    

  1962    0.19             3.1            0.19    3.1            0.10    2.0                    

  1963    0.49             8.0            0.50    7.9            0.22    4.3                    

  1964    0.57             9.4            0.58    9.2            0.26    5.0            0.55    26.2

  1965    0.30             4.9            0.30    4.8            0.17    3.2            0.271   12.9

  1966    0.41             6.7            0.41    6.6            0.32    6.1            0.40    19.3

  1967    0.26             4.3            0.27    4.3            0.16    3.0            0.14    6.5

  1968    0.17             2.8            0.17    2.8            0.092   1.8            0.073   3.5

  1969    0.11             1.8            0.11    1.8            0.065   1.2            0.060   2.8

  1970    0.12             2.0            0.12    2.0            0.069   1.3            0.064   3.0

  1971    0.11             1.8            0.11    1.8            0.063   1.2            0.057   2.7

  1972    0.059            1.0            0.060   1.0            0.034   0.6            0.030   1.5

  1973    0.046            0.8            0.048   0.8            0.048   0.9            0.029   1.4

  1974    0.066            1.1            0.067   1.1            0.067   1.3            0.034   1.6

  1975    0.11             1.8            0.11    1.7            0.11    2.1            0.046   2.2

  1976    0.040            0.7            0.041   0.6            0.041   0.8            0.023   1.1

  1977    0.049            0.8            0.050   0.8            0.050   1.0            0.024   1.2

  1978    0.062            1.0            0.063   1.0            0.063   1.2            0.030   1.4

  1979    0.067            1.1            0.067   1.1            0.067   1.3            0.032   1.5

  1980    0.020            0.3            0.021   0.3            0.021   0.4            0.013   0.6

  1981    0.020            0.3            0.021   0.3            0.021   0.4            0.013   0.6

  1982    0.015            0.2            0.015   0.2            0.015   0.3            0.015   0.7

  1983    0.022            0.4            0.023   0.4            0.023   0.4            0.023   1.1

  1984    0.016            0.3            0.016   0.3            0.016   0.3            0.016   0.8

  1985    0.020            0.3            0.021   0.3            0.021   0.4            0.021   1.0

  1986    0.020            0.3            0.020   0.3            0.020   0.4            0.020   1.0

  1987    0.019            0.3            0.020   0.3            0.020   0.4            0.020   0.9

  1988    0.019            0.3            0.020   0.3            0.020   0.4            0.020   0.9

  1989    0.019            0.3            0.019   0.3            0.019   0.4            0.019   0.9

  1990    0.018            0.3            0.018   0.3            0.018   0.3            0.018   0.9

  1991    0.017            0.3            0.017   0.3            0.017   0.3            0.017   0.8

  1992    0.017            0.3            0.017   0.3            0.017   0.3            0.017   0.8

  Total   6.1              100            6.3     100            5.2     100            2.1     100
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

![](media/image29.wmf){width="5.247916666666667in" height="3.61875in"}

Figure 11‑29 Annual Effective Dose (Sv) for Delivery Person Family --\
Air Pathways Only

Figure 11-30 shows the annual dose from all water pathways. The Adult
Female, Adult Male, and Child Born in 1955 each received their largest
annual doses from the water pathways in 1958, although doses received in
1964 and 1966 were also relatively large. Doses for these family members
were, in 1958:

-   Adult Female: 1.0 mSv (100 mrem) -- 18% of her dose from all water
    pathways.

-   Adult Male: 1.0 mSv (100 mrem) -- 18% of his dose from all water
    pathways.

Child Born in 1955: 0.36 mSv (36 mrem) -- 12% of his dose from all water
pathways. The Child Born in 1964 received his largest annual dose --
0.53 mSv (53 mrem) \-- from the water pathways in 1964. This dose was
27% of his dose from all water pathways. Another year of relatively
large dose for this child was 1966.[^18]

The annual doses from the water pathways for the Adult Male and Adult
Female were nearly equivalent, mainly because the Adult Male and Adult
Female each ate the same annual quantities of fish containing
radionuclides.[^19] When the children reached age 18, they each ate the
same annual quantities of fish as did the two adults. Hence, the curve
for the Child Born in 1955 merges with those for the two adults in 1973,
and the curve for the Child Born in 1964 merges with those for the two
adults in 1982.

The pattern for annual dose from all water pathways (Figure 11-30) is
clearly different than the pattern from all air pathways (Figure 11-29).
Whereas the annual dose received from the air pathways peaked during the
1950s and early 1960s, and thereafter declined significantly, the annual
dose from the water pathways varies over a smaller range. Except for the
earliest years, the annual dose from the water pathways was also larger
than those from the air pathways. This point is illustrated in Figure
11-31 which shows the annual dose from all air pathways and all water
pathways for the Child Born in 1955. Except for the years 1955, 1959,
and 1961, annual doses from the water pathways were larger than those
for the air pathways. Doses from the air pathways also dropped over the
years more abruptly than did doses from the water pathways.

![](media/image30.wmf){width="5.496527777777778in"
height="3.797222222222222in"}

Figure 11‑30 Annual Effective Dose (Sv) for Delivery Person Family --
Water Pathways Only

![](media/image31.wmf){width="5.560416666666667in" height="3.5in"}

Figure 11‑31 Annual Effective Dose (Sv) for Child Born in 1955, Delivery
Person Family -- Air vs. Water Pathways

#### Dominant Radionuclides, Exposure Routes, and Pathways

Figure 11-32 lists the radionuclides that caused the largest doses for
each member of the Delivery Person Family. These radionuclides were
different from those dominating dose for the previous scenarios.

For example, although ^131^I caused most of the dose for the two adults
and the Child Born in 1955 of the Urban/Suburban Family (Figure 11-16),
^137^Cs caused most of the dose for these members of the Delivery Person
Family. Although tritium (followed by ^41^Ar) caused most of the dose
for the Child Born in 1955 of the Urban/Suburban Family, ^137^Cs caused
most of the dose for this member of the Delivery Person Family. For all
Delivery Person Family members the doses from ^137^Cs, ^90^Sr, and ^32^P
came mainly from eating fish containing these radionuclides.

![](media/image32.wmf){width="4.938888888888889in"
height="4.497916666666667in"}

Figure 11‑32 Percent of 39-Year Effective Dose by Dominant Isotopes for
Delivery Person Family

As shown in Figure 11-33, at least 95% of the entire dose for any member
of the Delivery Person Family came from ingestion. External exposure
accounted for 2 to 3 percent of the entire dose; inhalation accounted
for 1 to 3 percent of the entire dose.

![](media/image33.wmf){width="5.436111111111111in"
height="4.377083333333333in"}

Figure 11‑33 Percent of 39-Year Effective Dose by Exposure Route for
Delivery Person Family

The dose from ingestion mainly came from eating fish, followed by beef
and milk (Table 11-17 and Figure 11-34). At least 90% of the entire dose
received by the two adults and the Child Born in 1964 came from eating
fish, and from 3 to 6 percent of their dose came from eating beef and
milk. Nearly 58% of the entire dose received by the Child Born in 1955
came from eating fish, while 13% of his dose came from eating beef and
22% of his dose came from drinking milk. For all family members, doses
from eating vegetables, fruit, grain, eggs, and poultry were
comparatively small. Combined doses from eating fruit and vegetables
represented no more than 1.5% of any family member's entire dose, and
combined doses from eating grain, eggs, and poultry represented no more
than 0.2% of any family member's entire dose. Still smaller doses came
from inadvertently drinking water while swimming: for all family members
they represented less than 0.1% of the entire dose. Doses from
inadvertently eating soil were again very small -- contributing no more
than 0.0003% of the entire dose of any family member over 39 years.

