+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ## Kentucky coffeetree {#kentucky-coffeetree .Title-Header}           |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Gymnocladus dioicus* (L.) K. Koch                                    |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Plant Symbol = GYDI                                                   |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

Contributed by: USDA NRCS Plant Materials Center, Manhattan, Kansas &
Kansas State University, Research Forestry

![](media/image2.jpeg){width="1.5083333333333333in"
height="2.279861111111111in"}

![](media/image4.jpeg){width="1.3in" height="2.5027777777777778in"}

![](media/image5.jpeg){width="1.1375in" height="2.5027777777777778in"}

![](media/image6.jpeg){width="0.625in" height="2.5in"}

Keith Lynch, Research Forestry, Kansas State University

**Alternate Names:** American coffee bean, American coffee berry,
American mahogany, bean tree, chico du Canada, chicot, chicot tree,
chiot, chiot tree, coffeebean, coffeebean-tree, coffeenut, coffeetree,
dead tree, geweihbaum, Kentucky coffee-tree, Kentucky mahogany,
mahogany, mahogany-bean, nettle-tree, nicker tree, nicker treet, stump
tree

#####  {#section .Header-3}

PARTS OF THIS PLANT ARE POISONOUS-See Environmental Concerns section of
this document

##### Uses {#uses .Header-3}

##### *Industry:* Timber, the strong, heavy wood is used in general construction, cabinet work, sills, interior finish, fine furniture, railway sleepers, bridge timbers, crossties, fence posts and rails, and fuel wood (Table 1) and (Table2). Fence posts may last for more than 50 years, although the rot resistant wood is soft and staples pull out easily. Kentucky coffeetree lumber is available but not common. The fruit is high in saponins and is used as soap. The leaves have been used as a fly poison. Due to the tree's toxic plant parts such as the leaves and raw seeds, there is little wildlife usage as a source of food. {#industry-timber-the-strong-heavy-wood-is-used-in-general-construction-cabinet-work-sills-interior-finish-fine-furniture-railway-sleepers-bridge-timbers-crossties-fence-posts-and-rails-and-fuel-wood-table-1-and-table2.-fence-posts-may-last-for-more-than-50-years-although-the-rot-resistant-wood-is-soft-and-staples-pull-out-easily.-kentucky-coffeetree-lumber-is-available-but-not-common.-the-fruit-is-high-in-saponins-and-is-used-as-soap.-the-leaves-have-been-used-as-a-fly-poison.-due-to-the-trees-toxic-plant-parts-such-as-the-leaves-and-raw-seeds-there-is-little-wildlife-usage-as-a-source-of-food. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-1 .Header-3}

##### *Ornamental:* Used for ornamental purposes in large area landscape plantings and parks. In the fall, ripening pods contrast nicely with clear yellow fall foliage. Decorative clusters of the large pods rattling in the wind make for an exceptional winter ornamental. The species was introduced into cultivation before 1748. Kentucky coffeetree has been slighted in the landscape industry.  {#ornamental-used-for-ornamental-purposes-in-large-area-landscape-plantings-and-parks.-in-the-fall-ripening-pods-contrast-nicely-with-clear-yellow-fall-foliage.-decorative-clusters-of-the-large-pods-rattling-in-the-wind-make-for-an-exceptional-winter-ornamental.-the-species-was-introduced-into-cultivation-before-1748.-kentucky-coffeetree-has-been-slighted-in-the-landscape-industry. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-2 .Header-3}

