BOREAS AFM-07 SRC Surface Meteorological and Radiation Data

Summary

The Saskatchewan Research Council (SRC) collected surface meteorological
and radiation data from December 1993 until December 1996. The data set
comprises Suite A (meteorological and energy balance measurements) and
Suite B (diffuse solar and longwave measurements) components. Suite A
measurements were taken at each of 10 sites, and Suite B measurements
were made at 5 of the Suite A sites. The data cover an approximate area
of 500 km (North-South) by 1,000 km (East-West) (a large portion of
northern Manitoba and northern Saskatchewan). The measurement network
was designed to provide researchers with a sufficient record of
near-surface meteorological and radiation measurements. The data are
provided in tabular ASCII files.

Table of Contents

1\) Data Set Overview

2\) Investigator(s)

3\) Theory of Measurements

4\) Equipment

5\) Data Acquisition Methods

6\) Observations

7\) Data Description

8\) Data Organization

9\) Data Manipulations

10\) Errors

11\) Notes

12\) Application of the Data Set

13\) Future Modifications and Plans

14\) Software

15\) Data Access

16\) Output Products and Availability

17\) References

18\) Glossary of Terms

19\) List of Acronyms

20\) Document Information

1\. Data Set Overview

1.1 Data Set Identification

BOREAS AFM-07 SRC Surface Meteorological and Radiation Data

1.2 Data Set Introduction

BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) personnel at the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Space Flight Center
(GSFC) and the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing (CCRS) established a
contract with the Saskatchewan Research Council (SRC) to implement and
maintain a network of automatic meteorological stations (AMS) to measure
surface meteorological and radiation parameters during BOREAS activities
in Saskatchewan and Manitoba, Canada. SRC personnel installed and
monitored the equipment, collected and quality checked the data, and
delivered the data to the BOREAS Information System (BORIS) on a regular
basis from 1994 through early 1997. The SRC AMS network comprises 10
Suite A and 5 Suite B sites.

1.3 Objective/Purpose

The SRC AMS data were collected to:

a\) Measure the microclimatic variability across the BOREAS sites.

b\) Provide input data for numerical simulation models.

c\) Collect broad-band reflected and emitted radiation to help with
evaluating and calibrating satellite and aircraft imagery.

1.4 Summary of Parameters

The parameters measured at Suite A sites included date and time, within-
and above-canopy temperature, atmospheric pressure, relative humidity,
wind speed and direction, precipitation, snow depth, soil temperature
profiles, shortwave radiation, photosynthetically active radiation
(PAR), and net radiation.

The parameters measured at Suite B sites included date and time, and
shortwave and longwave radiation.

1.5 Discussion

The SRC AMS stations cover an area of roughly 500 km (North-South) by
1,000 km (East-West) (a large portion of northern Manitoba and northern
Saskatchewan). The 10 Suite A stations were installed within the BOREAS
study region (see Figure 1) prior to the first Intensive Field Campaign
(IFC) that occurred in May 1994. All Suite A stations were equipped to
measure basic meteorological and radiation parameters. The Suite A
radiation sensors measured shortwave and net radiation, PAR, and
longwave radiation. The measurement height for all the above-canopy
measurements was approximately two to six meters above the canopy top.
The below-canopy measurements were made at approximately 2 meters from
the forest floor. The infrared radiation sensor is pointed at an angle
of 45 degrees to measure canopy top temperature of the forest at each
individual site. The infrared sensor is located at all the sites except
Saskatoon and Meadow Lake. Precipitation at each site is measured with a
Belfort weighing precipitation gauge that is mounted with an alter
shield. Rainfall intensity is measured with a tipping bucket rain gauge
at each site.

Five of the Suite A sites were augmented with additional radiation
sensors to form a Suite B classification. Suite B sensors consist of a
diffuse shortwave radiation sensor and a pyrgeometer. Figure 2
illustrates a typical boreal forest instrumentation array.

1.6 Related Data Sets

BOREAS AES Campbell Scientific Surface Meteorological Data

BOREAS AES MARSII Surface Meteorological Data

BOREAS AES READAC Surface Meteorological Data

2\. Investigator(s)

2.1 Investigator(s) Name and Title

Dr. Stanley R. Shewchuk

Lead Scientist

Saskatchewan Research Council

2.2 Title of Investigation

Atmospheric Sciences Infrastructure Core Measurements for BOREAS
(AFM-07)

2.3 Contact Information

[Contact 1]{.underline}

Heather Osborne/Kim Young

Saskatchewan Research Council

Saskatoon, Saskatchewan

Canada

\(306\) 933-6759

osborne@src.sk.ca

young@src.sk.ca

[Contact 2]{.underline}

Virginia Wittrock

Research Scientist

Saskatchewan Research Council

Saskatoon, Saskatchewan

\(306\) 933-8122

wittrock@ src.sk.ca

[Contact 3]{.underline}

Jeffrey A. Newcomer

Raytheon ITSS

NASA GSFC

Greenbelt, MD

\(301\) 286-7858

\(301\) 286-0239 (fax)

Jeffrey.Newcomer@gsfc.nasa.gov

3\. Theory of Measurements

The theory behind the meteorological measurements is to understand the
general climate of the Canadian boreal region. The main purpose of each
AMS station is to gather enough precipitation, temperature, and other
meteorological information to fully understand the climate of the boreal
forest. Data from all of the instruments were stored on a data logger,
which performed some of the initial data processing.

4\. Equipment

4.1 Sensor/Instrument Description

This section is a comprehensive description of each AMS site. The
parameters included are: site name, location and elevation, and a list
of each instrument at the site. There is a detailed description of each
instrument in the first site that contains the instrument. Within each
detailed instrument description there is an explanation of what the
instrument is used for; heights of each instrument; its supplier and/or
manufacturer; and serial number. Additionally, the description of
radiation sensors will contain the wavelengths they are able to measure.
At subsequent sites containing the same instrument a shorter description
is given, containing only the serial number and location details
specific to that site.

The sites were inspected by human observers. Suite B sites were visited
every 3 days. Suite A sites were visited every 7 to 10 days in the
summer and every 3 to 5 days in the winter to check for frost build up
on the instruments.

4.1.1 Collection Environment

The collection environment for the SRC AMS stations varied greatly from
season to season and site to site. All instruments, except where
otherwise noted, were exposed to the elements at all times. The sites
were all located in relatively undisturbed locations and the instruments
were checked regularly.

During winter, the instruments were exposed to frequent snow storms and
temperatures that reached -40 °C. During the summer months, temperatures
at the sites reached 30 °C. No covers were built to protect the
instrumentation from precipitation, wind, animal damage, or vandalism.

4.1.2 Source/Platform

Suite A sites use a triangular cross-section Rohn tower as a platform
for mounting the majority of the Suite A instruments. Each side of the
tower is roughly 0.5 meters across and is internally supported by solid
steel \"zigzag\" cross braces. The tower is designed with a hinge
roughly halfway along its length that allows the tower to be folded down
so that instruments may be attached and serviced without climbing gear.
When the installation is complete, the tower can be extended to its full
height. The only sites that do not use a Rohn tower are Meadow Lake and
Saskatoon, where no forest exists and a tall tower is not required.
Components mounted on the tower include the data logger, pressure
sensor, solar panel, albedometer, net radiometer, air temperature and
relative humidity sensors, PAR sensor, and wind speed and direction
sensor. A lightning rod is also attached to the top of each tower.

The precipitation gauges at each site are mounted on a separate wooden
platform located a short distance from the Rohn tower. The distance
varies by site. The platform is 3 meters high, 0.9 meters wide, and 2.4
meters long. These platforms are located at all AMS sites except Meadow
Lake and Saskatoon.

The Suite B sites are usually located a fair distance away from the Rohn
tower that holds the Suite A instrumentation (Meadow Lake and Saskatoon
being the exceptions). The Suite B sites recorded information on a
separate data logger (usually a CR10).

4.1.3 Source/Platform Mission Objectives

The objective of the Rohn tower is to provide a stable place to hang
instrumentation for the duration of the experiment. Additionally, the
tower provides a method of placing instruments at various levels within
the canopy.

4.1.4 Key Variables

Suite A

Instrument Type Measured Parameters

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

PAR radiometer PAR radiation

Net radiometer Net radiation

Albedometer Incoming solar radiation

Reflected solar radiation

Temperature and relative humidity probe Upper canopy air temperature

Relative humidity

Temperature probe Lower canopy air temperature

Soil temperature probe Soil temperature

Barometric pressure Air pressure

IR temperature Surface IR temperature

Wind monitor Wind direction

Wind speed

Belfort rainfall transmitter Precipitation

Ultrasonic depth gauge Snow depth

Soil moisture sensor Soil moisture

Tipping bucket rain gauge Precipitation

Suite B

Instrument Type Measured Parameters

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

Pyrgeometer Incoming longwave radiation

Outgoing longwave radiation

Pyranometer with shadow band Diffuse solar radiation

4.1.5 Principles of Operation

Suite A

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

Data Logger: This instrument is used to store and partially manipulate
the data.

Multiplexer: The Multiplexer is used to increase the number of sensors
that may be scanned by Campbell Scientific (CS) data loggers.

Spark Gapped Junction Box: The Junction Box is designed to minimize
damage to instruments connected to wires on which a high voltage could
be induced through electrostatic discharge due to lightening. There are
two per tower.

Modem: The DC112 Modem is a 300/1200 baud modem employing the \"AT\"
command set. It is used as a remote site modem connected to a CS data
logger.

Solar Panels: The Model MSX-30 Solarex Solar Panel photovoltaic module
is designed to operate DC loads with small to moderate energy
requirements.

PAR Radiometer: The Skye Single Channel PAR Sensor is used to measure
PAR Radiation. These sensors have cosine-corrected heads, each
containing a semiconductor diode and filter system responding to light.

Net Radiometer: The Fritschen Q-6 Net Radiometer is a high output
instrument that is designed to measure net radiation. Net radiation is
defined as the sum of all incoming radiation minus the outgoing
radiation. Incoming radiation consists of direct and diffuse shortwave
radiation and longwave sky radiation. Outgoing radiation consists of
reflected and terrestrial longwave radiation.

Albedometer (Solar and Reflected): None given.

Temperature and Relative Humidity Probe (Above-Canopy): None given.

Temperature Probe (Lower Canopy): None given.

Soil Temperature Probe: None given.

Barometric Pressure sensor: None given.

IR Thermometer: The Everest Interscience Model 4000AL Infrared
Thermometer measures the IR radiation emitted by objects and outputs the
temperature, or a signal that is related to the temperature, of the
object. The major advantage of this IR sensor is that no physical
contact is made with the object being measured.

Wind Direction/Wind Speed Sensor: None given.

Belfort Precipitation Gauge: None given.

Snow Depth Sensor: None given.

Soil Moisture Sensor: The Matrix Water Potential Soil Moisture Sensor
measures soil moisture by measuring the heat differential between a
warmed temperature probe and an unwarmed probe. The theory is that when
a probe is heated the temperature rise will be a function of the water
content of the medium (the soil). By inserting a heater and a
temperature sensor in a fixed porous block in contact with soil, the
temperature rise of the heater can be correlated to the water potential
of the soil.

Tipping Bucket Precipitation Gauge: None given

Suite B

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

Data Logger: This instrument is used to store and partially manipulate
the data.

Pyrgeometer: This instrument measures the exchange of radiation between
a horizontal blackened surface and the target viewed. For the
measurement of longwave radiation in general, and for the isolation of
this from the solar shortwave radiation in daytime, a 30-mm-diameter
hemisphere of silicon is used. This instrument is measuring downward
longwave radiation from the atmosphere only.

Pyranometer: None given.

Shadow Band Stand: The shadow band attaches to the Suite B pyranometer
that measures incoming solar radiation. The shadow band is intended to
block out the direct rays of the sun and force the pyranometer to
measure only the diffuse component of solar radiation. The band is wide
enough to block the sun\'s direct rays for a few weeks at a time. A
local observer adjusted the shadow band monthly.

4.1.6 Sensor/Instrument Measurement Geometry

Figures 3-15 illustrate the location of each instrument in relation to
the other instruments at the data collection sites. Unless otherwise
noted, all instrument are on the Suite A tower present at each site. The
Meadow Lake and Saskatoon sites are the only sites that do not have
towers. At those sites, no relative location information is available. A
negative height indicates that the instrument is located below ground
surface.