The dose from external radiation exposure primarily came from being
immersed in a plume of air containing radionuclides. External doses from
air immersion caused from 1 to 1.5 percent of the entire dose received
by each family member. Also of interest were the doses caused by
activities performed along a contaminated shoreline.[^20] Shoreline
external doses contributed roughly one percent of the entire dose
received by each family member.

Inhalation doses from breathing a cloud of air containing radionuclides
were again much larger than the inhalation doses received from breathing
radionuclides that had been resuspended from soil.

Table 11‑17 39-Year Effective Dose (mSv) by Exposure Pathway for
Delivery Person Family

  ------------ --------------- ------------ ------- ------------ ------- ------------ ------- ------------ -------
                               Adult Female         Adult Male           Child Born           Child Born   
                                                                         in 1955              in 1964      

  Route        Pathway         Dose         \%      Dose         \%      Dose         \%      Dose         \%

  External     Air Immersion   0.055        0.9     0.093        1.5     0.060        1.2     0.028        1.3

               Boating         8.2x10^-5^   \<0.1   8.2x10^-5^   \<0.1   8.2x10^-5^   \<0.1   5.2x10^-5^   \<0.1

               Ground          0.0047       0.1     0.0046       0.1     0.0047       0.1     1.8x10^-4^   \<0.1
               Contamination                                                                               

               Shoreline       0.044        0.7     0.044        0.7     0.044        0.8     0.029        1.4

               Swimming        5.9x10^-5^   \<0.1   5.9x10^-5^   \<0.1   5.8x10^-5^   \<0.1   2.6x10^-5^   \<0.1

  Ingestion    Beef            0.16         2.6     0.25         3.9     0.69         13.3    0.015        0.7

               Eggs            0.0023       \<0.1   0.0038       0.1     0.0034       0.1     0.0023       0.1

               Fish            5.7          92.8    5.7          90.2    3.0          57.9    1.9          92.9

               Fruit           0.011        0.2     0.011        0.2     0.038        0.7     0.0069       0.3

               Grain           0.0016       \<0.1   0.0019       \<0.1   0.0031       0.1     8.8x10^-4^   \<0.1

               Inadvertent     7.7x10^-4^   \<0.1   7.7x10^-4^   \<0.1   0.0011       \<0.1   8.0x10^-4^   \<0.1
               swimming                                                                                    
               ingestion                                                                                   

               Leafy           0.016        0.3     0.016        0.2     0.025        0.5     0.0012       0.1
               Vegetables                                                                                  

               Milk            0.080        1.3     0.11         1.7     1.14         21.9    0.041        2.0

               Poultry         0.0014       \<0.1   0.0017       \<0.1   0.0018       \<0.1   0.0011       0.1

               Root Vegetables 0.0089       0.1     0.012        0.2     0.016        0.3     0.0056       0.3

               Soil\*          9.8x10^-7^   \<0.1   9.5x10^-7^   \<0.1   1.5x10^-5^   \<0.1   1.6x10^-7^   \<0.1

  Inhalation   Air Inhalation  0.059        1.0     0.077        1.2     0.16         3.1     0.017        0.8

               Resuspended     8.2x10^-5^   \<0.1   1.0x10^-4^   \<0.1   7.7x10^-5^   \<0.1   1.6x10^-5^   \<0.1
               Soil                                                                                        

  Total                        6.1          100     6.3          100     5.2          100     2.1          100

  \* Doses                                                                                                 
  from the                                                                                                 
  soil                                                                                                     
  ingestion                                                                                                
  pathway were                                                                                             
  on the order                                                                                             
  of 10^-7^ to                                                                                             
  10^-5^ mSv                                                                                               
  for each                                                                                                 
  family                                                                                                   
  member.                                                                                                  
  These doses                                                                                              
  were no more                                                                                             
  than 0.0003%                                                                                             
  of any                                                                                                   
  family                                                                                                   
  member's                                                                                                 
  entire                                                                                                   
  39-year                                                                                                  
  dose.                                                                                                    
  ------------ --------------- ------------ ------- ------------ ------- ------------ ------- ------------ -------

![](media/image34.wmf){width="5.5993055555555555in"
height="5.956944444444445in"}

Figure 11‑34 Percent of 39-Year Effective Dose by Exposure Pathway for
Delivery Person Family

### Outdoors Person Family

This hypothetical family lived in Jackson, SC, and all family members
stayed there for most activities, including school and religious
services. When the children grew up, they also lived in Jackson. The
Adult Male worked onsite at SRS as a hunter, for 2000 hours out of each
year, as did the children when they reached age 18. His job required him
to spend 260 hours each year boating on the Savannah River. The Adult
Male took game animals in the form of deer and birds, and caught fish
from the Savannah River.[^21] The children performed similar activities
after they started work (Figure 11-35).

![](media/image35.wmf){width="5.997222222222222in"
height="6.740277777777778in"}

Figure 11‑35 Exposure Locations for Outdoors Person Family

All family members (including the adult male) swam, camped, and fished
on the Savannah River near the Jackson, SC, boat ramp (upstream of the
site). They boated, however, in the Savannah River downstream of the
discharge from SRS.

All milk and eggs came from cows and hens located in Jackson. Hence, it
was assumed that all milk and eggs contained radionuclides released by
SRS into the air. Half the leafy and root vegetables and fruit were
grown in Jackson, and half came from sources away from the SRS area. All
of the family corn was grown in Jackson.

Three-quarters of the family's beef and poultry consisted of venison and
wild fowl that was hunted by the Adult Male on the SRS site. All of this
meat contained radionuclides from SRS operations. Their remaining beef
and poultry came from other sources such as stores. Of this remaining
25%, half was produced in Jackson (and therefore contained radionuclides
from SRS operations and half came from sources away from the SRS area.
All fish taken from the Savannah River contained radionuclides from SRS
operations.[^22]

#### Effective Dose and Total Risks

Table 11-18 lists effective dose and cancer risks for the Outdoors
Person Family over 39 years of SRS operation. These doses and risks
included those from exposure to radionuclides released into the air as
well as to radionuclides released into surface water. The Child Born in
1955 received the largest dose (9.4 mSv, or 940 mrem) and risks while
the Child Born in 1964 received the smallest dose (1.8 mSv, or 180 mrem)
and risks.