##### *Ethnobotanic:* While native to North America, Native Americans introduced the tree to some parts of the continent as they used the pulp from the wood to treat insanity. The pulp was also used in home remedies to combat fever and treat headaches. The Omahas mixed the bark of Kentucky coffeetree and gayfeather (*Liatris aspera* Michx.) with a pulverized portion of buffalo-gourd (*Cucurbita foetidissima* H. B. K.) and used it as an appetizer and tonic. A tea was also made from the leaves and pulp and used as a laxative. Certain Indian tribes reportedly roasted the beans (seeds) for food. Early settlers used the beans of the tree as a substitute for coffee. CAUTION! The seeds and pods are poisonous. They reportedly contain cytisine, a quinolizidine alkaloid and nicotinic receptor agonist, which can be dangerous. However, researchers at Indiana State University have been unable to find experimental data verifying the presence of cytisine. A single major alkaloid was found to be present in many coffeetree plant parts. The alkaloid is thought to be neutralized in the roasting process. Hydrocyanic acid has also been suggested as a possible toxin. It can be destroyed by thoroughly heating the beans for at least three hours at 150˚C. The beans contain saponins which are more toxic to fish than to other animals. Hunting tribes traditionally put large quantities of the beans in streams and lakes to stupefy or kill fish.  {#ethnobotanic-while-native-to-north-america-native-americans-introduced-the-tree-to-some-parts-of-the-continent-as-they-used-the-pulp-from-the-wood-to-treat-insanity.-the-pulp-was-also-used-in-home-remedies-to-combat-fever-and-treat-headaches.-the-omahas-mixed-the-bark-of-kentucky-coffeetree-and-gayfeather-liatris-aspera-michx.-with-a-pulverized-portion-of-buffalo-gourd-cucurbita-foetidissima-h.-b.-k.-and-used-it-as-an-appetizer-and-tonic.-a-tea-was-also-made-from-the-leaves-and-pulp-and-used-as-a-laxative.-certain-indian-tribes-reportedly-roasted-the-beans-seeds-for-food.-early-settlers-used-the-beans-of-the-tree-as-a-substitute-for-coffee.-caution-the-seeds-and-pods-are-poisonous.-they-reportedly-contain-cytisine-a-quinolizidine-alkaloid-and-nicotinic-receptor-agonist-which-can-be-dangerous.-however-researchers-at-indiana-state-university-have-been-unable-to-find-experimental-data-verifying-the-presence-of-cytisine.-a-single-major-alkaloid-was-found-to-be-present-in-many-coffeetree-plant-parts.-the-alkaloid-is-thought-to-be-neutralized-in-the-roasting-process.-hydrocyanic-acid-has-also-been-suggested-as-a-possible-toxin.-it-can-be-destroyed-by-thoroughly-heating-the-beans-for-at-least-three-hours-at-150c.-the-beans-contain-saponins-which-are-more-toxic-to-fish-than-to-other-animals.-hunting-tribes-traditionally-put-large-quantities-of-the-beans-in-streams-and-lakes-to-stupefy-or-kill-fish. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-3 .Header-3}

Pioneer settlers used the coarse-grained, light brown to reddish-brown
wood in cabinetry. Children used the beans in their games.

##### *Conservation:* Kentucky coffeetree was formerly planted around farmsteads. It is tolerant to a wide range of conditions such as drought, chalk (limestone), and urban conditions. The tree has been planted on mine spoils for soil reclamation and stabilization. Due to its reasonably strong wood Kentucky coffeetree will tolerate some ice without losing branches. This pest free tree is an alternative to ash and elm where they have been ravaged by insects and disease.  {#conservation-kentucky-coffeetree-was-formerly-planted-around-farmsteads.-it-is-tolerant-to-a-wide-range-of-conditions-such-as-drought-chalk-limestone-and-urban-conditions.-the-tree-has-been-planted-on-mine-spoils-for-soil-reclamation-and-stabilization.-due-to-its-reasonably-strong-wood-kentucky-coffeetree-will-tolerate-some-ice-without-losing-branches.-this-pest-free-tree-is-an-alternative-to-ash-and-elm-where-they-have-been-ravaged-by-insects-and-disease. .Header-3}

##### Status {#status .Header-3}

Kentucky coffeetree's numbers are declining rapidly due to over
harvesting. The species is not invasive; it is only found in small
clusters due to root sprouting and makes up a rare component of any
woodland. In nature the seeds germinate with difficulty due to a hard
outer shell. Squirrels do not cache them, so the seeds do not spread
from the mother tree except along streams where the seeds may be
transported by water down stream. Please consult the PLANTS Web site and
your State Department of Natural Resources for this plant's current
status (e.g. threatened or endangered species, state noxious status, and
wetland indicator values).

**Description**

*General:* Kentucky coffeetree is the only member of the genus
*Gymnocladus* native to North America. The word *gymnocladus* comes from
the Greek for naked branch, referring to the few stout twigs, which are
conspicuous year round. The word *dioicus* relates to dioecious, meaning
there are male and female trees. The tree lies dormant for about 6
months of the year, thus the name Dead Tree or Stump Tree.