La Ronge:

Suite A

Instrument Height on tower/Location

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

PAR radiometer 16.15 m

Net radiometer 16.15 m

Albedometer 16.15 m

Temperature/relative humidity probe 16.15 m

Lower canopy temperature probe 1.83 m

Soil temperature probe -10 cm, 1.5 m north of tower

Soil temperature probe -20 cm, 1.5 m north of tower

Soil temperature probe -50 cm, 1.5 m north of tower

Barometric pressure 16.15 m

IR temperature 16.15 m

Wind monitor 16.15 m

Belfort precipitation gauge 15.0 m north-northwest of tower

Snow depth gauge 1730 cm, 5 m northwest of tower

Soil moisture sensor -10 cm, location not available

Tipping bucket precipitation 15.0 m north-northwest of tower

Meadow Lake:

Suite A

Instrument Height on tower/Location

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

PAR radiometer 2.1 m

Net radiometer 2.0 m

Albedometer 1.9 m

Temperature/relative humidity probe 2.59 m

Soil temperature probe -10 cm

Soil temperature probe -20 cm

Soil temperature probe -50 cm

Barometric pressure 2.03 m

Wind monitor 9.75 m

Belfort precipitation gauge Not available

Snow depth gauge 1570 cm

Soil moisture sensor -10 cm

Tipping bucket precipitation Not available

Southern Study Area (SSA)-Old Aspen (OA) (all Suite B instruments are
located on the main flux tower):

Suite A

Instrument Height on tower/Location

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

PAR radiometer 23.71 m

Net radiometer 23.71 m

Albedometer 23.71 m

Temperature/relative humidity probe 23.71 m

Lower canopy temperature probe 4 m

Soil temperature probe -10 cm, 1.5 m northwest of tower

Soil temperature probe -20 cm, 1.5 m northwest of tower

Soil temperature probe -50 cm, 1.5 m northwest of tower

Barometric pressure 21.87 m

IR temperature 23.71 m

Wind monitor 23.71 m

Belfort precipitation gauge 35.0 m north-northwest of tower

Snow depth gauge 1500 cm, 35 m southeast of tower

Soil moisture sensor -10 cm, 1.5 m northwest of tower

Tipping bucket precipitation 35.0 m southeast of tower

Suite B

Instrument Height on tower/Location

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

Pyrgeometer 36.83 m

Pyranometer 36.68 m

Shadow Band Stand 36.68 m

SSA-Old Jack Pine (OJP) (all Suite B instruments are located on the main
flux tower):

Suite A

Instrument Height on tower/Location

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

PAR radiometer 20.7 m

Net radiometer 20.7 m

Albedometer 20.7 m

Temperature/relative humidity probe 20.7 m

Lower canopy temperature probe 5.5 m

Soil temperature probe -10 cm, northwest of tower

Soil temperature probe -20 cm, northwest of tower

Soil temperature probe -50 cm, northwest of tower

Barometric pressure Not available, Not available

IR temperature 20.7 m

Wind monitor 20.7 m

Belfort precipitation gauge 42.7 m east-southeast of tower

Snow depth gauge 1510 cm, 37 m west-northwest of tower

Soil moisture sensor -10 cm, northwest of tower

Tipping bucket precipitation 42.7 m east-southeast of tower

Suite B

Instrument Height on tower/Location

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

Pyrgeometer 35.1 m

Pyranometer 36.6 m

Shadow Band Stand 36.6 m

Saskatoon (all Suite B instruments are colocated with the Suite A
instruments):

Suite A

Instrument Height on tower/Location

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

PAR radiometer 1.3 m

Net radiometer 1.45 m

Albedometer 1.62 m

Temperature/relative humidity probe 1.71 m

Soil temperature probe -10 cm

Soil temperature probe -20 cm

Soil temperature probe -50 cm

Barometric pressure 1.3 m

Wind monitor 10 m

Belfort precipitation gauge 1.2 m

Snow depth gauge 1235 cm

Soil moisture sensor -10 cm

Tipping bucket precipitation Not available

Suite B

Instrument Height on tower/Location

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

Pyrgeometer 1.53 m

Pyranometer 1.58 m

Shadow Band Stand 1.58 m

Lynn Lake:

Suite A

Instrument Height on tower/Location

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

PAR radiometer 15.2 m

Net radiometer 15.2 m

Albedometer 15.2 m

Temperature/relative humidity probe 15.2 m

Lower canopy temperature probe 2.6 m

Soil temperature probe -10 cm, 1.8 m south of tower

Soil temperature probe -20 cm, 1.8 m south of tower

Soil temperature probe -50 cm, 1.8 m south of tower

Barometric pressure 9.3 m

IR temperature 15.2 m

Wind monitor 15.2 m

Belfort precipitation gauge 8.3 m north-northwest of tower

Snow depth gauge 1700 cm, 18.3 m north-northwest of tower

Soil moisture sensor -10 cm, 1.8 m south of tower

Tipping bucket precipitation 18.3 m southeast of tower

The Pas:

Suite A

Instrument Height on tower/Location

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

PAR radiometer 21.9 m

Net radiometer 21.9 m

Albedometer 21.9 m

Temperature/relative humidity probe 21.9 m

Lower canopy temperature probe 2.1 m

Soil temperature probe -10 cm, slightly east of tower

Soil temperature probe -20 cm, slightly east of tower

Soil temperature probe -50 cm, slightly east of tower

Barometric pressure 18.9 m

IR temperature 21.9 m

Wind monitor 21.9 m

Belfort precipitation gauge 200 m northeast of tower

Snow depth gauge 1920 cm, 200 m northeast of tower

Soil moisture sensor -10 cm, slightly east of tower

Tipping bucket precipitation 200 m northeast of tower

Northern Study Area (NSA)-OJP (the Suite A instruments are at NSA-OJP,
and the Suite B instruments are at the BOREAS Fen site, which is
approximately 15 km from the NSA-OJP):

Suite A

Instrument Height on tower/Location

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

PAR radiometer 15.8 m

Net radiometer 15.8 m

Albedometer 15.8 m

Temperature/relative humidity probe 15.8 m

Lower canopy temperature probe 4.6 m

Soil temperature probe -10 cm, Not available

Soil temperature probe -20 cm, Not available

Soil temperature probe -50 cm, Not available

Barometric pressure 16.2 m, north of the tower

IR temperature 15.8 m

Wind monitor 15.8 m

Belfort precipitation gauge northwest of tower

Snow depth gauge 2200 cm, northwest of tower

Soil moisture sensor -10 cm, Not available

Tipping bucket precipitation northwest of tower

NSA-Fen:

Suite B

Instrument Height on tower/Location

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

Pyrgeometer 3.7 m

Pyranometer 3.7 m

Shadow Band Stand 3.7 m

Thompson:

Suite A

Instrument Height on tower/Location

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

PAR radiometer 18.9 m

Net radiometer 18.9 m

Albedometer 18.9 m

Temperature/relative humidity probe 18.9 m

Lower canopy temperature probe 1.8 m

Soil temperature probe -10 cm, 2 m northwest of the tower

Soil temperature probe -20 cm, 2 m northwest of the tower

Soil temperature probe -50 cm, 2 m northwest of the tower

Barometric pressure 5.5 m

IR temperature 18.9 m

Wind monitor 18.9 m

Belfort precipitation gauge 7.3 m, 10 m northeast of tower

Snow depth gauge 2100 cm, 50 m east-northeast of tower

Soil moisture sensor -10 cm, Not available

Tipping bucket precipitation 50 m east-northeast of tower

Flin-Flon (Suite B instruments are located about 500 m from the Suite A
instruments):

Suite A

Instrument Height on tower/Location

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

PAR radiometer 17.9 m

Net radiometer 17.9 m

Albedometer 17.9 m

Temperature/relative humidity probe 17.9 m

Lower canopy temperature probe 2.2 m

Soil temperature probe -10 cm, 3 m northwest of the tower

Soil temperature probe -20 cm, 3 m northwest of the tower

Soil temperature probe -50 cm, 3 m northwest of the tower

Barometric pressure 2.8 m, north of the tower

IR temperature 17.9 m

Wind monitor 17.9 m

Belfort precipitation gauge 22.9 m northeast of the tower

Snow depth gauge 1900 cm, 21 northeast of the tower

Soil moisture sensor -10 cm, 3 m northwest of the tower

Tipping bucket precipitation 22.9 m northeast of the tower

Suite B

Instrument Height on tower/Location

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

Pyrgeometer 1.7 m

Pyranometer 2.0 m

Shadow Band Stand 2.0 m

4.1.7 Manufacturer of Sensor/Instrument

PAR radiometer: Skye Single Channel PAR Sensor. Manufactured by: Skye
Instruments Ltd.

Net radiometer: Fritschen Q-6 Net Radiometer. Manufactured by: Radiation
and Energy Balance Systems, Inc.

Albedometer (Solar and reflected): Eppley Model PSP Precision Spectral
Pyranometers. Manufactured by: The Eppley Laboratory, Inc.

Temperature and relative humidity probe: Model HMP35CF Temperature and
Relative Humidity Probe. Manufactured by: Campbell Scientific.

Lower canopy temperature probe: Model 107F Temperature Probe.
Manufactured by: Campbell Scientific.

Soil temperature probe: Model 108BAM Temperature Probe. Manufactured by:
Campbell Scientific.

Barometric pressure sensor: Model SBP270 Barometric Pressure Sensor.
Manufactured by: Setra.

IR temperature sensor: Model 4000AL Infrared Thermometer. Manufactured
by: Everest Interscience.

Wind monitor: Model 05103-10 Wind Monitor. Manufactured by: R.M. Young.

Belfort precipitation gauge: Belfort Rainfall Transmitter. Manufactured
by: Belfort Instrument Company.

Snow depth gauge: UDG01 Ultrasonic Depth Gauge. Manufactured by:
Campbell Scientific.

Soil moisture sensor: Matrix Water Potential Soil Moisture Sensor.
Manufactured by: Matrix.

Tipping bucket precipitation gauge: Model TE525 Tipping Bucket Rain
Gauge. Manufactured by: Texas Electronics.

Pyrgeometer: Model PIR Precision Infrared Radiometer. Manufactured by:
The Eppley Laboratory, Inc.

Pyranometer: Model PSP Precision Pyranometer. Manufactured by: The
Eppley Laboratory, Inc.

Shadow band stand: Manufactured by: The Eppley Laboratory, Inc.

The following tables lists the instrument serial numbers by site.

La Ronge:

Suite A

Instrument Serial Number

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

PAR radiometer SKE51006937019

Net radiometer Q94175

Albedometer - Solar 29804F3

Albedometer - Reflected 29805F3

Temperature and relative humidity probe C1036

Lower canopy temperature probe C1240

Soil temperature probe at -10 cm C1825

Soil temperature probe at -20 cm C1798

Soil temperature probe at -50 cm C1827

Barometric Pressure 395165

IR Temperature 2608-6

Wind monitor 14637

Belfort precipitation gauge manufacturer: 11462, bucket: 16470

Snow depth gauge C1506

Soil moisture sensor 1045

Tipping bucket precipitation gauge TB0230001

Meadow Lake:

Suite A

Instrument Serial Number

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

PAR radiometer SKE51006937027

Net radiometer 87122

Albedometer - Solar 29798F3

Albedometer - Reflected 29799F3

Temperature and relative humidity probe C1049

Soil temperature probe at -10 cm C1829

Soil temperature probe at -20 cm C1809

Soil temperature probe at -50 cm C1801

Barometric Pressure 395172

Wind monitor 14276

Belfort precipitation gauge manufacturer: 1946

Snow depth gauge C1187

Soil moisture sensor 1046

Tipping bucket precipitation gauge 13274-394

SSA-OA:

Suite A

Instrument Serial Number

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

PAR radiometer SKE51006937020

Net radiometer 93233

Albedometer - Solar 29803F3

Albedometer - Reflected 29802F3

Temperature and relative humidity probe C1052

Lower canopy temperature probe C1238

Soil temperature probe at -10 cm C1819

Soil temperature probe at -20 cm C1802

Soil temperature probe at -50 cm C1810

Barometric Pressure 330019

IR Temperature 2608-7

Wind monitor 14688

Belfort precipitation gauge manufacturer: 11401

Snow depth gauge C1339

Soil moisture sensor 1044

Tipping bucket precipitation gauge Not available

Suite B

Instrument Serial Number

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

Pyrgeometer 29752F3

Pyranometer 29091F3

Shadow band stand 9906

SSA-OJP:

Suite A

Instrument Serial Number

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

PAR radiometer SKE51006937028

Net radiometer 94174

Albedometer - Solar 29878F3

Albedometer - Reflected 29879F3

Temperature and relative humidity probe C1048

Lower canopy temperature probe C1235

Soil temperature probe at -10 cm C1818

Soil temperature probe at -20 cm C1817

Soil temperature probe at -50 cm C1812

Barometric Pressure 395174

IR Temperature 2608-5

Wind monitor 15039

Belfort precipitation gauge manufacturer: 4845

Snow depth gauge C1507

Soil moisture sensor 1040

Tipping bucket precipitation gauge TB023002

Suite B

Instrument Serial Number

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

Pyrgeometer 28809F3

Pyranometer 2987F3

Shadow band stand Not available

Saskatoon:

Suite A

Instrument Serial Number

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

PAR radiometer SKE51006937026

Net radiometer Q94064

Albedometer - Solar 29796F3

Albedometer - Reflected 29797F3

Temperature and relative humidity probe C1051

Soil temperature probe at -10 cm Not available

Soil temperature probe at -20 cm Not available

Soil temperature probe at -50 cm Not available

Barometric Pressure 482535

Wind monitor 14294

Belfort precipitation gauge manufacturer: 1146-2

Snow depth gauge C1521

Soil moisture sensor 1043

Tipping bucket precipitation gauge Not available

Suite B

Instrument Serial Number

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

Pyrgeometer 29750

Pyranometer 29718

Shadow band stand Not available

Lynn Lake:

Suite A

Instrument Serial Number

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

PAR radiometer SKE51006937025

Net radiometer 93231

Albedometer - Solar 29792F3

Albedometer - Reflected 29793F3

Temperature and relative humidity probe C1025

Lower canopy temperature probe C1241

Soil temperature probe at -10 cm C1797

Soil temperature probe at -20 cm C1814

Soil temperature probe at -50 cm C1811

Barometric Pressure 395166

IR Temperature 2608-8

Wind monitor 15047

Belfort precipitation gauge manufacturer: 5846

Snow depth gauge C1516

Soil moisture sensor 1037

Tipping bucket precipitation gauge Not available

The Pas:

Suite A

Instrument Serial Number

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

PAR radiometer SKE51006937018

Net radiometer 93214

Albedometer - Solar 29791F3

Albedometer - Reflected 29790F3

Temperature and relative humidity probe C1053

Lower canopy temperature probe C1239

Soil temperature probe at -10 cm C1821

Soil temperature probe at -20 cm C1804

Soil temperature probe at -50 cm C1831

Barometric Pressure 395172

IR Temperature 2608-3

Wind monitor 14252

Belfort precipitation gauge manufacturer: 4810

Snow depth gauge C1339

Soil moisture sensor 1036

Tipping bucket precipitation gauge TB37982-64

NSA-OJP:

Suite A

Instrument Serial Number

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

PAR radiometer SKE51006937023

Net radiometer 93236

Albedometer - Solar 29806F3

Albedometer - Reflected 29807F3

Temperature and relative humidity probe C1053

Lower canopy temperature probe C1234

Soil temperature probe at -10 cm C1823

Soil temperature probe at -20 cm C1806

Soil temperature probe at -50 cm C1808

Barometric Pressure 395168

IR Temperature 2608-9

Wind monitor 14681

Belfort precipitation gauge manufacturer: Not available

Snow depth gauge C1505

Soil moisture sensor 1039

Tipping bucket precipitation gauge Not available

NSA-Fen:

Suite B

Instrument Serial Number

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

Pyrgeometer 29754F3

Pyranometer 29721F3

Shadow band stand Not available

Thompson:

Suite A

Instrument Serial Number

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

PAR radiometer SKE51006937022

Net radiometer 93213

Albedometer - Solar 29876F3

Albedometer - Reflected 29877F3

Temperature and relative humidity probe C1187

Lower canopy temperature probe C1233

Soil temperature probe at -10 cm C1807

Soil temperature probe at -20 cm C1832

Soil temperature probe at -50 cm C1805

Barometric Pressure 414247

IR Temperature 2608-1

Wind monitor 14288

Belfort precipitation gauge manufacturer: 5-4057

Snow depth gauge C1341

Soil moisture sensor 1038

Tipping bucket precipitation gauge Not available

Flin-Flon:

Suite A

Instrument Serial Number

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

PAR radiometer SKE51006937021

Net radiometer 93232

Albedometer - Solar 29795F3

Albedometer - Reflected 29794F3

Temperature and relative humidity probe C1193

Lower canopy temperature probe C1518

Soil temperature probe at -10 cm C1820

Soil temperature probe at -20 cm C1828

Soil temperature probe at -50 cm C1815

Barometric Pressure 414249

IR Temperature 2608-2

Wind monitor 15045

Belfort precipitation gauge manufacturer: 4810

Snow depth gauge C1518

Soil moisture sensor 1041

Tipping bucket precipitation gauge TB37983-64

Suite B

Instrument Serial Number

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

Pyrgeometer 29751F3

Pyranometer 29093F3

Shadow band stand Not available

4.2 Calibration

4.2.1 Specifications

The following tables give the calibration multiplier and constant (if
applicable) for each instrument at each site.

