-   A fine, flashy fuel is one of the Common Denominators of Fatal or
    Near Miss Fires. The others are...[You know them]{.underline}...Wind
    shifts, Topographic problems (chimneys, chutes) and small fires or
    deceptively quiet parts of larger fires. Some sources also list
    aircraft downdrafts or vortices as one of the Common Denominators.

-   Fine, flashy fuels are 1-Hr Time Lag fuels that can change their
    dead fuel moisture content within one hour. We could have fog in the
    morning with damp grass but come the afternoon and the grass will
    burn.

-   Think about the fine, flashy fuel differences due to different
    weather factors. Right now (0935 hours) it is partly cloudy and
    still damp in Perris but the Banning Pass and Desert are ready to
    burn.

-   This year, there are fine, flashy fuels where old-timers have never
    seen grass. There is grass right against the west side of the desert
    communities. Some relate this year to 1980 when the Dry Falls Fire
    scooted up the east face of the San Jacinto Mountains and then
    burned south all along the east escarpment. We have not had this
    amount of grass for many years. The grass will be a significant wick
    leading the fire to heavier fuels.

-   In the wind, a fast burning fire in fine, flashy fuels can easily
    burn 4 mph. A good walker can only move 4 mph. Put that same fire on
    a slope and its spread will increase and your ability to walk will
    maybe reduce to ½ to 1 mph. You cannot out run a fire! Fire burns
    17X faster uphill than downhill.

-   More FF's are killed or injured on indirect attacks than on direct
    attacks. Remember that fact when you are working in fast burning,
    fine, flashy fuels. Some FF's were only 20 feet or so from a safety
    zone when they were burned at grass fires. This is not to say don't
    make indirect attacks, just be safe and realize the increased risk
    of unburned fuel between you and the main fire.

-   Most FF's that are burned at fires burning in fine, flashy fuels
    later state that they were only exposed to the heat for 15 to 30
    seconds. They also state that they did not have time to deploy their
    fire shelters. This is a critically important factor with fine,
    flashy fuels.

**Fine Fuels and Firefighter Safety**

In a statistical fire occurrence and climate study done by Scripps
Institute at the University of California San Diego in 1999, a
correlation was made between a busy fire season in number of fires and
acres burned, and a particular climatic sequence. That sequence is a
drought followed by a wet winter. In the next fire season following that
sequence, fires and acres reached record levels. Sound familiar?

We are our own worst enemy in that we almost always make a statement in
the press or amongst ourselves that this coming fire season will be the
worst ever. And after a while we become immune to the hype. But this
year we have before us the sequence described above and a long fire
season ahead of us. Now is the time for extra awareness and training to
prepare and stay alert to the inherent dangers of the fine flashy fuels
that have been lacking or absent for the past several years.

Fine flashy fuels in large heavy amounts have been responsible for many
memorable fire seasons in the State of California. Ask the old timers
about 1951, 1964, 1971, and some not so old timers about 1978, 1980,
1988, 1993, 1996-98, and 2003. This past years Statewide Rain Event has
produced record amounts and heights of the fine flashy fuels in all
terrains at all elevations. Fine fuels burn rapidly, are sensitive to
small changes in wind speed and direction, can rapidly dry out after
damp mornings and have been responsible for many fatal fire runs, as the
fine fuels responded to increased winds, steep slopes and high
temperatures. A stand of 1\' tall grass can easily produce 12-18\'
flames in normal afternoon winds of 6-15 mph. Have escape plans ready
and ensure that everyone is using full PPE. There will not be time to
put on gloves when this kind of fire run ensues.

In the larger diameter dead fuels, the drought is still present, as it
takes more than one wet winter to replenish moisture deep inside large
dead fuels. Anything 8\" in diameter or larger is still critically low
in fuel moisture and will be for several more years.

In the live fuels, the good news is that the living chaparral has normal
high spring fuel moistures, over 100% in most areas of California. But
the bad news is the drought has left tremendous amounts of dead fuels in
the crowns of the brush and has killed off many individual plants
completely. The amount of dead material in most stands is the same as if
the stands were 80+ years old.

And lest we forget the bug killed timber above 4000 feet elevation
although showing some signs of recovery in some stands there is still a
large amount of the dead fuels still standing or down on the ground.

The potential for a fire to spread from the grass, through the brush
into the dead timber is high in many areas. Such a scenario will produce
a devastating fire to lives and property. This is the fire season we are
expecting and YOU need to ensure the safety of yourself and your crew.