Although a member of the legume family (Fabaceae), Kentucky coffeetree
is not a nitrogen "fixer". It is a medium to large, round-barked, native
deciduous tree reaching heights of 18 to 30-m with a spread of 12 to
15-m. In open areas, the tree produces an open, rounded crown, but in
native woods it grows to 23-m with few branches. Large specimen trees,
such as Georgia's champion tree stands 39.6-m tall in Pickens County,
are uncommon. (The National Registry of Big Trees reports a specimen
Kentucky coffeetree from Lake Co., Ohio, standing at 25-m with a spread
of 23.5-m and a circumference of 5.2-m at DBH). Kentucky coffeetree's
short trunk, 0.3 to 0.8-m in diameter, divides into several large
branches that end in contorted, stout twigs. Its unique, thick, dark
bark is gray to grayish-brown, often marked with deep, irregular furrows
and plates that curl at their sides.

The alternate, bipinnately compound leaves are the largest of any native
species, measuring from 0.3 to 0.9-m in length by 4.6 to 6.1-dm in
width, arranged in feather-fashion in 5 to 9 pairs of pinnae, the lowest
are reduced to simple leaflets. Typically the leaves consist of six to
14 entire; more or less ovate (almond shaped) leaflets, 5 to 8-cm long,
acute, rounded or cuneate at the base, pubescent beneath when young,
short petioled, and swollen at the base. Leaves emerge late in the
spring with a striking pink-bronze color, turning to a dark bluish-green
above in summer. Fall color is often a golden yellow, but the leaves
drop early.

Winter buds are small, reddish, and often placed above one another in
close formation (superposed). Terminal buds are absent. The buds are
small, downy, almost entirely imbedded in twigs, and surrounded by a
hairy ring of bark.

The stout twigs are light brown to greenish-brown with whitish patches,
somewhat zigzag or wavy, large heart shaped leaf scar, with a wide
salmon-pink to brown colored pith.

*Flowering and Fruiting:* The greenish-white dioecious or
polygamo-dioecious, inconspicous flowers appear in May and June, after
the leaves, and are borne in terminal racemose clusters. The fruit is a
tardily dehiscent, flat, thick, woody legume that ripens in September or
October and usually persists unopened on the tree until late winter or
early spring. The dark brown or red brown pod is 15 to 25-cm long, 2.5
to 5-cm wide, and usually contains 4 to 8 olive-green or dark brown to
almost black seed separated by a mass of brown pulp.

*Wood Characteristics:* The wood is of heavy density (specific gravity
of 0.53 green, 0.60 dry) with a coarse, straight grain. Its sapwood is
narrow and yellowish white and the heartwood is light red to red or
reddish brown. It is without characteristic odor or taste. Growth rings
are conspicuously ring porous, resembling ash, honeylocust (*Gleditsia*
*triacanthos* L.) or sassafras \[*Sassafras* *albidum* (Nutt.) Nees.\].
The wood is frequently confused with that of honey locust. It must be
dried carefully due to a tendency to split. It is medium strong and has
good to excellent working characteristics. Occasionally, it will show
considerable ring shake, but is an attractive wood for home workshops.
The wood finishes to a smooth surface and "polishes superbly". It makes
beautiful paneling which weathers to a light chocolate brown. When dry,
the wood is stable and machines well.

**Table 1. Fuel wood facts for Kentucky coffeetree.**

+------------+----------+-------------------+-------------------------+
| **Weight   |          | **Heat/Cord**     | **Fuel Oil**            |
| (l         |          |                   |                         |
| bs/cord)** |          |                   | **Equivalent**          |
+------------+----------+-------------------+-------------------------+
| **Green**  | **Dry**  | **(Million        | **(gallons)\***         |
|            |          | BTUs)**           |                         |
+------------+----------+-------------------+-------------------------+
| 3872       | 3112     | 21.6              | 154                     |
+------------+----------+-------------------+-------------------------+

\*140,000 BTU per gallon of fuel oil.