La Ronge:

Suite A

Instrument type Multiplier Calibration Constant

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

PAR radiometer 0.5 None given

Net radiometer 0.07 14.0 w^2^/(mVm^2^)

Albedometer - Solar 0.5954530 8.41 microV/wm^2^

Albedometer - Reflected 0.56947 8.78 microV/wm^2^

Temperature and relative humidity probe 0.001 (temp) 10 feet

0.1 (humidity)

Lower canopy temperature probe 0.001 None given

Soil temperature probe at -10 cm None given None given

Soil temperature probe at -20 cm None given None given

Soil temperature probe at -50 cm None given None given

Barometric Pressure 0.12 80

IR Temperature None given None given

Wind monitor 0.098 (speed) None given

0.071 (direction)

Belfort precipitation gauge 0.078259 None given

Snow depth gauge 1.0 None given

Soil moisture sensor None given None given

Tipping bucket precipitation gauge 0.03 None given

Meadow Lake:

Suite A

Instrument type Multiplier Calibration Constant

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

PAR radiometer 0.5 None given

Net radiometer 0.0505 10.1 w^2^/(mVm^2^)

Albedometer - Solar 0.639391 7.82 microV/wm^2^

Albedometer - Reflected 0.60459 8.27 microV/wm^2^

Temperature and relative humidity probe 0.001 (temp) 100 feet

0.1 (humidity)

Soil temperature probe at -10 cm None given None given

Soil temperature probe at -20 cm None given None given

Soil temperature probe at -50 cm None given None given

Barometric Pressure 0.12 80

Wind monitor 0.098 (speed) None given

0.071 (direction)

Belfort precipitation gauge Not available None given

Snow depth gauge 1.0 None given

Soil moisture sensor None given None given

Tipping bucket precipitation gauge 0.25 None given

SSA-OA:

Suite A

Instrument type Multiplier Calibration Constant

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

PAR radiometer 0.5 None given

Net radiometer 0.0665 13.3 w^2^/(mVm^2^)

Albedometer - Solar 0.55741 8.97 microV/wm^2^

Albedometer - Reflected 0.55991 8.93 microV/wm^2^

Temperature and relative humidity probe 0.001 (temp) 100 feet

0.1 (humidity)

Lower canopy temperature probe 0.001 None given

Soil temperature probe at -10 cm None given None given

Soil temperature probe at -20 cm None given None given

Soil temperature probe at -50 cm None given None given

Barometric Pressure 0.12 None given

IR Temperature None given None given

Wind monitor 0.098 (speed) None given

0.071 (direction)

Belfort precipitation gauge 0.07386 None given

Snow depth gauge 1.0 None given

Soil moisture sensor None given None given

Tipping bucket precipitation gauge 0.024 None given

Suite B

Instrument type Multiplier Calibration Constant

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

Pyrgeometer None given None given

Pyranometer None given None given

SSA-OJP:

Suite A

Instrument type Multiplier Calibration Constant

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

PAR radiometer None given None given

Net radiometer None given 13.3 w^2^/(mVm^2^)

Albedometer - Solar 0.58616 8.97 microV/wm^2^

Albedometer - Reflected 0.57013 8.93 microV/wm^2^

Temperature and relative humidity probe 0.001 (temp) 35 feet

0.1 (humidity)

Lower canopy temperature probe 0.001 None given

Soil temperature probe at -10 cm None given None given

Soil temperature probe at -20 cm None given None given

Soil temperature probe at -50 cm None given None given

Barometric Pressure None given None given

IR Temperature None given None given

Wind monitor 0.098 (speed) None given

0.071 (direction)

Belfort precipitation gauge 0.07824 None given

Snow depth gauge 1.0 None given

Soil moisture sensor None given None given

Tipping bucket precipitation gauge 0.025 None given

Suite B

Instrument type Multiplier Calibration Constant

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

Pyrgeometer None given 2.76 W/m^2^

Pyranometer None given 8.77 W/m^2^

Saskatoon:

Suite A

Instrument type Multiplier Calibration Constant

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

PAR radiometer None given None given

Net radiometer None given None given

Albedometer - Solar 1.1891 8.97 microV/wm^2^

Albedometer - Reflected 1.1416 8.93 microV/wm^2^

Temperature and relative humidity probe 0.001 (temp) 10 feet

0.1 (humidity)

Soil temperature probe at -10 cm None given None given

Soil temperature probe at -20 cm None given None given

Soil temperature probe at -50 cm None given None given

Barometric Pressure 0.12 None given

Wind monitor 0.098 (speed) None given

0.071 (direction)

Belfort precipitation gauge None given None given

Snow depth gauge None given None given

Soil moisture sensor None given None given

Tipping bucket precipitation gauge 0.2 None given

Suite B

Instrument type Multiplier Calibration Constant

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

Pyrgeometer None given None given

Pyranometer None given None given

Lynn Lake:

Suite A

Instrument type Multiplier Calibration Constant

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

PAR radiometer 0.5 Not available

Net radiometer 0.066 13.2 w^2^/(mVm^2^)

Albedometer - Solar 0.60533 8.26 microV/wm^2^

Albedometer - Reflected 0.59312 8.43 microV/wm^2^

Temperature and relative humidity probe 0.001 (temp) 35 feet

0.1 (humidity)

Lower canopy temperature probe 35 feet None given

Soil temperature probe at -10 cm None given None given

Soil temperature probe at -20 cm None given None given

Soil temperature probe at -50 cm None given None given

Barometric Pressure 0.12 None given

IR Temperature None given None given

Wind monitor 0.098 (speed) None given

0.071 (direction)

Belfort precipitation gauge 0.07181 None given

Snow depth gauge 1.0 None given

Soil moisture sensor None given None given

Tipping bucket precipitation gauge 0.025 None given

The Pas:

Suite A

Instrument type Multiplier Calibration Constant

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

PAR radiometer 0.5 Not available

Net radiometer 0.065 13.0 w^2^/(mVm^2^)

Albedometer - Solar 0.58824 8.50 microV/wm^2^

Albedometer - Reflected 0.62035 8.06 microV/wm^2^

Temperature and relative humidity probe 0.001 (temp) 35 feet

0.1 (humidity)

Lower canopy temperature probe 0.001 None given

Soil temperature probe at -10 cm None given None given

Soil temperature probe at -20 cm None given None given

Soil temperature probe at -50 cm None given None given

Barometric Pressure 0.12 None given

IR Temperature None given None given

Wind monitor 0.098 (speed) None given

0.071 (direction)

Belfort precipitation gauge 0.07155 None given

Snow depth gauge 1.0 None given

Soil moisture sensor None given None given

Tipping bucket precipitation gauge 0.05 None given

NSA-OJP:

Suite A

Instrument type Multiplier Calibration Constant

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

PAR radiometer None given None given

Net radiometer 0.0645 12.9 w^2^/(mVm^2^)

Albedometer - Solar 0.59595 8.39 microV/wm^2^

Albedometer - Reflected 0.61652 8.11 microV/wm^2^

Temperature and relative humidity probe 0.001 (temp) None given

0.1 (humidity)

Lower canopy temperature probe 0.001 None given

Soil temperature probe at -10 cm None given None given

Soil temperature probe at -20 cm None given None given

Soil temperature probe at -50 cm None given None given

Barometric Pressure 0.12 80

IR Temperature None given None given

Wind monitor 0.098 (speed) None given

0.071 (direction)

Belfort precipitation gauge 0.07824 None given

Snow depth gauge None given None given

Soil moisture sensor None given None given

Tipping bucket precipitation gauge 0.025 None given

NSA-Fen:

Suite B

Instrument type Multiplier Calibration Constant

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

Pyrgeometer None given 3.42 W/m^2^

Pyranometer None given 8.55 W/m^2^

Thompson:

Suite A

Instrument type Multiplier Calibration Constant

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

PAR radiometer 0.5 Not available

Net radiometer 0.0645 12.9 w^2^/(mVm^2^)

Albedometer - Solar 0.58343 8.57 microV/wm^2^

Albedometer - Reflected 0.57274 8.73 microV/wm^2^

Temperature and relative humidity probe 0.001 (temp) 10 feet

0.1 (humidity)

Lower canopy temperature probe 0.001 None given

Soil temperature probe at -10 cm None given None given

Soil temperature probe at -20 cm None given None given

Soil temperature probe at -50 cm None given None given

Barometric Pressure 0.12 80

IR Temperature None given None given

Wind monitor 0.098 (speed) None given

0.071 (direction)

Belfort precipitation gauge 0.11518 None given

Snow depth gauge 1.0 None given

Soil moisture sensor None given None given

Tipping bucket precipitation gauge None given None given

Flin-Flon:

Suite A

Instrument type Multiplier Calibration Constant

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

PAR radiometer None given None given

Net radiometer 0.066 13.2 w^2^/(mVm^2^)

Albedometer - Solar 0.56948 8.89 microV/wm^2^

Albedometer - Reflected 0.56370 8.21 microV/wm^2^

Temperature and relative humidity probe 0.001 (temp) None given

0.1 (humidity)

Lower canopy temperature probe 0.12 None given

Soil temperature probe at -10 cm None given None given

Soil temperature probe at -20 cm None given None given

Soil temperature probe at -50 cm None given None given

Barometric Pressure None given None given

IR Temperature None given None given

Wind monitor 0.098 (speed) None given

0.071 (direction)

Belfort precipitation gauge 1 None given

Snow depth gauge None given 39

Soil moisture sensor None given None given

Tipping bucket precipitation gauge None given None given

Suite B

Instrument type Multiplier Calibration Constant

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

Pyrgeometer None given None given

Pyranometer None given None given

4.2.1.1 Tolerance

The following list gives information relating to the tolerances of the
instruments used:

PAR radiation: Without filters, this instrument is sensitive to
electromagnetic energy with wavelengths between 300 and 1000 nanometers.
The instrument contains glass and metal interference filters that cut
the response to between 400 and 700 nanometers.

Net radiation: A 5-degree error in leveling the net radiometer may
result in an error of up to 6 percent under normal conditions (e.g., the
sun is relatively high in the sky). Errors greater than 6 percent may
occur when the sun is near the horizon.

Albedometer: The albedometers used in the BOREAS study are sensitive to
electromagnetic energy with wavelengths between 285 and 2800 nanometers.

Temperature and relative humidity probe: The temperature piece of this
ensemble has an accuracy rating of +/- 0.4 °C over a temperature range
from -53 to +48 °C. The humidity probe has an accuracy of +/- 2 percent
relative humidity from 0 to 90 percent and a rating of +/- 3 percent
over a relative humidity of 90 percent.

Lower canopy temperature probe: This probe has an accuracy rating of +/-
0.4 °C over a temperature range from -53 to +48 °C.

Soil temperature probes: The soil temperature probes located at the
BOREAS sites have an accuracy of +/- 0.4 °C over a from of temperature
from -33 to +48 °C.

Barometric pressure sensor: The accuracy of the Setra SBP270 is +/- 0.2
millibars.

IR Thermometer: None given.

Wind sensor: The range in wind speeds that can be measured by the R.M.
Young Wind Monitor is ±60 meters/second with a maximum gust survival of
100 meters/second.

Belfort precipitation gauge: None given.

Snow depth sensor: The snow depth sensor can measure depths between 0.6
meters and 10 meters with an accuracy of +/- 1 centimeter or 0.4 percent
of the distance from the sensor to the target. The vertical resolution
of the sensor is 0.5 millimeters.

Soil moisture: None given.

Tipping bucket precipitation gauge: None given.

Pyrgeometer: The Eppley pyrgeometer has a temperature dependence of +/-
2 percent when the temperature is between -20 and +40 °C.

Pyranometer: The pyranometers used for Suite B sites have a temperature
dependence of +/- 1 percent over a range in ambient temperatures from
-20 to +40 °C.

4.2.2 Frequency of Calibration

All instruments were calibrated by the manufacturer or by SRC before
being installed in the sites. Most of the instruments were again
calibrated at the end of March 1994 during the spring inspection tour.
Due to the shortness of the experiments, the instruments were not
required to have full laboratory calibrations.

4.2.3 Other Calibration Information

None given.