Table 11‑18 39-Year Effective Dose and Cancer Risks for Outdoors Person
Family

  ---------------------- ----------- --------- ------------ -------------
  Total Dose or Risk     Adult       Adult     Child Born   Child Born in
                         Female      Male      in 1955      1964

  **Effective Dose                                          
  (mSv)**                                                   

  Air Pathways           1.6         2.5       8.3          0.36

  Water Pathways         1.5         1.7       1.2          1.5

  All Pathways           3.0         4.2       9.4          1.8

  **Cancer Incidence                                        
  Risk (%)**                                                

  Air Pathways           0.0042      0.0071    0.082        0.0053

  Water Pathways         0.0063      0.0072    0.018        0.030

  All Pathways           0.011       0.014     0.10         0.035

  **Cancer Fatality Risk                                    
  (%)**                                                     

  Air Pathways           0.0013      0.0025    0.012        0.0030

  Water Pathways         0.0048      0.0055    0.011        0.020

  All Pathways           0.0061      0.0080    0.024        0.023
  ---------------------- ----------- --------- ------------ -------------

Doses and risks from the air pathways were larger than those for the
family members in any other scenario. The Child Born in 1955 received
the largest doses from the air pathways: 8.3 mSv (830 mrem) over 39
years. The next largest doses were received by the Adult Male who
received 2.5 mSv (250 mrem), and the Adult Female who received 1.6 mSv
(160 mrem); the Child Born in 1964 received the smallest dose through
the air pathways: 0.36 mSv (36 mrem).

One reason that the doses received by these family members through all
air pathways were larger than those for comparable members of other
scenarios was because it was assumed that three-quarters of the meat
eaten by these family members was venison obtained from the SRS site.
The exposure location assumed for deer hunting was much closer to the
assumed SRS airborne release points than any other exposure location
assumed in this study. From about half to three-quarters of the entire
39-year dose from all air pathways received by any family member came
from eating beef (see below). In addition, much of the remaining food
eaten by the family came from Jackson, which is located close to (and
west-north-west) of the assumed SRS airborne release points.

All family members received comparable doses from the water pathways.
The Adult Male received the largest dose; his incremental increase was
because he spent much more time than the other family members along the
Savannah River shoreline and boating in the Savannah River. His dose
from all water pathways was 1.7 mSv (170 mrem) over 39 years. The Adult
Female and Child Born in 1964 each received 1.5 mSv (150 mrem), while
the Child Born in 1955 received 1.2 mSv (120 mrem). These doses were
smaller than those received from the water pathways by members of the
Delivery Person Family (Table 11-15).

The percent distribution of dose between air and surface water pathways
is shown in Figure 11-36 for the Outdoors Person Family. The water
pathways caused a smaller percent of overall dose for members of the
Outdoors Person Family than for members of the Delivery Person Family
(Figure 11-26). The main difference is Lower Three Runs Creek.

![](media/image36.wmf){width="4.959027777777778in"
height="3.9097222222222223in"}

Figure 11‑36 Percent Distribution of 39-Year Effective Dose (%) Between
Air and Water Pathways for Outdoors Person Family

Members of the Delivery Person family swam in, spent time along the
shoreline of, and ate fish taken from Lower Three Runs Creek and the
Savannah River. But members of the Outdoors Person Family were not
affected by radionuclides in Lower Three Runs Creek. They swam in the
Savannah River upstream of SRS's discharge. The Adult Male received
shoreline exposures (along the Savannah River) as part of work, as did
the two children when they each reached age 18. (The Adult Female spent
her entire time along the Savannah River shoreline upstream of SRS's
discharge.) All family members received exposures from boating in the
Savannah River as well as exposures from eating fish taken from the
Savannah River.

#### Effective Dose by Year

Figure 11-37 shows the percent of the entire dose received by each
family member from all (air + water) pathways, while Figure 11-38 shows
the percent annual effective dose received by each family member through
all pathways. Table 11-19 lists the percent of the entire 39-year
effective dose received each year by each family member, as well as
their annual dose.

Two large peaks in dose are seen for the years 1956 and 1966, while two
smaller peaks are seen for the years 1959 and 1961 (Figure 11-38). The
Child Born in 1955 received his largest dose in 1956, when he received
5.9 mSv (590 mrem), or 63% of his entire dose over 39 years. The Adult
Female and Adult Male also received their largest doses during this
year. The Adult Female received 0.86 mSv (86 mrem), or 28% of her entire
dose, while the Adult Male received 1.3 mSv (130 mrem), or 30% of his
entire dose. The Child Born in 1964 received his largest dose in 1966,
when he received 0.70 mSv (70 mrem), or 38% of his entire dose.

The patterns of annual dose and percent of dose are different from those
seen for the Delivery Person Scenario (see Figure 11-27 and Figure
11-28).

![](media/image37.wmf){width="5.125in" height="4.641666666666667in"}

Figure 11‑37 Percent of 39-Year Effective Dose by Year for Outdoors
Person Family -- Air + Water Pathways

Annual doses from all air pathways for the Outdoors Person Family are
shown in Figure 11-39. The pattern is familiar. During 1956, the Child
Born in 1955 received 5.9 mSv (592 mrem), or 72% of his dose from all
air pathways, the Adult Female received 0.84 mSv (84 mrem), or 53% of
her dose from all air pathways, and the Adult Male received 1.3 mSv (130
mrem), or 50% of his dose from all air pathways. In 1964, the Child Born
in 1964 received 0.045 mSv (4.5 mrem), or 12% of his dose from all air
pathways.

Figure 11-40 shows annual effective doses received by each member of the
Outdoors Person Family through the water pathways. Annual doses rose to
a peak in 1966, and then dropped. After the mid 1970s annual doses
fluctuated for all family members between about 0.001 and 0.01 mSv per
year. Annual doses through all water pathways were, during 1966:

-   Adult Female: 0.48 mSv (48 mrem) \-- 33% of her dose from all water
    pathways.

-   Adult Male: 0.50 mSv (50 mrem) \-- 30% of his dose from all water
    pathways.

-   Child Born in 1955: 0.48 mSv (48 mrem) \-- 42% of his dose from all
    water pathways.

-   Child Born in 1966: 0.68 mSv (68 mrem) \-- 47% of his dose from all
    water pathways.

The annual pattern of dose shown in Figure 11-40 for the water pathways
is different than that for the Delivery Person Scenario (Figure 11-30).
Whereas for the Delivery Person Scenario the annual doses fluctuated
over a range of about 0.01 to 1 mSv, the doses from the water pathways
for the Outdoors Person Scenario built to a peak and varied over a
larger range. Except for a few years on either side of 1966, annual
doses from the water pathways tended to be smaller than those from the
air pathways. This second point is illustrated in Figure 11-41, which
shows the annual dose from all air pathways and all water pathways for
the Child Born in 1955 of the Outdoors Person Family. This pattern is
clearly different from that seen for the Child Born in 1955 of the
Delivery Person Family (Figure 11-31).