#####  {#section-4 .Header-3}

##### Table 2. Kentucky coffeetree firewood quality ratings for five factors. {#table-2.-kentucky-coffeetree-firewood-quality-ratings-for-five-factors. .Header-3}

+-----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| ##### Factor {#factor .Header-3}  | ##### Rating {#rating .Header-3} |
+-----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| ##### Coals {#coals .Header-3}    | ##### Good {#good .Header-3}     |
+-----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| ##### Ease of Splitti             | ##### Medium {#medium .Header-3} |
| ng {#ease-of-splitting .Header-3} |                                  |
+-----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| #####                             | ##### Good {#good-1 .Header-3}   |
|  Fragrance {#fragrance .Header-3} |                                  |
+-----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| ##### Smoke {#smoke .Header-3}    | ##### Low {#low .Header-3}       |
+-----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| ##### Sparks {#sparks .Header-3}  | ##### Few {#few .Header-3}       |
+-----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| ##### Overall Qua                 | ##### Good {#good-2 .Header-3}   |
| lity {#overall-quality .Header-3} |                                  |
+-----------------------------------+----------------------------------+

#####  {#section-5 .Header-3}

*Distribution:* Kentucky coffeetree is uncommon in its native habitat.
It can only be found in small colonies in temperate forests. The natural
range extends from New York and Pennsylvania west to Minnesota,
southward to Oklahoma, and east to Kentucky and Tennessee (Schopmeyer,
1974). The species is also found in the Dakotas, Texas, Georgia, and the
Carolinas (PLANTS Database); naturalized in Alabama, West Virginia,
Virginia, and Delaware (Steyermark, 1975). It is believed to have been
introduced into some areas by Native Americans.

For current distribution, please consult the Plant Profile page for this
species on the PLANTS Web site.

*Habitat:* Kentucky coffeetree grows in moist soils in bottom-land woods
or rocky open wooded hillsides with other hardwood trees. It is commonly
found on limestone soils and seldom found on unglaciated sites. The tree
occurs sometimes in small colonies of rather widely separated
individuals resulting from root suckers. Kentucky coffeetree can be
found growing in association with sweetgum, tupelo, oaks, and hickories,
also black walnut, basswood, elm, and pawpaw in temperate forests.

**Adaptation**

##### Relatively hardy in zones 3 to 8, the tree adapts well to urban conditions. It prefers full sun, humus-rich, moist soil, and tolerates drought and occasional flooding. Considering its cultural tolerances, it should be on the list of "tough" trees. Kentucky coffeetree is a fast-growing tree when young with moderate to slow growth as the tree ages attaining 3.6 to 4.3-m in 10 years. {#relatively-hardy-in-zones-3-to-8-the-tree-adapts-well-to-urban-conditions.-it-prefers-full-sun-humus-rich-moist-soil-and-tolerates-drought-and-occasional-flooding.-considering-its-cultural-tolerances-it-should-be-on-the-list-of-tough-trees.-kentucky-coffeetree-is-a-fast-growing-tree-when-young-with-moderate-to-slow-growth-as-the-tree-ages-attaining-3.6-to-4.3-m-in-10-years. .Header-3}

##### Establishment {#establishment .Header-3}

##### Seedlings may be planted in the field after one year. Transplant balled and burlapped trees into deep, rich, moist soil for best growth. {#seedlings-may-be-planted-in-the-field-after-one-year.-transplant-balled-and-burlapped-trees-into-deep-rich-moist-soil-for-best-growth. .Header-3}

##### Management {#management .Header-3}

##### Fertilize with formulations that promote woody growth rather than excessive foliar growth. Prune in winter or early spring; wood may be somewhat brittle. Longer, weaker branches should be pruned when young to promote a stronger structure. {#fertilize-with-formulations-that-promote-woody-growth-rather-than-excessive-foliar-growth.-prune-in-winter-or-early-spring-wood-may-be-somewhat-brittle.-longer-weaker-branches-should-be-pruned-when-young-to-promote-a-stronger-structure. .Header-3}

##### Pests and Potential Problems  {#pests-and-potential-problems .Header-3}

##### No serious insect or disease problems. Messy habit, fallen leaf stalks and pods require some clean up. {#no-serious-insect-or-disease-problems.-messy-habit-fallen-leaf-stalks-and-pods-require-some-clean-up. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-6 .Header-3}