5\. Data Acquisition Methods

The AMS system installed for BOREAS consists of transportable
computerized weather observing stations that routinely measure wind,
temperature, humidity, pressure, and precipitation at all stations. The
stations are equipped to measure soil temperature; surface radiative
temperature; shortwave, net, and infrared radiation; and soil moisture.
Most of the instruments are scanned every 5 seconds and averaged every
15 minutes. Many of the stations are powered by solar panels, thereby
enabling them to be located remotely without the need for commercial
power. Data are collected via a modem and commercial phone lines. The
data are downloaded every 6 hours to the base station at SRC. A
computerized limit checker examines the data to be sure they are within
specified limits. SRC staff performed quality checking and once per
month sent the Suite A data to BORIS in Lotus 123 version 3.1 format.

Suite B station data were also collected every 5 seconds. Individual
storage modules were sent to SSA-OA, SSA-OJP, and Flin Flon once per
month. The onsite observer exchanged the modules and sent the previous
month's module back to SRC via courier. NSA-OJP and Saskatoon data were
downloaded to the SRC via phone lines. At SRC, the data underwent
quality checking before being sent to BORIS in ASCII format.

6\. Observations

6.1 Data Notes

Detailed notes on site maintenance and problems are given in Section 11.

6.2 Field Notes

Detailed notes on site maintenance and problems are given in Section 11.

7\. Data Description

7.1 Spatial Characteristics

7.1.1 Spatial Coverage

The SRC AMS data collected for BOREAS cover an area of roughly 1,000 by
1,000 kilometers over much of northern Saskatchewan and Manitoba. The
list below provides the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83) coordinates
and descriptions for all of the SRC AMS sites.

La Ronge (55°07\'31\"N 105°17\'35\"W; Elevation 381 m; Site ID ZBG):
This site has the full complement of Suite A sensors. The dominant
vegetation types in the area are spruce and poplar trees that extend to
a height of roughly 11.5 meters in the area immediately surrounding the
tower. This site is approximately 1 km away from the town of La Ronge.

Meadow Lake (54°07\'28\"N 108°31\'21\"W; Elevation 480 m; Site ID ZBH):
This site contains only a partial complement of Suite A instrumentation.
It does not include IR radiation or lower canopy temperature probe. All
other Suite A instruments are at this location. The Meadow Lake
instruments are located in an area where grassland is the dominant land
cover. The few trees in the area are spruce and poplar.

SSA-OA (53°37\'45\"N 106°11\'51\"W; Elevation 587 m; Site ID ZBI): The
SSA-OA site (located in the Prince Albert National Forest) has a full
complement of both the Suite A and Suite B instrumentation. This site is
located in an aspen-dominated forest where the tallest parts of the
canopy reach roughly 21.5 meters. This site is approximately 100 km away
from the city of Prince Albert.

SSA-OJP (53°54\'59\"N 104°41\'26\"W; Elevation 511 m; Site ID ZBJ): The
SSA-OJP site (located in the Nipawin Provincial Park) contains all of
the Suite A and Suite B instrumentation. This area around the tower is
dominated by jack pine. The tallest trees in the area around the tower
are roughly 16.8 meters, while the top of the tower is at 20.7 meters.
This site is approximately 100 km away from the town of Nipawin.

Saskatoon (52°09\'50\"N 106°36\'12\"W; Elevation 480 m; Site ID ZBK):
The Saskatoon AMS site is located on a grassland area within the city of
Saskatoon. The grass around the instrument site is cut approximately
once per week during the growing season. This site does not include the
IR sensor or the below-canopy temperature sensor. The serial numbers for
instruments at the Saskatoon site are missing in many cases because most
of the instrument were installed over 20 years ago when the use of
serial numbers was not common.

Lynn Lake (56°51\'50\"N 101°05'33\"W; Elevation 366 m; Site ID ZBL):
Lynn Lake has a full complement of Suite A instruments. This tower is
located in a dense stand of jack pine. The maximum tree height in the
area surrounding the tower is approximately 14.3 meters, while the top
of the tower is at 15.2 meters. This site is approximately 20 km from
the town of Lynn Lake.

The Pas (53°58\'6\"N 101°31\'15\"W; Elevation 267 m; Site ID ZBN): The
Pas hosts all of the Suite A instruments. The tower is located in a
forest dominated by spruce and poplar that achieve a maximum height of
roughly 18.3 meters. The tower itself extends to 21.9 meters. This site
is approximately 15 km away from the town of The Pas.

NSA-OJP (55°55\'41\"N 98°38\'26\"W Elevation 282 m; Site ID ZBO): The
Suite A instruments are located here. The complementary Suite B
instrumentation is located at the NSA-Fen site. The trees at the NSA-OJP
site are roughly 12.8 meters tall, while the top of the tower extends to
18.9 meters. This site is approximately 40 km away from the settlement
of Nelson House.

NSA-Fen (55°54'57\"N 98°25'12\"W): The Suite B instruments are located
here. The complementary Suite A instrumentation is located at the
NSA-OJP site. At the NSA-Fen site there are no significant trees. The
shrubbery in the area of the tower is less than 5 meters tall. This site
is approximately 50 km away from the settlement of Nelson House.

Thompson (55°48'13\"N 97°52\'25\"W; Elevation 221 m; Site ID ZBQ):
Thompson is a fully instrumented Suite A AMS site. The instruments are
located in an area that is dominated by spruce and poplar. The tops of
the trees nearest the tower are approximately 13 meters while the top of
the tower extends to 19 meters. This site is about 1 kilometer away from
the town of Thompson.

Flin Flon (54°40\'16\"N 101°41\'24\"W; Elevation 305 m; Site ID ZBR):
The Flin Flon AMS site contains both the Suite A and Suite B BOREAS
instruments. The forest around this site is predominantly spruce and
poplar, rising to a height of 13.1 meters in the vicinity of the Suite A
tower. The tower itself is located on a large, flat rock (roughly 5
meters wide and 10-15 meters long). This site is about 1 kilometer away
from the town of Flin Flon.

7.1.2 Spatial Coverage Map

Not available.

7.1.3 Spatial Resolution

The data represent point source measurements taken at the listed sites.

7.1.4 Projection

Not applicable.

7.1.5 Grid Description

Not applicable.

7.2 Temporal Characteristics

7.2.1 Temporal Coverage

Data at the BOREAS AMS sites nominally cover the period from 01-JAN-1994
to 30-NOV-1996.

7.2.2 Temporal Coverage Map

The table below gives detailed date ranges for individual sites:

Site Start Date End Date

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--\
La Ronge 15-DEC-1993 30-NOV-1996

Meadow Lake 03-FEB-1994 30-NOV-1996

SSA-OA 15-DEC-1993 30-NOV-1996

SSA-OJP 15-DEC-1993 30-NOV-1996

Saskatoon 15-FEB-1994 30-NOV-1996

Lynn Lake 15-DEC-1993 30-NOV-1996

The Pas 15-DEC-1993 30-NOV-1996

NSA-OJP and NSA-Fen 16-JAN-1994 30-NOV-1996

Thompson 15-DEC-1993 30-NOV-1996

Flin Flon 22-DEC-1993 30-NOV-1996

Note: This table gives nominal start and end dates for data collection
at site. Specific instruments did not necessarily begin or end data
collection at the above times.

7.2.3 Temporal Resolution

To fully understand the microclimate of the boreal forest, it was
necessary to make consistent measurements over a long time period.
Consequently, the nominal sampling period did not change for the
duration of the experiment. Individual cases of instrument error or data
logger failure occasionally caused the period between recorded data to
change. A list of known errors of this type is given in Section 11.

For the most part, the BOREAS SRC AMS sites collected data with the same
sampling strategy. Samples of each variable were acquired every 5
seconds. These samples were then averaged over 15-minute periods to get
the actual data values. The standard deviations given are for the
5-second samples that make up the 15-minute averages.

The exceptions to this strategy were the Belfort precipitation, snow
depth, tipping bucket precipitation, and soil moisture data. The Belfort
precipitation and snow depth data were sampled every minute, the
reported data values for each hour are the average from minute 55 to
minute 59. The tipping bucket precipitation was sampled every 5 seconds,
and the data values reported are the running total every 15 minutes. The
soil moisture data were sampled every 30 seconds, the data value is
given at minute 50.

7.3 Data Characteristics

Data characteristics are defined in the companion data definition files:
Suite A (samsa94d.def, samsa95d.def, and samsa96d.def) and Suite B
(samsb94d.def, samsb95d.def, and samsb96d.def).

7.4 Sample Data Record

Sample data format shown in the companion data definition files: Suite A
(samsa94d.def, samsa95d.def, and samsa96d.def) and Suite B
(samsb94d.def, samsb95d.def, and samsb96d.def).

8\. Data Organization

8.1 Data Granularity

Suite A and Suite B Surface Meteorological and Radiation Data are
separated by year (i.e., 1994, 1995, 1996) and then by site (i.e., Suite
A - 10 sites and Suite B - 5 sites) within each year.

8.2 Data Format

The data files contain numerical and character fields of varying length
separated by commas. The character fields are enclosed with a single
apostrophe marks. There are no spaces between the fields. Sample data
records are shown in the companion data definition files: Suite A
(samsa94d.def, samsa95d.def, and samsa96d.def) and Suite B
(samsb94d.def, samsb95d.def, and samsb96d.def).

9\. Data Manipulations

9.1 Formulae

9.1.1 Derivation Techniques and Algorithms

The data underwent some manipulation before they were sent to BORIS.
These manipulations include such things as unit changes, and putting in
-999 where there was missing data.

The following formulas were used in calculating the variables sent to
BORIS. (\"aa\" is equal to the value from the data logger; also see
following note on value adjustments)

Par Radiation: (aa/900\*1000).

Par Radiation Standard Deviation: (aa\*1000).

Net Radiation: (aa/900\*1000).

Net Radiation Standard Deviation: (aa\*1000).

Solar Down Radiation: (aa/900\*1000).

Solar Down Radiation Standard Deviation (aa\*1000).

Solar Reflected Radiation: (aa/900\*1000).

Wind U Component: (aa\*(SIN((ab+180)\*3.1459/180))) (where aa is Wind
Speed and ab is Wind Direction).

Wind V Component: (aa\*(COS((ab+180)\*3.1459/180))) (where aa is Wind
Speed and ab is Wind Direction).

Belfort Precipitation: aa minus initial base reading.

Snow Depth: Height of snow depth sensor minus aa.

In Dec 1998, Alan Betts discovered that the standard deviations of all
radiation values as given (for PAR, Solar, Net, Diffuse, and LW) are 5
times greater than they should be. This error arose because the values
were accumulated in KJ/m^2^ by the data logger for 5-sec intervals, and
the standard Campbell Scientific formula (see following Appendix Note)
was then used to calculate standard deviation from N = 180 accumulated
values, X~i~, in a 15-min interval (900 secs).

The 15-min mean in W/m^2^ is given by:

X~mean~ = (1000/5)\*?X~i~/N = (1000/900)\* ?X~i~

The calculation of the mean was done in postprocessing by multiplying
the accumulated flux by (1000/900).

The 15-min standard deviation in W/m^2^ of the 180 5-sec samples is
given by:

S = (1000/5)\* \[(?X~i~^2^ - (?X~i~)^2^/N)/N\]^\_^

In this case the data logger software was used to compute the term in
square brackets from the 5-sec values (units KJ/m^2^ ). The conversion
to W/m^2^ is again (1000/5), but the data logger value was only
multiplied by 1000 in postprocessing. Consequently the archived values
for the standard deviation of the radiation fluxes must all be divided
by a factor of 5.

The data loggers accumulated flux in KJ/m^2^ for 5-sec intervals, and
the conversion to W/m^2^ is aa\*(1000/5), not the conversion of
aa\*1000, listed below, which was actually used in the original data
processing.

Appendix Note:

\*\* 82 Standard Deviation in Time\*\* formula taken from the Campbell
Datalogger:

Function:

Calculate the standard deviation (STD DEV) of a given input location.
The standard deviation is calculated using the formula:

S=((?X~i~^2^ - (?X~i~)^2^/N)/N)^\_^

where X~i~ is the i^th^ measurement and N is the number of samples.

9.2 Data Processing Sequence

9.2.1 Processing Steps

None given.

9.2.2 Processing Changes

In completing data set publication efforts in August 1999, Dr. Alan
Betts (Atmospheric Research) informed BORIS staff of a problem with the
data provided for the Thompson Airport, Suite-A station (labeled in the
final data as NSA-9BS-YTHSA) from December 24, 1994 to December 1, 1996.
The problem was that the sign of the V-component of the wind direction
was reversed from what it should have been. This resulted in the overall
wind direction values being incorrect. BORIS staff worked with Dr. Betts
to correct the two data values in each record and update the
documentation as needed. Using the column names shown in section 7.3,
the corrections (shown in the C programming language) were applied as
follows:

V_COMPNT_WIND_VELOC = -V_COMPNT_WIND_VELOC;

if (MEAN_WIND_SPEED_15MIN != -999) /\* The wind speed value is not
undefined \*/

{

if (V_COMPNT_WIND_VELOC == 0)

{

if (U_COMPNT_WIND_VELOC == 0) /\* Both components are 0 \*/

{

MEAN_WIND_DIR_15MIN = 0;

}

else if (U_COMPNT_WIND_VELOC \> 0)

{

MEAN_WIND_DIR_15MIN = 270;

}

else if (U_COMPNT_WIND_VELOC \< 0)

{

MEAN_WIND_DIR_15MIN = 90;

}

else if (V_COMPNT_WIND_VELOC \> 0)

{

MEAN_WIND_DIR_15MIN = 180 +

(180/pi)\*atan(U_COMPNT_WIND_VELOC/V_COMPNT_WIND_VELOC);

}

else if (V_COMPNT_WIND_VELOC \< 0)

{

MEAN_WIND_DIR_15MIN = 360 +

(180/pi)\*atan(U_COMPNT_WIND_VELOC/V_COMPNT_WIND_VELOC);

}

if (MEAN_WIND_DIR_15MIN \> 360)

{

MEAN_WIND_DIR_15MIN = MEAN_WIND_DIR_15MIN - 360;

}

}

9.3 Calculations

9.3.1 Special Corrections/Adjustments

See Sections 9.2.2 and 14.