![](media/image38.wmf){width="5.998611111111111in"
height="3.626388888888889in"}

Figure 11‑38 Annual Effective Dose (Sv) for the Outdoors Person Family
-- Air + Water Pathways

Table 11‑19 Annual Effective Dose (mSv) for Outdoors Person Family

  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
          Adult                    Adult                   Child                    Child            
          Female                   Male                    Born in                  Born in          
                                                           1955                     1964             
  ------- -------- -------- ------ ------- -------- ------ ------- -------- ------- ------- -------- -------
  Year             Dose     \%             Dose     \%             Dose     \%              Dose     \%

  1954             0.0013   0.0            0.0019   0.0                                              

  1955             0.077    2.5            0.11     2.7            0.29     3.1                      

  1956             0.86     28.3           1.3      30.3           5.9      62.9                     

  1957             0.20     6.5            0.30     7.2            0.76     8.0                      

  1958             0.062    2.1            0.09     2.2            0.11     1.2                      

  1959             0.13     4.3            0.20     4.8            0.44     4.7                      

  1960             0.050    1.7            0.093    2.2            0.087    0.9                      

  1961             0.10     3.3            0.15     3.6            0.35     3.7                      

  1962             0.087    2.8            0.13     3.0            0.070    0.7                      

  1963             0.072    2.4            0.11     2.6            0.060    0.6                      

  1964             0.098    3.2            0.14     3.3            0.068    0.7             0.16     9.0

  1965             0.16     5.3            0.19     4.5            0.14     1.5             0.35     19.1

  1966             0.49     16.3           0.53     12.5           0.50     5.3             0.70     38.4

  1967             0.23     7.5            0.26     6.3            0.17     1.8             0.18     9.8

  1968             0.10     3.3            0.13     3.0            0.065    0.7             0.070    3.8

  1969             0.067    2.2            0.084    2.0            0.052    0.5             0.071    3.9

  1970             0.077    2.5            0.092    2.2            0.049    0.5             0.064    3.5

  1971             0.033    1.1            0.050    1.2            0.027    0.3             0.030    1.7

  1972             0.016    0.5            0.032    0.8            0.018    0.2             0.019    1.0

  1973             0.013    0.4            0.030    0.7            0.030    0.3             0.015    0.8

  1974             0.012    0.4            0.029    0.7            0.029    0.3             0.014    0.7

  1975             0.0058   0.2            0.011    0.3            0.011    0.1             0.0071   0.4

  1976             0.0056   0.2            0.014    0.3            0.014    0.2             0.0071   0.4

  1977             0.0059   0.2            0.012    0.3            0.012    0.1             0.0074   0.4

  1978             0.0056   0.2            0.010    0.2            0.010    0.1             0.0081   0.4

  1979             0.0043   0.1            0.0084   0.2            0.0084   0.1             0.0059   0.3

  1980             0.0055   0.2            0.015    0.4            0.015    0.2             0.0072   0.4

  1981             0.0055   0.2            0.011    0.3            0.011    0.1             0.0071   0.4

  1982             0.0054   0.2            0.011    0.3            0.011    0.1             0.011    0.6

  1983             0.0057   0.2            0.010    0.2            0.010    0.1             0.010    0.6

  1984             0.0082   0.3            0.016    0.4            0.016    0.2             0.016    0.9

  1985             0.0076   0.3            0.016    0.4            0.016    0.2             0.016    0.9

  1986             0.0058   0.2            0.013    0.3            0.013    0.1             0.013    0.7

  1987             0.0058   0.2            0.011    0.3            0.011    0.1             0.011    0.6

  1988             0.0052   0.2            0.0074   0.2            0.0074   0.1             0.0074   0.4

  1989             0.0045   0.1            0.0055   0.1            0.0055   0.1             0.0055   0.3

  1990             0.0030   0.1            0.0039   0.1            0.0039   \<0.1           0.0039   0.2

  1991             0.0024   0.1            0.0032   0.1            0.0032   \<0.1           0.0032   0.2

  1992             0.0022   0.1            0.0029   0.1            0.0029   \<0.1           0.0029   0.2

  Total            3.0      100            4.2      100            9.4      100             1.83     100
  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

![](media/image39.wmf){width="6.002083333333333in"
height="4.000694444444444in"}

Figure 11‑39 Annual Effective Dose (Sv) for the Outdoors Person Family
-- Air Pathways Only

![](media/image40.wmf){width="5.998611111111111in"
height="3.751388888888889in"}

Figure 11‑40 Annual Effective Dose (Sv) for Outdoors Person Family --
Water Pathways Only

![](media/image41.wmf){width="5.748611111111111in"
height="3.332638888888889in"}

Figure 11‑41 Annual Effective Dose (Sv) for Child Born in 1955, Outdoors
Person Family -- Air vs. Water Pathways

#### Exposure Pathways and Dominant Radionuclides

Figure 11-42 lists the radionuclides causing the largest doses over 39
years for each member of the Outdoors Person Family. For the two adults
and the Child Born in 1955, the largest contributor to dose was ^131^I.
This radionuclide caused radiation dose principally from eating foods
such as beef and milk. The next two important radionuclides were
generally ^137^Cs and ^32^P, radionuclides that caused radiation dose
principally from eating fish. For the Child Born in 1964, ^32^P was the
largest contributor to radiation dose. It again caused dose mostly from
eating fish, as did ^137^Cs and ^32^P. Tritium caused dose to this
family member mainly from inhaling air and eating foods containing this
radionuclide.

Each family member received most of their dose from ingestion (Figure
11-43). From 83 to 95 percent of the dose received by each family member
came from ingestion, from 2 to 13 percent came from external exposure to
radiation, and from 2 to 4 percent came from inhalation.

![](media/image42.wmf){width="4.809722222222222in"
height="4.384722222222222in"}

Figure 11‑42 Percent of 39-Year Effective Dose by Dominant Isotopes for
Outdoors Person Family

![](media/image43.wmf){width="4.373611111111111in"
height="3.7215277777777778in"}

Figure 11‑43 Percent of 39-Year Effective Dose by Exposure Route for
Outdoors Person Family

As shown in Table 11-20 and Figure 11-44, eating fish was a significant
contributor to dose for all family members -- i.e., from 12 to 79
percent of any family member's entire dose. It was not, however, as
significant as the dose received from eating fish by the members of the
Delivery Person Family (Table 11-17). Doses to members of the Outdoors
Person family from eating fish were smaller than doses to members of the
Delivery Person Family by a factor of up to 3.9. Each member in the
Outdoors Person Family ate the same amount of fish as the comparable
member of the Delivery Person Family. The doses were different because
members of the Delivery Person family ate fish from Lower Three Runs
Creek and the Savannah River, while members of the Outdoors Person
Family ate fish only from the Savannah River.

Eating beef and milk was a strong contributor to dose for members of the
Outdoors Person Family, ranging from 13 to 80 percent of any member's
entire dose. The beef and milk pathways were less important for the
Child Born in 1964 than for the other family members because he missed
the large radionuclide releases into the air during the 1950s and early
1960s. By comparison, doses from eating fruit and vegetables were small,
ranging from 1 to 3 percent of any family member's entire dose. Doses
from eating eggs, grain, and poultry contributed no more than 1% of any
family member's entire dose. Doses from inadvertently eating soil
contributed to no more than 0.0004% of any family member's entire dose.

Of interest is the external radiation dose received by the Adult Male
(Table 11-20). He received a larger external dose from air immersion
than did the Adult Male for the Urban/Suburban Family (Table 11-11).
Although they both spent the same amount of time onsite at SRS, the
Urban/Suburban Family home in Augusta was farther away from SRS than was
the Outdoors Person home in Jackson. In addition, the Adult Male of the
Outdoors Person Family received a relatively large dose from shoreline
exposure (0.23 mSv, or 23 mrem), contributing about 5% of his entire
dose over 39 years. This dose reflected the 260 hours per year he spent
along the Savannah River shoreline while at work. By contrast, his doses
from boating were relatively small despite the 356 hours per spent
boating in the Savannah River.