##### Environmental Concerns  {#environmental-concerns .Header-3}

##### The leaves, seeds and pulp are poisonous and are toxic to livestock, humans, and pets. Sprouts eaten in the spring have produced toxicosis. Leaves, young sprouts, and seeds with gelatinous mater around them contain the toxin. Cattle have reportedly died after drinking from pools of water contaminated by fallen leaves and seeds from the tree. There is at least one anecdotal report of a human poisoning by Kentucky coffeetree. {#the-leaves-seeds-and-pulp-are-poisonous-and-are-toxic-to-livestock-humans-and-pets.-sprouts-eaten-in-the-spring-have-produced-toxicosis.-leaves-young-sprouts-and-seeds-with-gelatinous-mater-around-them-contain-the-toxin.-cattle-have-reportedly-died-after-drinking-from-pools-of-water-contaminated-by-fallen-leaves-and-seeds-from-the-tree.-there-is-at-least-one-anecdotal-report-of-a-human-poisoning-by-kentucky-coffeetree. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-7 .Header-3}

##### *Clinical Signs:* "Clinical signs include rapid onset (within 1 hour) of intense gastrointestinal irritation, profuse diarrhea and straining, vomiting, hypertension, bradycardia, respiratory depression, muscle paralysis, and convulsions. Animals often display depression. Death usually occurs within a day after clinical signs appear."  {#clinical-signs-clinical-signs-include-rapid-onset-within-1-hour-of-intense-gastrointestinal-irritation-profuse-diarrhea-and-straining-vomiting-hypertension-bradycardia-respiratory-depression-muscle-paralysis-and-convulsions.-animals-often-display-depression.-death-usually-occurs-within-a-day-after-clinical-signs-appear. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-8 .Header-3}

**Seeds and Plant Production**

The seeds are oval, about 1.9-cm long with a thick, very hard, and bony
coat. They have been compared to small jawbreakers only 2000 times as
hard. The seeds generally remain in the pod until it falls and is broken
up by decay, a process which may take 2 years or longer. The impermeable
seed coat is the only hindrance to germination. A 2 to 4 hour treatment
of concentrated sulfuric acid is ideal for breaking down the seed coat.
Once treated the seeds imbibe water quickly and will germinate uniformly
when sown. Large, bulky, purplish-brown, leather-hard pods are produced
that abscise differentially from late fall into winter. The flat pods
range in size from 13 to 25-cm long and 4 to 5-cm wide. Pods may be
collected from the ground and run through some type of flail device to
expose the seeds. The hard coated seeds will not be harmed. They can be
dried and store indefinitely.

##### Pretreated seeds should be sown in the spring in rows spaced 46 to 76-cm apart (but no closer than 15-cm) depending upon irrigation and cultivation methods. Sow 12 to 18 seeds per 0.3 linear meter of row and cover with about 2.5-cm of firm soil. In general, about 60 to 75 percent of the seed sown will produce plantable seedlings. {#pretreated-seeds-should-be-sown-in-the-spring-in-rows-spaced-46-to-76-cm-apart-but-no-closer-than-15-cm-depending-upon-irrigation-and-cultivation-methods.-sow-12-to-18-seeds-per-0.3-linear-meter-of-row-and-cover-with-about-2.5-cm-of-firm-soil.-in-general-about-60-to-75-percent-of-the-seed-sown-will-produce-plantable-seedlings. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-9 .Header-3}

##### Root cuttings 4-cm long and 1-cm thick may be taken in December through March. Plant the roots horizontally in pots with sand or peat. This may be the only effective way to vegetatively propagate the trees as budding is reportedly unsuccessful.  {#root-cuttings-4-cm-long-and-1-cm-thick-may-be-taken-in-december-through-march.-plant-the-roots-horizontally-in-pots-with-sand-or-peat.-this-may-be-the-only-effective-way-to-vegetatively-propagate-the-trees-as-budding-is-reportedly-unsuccessful. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-10 .Header-3}

##### Cultivars, Improved, and Selected Materials (and area of origin) {#cultivars-improved-and-selected-materials-and-area-of-origin .Header-3}