9.3.2 Calculated Variables

See Sections 9.2.2 and 14.

9.4 Graphs and Plots

None.

10\. Errors

10.1 Sources of Error

See Sections 4 and 9.1.1.

10.2 Quality Assessment

10.2.1 Data Validation by Source

The observers filled out a checklist each time the site was visited.
Figure 16 is a sample of the checklist the observers used to record
needed information.

The AMS data are subjected to several levels of quality assurance. First
there is a program (limit checker) that analyzes the data as they are
downloaded every 6 hours. The limit checker spots any anomalies that may
have occurred in the data in the previous 6-hour time period. The limit
checker is a program written in C++. Each instrument has a C++
subroutine file that has the limits defined for that instrument. The
printout of each error detected gives time of error, the instrument, and
the number of occurrences of the error. The limits used for each
parameter were:

PAR Radiation: Upper 400; Noon 20; Lower -20

Humidity: Upper 100; Lower 10

Net Radiation: Upper 700; Midnight 0; Lower -100

Pressure: Upper 105; Lower 90

Upper Albedometer: Upper 900; Noon 50; Lower -20

IR Temperature: Upper 50; Difference 10; Lower -45

Lower Albedometer: Upper 500; Noon 2; Lower -20

Wind Speed: Upper 23; Lower 0

Upper Canopy Temperature: Upper 40; Difference 7; Lower -45

Wind Direction: Difference 0

Lower Canopy Temperature: Upper 40; Difference 7; Lower -45

Belfort: Upper 300; Difference -3.5; Lower 0

Soil Temperature 10 cm: Upper 30; Difference 10; Lower -20

Snow Depth: Upper 3000; Lower 400

Soil Temperature 20 cm: Upper 30; Difference 10; Lower -20

Soil Moisture: Upper 30; Lower -20

Soil Temperature 50 cm: Upper 30; Difference 10; Lower -20

Tipping Bucket: min 2

Humidity: min 98

Tipping: min 1

Battery: Lower 11.5

The data are screened once per month by plotting the data to examine
them on a day-to-day basis, looking for any peculiar diurnal effects.
The third stage is converting the data into the units requested by
BORIS.

10.2.2 Confidence Level/Accuracy Judgment

None given.

10.2.3 Measurement Error for Parameters

None given.

10.2.4 Additional Quality Assessments

None given.

10.2.5 Data Verification by Data Center

BORIS personnel have reviewed portions of the actual parameter values
and generated plots for use in visually spotting any anomalous values.
In addition, BORIS staff applied the correction described in Section
9.2.2 to the wind direction values.

11\. Notes

11.1 Limitations of the Data

Specific limitations of the data due to poor quality are given in
Section 11.2.

11.2 Known Problems with the Data

This section lists the times when data are unavailable or there is a
known difficulty with the data. The information is organized by
measurement type (Suite A or Suite B), chronologically, and then by
site.

Suite A:

15-Dec-1993 to 15-Jan-1994

All Sites: Regular site maintenance was not performed during the
reporting period. Consequently heavy frost buildup occurred on all
radiation instruments which may affect the accuracy of the data. Due to
instrumentation design changes the Infrared sensor was not available for
the reporting period. Prior to 18-Feb-1994, the pressure data at all
BOREAS AFM-07 sites were offset by approximately -1.0 to -1.5 kPa. This
means that the pressure values prior to 18-Feb-1994 can only be used to
view trends, but the numbers themselves are not accurate and should not
be used. The Saskatoon site was not corrected until 14-Apr-1994.

La Ronge: Snow depth data relative to 15-Dec-1993. Belfort precipitation
data relative to 15-Dec-1993.

SSA-OA: Suite A data unavailable from 24-Dec to 31-Dec-1993. Belfort
precipitation gauge not calibrated. Belfort Precipitation relative to
15-Dec-1993. Snow depth data unavailable. Sensor knocked over by an
animal and damaged. Data available for part of 10-Jan and 11-Jan-1994
due to a power supply shortage at site.

SSA-OJP: Snow depth data relative to 15-Dec-1993. Belfort precipitation
data relative to 15-Dec-1993.

Lynn Lake: Snow depth data relative to 15-Dec-1993. Belfort
precipitation data relative to 15-Dec-1993.

The Pas: Snow depth data relative to 15-Dec-1993. Belfort precipitation
data relative to 15-Dec-1993. PAR sensor unavailable from 22-Dec-1993 to
15-Jan-1994 due to electronic malfunction.

Thompson: Snow depth data relative to 15-Dec-1993. Belfort precipitation
data relative to 15-Dec-1993. No pressure measurement available due to
malfunction of instrument from 15-Dec-1993 to 08-Jan-1994. Data
unavailable from 08-Jan to 15-Jan-1994.

Flin Flon: Snow depth data relative to 22-Dec-1993. Belfort
precipitation data relative to 22-Dec-1993. Data unavailable from 15-Dec
to 22-Dec-1993 due to power supply shortage. Partial data for
24-Dec-1993.

15-Jan to 19-Feb-1994

All sites: IR Sensor data unavailable for 15-Dec to 19-Feb-1994. Soil
moisture instrument out of season, therefore no data available. Tipping
bucket instrument out of season, therefore no data available.

La Ronge: Regular site maintenance began on 27-Jan-1994.

Meadow Lake: Installation date 03-Feb-1994. Data for 03-Feb to
19-Feb-1994 only. No IR sensor or lower canopy temperature at this site
as there is no forest canopy. Soil temperatures to be installed when
ground thaws. Regular site maintenance began on 09-Mar-1994.

SSA-OA: Data unavailable from 15-Jan to 20-Jan-1994. Snow depth sensor
unavailable due to wildlife damage. Regular site maintenance began on
22-Feb-1994. Suite B THemisph data missing 20-Jan to 29-Mar-1994.

SSA-OJP: Regular site maintenance began on 18-Feb-1994.

Saskatoon: Data unavailable from 15-Jan to 15-Feb-1994. Installation
date - 15-Feb-1994. Belfort precipitation data relative to 15-Feb-1994.
Regular site maintenance began on 24-Feb-1994.

Lynn Lake: Regular site maintenance began on 28-Jan-1994.

The Pas: PAR sensor unavailable from 15-Jan to 30-Jan-1994 due to
instrument problems. Regular site maintenance began on 29-Jan-1994.

NSA-OJP: Belfort precipitation sensor unavailable. Regular site
maintenance began on 28-Jan-1994.

Thompson: Belfort precipitation reset to zero on 16-Jan-1994. Regular
site maintenance began on 28-Jan-1994.

Flin Flon: Regular site maintenance began on 29-Jan-1994.

19-Feb to 31-Mar-1994

La Ronge: IR sensor installed 26-Mar-1994 (85:2130). Special site
maintenance 26-Mar-1994 - tower lowered. 02-Mar to 10-Mar once an hour
all values are missing due to program error.

Meadow Lake: No Belfort precipitation available due to installation
problems. Soil temperatures to be installed when ground thaws. 02-Mar to
10-Mar once an hour all values are missing due to program error.

SSA-OA: Data missing from 17-Mar (76:0600) to 23-Mar-1994 (82:2200) due
to electronic failure of the data logger. Snow depth data not available
until 22-Feb-1994 (53:2000). 02-Mar to 10-Mar - once an hour all values
missing due to program error. Special site maintenance done on
29-Mar-1994 - tower lowered.

SSA-OJP: 02-Mar to 10-Mar - once an hour all values are missing due to
program error. Special site maintenance done on 31-Mar-1994 - tower
lowered.

Saskatoon: Pressure data not available from 19-Feb to 03-Mar-1994 and
from 21-Mar to 28-Mar-1994. Net radiation data not available from 21-Mar
to 31-Mar-1994. Suite B data (ThPile, TCase, and THemisph) missing
19-Feb to 28-Feb-1994. Suite B data (ThPile, TCase, and THemisph)
missing 01-Mar to 03-Apr-1994.

Lynn Lake: IR sensor data not available until 11-Mar-1994 when sensor
was installed. 02-Mar to 10-Mar - once an hour all values are missing
due to program error. Special site maintenance done on 25-Mar-1994 -
tower lowered.

The Pas: 02-Mar to 10-Mar - once an hour all values are missing due to
program error.

NSA-OJP: Belfort precipitation data not available until 23-Mar-1994 due
to instrument problems. 02-Mar to 10-Mar - once an hour all values are
missing due to program error. Special site maintenance done on
23-Mar-1994 - tower lowered.

Thompson: 02-Mar to 10-Mar - once an hour all values are missing due to
program error. Special site maintenance done on 22-Mar-1994 - tower
lowered.

Flin Flon: No IR sensor data available due to instrumentation design
changes. 02-Mar to 10-Mar - once an hour all values are missing due to
program error.

01-Apr to 30-Apr-1994

La Ronge: Soil moisture temperature data commenced 17-Apr-1994.

Meadow Lake: Belfort precipitation data commenced 18-Apr-1994. Soil
temperature data unavailable - instrument not yet installed. Soil
moisture data unavailable - instrument not yet installed.

SSA-OA: Data missing from 91:2245 to 91:2315 due to program maintenance.
Soil moisture data unavailable due to instrument malfunction.

SSA-OJP: Belfort data unavailable. Soil moisture data unavailable due to
instrument malfunction.

Saskatoon: Net radiation data commenced 05-Apr-1994. Data missing part
of 01-Apr and 02-Apr-1994 (91:0215-92:0715).Soil moisture data
unavailable - instrument yet to be installed.

Lynn Lake: Soil moisture data unavailable - instrument yet to be
installed.

The Pas: Soil moisture data commenced 17-Apr-1994. Snow depth data
unavailable from 04-Apr to 08-Apr-1994 and from 14-Apr to 18-Apr-1994.

NSA-OJP: Soil moisture data commenced 17-Apr-1994.

Thompson: Belfort precipitation data unavailable from 11-Apr to
30-Apr-1994.

Flin Flon: IR temperature data commenced 08-Apr-1994. Soil moisture data
unavailable - not yet installed.

01-May to 31-May-1994

La Ronge: No data available from 08-May (128:1800) to 11-May-1994
(131:1915). Snow depth data not available for summer months. Tipping
bucket data commences 18-May-1994. Soil moisture temperature commences
18-May-1994.

Meadow Lake: Soil temperatures commenced 21-May-1994. Snow depth data
not available for summer months. Belfort precipitation data relative to
18-Apr-1994. No data available for 26-May-1994 (145:2200 to 146:2330).

SSA-OA: Snow depth data not available for summer months, 1994. Tipping
bucket data commences 01-May-1994. Suite B ThPile data missing 147:2200,
1994.

SSA-OJP: Snow depth data not available for summer months, 1994. Tipping
bucket data commences 01-May-1994. Suite B data missing 140:1530 to
140:1745, 1994.

Saskatoon: Pressure data not available from 18-May to 27-May-1994. Snow
depth data not available for summer months, 1994. Suite B data missing
131:1430 to 133:0430. Suite B data missing 152:1915, 1994.

Lynn Lake: Snow depth data not available for summer months, 1994.
Tipping bucket data commences 15-May-1994.

The Pas: Belfort precipitation data not available from 17-May to
31-May-1994. Snow depth data not available for summer months, 1994.
Tipping bucket data commences 15-May-1994. Soil moisture temperature
data commences 25-May-1994.

NSA-OJP: Belfort precipitation data not available from 15-May to
31-May-1994. Belfort precipitation relative to 23-Mar-1994. Snow depth
data not available for summer months, 1994. Tipping bucket data
commences 15-May-1994. Soil moisture temperature data commences
24-May-1994.

Thompson: Belfort precipitation data not available from 01-May to
31-May-1994. Snow depth data not available for summer months, 1994.
Tipping bucket data commences 25-May-1994. Soil moisture temperature
data not available for all of 1994.

Flin Flon: Solar reflected data not available from 01-May to
31-May-1994. Snow depth data not available for summer months, 1994.
Tipping bucket data commences 01-May-1994. Soil moisture data commences
30-May-1994.

01-Jun to 30-Jun-1994

La Ronge: Belfort precipitation relative to 15-Dec-1993.

Meadow Lake: Belfort precipitation relative to 18-Apr-1994. Tipping
Bucket Data commences 01-Jun-1994. Soil moisture temperature data
commences 01-Jun-1994.

SSA-OA: Data missing for part of 14-Jun-1994. Data missing from 25-Jun
(176:0215) to 30-Jun-1994 (182:2400). Belfort precipitation is relative
to 15-Dec-1993. Suite B data missing 152:1730 to 152:1845 and 175:0245
to 0300, 1994.

SSA-OJP: Belfort precipitation relative to 15-Dec-1993. Soil moisture
temperature data commences 06-Jun-1994.

Saskatoon: Belfort precipitation relative to 15-Feb-1994. Tipping bucket
data commences 02-Jun-1994. Soil moisture temperature data commences
01-Jun-1994. Suite B data missing 165:1800.

Lynn Lake: Data missing from 05-Jun (156:1200) to 14-Jun-1994
(165:1800). Data missing from 20-Jun (171:1800) to 24-Jun-1994
(175:2245). Belfort precipitation relative to 15-Dec-1993. Tipping
bucket total reset to zero 14-Jun-1994. Tipping bucket total reset to
zero 24-Jun-1994.

The Pas: Belfort precipitation data missing from 01-Jun to 30-Jun-1994.
Data missing from 23-Jun (174:1800) to 29-Jun-1994 (180:2045). Tipping
bucket total reset to zero 29-Jun-1994.

NSA-OJP: Belfort precipitation data missing from 01-Jun to 14-Jun-1994.
Belfort precipitation relative to 14-Jun-1994.

Thompson: Belfort precipitation data missing from 01-Jun to 15-Jun-1994.
Belfort precipitation relative to 15-Jun-1994.