External radiation doses for the three other members of the Outdoors
Person Family ranged from 2 to 4 percent of their entire dose. Most of
their external radiation dose came from immersion in a plume of
radionuclides in air. Boating in the Savannah River contributed less
than 0.1% of their entire dose. Doses from external exposure to
radionuclides on the ground were larger, as were doses from shoreline
exposures.[^23] Still, doses from these pathways were smaller than air
immersion doses.

Inhalation doses from breathing a plume of air containing radionuclides
were again much larger than the inhalation doses received from breathing
radionuclides that had been resuspended from soil.

Table 11‑20 Effective Dose (mSv) by Exposure Pathway for Outdoors Person
Family

  ------------ ---------------- ------------ ------- ------------ ------- ------------ ------- ------------ -------
                                Adult Female         Adult Male           Child Born           Child Born   
                                                                          in 1955              in 1964      

  Route        Pathway          Dose         \%      Dose         \%      Dose         \%      Dose         \%

  External     Air Immersion    0.084        2.8     0.31         7.3     0.12         1.3     0.053        2.9

               Boating          8.2x10^-5^   \<0.1   3.1x10^-4^   \<0.1   1.3x10^-4^   \<0.1   7.2x10^-5^   \<0.1

               Ground           0.010        0.3     0.012        0.3     0.011        0.1     4.2x10^-4^   \<0.1
               Contamin-ation                                                                               

               Shoreline        \--          \--     0.23         5.4     0.053        0.6     0.017        0.9

  Ingestion    Beef             1.1          34.8    1.7          39.3    4.5          47.8    0.16         8.9

               Eggs             0.0041       0.1     0.0068       0.2     0.0062       0.1     0.0039       0.2

               Fish             1.5          48.2    1.5          34.6    1.1          11.8    1.4          79.3

               Fruit            0.028        0.9     0.028        0.7     0.12         1.3     0.012        0.7

               Grain            0.0038       0.1     0.0046       0.1     0.015        0.2     0.0018       0.1

               Leafy Vegetables 0.052        1.7     0.052        1.2     0.088        0.9     0.0024       0.1

               Milk             0.20         6.6     0.27         6.3     3.1          32.4    0.075        4.1

               Poultry          0.011        0.4     0.014        0.3     0.014        0.1     0.010        0.6

               Root Vegetables  0.018        0.6     0.025        0.6     0.037        0.4     0.0099       0.5

               Soil\*           2.2x10^-6^   \<0.1   2.4x10^-6^   \<0.1   3.4x10^-5^   \<0.1   3.8x10^-7^   \<0.1

  Inhalation   Air Inhalation   0.10         3.4     0.16         3.7     0.29         3.1     0.030        1.6

               Resuspend-ed     1.9x10^-4^   \<0.1   2.6x10^-4^   \<0.1   1.8x10^-4^   \<0.1   3.7x10^-5^   \<0.1
               Soil                                                                                         

  Total                         3.0          100     4.2          100     9.4          100     1.8          100

  \* Doses                                                                                                  
  from the                                                                                                  
  soil                                                                                                      
  ingestion                                                                                                 
  pathway were                                                                                              
  on the order                                                                                              
  of 10^-7^ to                                                                                              
  10^-5^ mSv                                                                                                
  for each                                                                                                  
  family                                                                                                    
  member.                                                                                                   
  These doses                                                                                               
  were no more                                                                                              
  than 0.0004%                                                                                              
  of any                                                                                                    
  family                                                                                                    
  member's                                                                                                  
  entire                                                                                                    
  39-year                                                                                                   
  dose.                                                                                                     
  ------------ ---------------- ------------ ------- ------------ ------- ------------ ------- ------------ -------

![](media/image44.wmf){width="6.133333333333334in"
height="6.0784722222222225in"}

Figure 11‑44 Percent of Effective Dose by Exposure Pathways for Outdoors
Person Family

### Near River Family

This hypothetical family lived in Martin, SC (Figure 11-45). All members
spent much of their work, home activities, and recreation time outdoors.
The family lived, worked, and went to school and church in Martin, and
participated in outdoor activities such as hunting, fishing, and
boating. This family spent twice as much time boating (in the Savannah
River) as did other families. Each family member spent an average of an
hour per day of each year on the Savannah River shoreline, and an
average of an hour a day swimming during the summer in the Savannah
River.[^24] When the children grew up, they continued to live in Martin.
The family's milk and eggs all came from cows and hens located in
Martin. Half of the family's beef, poultry, leafy vegetables, root
vegetables, and fruit was grown or produced in Martin and half came from
sources outside the SRS vicinity. All of the corn eaten by the family
was grown in Martin. All of the fish eaten by the family was caught in
the Savannah River below its confluence with Lower Three Runs Creek.
Drinking water and any irrigation used to produce the food eaten by the
family came from sources unaffected by SRS releases.

![](media/image45.wmf){width="5.997916666666667in"
height="7.415277777777778in"}

Figure 11‑45 Exposure Location for Near Water Family

#### Doses and Total Risks 

Table 11-21 lists effective dose and cancer risks for the Near River
Family over 39 years of SRS operation. Doses and risks included those
from exposure to radionuclides released into the air as well as to
radionuclides released into surface water. The Child Born in 1955
received the largest doses and risks; the Child Born in 1964 received
the smallest doses and risks.

Doses from all air pathways are similar to those received by members of
Rural Family One (Table 11-3). Doses from all water pathways are only a
little larger than those received by members of the Outdoors Person
Family but much smaller than those received by members of the Delivery
Person Family. The members of the Near River Family spent more time in
contact with the Savannah River than did the Outdoors Person family, but
did not spend time in nor eat fish taken from Lower Three Runs Creek.

Nonetheless, for the two adults and the Child Born in 1964, most
radiation doses resulted from the water pathways as illustrated in
Figure 11-46. For these family members the water pathways contributed
from 81 to 95 percent of their entire dose over 39 years. For the Child
Born in 1955, however, the water pathways contributed only 45% of his
entire dose over 39 years.

Table 11‑21 39-Year Effective Dose and Cancer Risks for Near River
Family

  ---------------------- ----------- --------- ------------ -------------
  Total Dose or Risk     Adult       Adult     Child Born   Child Born in
                         Female      Male      in 1955      1964

  **Effective Dose                                          
  (mSv)**                                                   

  Air Pathways           0.31        0.42      1.7          0.088

  Water Pathways         1.8         1.8       1.4          1.7

  All Pathways           2.1         2.2       3.1          1.8

  **Cancer Incidence                                        
  Risk (%)**                                                

  Air Pathways           0.00089     0.0012    0.017        0.0013

  Water Pathways         0.0076      0.0076    0.021        0.033

  All Pathways           0.0085      0.0088    0.038        0.034

  **Cancer Fatality Risk                                    
  (%)**                                                     

  Air Pathways           0.00036     0.00044   0.0028       0.00084

  Water Pathways         0.0057      0.0057    0.014        0.021

  All Pathways           0.0061      0.0062    0.017        0.022
  ---------------------- ----------- --------- ------------ -------------

![](media/image46.wmf){width="5.472222222222222in"
height="4.277777777777778in"}

Figure 11‑46 Distribution of 39-Year Effective Dose (%) Between Air and
Water Pathways for Near River Family

#### Effective Dose by Year

Figure 11-47 shows the percent of the entire dose received by each
family member, while Figure 11-48 shows the annual effective dose
received by each family member. Table 11-22 lists the percent of the
entire 39-year effective dose received each year by each family member,
as well as their annual dose. Both the two figures and the table include
combined doses from all (air + water) pathways.