##### Several cultivars are available in the nursery trade including selections that are predominately male such as 'Espresso', 'J.C. McDaniel' (Prairie Titan^™^), and 'Stately Manor', that produce no fruit. Espresso exhibits an upward arching branch form resulting in an elm-like vase shape. Prairie Titan is a very symmetrical, upright spreading tree 18 to 21-m tall with blue-green summer foliage, from the University of Illinois campus near Davenport Hall. Stately Manor is a narrow, upright form 10 x 6-m wide, is possibly best for street tree use. 'Variegata' is a little known, slower growing cultivar with streaks of creamy white variegation and pink-purple new growth. Availability of these cultivars may be limited. {#several-cultivars-are-available-in-the-nursery-trade-including-selections-that-are-predominately-male-such-as-espresso-j.c.-mcdaniel-prairie-titan-and-stately-manor-that-produce-no-fruit.-espresso-exhibits-an-upward-arching-branch-form-resulting-in-an-elm-like-vase-shape.-prairie-titan-is-a-very-symmetrical-upright-spreading-tree-18-to-21-m-tall-with-blue-green-summer-foliage-from-the-university-of-illinois-campus-near-davenport-hall.-stately-manor-is-a-narrow-upright-form-10-x-6-m-wide-is-possibly-best-for-street-tree-use.-variegata-is-a-little-known-slower-growing-cultivar-with-streaks-of-creamy-white-variegation-and-pink-purple-new-growth.-availability-of-these-cultivars-may-be-limited. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-11 .Header-3}

Contact your local Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly Soil
Conservation Service) office for more information. Look in the phone
book under"United States Government." The Natural Resources Conservation
Service will be listed under the subheading "Department of Agriculture."

**Control**

Animals should not be allowed to graze woodland areas where Kentucky
coffeetree grows or where it has been cut and allowed to sprout, until
spring grasses and herbage are abundant. Sprouts can be grubbed
periodically as a preventative measure as only a few of these trees will
be found in any woodland. Fence in large fruiting trees to prevent
livestock from eating the fallen pods. This measure is desirable over
removing a species that is so rare in the landscape.

##### References {#references .Header-3}

Alden, H. A. 1995. *Hardwoods of North America*. Gen. Tech. Report
FPL-GTR-83. Madison, WI; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Forest Products Laboratory. 136p.

Barkley, T. ed. 1986. *Flora of the Great Plains*. 1986. Univ. Press of
Kansas. Lawrence. 1392p.

Brenton Arboretum. 2006. *Kentucky coffeetree*.
(http://[www.thebrentonarboretum.org/tree](http://www.thebrentonarboretum.org/tree))
\[online: cited 30 November 2006\]. Dallas Center, IA.

Canada Gardens. 2006*. The Kentucky coffee tree Gymnocladus dioicus*.
(<http://canada-gardnes.com/2gymnocladusdioicus.html>) \[online: cited
16 November 2006\].

Countryman, D. W. and J. Kemperman. 2000. *Forestry reference handbook*.
Iowa State Univ. Ext. 72p.
(http://[www.extension.iastate.edu/Publications/PM1850.pdf]{.underline})
\[online: cited 18 January 2007\] Iowa State Univ. Dept. of Forestry and
Iowa DNR, ISU Univ. Ext.

Dewald, S., S. Josiah, and B. Erdkamp. 2005. *Heating with firewood:
producing, harvesting, and processing firewood*. Neb Guide G1554.
UNL-Lincoln Ext. Institute of Agri. and Nat. Res. 4p.

Dirr, M.A. 1998. *Manual of woody landscape plants: Their
identification, ornamental characteristics, culture, propagation and
uses*. Rev. 4^th^ Ed.Stipes Publishing Co. Champaign, Ill. 1187p.

Dirr, M.A. and C.W. Heuser, JR. 1987. The *Reference manual of woody
plant propagation. From seed to tissue culture*. Varsity Press, Inc.
Athens, Georgia. 239p.

Eastern Kentucky Univ. Student Chapter of The Wildlife Society. 2007.
*Coffeetree, Kentucky, Gymnocladus dioicus*. AWAKE Plants & Wildlife.
(http://[www.kentuckyawake.org/plantsWildlife/lifeHistory.cfm?instanceID=22887](http://www.kentuckyawake.org/plantsWildlife/lifeHistory.cfm?instanceID=22887))
\[online: cited 18 January 2007\].