Flin Flon: Belfort precipitation relative to 15-Dec-1993.

01-Jul to 31-Jul-1994

La Ronge: Data missing from 04-Jul (185:1800) to 08-Jul-1994 (189:0600).
Data missing from 09-Jul (190:0630) to 11-Jul-1994 (192:2330). Data
missing from 16-Jul to 31-Jul-1994 with the exception of the radiation
instruments (PAR, Net, SolarDown, and Solar Reflected) for the period
28-Jul to 31-Jul-1994. Belfort precipitation not available from 11-Jul
to 31-Jul-1994. Tipping bucket total reset to zero on 12-Jul-1994.

SSA-OA: Data missing from 10-Jul (191:0015) to 13-Jul-1994 (194:2230).
Data missing for part of 01-Jul-1994. Data missing for part of
15-Jul-1994. Data missing from 16-Jul (197:1815) to 21-Jul-1994
(202:0245). Data missing for part of 22-Jul-1994 (203:0015 to 1615).
Belfort precipitation relative to 01-Jul-1994. Tipping bucket total
reset to zero 02-Jul-1994. Tipping bucket total reset to zero
13-Jul-1994. Tipping bucket total reset to zero 15-Jul-1994. Tipping
bucket total reset to zero 21-Jul-1994. Tipping bucket total reset to
zero 23-Jul-1994.

SSA-OJP: Data missing for 15-Jul (197:0000) to 20-Jul-1994 (201:2030).
Tipping bucket total reset to zero 20-Jul-1994. Belfort precipitation
data missing for 15-Jul to 23-Jul-1994. Belfort precipitation relative
to 23-Jul-1994. Suite B LW Down data missing 28-Jun to 19-Jul-1994.

Lynn Lake: Data missing for 15-Jul (197:0000) to 18-Jul-1994 (199:2000).
Tipping bucket total reset to zero 18-Jul-1994.

The Pas: Belfort precipitation data missing for 01-Jul to 31-Jul-1994.
Upper canopy temperature data missing from 02-Jul to 10-Jul-1994. Data
missing for part of 22-Jul-1994. Belfort precipitation data relative to
22-Jul-1994.

Flin Flon: Belfort precipitation data missing for 04-Jul to 21-Jul-1994.

01-Aug to 31-Aug-1994

La Ronge: Data missing 01-Aug to 11-Aug-1994 except for the radiation
sensors (PAR, Net, Solar Down, and Solar Reflected).

SSA-OA: Data missing from 06-Aug to 10-Aug-1994. Tipping bucket total
reset to zero 11-Aug-1994. Data missing from 27-Aug to 30-Aug-1994.
Tipping bucket total reset to zero 30-Aug-1994. Belfort precipitation
reset to zero on 12-Aug-1994. Belfort precipitation missing from 06-Aug
to 12-Aug-1994. Belfort precipitation missing from 27-Aug to
31-Aug-1994.

SSA-OJP: Data missing for part of 19-Aug-1994. Suite B data missing
(ThPile, TCase, THemisph) for 26-Jul to 19-Aug-1994.

Lynn Lake: Data missing from 06-Aug to 16-Aug-1994. Belfort
precipitation missing from 15-Aug to 31-Aug-1994. Tipping bucket total
reset to zero 16-Aug-1994.

The Pas: Note: the spikes in the Belfort precipitation data are due to
an electronic malfunction of the instrument; however, the upper values
of the graph are correct.

NSA-OJP: Belfort precipitation missing from 15-Aug to 31-Aug-1994. Suite
B data missing 2200:2215 to 293:1615 inclusive.

01-Sep to 30-Sep-1994

SSA-OA: Belfort precipitation data missing from 01-Sep to 30-Sep-1994.
Belfort precipitation relative to 30-Sep-1994. Some instruments missing
for part of 01-Sep-1994.

SSA-OJP: Some instruments missing for part of 09-Sep-1994. Suite B data
missing (LW Down and ThPile) 19-Aug to 02-Oct-1994.

Lynn Lake: Belfort precipitation data missing from 01-Sep to
30-Sep-1994. Data missing from 26-Sep to 29-Sep-1994. Tipping bucket
total reset to zero 29-Sep-1994.

The Pas: Note: the spikes in the Belfort precipitation data are due to
an electronic malfunction of the instrument; however, the upper values
of the graph are correct.

NSA-OJP: Belfort precipitation data missing from 01-Sep to 30-Sep-1994.

Flin Flon: Belfort precipitation data missing from 07-Sep to
30-Sep-1994.

01-Oct to 31-Oct-1994

Meadow Lake: Tipping bucket data discontinued for winter months
27-Oct-1994.

SSA-OA: Belfort precipitation data relative to 01-Oct-1994.

SSA-OJP: Suite B data missing 289:1130 to 289:1315, 1994. Suite B data
missing (LWDown and ThPile) for 02-Oct to 11-Nov-1994.

Saskatoon: Suite B data missing 301:2230 to 310:2245.

Lynn Lake: Belfort precipitation data missing for 01-Oct-1994. Belfort
precipitation data missing for 09-Oct to 31-Oct-1994. Missing data for
part of 09-Oct-1994. Missing data for 16-Oct to 25-Oct-1994. Tipping
bucket total reset to zero on 25-Oct-1994.

The Pas: Note: the spikes in the Belfort precipitation data are due to
an electronic malfunction of the instrument. The upper values of the
graph, however, are correct.

NSA-OJP: Belfort precipitation data missing 01-Oct to 31-Oct-1994.

Thompson: Soil moisture temperature data not available.

Flin Flon: Belfort precipitation relative to 01-Oct-1994. Tipping bucket
data missing 15-Oct to 25-Oct-1994. Tipping bucket total reset to zero
on 25-Oct-1994.

01-Nov to 30-Nov-1994

La Ronge: Belfort precipitation data missing from 01-Nov to 21-Nov-1994.
Belfort precipitation relative to 21-Nov-1994.

Meadow Lake: Belfort precipitation data not available from 01-Nov to
29-Nov-1994. Belfort precipitation relative to 29-Nov-1994.

SSA-OA: 02-Nov-1994 at 2100 hours the Belfort precipitation gauge had
unmelted snow bridging on it which was dumped in all at once by the
observer and represents snowfall for that day. Snow depth data missing
from 09-Nov to 20-Nov-1994. Suite B data missing (LW Down, ThPile,
TCase, THemisph) 314:2030 to 314:2100, 1994.

SSA-OJP: Belfort precipitation data missing from 01-Nov to 15-Nov-1994.
Belfort precipitation relative to 15-Nov-1994. Suite B data missing - LW
Down 322:0015 to 331: 1645; ThPile 315:1945 to 322:0200; T Case and
THemisph 322:0015 to 322:0145, 1994.

Lynn Lake: Belfort precipitation data missing from 01-Nov to
03-Nov-1994. Belfort precipitation data relative to 03-Nov-1994. Snow
depth data missing from 10-Nov to 30-Nov-1994.

The Pas: Snow depth data missing from 01-Nov to 30-Nov-1994.

NSA-OJP: Belfort precipitation data missing from 01-Nov to 20-Nov-1994.
Belfort precipitation relative to 20-Nov-1994. Snow depth data missing
from 19-Nov to 30-Nov-1994.

Thompson: Belfort precipitation data missing from 19-Nov to 21-Nov-1994.
Belfort precipitation relative to 21-Nov-1994.

01-Dec to 31-Dec-1994

La Ronge: Belfort precipitation relative to 21-Nov-1994. Tipping bucket
data unavailable during winter months.

Meadow Lake: Belfort precipitation relative to 29-Nov-1994. Tipping
bucket data unavailable during winter months.

SSA-OA: Belfort precipitation relative to 01-Oct-1994. Tipping bucket
data unavailable during winter months.

SSA-OJP: Belfort precipitation relative to 15-Nov-1994. Tipping bucket
data unavailable during winter months. Suite B LW Down data missing
331:1700 to 339: 2300, 1994.

Saskatoon: Snow depth data missing from 04-Dec to 13-Dec-1994. Belfort
precipitation relative to 15-Feb-1994. Tipping bucket data unavailable
during winter months.

Lynn Lake: Belfort precipitation data missing from 01-Dec to
31-Dec-1994. Snow depth data missing from 01-Dec to 02-Dec-1994. Snow
depth data missing from 05-Dec to 07-Dec-1994. Tipping bucket data
unavailable during winter months.

The Pas: Belfort precipitation relative to 08-Dec-1994. Belfort
precipitation data missing from 01-Dec to 08-Dec-1994. Tipping bucket
data unavailable during winter months.

NSA-OJP: Belfort precipitation relative to 20-Nov-1994. Tipping bucket
data unavailable during winter months. Suite B data missing 314:2215 to
342:0130 inclusive. Suite B data missing 341:1530 to 341:1830 inclusive.

Thompson: Wind speed and wind direction data missing from 04-Dec to
24-Dec-1994. Soil moisture temperatures missing 01-Dec to 31-Dec-1994.
Tipping bucket data unavailable during winter months.

Flin Flon: Belfort precipitation relative to 01-Oct-1994. Tipping bucket
data unavailable during winter months. Suite B data missing 339:1530 to
330:1600 and 342:1215.

01-Jan to 31-Jan-1995

La Ronge: Snow depth sensor may be affected by a rabbit path located
directly under sensor from 01-Jan to 31-Jan-1995.

SSA-OA: Belfort precipitation data missing from 01-Jan to 27-Jan-1995.
Belfort precipitation relative to 27-Jan-1995.

Lynn Lake: Belfort precipitation data missing from 01-Jan to
31-Jan-1995.

Thompson: Soil moisture temperature data missing from 01-Jan to
31-Jan-1995.

01-Feb to 28-Feb-1995

SSA-OA: Duplicated time and day (34:15) - the second one is correct.

Saskatoon: Belfort precipitation missing from 03-Feb to 06-Feb-1995.
Belfort precipitation missing from 08-Feb to 10-Feb-1995.

Lynn Lake: Belfort precipitation missing from 01-Feb to 12-Feb-1995.

NSA-OJP: Data missing from 02-Feb to 22-Feb-1995. Snow depth data
missing 01-Feb to 22-Feb-1995.

Thompson: Soil moisture temperature data missing from 01-Feb to
28-Feb-1995.

01-Mar to 31-Mar-1995

Thompson: Soil moisture temperature data missing 01-Mar to 31-Mar-1995.

01-Apr to 30-Apr-1995

The Pas: Note: the spikes in the Belfort precipitation data are due to
electronic malfunction of the instrument; however, the general shape of
the graph is correct.

Thompson: Soil moisture temperature data missing 01-Apr to 30-Apr-1995.

01-May to 31-May-1995

La Ronge: Snow depth sensor removed 12-May-1995 for summer period.
Tipping bucket data restarted 03-May-1995.

Meadow Lake: Snow depth sensor removed 01-May-1995 for summer period.
Tipping bucket data restarted 01-May-1995.

SSA-OA: Snow depth sensor removed 02-May-1995 for summer period. Tipping
bucket data restarted 01-May-1995. Belfort precipitation missing 22-May
to 31-May-1995.

SSA-OJP: Snow depth sensor removed 02-May-1995 for summer period.
Tipping bucket data restarted 07-May-1995.

Saskatoon: Snow depth sensor removed 30-Apr-1995 for summer period.
Tipping bucket data restarted 01-May-1995.

Lynn Lake: Snow depth sensor removed 09-May-1995 for summer period.
Tipping bucket data restarted 15-May-1995. Belfort precipitation missing
15-May to 31-May-1995.

The Pas: Snow depth sensor removed 02-May-1995 for summer period.
Belfort precipitation missing 07-May to 31-May-1995. Note: the spikes in
the Belfort precipitation data are due to electronic malfunction of the
instrument; however, the general shape of the graph is correct.

NSA-OJP: Snow depth sensor removed 06-May-1995 for summer period.
Belfort precipitation missing 24-May to 31-May-1995. Suite B missing
data 126:1815 to 128:0330 inclusive. Suite B missing data 147:1815 to
149:0045 inclusive.

Thompson: Tipping bucket data restarted 08-May-1995. Soil moisture
temperature missing 01-May to 31-May-1995. Snow depth sensor removed
16-May-1995 for summer period.

Flin Flon: Tipping bucket data restart 01-May-1995. Snow depth sensor
removed 10-May-1995 for summer period.

01-Jun to 30-Jun-1995

La Ronge: Data missing 17-Jun to 23-Jun-1995.

SSA-OA: Belfort precipitation data missing 01-Jun to 11-Jun-1995.
Belfort precipitation relative to 11-Jun-1995. Data missing part of
17-Jun-1995. Data missing part of 20-Jun-1995. Tipping bucket relative
to 20-Jun-1995. Suite B data missing 163:0030 to 163:0045, 1995. Suite B
ThPile data missing 171:0515.

SSA-OJP: Data missing 02-Jun to 22-Jun-1995. Belfort precipitation
relative to 22-Jun-1995. Tipping bucket precipitation relative to
22-Jun-1995. IR sensor data missing 22-Jun to 30-Jun-1995.

Lynn Lake: Belfort precipitation data missing 01-Jun to 30-Jun-1995.
Data missing 04-Jun to 15-Jun-1995.

The Pas: Belfort precipitation data missing 01-Jun to 30-Jun-1995.
Relative humidity data missing 26-Jun to 30-Jun-1995. Tipping bucket
reset to zero 21-Jun-1995. Soil moisture temperature data missing from
19-Jun to 30-Jun-1995.

NSA-OJP: Belfort precipitation data missing 01-Jun to 24-Jun-1995.
Tipping bucket precipitation data missing 01-Jun to 24-Jun-1995. Belfort
precipitation relative to 24-Jun-1995. Tipping bucket precipitation
relative to 24-Jun-1995.

Thompson: Soil moisture temperature data missing 01-Jun to 30-Jun-1995.

Flin Flon: Belfort precipitation data missing 28-Jun to 30-Jun-1995.
Suite B data missing 173:2200 to 173:2215 inclusive.