Two large peaks in dose are seen for the years 1956 and 1966 (Figure
11-47 and Figure 11-48). These two figures appear similar to
corresponding figures for annual dose and percent of entire dose for the
Outdoors Person Family (Figure 11-37 and Figure 11-38). Largest dose for
the Child Born in 1955 occurred in 1956, while the largest dose for the
two adults and the Child Born in 1964 occurred in 1966. In 1956, the
Child Born in 1955 received 1.2 mSv (120 mrem), or 40% of his entire
dose. In 1966, the Adult Female received 24% (0.51 mSv, or 51 mrem) of
her entire dose, the Adult Male received 23% (0.51 mSv, or 51 mrem) of
his entire dose, and the Child Born in 1964 received 40% (0.71 mSv, or
71 mrem) of his entire dose.

Figure 11-49 shows the effective dose received by each receptor from
only the air pathways. In 1956, the Adult Female received a dose of 0.15
mSv (15 mrem) from the air pathways, the Adult Male received a dose of
0.21 mSv (21 mrem), and the Child Born in 1955 received a dose of 1.2
mSv (120 mrem). After the 1950s, annual doses through all air pathways
for these family members typically ranged from about 0.001 to 0.005 mSv
per year. The Child Born in 1964 received his largest annual dose (0.013
mSv, or 1.3 mrem) in 1964. Annual doses thereafter fell \-- by about a
factor of ten by 1988.

As shown in Figure 11-50, annual doses from the water pathways followed
a similar pattern to those shown in Figure 11-40 for the Outdoors Person
Family. Annual doses from all water pathways built to a maximum in 1966
for all family members:

-   Adult Female: 0.50 mSv (50 mrem) -- 28% of her dose from all water
    pathways.

-   Adult Male: 0.50 mSv (50 mrem) -- 28% of her dose from all water
    pathways.

-   Child Born in 1955: 0.51 mSv (51 mrem) -- 35% of his dose from all
    water pathways.

-   Child Born in 1964: 0.70 mSv (70 mrem) -- 42% of his dose from all
    water pathways.

Unlike the situation for the Outdoors Person Family (Figure 11-40),
however, after the early 1970s, each member of the Near River Family
received essentially equivalent annual doses (Figure 11-50). This
pattern of dose occurred because all members of the

Near River Family spent all their time in the Martin area, and all spent
the same amount of time swimming and boating in the Savannah River, and
spending time along its shoreline.[^25]

The result of the combined doses from the air and water pathways was two
large peak doses that occurred in 1956 for the air pathways and 1966 for
the water pathways. After the early to mid 1960s, most of the doses for
each family member were caused by the water pathways as illustrated in
Figure 11-51 for the Child Born in 1955.

![](media/image47.wmf){width="4.770138888888889in"
height="4.233333333333333in"}

Figure 11‑47 Percent of 39-Year Effective Dose for Near River Family --
Air + Water Pathways

![](media/image48.wmf){width="5.496527777777778in"
height="3.783333333333333in"}

Figure 11‑48 Annual Effective Dose (Sv) for Near River Family -- Air +
Water Pathways

Table 11‑22 Annual Effective Dose (mSv) for Near River Family

  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
          Adult                    Adult                   Child                    Child            
          Female                   Male                    Born in                  Born in          
                                                           1955                     1964             
  ------- -------- -------- ------ ------- -------- ------ ------- -------- ------- ------- -------- -------
  Year             Dose     \%             Dose     \%             Dose     \%              Dose     \%

  1954             0.0011   0.1            0.0011   0.1                                              

  1955             0.024    1.1            0.031    1.4            0.084    2.7                      

  1956             0.17     8.2            0.24     10.7           1.24     39.6                     

  1957             0.041    2.0            0.055    2.5            0.16     5.0                      

  1958             0.035    1.7            0.037    1.7            0.030    0.9                      

  1959             0.037    1.8            0.045    2.0            0.095    3.0                      

  1960             0.064    3.1            0.065    3.0            0.063    2.0                      

  1961             0.060    2.8            0.064    2.9            0.095    3.0                      

  1962             0.099    4.7            0.10     4.5            0.071    2.3                      

  1963             0.080    3.8            0.081    3.7            0.058    1.8                      

  1964             0.11     5.4            0.11     5.2            0.076    2.4             0.16     9.1

  1965             0.17     8.1            0.17     7.7            0.15     4.6             0.34     19.5

  1966             0.51     24.3           0.51     23.0           0.51     16.3            0.71     40.4

  1967             0.24     11.5           0.24     11.0           0.17     5.5             0.18     10.4

  1968             0.11     5.2            0.11     5.0            0.067    2.1             0.071    4.0

  1969             0.062    2.9            0.063    2.8            0.037    1.2             0.044    2.5

  1970             0.080    3.8            0.081    3.7            0.048    1.5             0.057    3.2

  1971             0.040    1.9            0.041    1.8            0.031    1.0             0.034    1.9

  1972             0.018    0.9            0.019    0.9            0.017    0.5             0.018    1.0

  1973             0.019    0.9            0.019    0.9            0.019    0.6             0.019    1.1

  1974             0.024    1.1            0.024    1.1            0.024    0.8             0.024    1.3

  1975             0.0047   0.2            0.0049   0.2            0.0049   0.2             0.0048   0.3

  1976             0.0087   0.4            0.0089   0.4            0.0089   0.3             0.0089   0.5

  1977             0.0058   0.3            0.0060   0.3            0.0060   0.2             0.0059   0.3

  1978             0.0029   0.1            0.0032   0.1            0.0032   0.1             0.0034   0.2

  1979             0.0025   0.1            0.0027   0.1            0.0027   0.1             0.0029   0.2

  1980             0.0105   0.5            0.011    0.5            0.0107   0.3             0.011    0.6

  1981             0.0055   0.3            0.0058   0.3            0.0058   0.2             0.0057   0.3

  1982             0.0043   0.2            0.0046   0.2            0.0046   0.1             0.0046   0.3

  1983             0.0039   0.2            0.0043   0.2            0.0043   0.1             0.0043   0.2

  1984             0.010    0.5            0.0105   0.5            0.011    0.3             0.011    0.6

  1985             0.0093   0.4            0.0097   0.4            0.0097   0.3             0.0097   0.6

  1986             0.0084   0.4            0.0087   0.4            0.0087   0.3             0.0087   0.5

  1987             0.0045   0.2            0.0048   0.2            0.0048   0.2             0.0048   0.3

  1988             0.0038   0.2            0.0040   0.2            0.0040   0.1             0.0040   0.2

  1989             0.0034   0.2            0.0036   0.2            0.0036   0.1             0.0036   0.2

  1990             0.0017   0.1            0.0018   0.1            0.0018   0.1             0.0018   0.1

  1991             0.0013   0.1            0.0014   0.1            0.0014   \<0.1           0.0014   0.1

  1992             0.0015   0.1            0.0016   0.1            0.0016   \<0.1           0.0016   0.1

  Total            2.1      100            2.2      100            3.1      100             1.7586   100
  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

![](media/image49.wmf){width="6.002083333333333in"
height="4.000694444444444in"}

Figure 11‑49 Annual Effective Dose (Sv) for Near River Family -- Air
Pathways Only