Fitch, Richard W. 2006. *Alkaloids of the Kentucky coffeetree,
Gymnocladus dioicus*.
(http://[www.phcog.org/annualMtg./2006/papers/P-115.pdf](http://www.phcog.org/annualMtg./2006/papers/P-115.pdf))
\[online: cited 11 January 2007\]. Indiana State Univ.

Georgia Forestry Commission. 2005. *Georgia's champion trees*.
(http://[www.gfc.state.ga.us/ForestManagement/documents/GeorgiasChampionTrees.pdf](http://www.gfc.state.ga.us/ForestManagement/documents/GeorgiasChampionTrees.pdf)\[online:
cited 11 January 2007\].

Kansas Forest Service. 2006. *Tree of the month*. Out on a Limb Vol. 1
(1) Summer.

KestralCreek.com. 2007. *Kentucky coffee tree*.
(http://www.kestrelcreek.com/Wood.htm) \[online: cited 11 January
2007\].

Kindscher, K. 1992. *Medicinal wild plants of the prairie. An
ethnobotanical guide*. Univ. of Kansas Press. Lawrence. 340p.

National Register of Big Trees.
(http://[www.americanforests.org/resources/bigtrees/register.php?details=171)
\[online:](http://www.americanforests.org/resources/bigtrees/register.php?details=171 [online)
cited 10 January 2007\]. American Forests.

Kuhns, M. & D. Mooter. 1992. Trees of Nebraska. EC92-1774-X. University
of Nebraska, Nebr. Coop. Extension, Lincoln, Nebraska. 75p.

Missouri Dept. of Conservation. 2007. *Kentucky coffeetree Gymnocladus
dioicus (L.) K. Koch.*
(http://[www.mdc.mo.gov/documents/Forest/Woods/K_coffee.pdf](http://www.mdc.mo.gov/documents/Forest/Woods/K_coffee.pdf))
\[online: cited 18 January 2007\].

Ohio Historical Society. 2006. *What tree is it? Kentucky coffeetree*.
\[online: cited 16 November 2006\].
([http://www.oplin.org/tree/fact%20pages/coffeetree_sweet/coffeetree_sweet.html](http://www.oplin.org/tree/fact pages/coffeetree_sweet/coffeetree_sweet.html))

Ohio State Univ. Extension Agriculture. 2006. *Gymnocladus*. *Kentucky
coffeetree*. Ohio Trees Bulletin 700-00,
(<http://ohioline.osu.edu/b700/b700_48.html>) \[online: cited 16
November 2006\].

Panshin, A.J. and C. deZeeuw. 1980. *Textbook of wood technology*, 4th
Edition. McGraw-Hill Series in Forest Resources. McGraw-Hill Book
Company, New York. 722p.

Phillips, G.R., F.J. Gibbs, and W.R. Mattoon. 1959. *Forest trees of
Oklahoma*. Forestry Division, State Board of Agriculture. Pub. No. 1,
Rev. Ed. No. 9. 135p.

Plants For A Future. 2007. *Database Search Results*. *Gymnocladus
dioica.*
(http://[www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_htm](http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_htm)l?Gymnocladus+dioica&CAN=COMIND)
\[online: cited 25 January 2007\].

Reisch, K.W., P.C. Kozel, and G.A. Weinstein. 1975. *Woody ornamentals
for the Midwest*. The Ohio State University. 293p.

Schopmeyer, C.S. Tech. Cord. 1974. *Seeds of woody plants in the United
States*. USDA-FS Agriculture Handbook No. 450. 883p.

Stephens, H.A. 1969. *Trees, shrubs, and woody vines in Kansas*. Univ.
of Kansas Press. Lawrence. 250p.

Stephens, H.A. 1973. *Woody plants of the North Central Plains*. Univ.
of Kansas Press. Lawrence. 530p.

Steyermark, J. 1975. *Flora of Missouri*. Iowa State University Press,
Ames, Iowa. 1728p.

Stone, K. 2005. *Kris's corner. Kentucky coffeetree*. Northern Kentucky
Urban & Community Forest Council. Vol. 3 (3)
(http://[www.nkyurbanforestry.org](http://www.nkyurbanforestry.org/))
\[online: cited 16 November 2006\].