01-Jul to 31-Jul-1995

SSA-OA: No data available for 11-Jul-1995 due to data logger
malfunction. Tipping bucket reset to zero on 12-Jul-1995.

SSA-OJP: IR sensor data not available from 01-Jul to 06-Jul-1995 due to
instrument malfunction.

Lynn Lake: No data available from 06-Jul to 15-Jul-1995 due to data
logger failure. Only partial data available from 02-Jul to 05-Jul-1995
due to multiplexer failure. No data available from 15-Jul to 20-Jul-1995
due to data logger failure. Belfort precipitation and tipping bucket
reset to zero on 20-Jul-1995.

The Pas: Belfort precipitation data not available from 01-Jul to
03-Jul-1995 due to instrument malfunction. Humidity data not available
from 01-Jul to 07-Jul-1995 due to instrument malfunction. Upper canopy
temperature not available from 09-Jul to 22-Jul-1995 due to instrument
malfunction. Soil moisture temperature data missing from 01-Jul to
31-Jul-1995.

Thompson: Soil moisture temperature data not available due to instrument
malfunction.

Flin Flon: Belfort precipitation data not available from 01-Jul to
08-Jul-1995 due to instrument malfunction. Belfort precipitation reset
to zero on 08-Jul-1995.

01-Aug to 21-Aug-1995

La Ronge: No data available from 15-Aug to 21-Aug-1995 due to data
logger failure. Belfort precipitation data reset to zero on 29-Aug-1995.
Tipping bucket data reset to zero on 21-Aug-1995.

SSA-OA: No data available from 08-Aug to 10-Aug-1995 due to data logger
failure. Belfort precipitation data reset to zero on 10-Aug-1995.
Tipping bucket data reset to zero on 10-Aug-1995. Some data not
available on 22-Aug and 27-Aug-1995 due to repairs. Tipping bucket data
reset to zero on 23-Aug-1995.

Saskatoon: 20-cm soil temperature data not available from 08-Aug to
31-Aug-1995 due to instrument malfunction.

Lynn Lake: No data available from 02-Aug to 14-Aug-1995 due to data
logger failure. Belfort precipitation data not available from 02-Aug to
15-Aug-1995 due to instrument malfunction. Tipping bucket data reset to
zero on 15-Aug-1995. Belfort precipitation data reset to zero on
17-Aug-1995.

The Pas: No data available from 09-Aug to 10-Aug-1995 and 13-Aug to
16-Aug-1995 due to data logger failure. Belfort precipitation data not
available from 01-Aug to 31-Aug-1995 due to instrument malfunction.
Upper-canopy temperature not available from 15-Aug to 25-Aug-1995 due to
instrument malfunction. Tipping bucket data reset to zero on
16-Aug-1995. Soil moisture temperature data missing from 01-Aug to
31-Aug-1995.

NSA-OJP: Belfort precipitation not available 01-Aug to 15-Aug-1995 not
available. Belfort precipitation data reset to zero on 17-Aug-1995.

Thompson: Soil moisture temperature data not available 01-Aug to
31-Aug-1995 due to instrument malfunction. No data available except
radiation data (PAR_Rad, Net_Rad, Sol_down, Sol_refl) from 17-Aug to
31-Aug-1995 due to multiplexer failure.

01-Sep to 30-Sep-1995

Meadow Lake: Tipping bucket data not available from 01-Sep to
30-Sep-1995.

Saskatoon: 20-cm soil temperature data not available from 01-Sep to
08-Sep-1995 due to instrument malfunction.

Lynn Lake: No data available from 12-Sep to 24-Sep-1995 due to data
logger failure. Belfort precipitation data reset to zero on 24-Sep-1995.
Tipping bucket data reset to zero on 24-Sep-1995.

The Pas: No data available from 08-Sep to 11-Sep-1995 and part of
15-Sep-1995. Belfort precipitation data not available from 01-Sep to
30-Sep-1995 due to instrument malfunction. Tipping bucket data reset to
zero on 11-Sep-1995. Upper canopy temperature not available from 15-Sep
to 30-Sep-1995 due to instrument malfunction. Soil moisture temperature
data missing from 01-Sep to 30-Sep-1995.

Thompson: No data available except Radiation Data (PAR_Rad, Net_Rad,
Sol_down, Sol_refl) from 01-Sep to 27-Sep-1995 due to multiplexer
failure. No data available from 27-Sep to 30-Sep-1995 due to data logger
failure.

01-Oct to 31-Oct-1995

Meadow Lake: Tipping bucket data not available from 01-Oct to
31-Oct-1995.

Lynn Lake: Soil moisture temperature not available 01-Oct to 31-Oct-1995
due to instrument malfunction.

The Pas: Soil moisture temperature data not available 01-Oct to
31-Oct-1995 due to instrument malfunction. Belfort precipitation data
not available from 01-Oct to 13-Oct-1995 due to instrument malfunction.
Belfort precipitation data reset to zero on 14-Oct-1995. Upper canopy
temperature not available from 01-Oct to 14-Oct-1995 due to instrument
malfunction.

Thompson: No data available from 01-Oct to 13-Oct-1995 due to data
logger failure. Solar down and solar reflected radiation not available
from 13-Oct to 31-Oct-1995 due to instrument malfunction. Belfort
precipitation and tipping bucket reset to zero on 13-Oct-1995.

Flin Flon: Tipping bucket data not available from 15-Oct 31-Oct-1995.

01-Nov to 30-Nov-1995

SSA-OJP: No data available from 09-Nov to 11-Nov-1995 due to
communication problems. Snow depth data not available from 15-Nov to
30-Nov-1995 due to instrument malfunction.

Lynn Lake: Belfort precipitation data not available from 01-Nov to
19-Nov-1995. Soil moisture temperature data not available from 01-Nov to
30-Nov-1995 due to instrument malfunction. Belfort precipitation data
reset to zero on 19-Nov-1995.

The Pas: Soil moisture temperatures not available 01-Nov to 30-Nov-1995
due to instrument malfunction.

Thompson: Solar down and solar reflected radiation not available from
01-Nov to 23-Nov-1995 due to instrument malfunction.

01-Dec to 31-Dec-1995

SSA-OJP: Snow depth data not available from 01-Dec to 21-Dec-1995 due to
instrument malfunction.

Lynn Lake: Soil moisture temperatures not available from 01-Dec to
31-Dec-1995 due to instrument malfunction.

The Pas: Soil moisture temperatures not available from 01-Dec to
31-Dec-1995 due to instrument malfunction.

Flin Flon: No data available from 30-Dec to 31-Dec-1995 due to
communication problems.

01-Jan to 31-Jan-1996

SSA-OA: Snow depth data not available from 15-Jan to 31-Jan-1996 due to
instrument malfunction.

Lynn Lake: Soil moisture temperatures not available from 01-Jan to
31-Jan-1996 due to instrument malfunction.

The Pas: Soil moisture temperatures not available from 01-Jan to
31-Jan-1996 due to instrument malfunction.

NSA-OJP: Radiation sensors appear to have a buildup of snow/frost
(01-Jan to 31-Jan-1996) because the observer may not be visiting this
site regularly.

Thompson: Humidity data affected by a malfunctioning sensor (01-Jan to
31-Jan-1996).

01-Feb to 29-Feb-1996

SSA-OA: Snow depth data not available from 01-Feb to 09-Feb-1996 due to
instrument damage.

Lynn Lake: Soil moisture temperatures not available from 01-Feb to
29-Feb-1996 due to instrument malfunction.

The Pas: Soil moisture temperatures not available from 01-Feb to
29-Feb-1996 due to instrument malfunction.

Thompson: Humidity data affected by a malfunctioning sensor (01-Feb to
15-Feb-1996). Humidity data not available from 15-Feb to 29-Feb-1996 due
to instrument malfunction.

01-Mar to 31-Mar-1996

Lynn Lake: Soil moisture temperatures not available from 01-Mar to
31-Mar-1996 due to instrument malfunction.

The Pas: Soil moisture temperatures not available from 01-Mar to
31-Mar-1996 due to instrument malfunction.

01-Apr to 30-Apr-1996

Lynn Lake: Soil moisture temperatures not available from 01-Apr to
30-Apr-1996 due to instrument malfunction.

The Pas: Soil moisture temperatures not available from 01-Apr to
30-Apr-1996 due to instrument malfunction.

01-May to 31-May-1996

La Ronge: No data available from 09-May to 12-May-1996 due to
communication problems. Tipping bucket data commenced 16-May-1996. Snow
depth data complete 22-May-1996.

Meadow Lake: Tipping bucket data commenced 01-May-1996. Snow depth data
completed 30-Apr-1996.

SSA-OA: Tipping bucket data commenced 01-May-1996. Snow depth data
complete 15-May-1996.

SSA-OJP: Tipping bucket data commenced 12-May-1996. Snow depth data
complete 29-May-1996.

Saskatoon: Tipping bucket data commenced 01-May-1996. Snow depth data
completed 11-May-1996.

Lynn Lake: Tipping bucket data commenced 01-May-1996. Soil moisture
temperatures not available 01-May to 31-May-1996 due to instrument
malfunction. Snow depth data completed 24-May-1996. No data available
30-May to 31-May-1996 due to data logger malfunction.

The Pas: Snow depth data completed 10-May-1996. Soil moisture
temperatures not available due to instrument malfunction 01-May to
31-May-1996. Tipping bucket data commenced 26-May-1996.

NSA-OJP: Tipping bucket data commenced 05-May-1996. Snow depth data
completed 17-May-1996.

Thompson: Snow depth data completed 28-May-1996.

Flin Flon: Tipping bucket data commenced 01-May-1996. Snow depth data
completed 17-May-1996.

01-Jun to 30-Jun-1996

SSA-OA: No data available from 03-Jun to 07-Jun-1996.

Lynn Lake: Soil moisture temperatures repaired on 05-Jun-1996. No data
available from 01-Jun to 05-Jun-1996, 07-Jun to 13-Jun-1996, 19-Jun to
24-Jun-1996, and 29-Jun to 30-Jun-1996.

The Pas: Soil moisture temperatures repaired on 04-Jun-1996. No data
available from 19-Jun to 30-Jun-1996.

01-Jul to 31-Jul-1996

La Ronge: No data available from 14-Jul to 15-Jul and from 24-Jul to
30-Jul-1996. Belfort precipitation data not available for 15-Jul to
31-Jul-1996. Tipping bucket data reset to zero on 15-Jul-1996. Tipping
bucket data reset to zero on 30-Jul-1996.

SSA-OA: No data available from 05-Jul to 08-Jul-1996 and part of 11-Jul
to 12-Jul-1996. No data available for part of 21-Jul to 22-Jul, 30-Jul
to 31-Jul, and 24-Jul to 28-Jul-1996 due to data logger failure. Tipping
bucket data reset to zero on 08-Jul , 12-Jul , and 21-Jul-1996. Tipping
bucket data not available from 22-Jul to 31-Jul-1996. Belfort
precipitation data reset to zero on 28-Jul-1996.

Lynn Lake: No data available from 01-Jul to 02-Jul-1996 due to data
logger failure. Tipping bucket data reset to zero on 02-Jul-1996.

The Pas: Tipping bucket data not available from 01-Jul to 31-Jul-1996.
Belfort precipitation data reset to zero on 01-Jul-1996.

01-Aug to 31-Aug-1996

La Ronge: No data available from 01-Aug to 05-Aug and from 10-Aug to
14-Aug-1996 due to data logger failure. No Belfort precipitation data
from 14-Aug to 25-Aug-1996 due to instrument malfunction. Belfort
precipitation data reset to zero on 05-Aug-1996. Tipping bucket data
reset to zero on 14-Aug-1996.

SSA-OA: No data available from 01-Aug to 06-Aug-1996 due to data logger
failure. Tipping bucket data reset to zero on 06-Aug-1996.

Saskatoon: No data available from 02-Aug to 06-Aug-1996 due to data
logger failure. Tipping bucket data reset to zero on 06-Aug-1996.

Lynn Lake: No data available from 04-Aug to 12-Aug, and from 21-Aug to
23-Aug due to data logger failure. Belfort precipitation data not
available from 01-Aug to 31-Aug-1996 due to instrument malfunction.
Tipping bucket data reset to zero on 12-Aug and 23-Aug-1996.

The Pas: Tipping bucket data not available from 01-Aug to 31-Aug-1996
due to instrument malfunction.

01-Sep to 30-Sep-1996

La Ronge: Vandals placed an item into the Belfort Fluid on 31-Aug-1996
which was removed on 02-Sep-1996. Disregard the sudden addition and
subtraction of the Belfort measurement. Lynn Lake: Belfort precipitation
data not available from 01-Sep to 30-Sep-1996.

01-Oct to 31-Oct-1996

La Ronge: Belfort precipitation not available from 06-Oct to 15-Oct and
from 19-Oct to 31-Oct-1996 due to vandalism at the site. Belfort
precipitation data not available from 19-Oct to 31-Oct-1996 due to
vandalism at the site.

Lynn Lake: Belfort precipitation data not available from 01-Oct to
15-Oct-1996. Belfort precipitation data reset to zero on 17-Oct-1996.

01-Nov to 30-Nov-1996

La Ronge: Snow depth data not available 01-Nov to 30-Nov-1996 due to
vandalism at the site. Belfort precipitation data not available 01-Nov
to 30-Nov-1996 due to vandalism at the site.

Lynn Lake: No data available from 22-Nov to 30-Nov-1996 due to
instrument malfunction.

Thompson: Prior to September 1999, the wind direction data stored in
BORIS were incorrect for the Thompson station (NSA-9BS-YTHSA) from
24-Dec-1994 to 01-Dec-1996. See Section 9.2.2 for details on the
corrections applied.

Suite B:

SSA-OA:

THemisph data not available 20-Jan to 29-Mar-1994.

Data missing from 314:2030 to 314:2199, 1995 due to site maintenance.

Data missing 163:0030 to 163:0045, 1995 inclusive.

ThPile data missing 171:0515, 1995.

ThPile data missing 254:2345 to 255:0015, 1995 inclusive.