![](media/image50.wmf){width="5.998611111111111in"
height="3.8618055555555557in"}

Figure 11‑50 Annual Effective Dose (Sv) for Near River Family --\
Water Pathways Only

![](media/image51.wmf){width="5.166666666666667in" height="3.21875in"}

Figure 11‑51 Annual Effective Dose (Sv) for Child Born in 1955, Near
River Family -- Air vs. Water Pathways

#### Dominant Radionuclides, Exposure Routes, and Pathways

Figure 11-52 shows the radionuclides that were the largest contributors
of dose over 39 years for each family member. For the two adults, the
dominant radionuclides were ^137^Cs and ^32^P. The importance of these
two radionuclides reflects the importance of the water pathways for the
Near River Family. Doses from these two radionuclides mainly resulted
from eating fish. For the Child Born in 1955, ^131^I again caused most
of his radiation dose. This dose was caused mainly by eating foods
containing ^131^I, and occurred mostly during the 1950s and early 1960s.
The Child Born in 1964 missed the large releases of iodine that occurred
during the 1950s. Most of his dose was caused by eating fish containing
^32^P, ^137^Cs, and ^90^Sr.

Similar to previous scenarios, each family member received most of their
dose from ingestion (Figure 11-53). From 81 to 86 percent of the dose
received by each family member came from ingestion, from 12 to 17
percent came from external exposure to radiation, and from 1 to 3
percent came from inhalation.

![](media/image52.wmf){width="5.06875in" height="4.620833333333334in"}

Figure 11‑52 Percent of 39-Year Effective Dose by Dominant Isotopes for
Near River Family

![](media/image53.wmf){width="4.499305555555556in"
height="3.8694444444444445in"}

Figure 11‑53 Percent of 39-Year Effective Dose by Exposure Route for
Near River Family

All family members received most of their dose from eating fish, beef,
and milk (Table 11-23 and Figure 11-54). Eating fish accounted for 35 to
82 percent of their entire dose over 39 years, eating beef accounted for
0.6 to 19 percent of their entire dose, and drinking milk accounted for
about 2 to 28 percent of their entire dose. These three combined
pathways caused from 79 to 85 percent of the entire dose received by any
family member. Doses from eating vegetables and fruit were smaller:
these combined pathways contributed from 0.7 to 2.4 percent of any
family member's entire dose. Doses from eating poultry, eggs, and grain
were smaller still, no more than 0.2% of any family member's entire
dose. Doses from inadvertently consuming water while swimming in the
Savannah River were about as large as those from eating poultry \--
i.e., 0.1% of the entire dose. Doses from inadvertently eating soil
contributed no more than 0.0003% of any family member's entire dose.

For all family members, most of the external dose came from exposure to
radioactive material that had been deposited on the shoreline of the
Savannah River. Each family member spent 365 hours per year along the
shoreline, a larger time than members of other scenarios. Doses from
shoreline exposure contributed from 10 to 16 percent of any family
member's entire dose. In contrast, doses from other external radiation
exposure pathways associated with boating and swimming accounted for
less than 0.1% of any family member's entire dose. Doses from these two
water pathways were, for the two adults and the Child Born in 1955, more
than 10 times smaller than the doses received by these family members
from external exposure to radionuclides that had been deposited from the
air onto the ground. These latter doses still contributed no more than
0.1% of any family member's entire dose. Otherwise, external radiation
doses from immersion in a plume of air containing radionuclides
accounted for no more than about 2% of any family member's entire dose.

Doses from inhaling radionuclides showed a familiar pattern. For all
family members, doses from breathing radionuclides from a contaminated
plume were much larger than doses from breathing radionuclides after
they had been resuspended after being deposited onto soil.

Table 11‑23 39-Year Effective Dose (mSv) by Exposure Pathway for Near
River Family

  ------------ ---------------- ------------ ------- ------------ ------- ------------ ------- ------------ -------
                                Adult Female         Adult Male           Child Born           Child Born   
                                                                          in 1955              in 1964      

  Route        Pathway          Dose         \%      Dose         \%      Dose         \%      Dose         \%

  External     Air Immersion    0.036        \<0.1   0.036        1.6     0.036        1.1     0.018        1.0

               Boating          1.6x10^-4^   \<0.1   1.6x10^-4^   \<0.1   1.6x10^-4^   \<0.1   1.0x10^-4^   \<0.1

               Ground           0.0029       0.1     0.0029       0.1     0.0029       0.1     1.2x10^-4^   \<0.1
               Contamina-tion                                                                               

               Shoreline        0.32         15.6    0.32         14.6    0.32         10.2    0.22         12.7

               Swimming         1.6x10^-4^   \<0.1   1.6x10^-4^   \<0.1   1.6x10^-4^   \<0.1   9.8x10^-5^   \<0.1

  Ingestion    Beef             0.13         6.5     0.21         9.5     0.59         18.8    0.011        0.6

               Eggs             0.0018       0.1     0.0030       0.1     0.0027       0.1     0.0018       0.1

               Fish             1.46         71.0    1.46         66.2    1.1          35.4    1.4          82.3

               Fruit            0.010        0.5     0.0098       0.4     0.037        1.2     0.0056       0.3

               Grain            7.0x10^-4^   \<0.1   8.4x10^-4^   \<0.1   0.0023       0.1     4.0x10^-4^   \<0.1

               Inadvertent      0.0011       0.1     0.0011       0.1     0.0019       0.1     0.0017       0.1
               swimming                                                                                     
               ingestion                                                                                    

               Leafy Vegetables 0.016        0.8     0.016        0.7     0.026        0.8     0.0010       0.1

               Milk             0.062        3.0     0.083        3.7     0.89         28.3    0.033        1.9

               Poultry          0.0010       \<0.1   0.0013       0.1     0.0013       \<0.1   8.4x10^-4^   \<0.1

               Root Vegetables  0.0070       0.3     0.0097       0.4     0.013        0.4     0.0045       0.3

               Soil\*           6.4x10^-7^   \<0.1   6.4x10^-7^   \<0.1   9.7x10^-6^   \<0.1   1.1x10^-7^   \<0.1

  Inhalation   Air Inhalation   0.039        1.9     0.052        2.4     0.10         3.3     0.012        0.7

               Resuspended Soil 5.3x10^-5^   \<0.1   7.2x10^-5^   \<0.1   5.0x10^-5^   \<0.1   1.0x10^-5^   \<0.1

  Total                         2.1          100     2.2          100     3.1          100     1.8          100

  \*Doses from                                                                                              
  the soil                                                                                                  
  ingestion                                                                                                 
  pathway were                                                                                              
  no more than                                                                                              
  0.0003% of                                                                                                
  any family                                                                                                
  member's                                                                                                  
  entire                                                                                                    
  39-year                                                                                                   
  dose.                                                                                                     
  ------------ ---------------- ------------ ------- ------------ ------- ------------ ------- ------------ -------

![](media/image54.wmf){width="5.530555555555556in"
height="5.9631944444444445in"}

Figure 11‑54 Percent of 39-Year Effective Dose by Exposure Pathway for
Near River Family

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[^1]: One Sievert is equal to 100 rems. One milliSievert (1 mSv) =
    1/1,000 Sv = 100 millirems (100 mrem). See [Appendix
    D](../Appendix_D_ready%20for%20CDC%20031405.doc) for additional
    information.