TreeHelp.com. 2006. *Trees: Species: Kentucky coffee tree*.
(<http://www.treehelp.com/trees/coffee-tree/gymnocladus-dioicus.asp>)
\[online: cited 16 November 2006\].

Trees from Seeds. 2006. (<http://www.treesfromseeds.org/coffeetree.htm>)
\[online: cited 29 November 2006\].

University of Illinois. 2006. *Kentucky coffee tree* Gymnocladus
*dioicus* (L.) K. Koch.
(http://[www.library.uicuc.edu/vex/toxic/kentucky/kentucky.htm](http://www.library.uicuc.edu/vex/toxic/kentucky/kentucky.htm))
\[online: cited 4 December 2006\].

University of Kentucky -- College of Agriculture. 2007. *Gymnocladus*
dioicus (Kentucky coffeetree), Pea Family (Fabaceae). Cooperative
Extension Service. ) \[online: cited 3 January 2007\].
(http://www.uky.edu/Ag/Horticulture/kytreewebsite/treeprofiles/text/gymnocladusinfo2.htm

Univ. of Missouri Center for Agroforestry. 2007. *Plant resource guide:
Materials and management, Appendix Section 6*: 117p.
(http://[www.center](http://www.center/) for
agroforestry.org/pubs/training/appendix6.pdf) \[online: cited 11 January
2007\].

USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. *Technology transfer
fact sheet. Gymnocladus dioicus*.
(http://www2.fpl.fs.fed.us/TechSheets/HardwoodNA/html/Docs/gymnoeng.html)
\[online: cited 11 January 2007\].

Virginia Tech Forestry Department. 2006. *Kentucky coffeetree. Fabaceae
Gymnocladus dioicus (L.) K. Koch*.
(<http://www.fw.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/factsheet.cfm?ID=158>)
\[online: cited 16 November 2006\].

Wcisel, K.J. 2004. *Tree topics. 2000-2004*.
(<http://wcisel.com/plants/kentuckycoffeetree/index.htm>) \[online:
cited 16 November 2006\].

White, D.A. 2006. *Kentucky coffeetree*.
(http://[www.ontarioprofessionals.com/tree4.htm](http://www.ontarioprofessionals.com/tree4.htm))
\[online: cited 16 November 2006\].

Young, J.A. and C.G. Young. 1992. *Seeds of woody plants in North
America*. Revised Edition. Dioscorides Press. Portland, Oregon. 407p.

##### Prepared By  {#prepared-by .Header-3}

##### *John M. Row* {#john-m.-row .Header-3}

##### USDA NRCS, Manhattan Plant Materials Center, Manhattan, Kansas {#usda-nrcs-manhattan-plant-materials-center-manhattan-kansas .Header-3}

#####  {#section-12 .Header-3}

##### *Wayne Geyer*, Ph.D. {#wayne-geyer-ph.d. .Header-3}

##### Forestry Division, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas {#forestry-division-kansas-state-university-manhattan-kansas .Header-3}

##### Species Coordinator {#species-coordinator .Header-3}

##### John M. Row  {#john-m.-row-1 .Header-3}

##### USDA NRCS, Manhattan Plant Materials Center, Manhattan, Kansas {#usda-nrcs-manhattan-plant-materials-center-manhattan-kansas-1 .Header-3}

##### Edited: 0702 jd; 070227 jsp {#edited-0702-jd-070227-jsp .Header-4}

For more information about this and other plants, please contact your
local NRCS field office or Conservation District, and visit the PLANTS
Web site\<[http://plants.usda.gov](http://plants.usda.gov/)\> or the
Plant Materials Program Web site
\<[http://Plant-Materials.nrcs.usda.gov](http://Plant-Materials.nrcs.usda.gov/)\>

*The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in
all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national
origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual
orientation, and marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases
apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require
alternative means for communication of program information (Braille,
large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA\'s [TARGET
Center](http://www.usda.gov/oo/target.htm) at 202-720-2600 (voice and
TDD).*

*To file a complaint of discrimination write USDA, Director, Office of
Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence
Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call 202-720-5964 (voice or
TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.*

*Read about [Civil Rights at the Natural Resources Conservation
Service](http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/about/civilrights/).*