[^2]: We present radiation doses and risks for individual receptors as
    summed over all applicable pathways, as well as radiation doses
    received by each receptor from each pathway.

[^3]: It was assumed that locally-grown food was produced at the same
    location in Girard as the family residence. It was also assumed that
    all locally-grown vegetables and fruit, whether grown on the family
    farm or obtained by Girard stores from local farms, contained
    radionuclides from SRS operations. Similarly, it was assumed that
    all locally-produced beef and poultry was raised in Girard, and
    therefore contained radionuclides from SRS operations.

[^4]: This assumption was made for all receptors and scenarios. As
    discussed in [Appendix
    F](../Appendix_F%20tables%20-%20Ready%20for%20CDC%20031405.doc),
    although individuals in the SRS vicinity would have eaten grain
    products such as breads, pasta, or flours, almost all such grain
    products was likely grown or produced out of the SRS vicinity and
    was therefore unaffected by SRS operations. But individuals in the
    SRS vicinity could plausibly have eaten locally-grown corn. This
    could have occurred for persons living in a suburban as well as a
    rural environment. Therefore, corn was treated as a grain surrogate
    for purposes of the dose reconstruction assessment.

[^5]: Graphs and tables showing cancer incidence and fatality risks by
    year are available [Appendix
    I](../Appendix_I_ready%20for%20CDC%20031405.doc).

[^6]: Each of the units on the scale of the vertical axis is ten times
    as large or as small as the next unit. As shown in Figure 11.2.1.3,
    for example, the Child Born in 1955 received an effective dose of
    0.000058 Sv (0.058 mSv) in 1955 and an effective dose of 0.0012 Sv
    (1.2 mSv) in 1956. The dose received in 1956 was 21 times larger
    than the dose received in 1955.

[^7]: Although the two adults received radiation doses during the year
    1954, the Child Born in 1955 did not. But because the quantities of
    radionuclides discharged into the air were small compared to
    following years, the two adults and the Child Born in 1955 were each
    affected by nearly the same radionuclide source term.

[^8]: External radiation dose coefficients are given in \[FGR-13U\] only
    for adults, an approximation that the authors of \[FGR-13U\]
    concluded would result in relatively small errors. Consequently,
    doses from external radiation sources were calculated as if all
    family members were always adults (see [Appendix
    D](../Appendix_D_ready%20for%20CDC%20031405.doc)).

[^9]: From \[FGR-13U\], for example, the effective dose coefficients for
    ^131^I inhaled as a vapor are as follows in units of Sv per Bq
    inhaled: Infant (1.30x10^-7^), 1-Year-Old (1.27x10^-7^), 5-Year-Old
    (7 34x10^-8^); 10-Year-Old (3.71x10^-8^), 15-Year-Old (2.43x10^-8^),
    and Adult (1.54x10^-8^). Doses per unit quantity of ^131^I inhaled
    decrease for each successive age group.

[^10]: The Child Born in 1955 received a larger dose than the two adults
    for the air inhalation pathway but a smaller dose than the two
    adults for the resuspension pathway. This probably occurred because
    the family members were exposed to different quantities and
    distributions of radionuclides for the air inhalation pathway than
    for the resuspension pathway. For the air inhalation pathway,
    radionuclides were inhaled from a plume of radionuclides in air
    surrounding each family member. But radionuclides inhaled due to the
    resuspension pathway had to be first deposited on the soil and then
    dispersed back into the air due to wind or activities such as
    farming that disturbed the soil. Different radionuclides were
    deposited onto soil at different rates depending on their physical
    form (e.g., whether they existed as gasses or particulates). In
    addition, the concentrations of radionuclides in air from
    resuspension of radioactive particles from soil were 100 times
    smaller in Waynesboro, where the children attended high school, than
    in Girard (see [Chapter
    9](../Chapter_09_ready%20for%20CDC%20031405.doc)).

[^11]: This information was obtained from the tables of effective dose
    by year presented in [Appendix
    I](../Appendix_I_ready%20for%20CDC%20031405.doc) for each scenario
    and receptor.

[^12]: ^41^Ar contributed 98% of the external exposure received by the
    Adult Male (see [Appendix
    K](../Appendix_K_ready%20for%20CDC%20031405.doc)).

[^13]: This information was obtained from the tables of annual effective
    dose that are presented in [Appendix
    I](../Appendix_I_ready%20for%20CDC%20031405.doc) for each scenario.

[^14]: Recall from [Chapter
    8](../Chapter_08_ready%20for%20CDC%20031405.doc) and [Appendix
    D](../Appendix_D_ready%20for%20CDC%20031405.doc) that consumption of
    game animals was modeled as consumption of additional beef and
    poultry.

[^15]: Combining the venison and wild fowl obtained from hunting with
    other beef and poultry obtained in Martin, it was assumed that 62.5%
    of all beef (including venison) obtained from Martin potentially
    contained radionuclides from SRS, as did 62.5% of all poultry
    (including wild fowl) eaten by the family.

[^16]: In other words, 50% of the vegetables and fruit obtained from
    Barnwell potentially contained radionuclides released by SRS, as did
    50% of the vegetables and fruit obtained from Martin.

[^17]: For the Urban/Suburban scenario, the Adult Male (and two children
    when they each reached age 18) spent 2,000 hours per year on the SRS
    site. But for the Delivery Family Scenario, the Adult Male (and two
    children when they each reached age 18) spent only 400 hours per
    year on the SRS site.

[^18]: Annual doses received by each family member through all water
    pathways are listed in [Appendix
    I](../Appendix_I_ready%20for%20CDC%20031405.doc).

[^19]: The Adult Female curve on Figure 11.2.5.6 is not seen because the
    curve for the Adult Male is superimposed over that for the Adult
    Female.

[^20]: Recall that this scenario is modeled in GENII as external
    exposure to radionuclides deposited from river or water onto
    shoreline sediments. The model used in GENII uses a transport rate
    constant of 35,400 L/m^2^/y for all radionuclides, a value that was
    chosen for use in GENII based on river and sediment samples mostly
    obtained from the Columbia River. The model also took into account
    that exposures would occur from radionuclides deposited on a finite
    plane surface (the narrow width of the shoreline) as opposed to an
    large, semi-infinite plane surface.

[^21]: It was assumed that he would be exposed to radionuclides
    discharged into the Savannah River from all surface water sources
    from SRS, including Lower Three Runs Creek. To determine exposures
    from air pathways, it was assumed a single onsite exposure location
    to represent all the locations that he might have occupied while
    working.

[^22]: To determine exposures from consumption of fish, it was assumed
    that the fish would be taken from areas below the confluence of the
    Savannah River with Lower Three Runs Creek, so that the fish would
    be affected by radionuclides discharged into the Savannah River from
    all SRS surface sources, including Lower Three Runs Creek.

[^23]: Except for the Adult Female, who did not experience any shoreline
    exposures to radionuclides.

[^24]: All boating, swimming, and shoreline activities took place below
    the confluence of the Savannah River with Lower Three Runs Creek.

[^25]: By contrast, the children of the Outdoors Person Family, after
    they each reached age 18, worked on the SRS site. The Adult Female
    of the Outdoors Person Family always stayed at home.