LW Down, TCase, and THemisph data missing 255:0000 to 255:0015, 1995
inclusive.

Data missing 298:1045 to 321:2330, 1995 inclusive.

LW Down, ThPile, TCase, and THemisph data missing 325:2045 to 325:2100,
1995 inclusive.

LW Down, ThPile, TCase, and THemisph data missing 136:0145 to 136:0215,
1996 inclusive.

LW Down, ThPile, TCase, and THemisph data missing 168:0000 to 168:0015,
1996 inclusive.

Data missing 199:1045 to 199:1345, 1996 inclusive.

Data missing 230:2030 to 237:1745, 1996 inclusive.

Data missing 237:1800 to 251:1730, 1996 inclusive.

Data missing 253:0200, 1996.

SSA-OJP:

Data unavailable from 19-Jul to 26-Jul-1994.

ThPile, TCase, and THemisph unavailable from 20-Jul to 02-Oct-1994 due
to equipment failure.

LW Down and ThPile data missing 02-Oct to 11-Nov-1994.

LW Down data missing 322:0015 to 338:2245, 1994.

ThPile data missing from 315:1945 to 322:0200, 1994.

TCase and THemisph data missing from 322:0015 to 322:0145, 1994 due to
equipment failure.

Data missing 153:0000 to 173:1730, 1995 inclusive.

Data missing 268:0900 to 275:1600, 1995 inclusive.

Data missing 290:1800 to 290:1830, 1995 inclusive.

Data missing 303:0500 to 303:0530, 1995 inclusive.

LWDown data missing 326:0015 to 337:1730, 1995 inclusive.

ThPile, TCase, and THemisph data missing 326:0015 to 326:0030, 1995
inclusive.

Data missing 355:1930 to 355:1445, 1995 inclusive.

LW Down data missing 337:1745 to 355:2045, 1995 inclusive.

LW Down, ThPile, TCase, and THemisph data missing 155:1330 to 155:1345,
1996 inclusive.

LW down, ThPile, TCase, and THemisph data missing 298:2000-2045, 1996
inclusive.

Saskatoon:

Data missing from 301:2230 to 301:2245, 1994 due to equipment
maintenance.

LW Down data missing 250:0900 to 185:0115, 1995 inclusive.

ThPile, TCase, and THemisph data missing 285:0100 to 285:0115, 1995
inclusive.

LW Down, ThPile, TCase, and THemisph data missing 131:2215, 1996.

Data missing 214:1400 to 219:1715, 1996 inclusive.

NSA-OJP:

Data missing from 220:2215 to 233:0400, 1994 due to observer error.

Data missing 341:2215 to 342:0130, 1994 due to site maintenance.

Data missing 126:1815 to 128:2130, 1995.

Data missing 147:1215 to 148:1845, 1995.

Data missing 327:1215 to 345:0400, 1995 inclusive.

LW Down, ThPile, TCase, and THemisph data missing 158:1500, 1996.

Flin Flon:

Data missing 339:1530 to 339:1600, 1994 inclusive.

Data missing 342:1215, 1994 due to site maintenance.

Data missing 173:2200 to 173:2215, 1995 inclusive.

Data missing 326:1745, 1995.

LW Down, ThPile, TCase, and THemisph data missing 156:0245, 1996.

Data missing 335:1630 to 336:0600 inclusive.

11.3 Usage Guidance

Guidance on proper usage should come from review of the information
given in Sections 9.2.2 and 11.2.

11.4 Other Relevant Information

None.

12\. Application of the Data Set

These data will useful in many ways. The length of time over which
regular measurements were made presents an unmatched opportunity to
study the microclimate of the boreal forest. A succinct list is
impossible to create because of the broad nature of studies to which
these data are applicable. However, the following short list provides a
general description of the types of studies that might find these data
useful:

\- Modeling of Earth surface processes (climate, weather, vegetation
growth, etc.).

\- Validation of existing models.

\- Creation of new methods for estimating climate and meteorological
parameters.

13\. Future Modifications and Plans

The data that were collected for the BOREAS project officially ended on
30-Nov-1996. There are a few sites, however, that were maintained for a
longer period of time through non-BOREAS funding. These data are not
available from the official BOREAS database, but information on how to
obtain these supplemental data can be received by contacting the BOREAS
staff.

14\. Software

14.1 Software Description

Campbell Scientific data logger programs were developed for the various
sites. Quality checking software was developed and used at the SRC
office.

14.2 Software Access

A file containing the Campbell Scientific data logger programs for the
various sites is available and included on the BOREAS CD-ROM. Contact
SRC regarding the quality checking software that was developed and used
at the SRC office.

15\. Data Access

15.1 Contact for Data Center/Data Access Information

These BOREAS data are available from the Earth Observing System Data and
Information System (EOS-DIS) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)
Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC). The BOREAS contact at ORNL is:

ORNL DAAC User Services

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

\(865\) 241-3952

ornldaac@ornl.gov

ornl@eos.nasa.gov

15.2 Procedures for Obtaining Data

BOREAS data may be obtained through the ORNL DAAC World Wide Web site at
http://www-eosdis.ornl.gov/ or users may place requests for data by
telephone, electronic mail, or fax.

15.3 Output Products and Availability

Requested data can be provided electronically on the ORNL DAAC\'s
anonymous FTP site or on various media including, CD-ROMs, 8-MM tapes,
or diskettes.

The complete set of BOREAS data CD-ROMs, entitled \"Collected Data of
the Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study\", edited by Newcomer, J., et al.,
NASA, 1999, are also available.

16\. Output Products and Availability

16.1 Tape Products

None.

16.2 Film Products

None.

16.3 Other Products

These data are available on the BOREAS CD-ROM series. A report on
analysis of the soil probe/soil moisture measurements is also available
and is included on the BOREAS CD-ROM.

17\. References

17.1 Platform/Sensor/Instrument/Data Processing Documentation

BEI Motion Systems Company. ND. Specifications: Series M25 Absolute
Position Encoders. BEI Motion Systems Company, Chatsworth, CA.

Belfort Instrument Company. 1985. Instruction Manual Rain Gage Catalog
Numbers 35-1558 and 35-1559: Instructions - Maintenance - Parts List.
Belfort Instrument Company, Baltimore, MD.

Belfort Instrument Company. 1987. Instruction Book for Rainfall
Transmitter Cat. No. 5915 Series - Related Instruction Book Chart Drive
Mechanism 12049. Belfort Instrument Company, Baltimore, MD.

Campbell Scientific (Canada) Corporation. 1985. Belfort Weighing Rain
and Snow Gage Series 5915 and 6071P. Campbell Scientific (Canada)
Corporation, Edmonton, Alberta.

Campbell Scientific (Canada) Corporation. 1987. Model TE525 Tipping
Bucket Raingage. Campbell Scientific (Canada) Corporation, Edmonton,
Alberta.

Campbell Scientific (Canada) Corporation. 1991. DC112 Modem. Campbell
Scientific (Canada) Corporation, Edmonton, Alberta.

Campbell Scientific (Canada) Corporation. 1991. Precision Meteorological
Instruments. Campbell Scientific (Canada) Corporation, Edmonton,
Alberta.

Campbell Scientific (Canada) Corporation. 1991. Radiotelemetry Network
Applications Manual. Campbell Scientific (Canada) Corporation, Edmonton,
Alberta.

Campbell Scientific (Canada) Corporation. 1991. TE525 Tipping Bucket
Raingage. Campbell Scientific (Canada) Corporation, Edmonton, Alberta.

Campbell Scientific (Canada) Corporation. 1992. 036, 038 Spark Gapped
Junction Box. Campbell Scientific (Canada) Corporation, Edmonton,
Alberta.

Campbell Scientific (Canada) Corporation. 1992. FP/BCD Interface
Instruction Manual. Campbell Scientific (Canada) Corporation, Edmonton,
Alberta.

Campbell Scientific (Canada) Corporation. 1992. RF95 Radio Frequency
System. Campbell Scientific (Canada) Corporation, Edmonton, Alberta.

Campbell Scientific (Canada) Corporation. 1993. 05103-10, 05305-10 and
05701-10 R.M. Young Wind Monitors Instruction Manual. Campbell
Scientific (Canada) Corporation, Edmonton, Alberta.

Campbell Scientific (Canada) Corporation. 1993. 4000AL Everest
Interscience Infrared Thermometer Instruction Manual. Campbell
Scientific (Canada) Corporation, Edmonton, Alberta.

Campbell Scientific (Canada) Corporation. 1993. Model 107F Temperature
Probe Instruction Manual. Campbell Scientific (Canada) Corporation.

Campbell Scientific (Canada) Corporation. 1993. Model HMP35CF
Temperature and Relative Humidity Probe Instruction Manual. Campbell
Scientific (Canada) Corporation.

Campbell Scientific, Inc. 1993. PC208 Data Logger Support Software
Instruction Manual. Campbell Scientific, Inc.

Campbell Scientific (Canada) Corporation. 1993. UDG01 Ultrasonic Depth
Gauge Operator\'s Manual. Campbell Scientific (Canada) Corporation,
Edmonton, Alberta.

Campbell Scientific (Canada) Corporation. 1994. 4000AL Everest
Interscience Infrared Thermometer Instruction Manual. Campbell
Scientific (Canada) Corporation, Edmonton, Alberta.

Campbell Scientific (Canada) Corporation. 1994. Q-7 Net Radiometer.
Campbell Scientific (Canada) Corporation, Edmonton, Alberta.

DSG Communications Inc. 1993. LineShare LS-2 User\'s Manual. DSG
Communications Inc., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan.

E.F. Johnson Data Telemetry Products. ND. 3410 Series Telemetry Modules.
E.F. Johnson Data Telemetry Products, Pickering, Ontario.

Environment Canada. 1992. Manual of Surface Weather Observations
(MANOBS). Environment Canada. Downsview, Ontario.

The Eppley Laboratory, Inc. ND. Instrumentation for the Measurement of
the Components of Solar and Terrestrial Radiation. The Eppley
Laboratory, Inc., Newport, RI.

Meteorology Research, Inc. 1967. Tipping Bucket Raingage Model 302.
Meteorology Research, Inc., Altadena, CA.

ROHN Towers. 1983. \"Fold-over\" Towers. ROHN, Peoria, IL.

17.2 Journal Articles and Study Reports

Newcomer, J., D. Landis, S. Conrad, S. Curd, K. Huemmrich, D. Knapp, A.
Morrell, J. Nickeson, A. Papagno, D. Rinker, R. Strub, T. Twine, F.
Hall, and P. Sellers, eds. 2000. Collected Data of The Boreal
Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study. NASA. CD-ROM.

Sellers, P. and F. Hall. 1994. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study:
Experiment Plan. Version 1994-3.0, NASA BOREAS Report (EXPLAN 94).

Sellers, P. and F. Hall. 1996. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study:
Experiment Plan. Version 1996-2.0, NASA BOREAS Report (EXPLAN 96).

Sellers, P., F. Hall, and K.F. Huemmrich. 1996. Boreal
Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: 1994 Operations. NASA BOREAS Report (OPS DOC
94).

Sellers, P., F. Hall, and K.F. Huemmrich. 1997. Boreal
Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: 1996 Operations. NASA BOREAS Report (OPS DOC
96).

Sellers, P., F. Hall, H. Margolis, B. Kelly, D. Baldocchi, G. den
Hartog, J. Cihlar, M.G. Ryan, B. Goodison, P. Crill, K.J. Ranson, D.
Lettenmaier, and D.E. Wickland. 1995. The boreal ecosystem-atmosphere
study (BOREAS): an overview and early results from the 1994 field year.
Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 76(9):1549-1577.

Sellers, P.J., F.G. Hall, R.D. Kelly, A. Black, D. Baldocchi, J. Berry,
M. Ryan, K.J. Ranson, P.M. Crill, D.P. Lettenmaier, H. Margolis, J.
Cihlar, J. Newcomer, D. Fitzjarrald, P.G. Jarvis, S.T. Gower, D.
Halliwell, D. Williams, B. Goodison, D.E. Wickland, and F.E. Guertin.
1997. BOREAS in 1997: Experiment Overview, Scientific Results and Future
Directions. Journal of Geophysical Research 102(D24): 28,731-28,770.

Shewchuk, S.R. 1993. Atmospheric Sciences Infrastructure Core
Measurements for BOREAS. Saskatchewan Research Council \[SRC\] Pub No.
E-2300-6-F-92, SRC, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan.

Shewchuk, S.R. 1994. Atmospheric Science Infrastructure Measurements for
BOREAS. Saskatchewan Research Council \[SRC\] Pub. No. E-2310-3-E-94,
SRC, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan.

Shewchuk, S.R. 1994. Atmospheric Sciences Surface MESONET Infrastructure
Core Measurements for BOREAS. Saskatchewan Research Council \[SRC\] Pub.
No. E-2300-7-F-94, SRC, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan.

Shewchuk, S.R. 1995. The Surface Mesoscale Meteorological System for
BOREAS/ Abstract. Saskatchewan Research Council \[SRC\] Pub. No.
E-2310-1-D-95, SRC, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan.

Shewchuk, S.R. 1996. An Overview of the Climatology for the Intensive
Field Campaign Years of 1994 and 1995 at a Selected BOREAS/SRC Mesonet
Site. Draft. Saskatchewan Research Council \[SRC\] Pub. No.
R-1570-2-D-96, SRC, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan.

Shewchuk, S.R. 1996. The Mesoscale Distribution of Soil Moisture over
the SRC/NASA Mesonet Sites for the IFC 2 Periods of 1994. Draft.
Saskatchewan Research Council \[SRC\] Pub. No. R-1570-1-D-96, SRC,
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan.

Shewchuk, S.R. 1997. Surface Mesonet for BOREAS. Journal of Geophysical
Research 102 (D24): 29,077-29,082.

Smith, E.A., W.L. Corsson, and B.D. Tanner, 1992. Estimation of surface
heat and moisture fluxes over a prairie grassland 1. In situ energy
budget measurements incorporating a cooled mirror dew point hygrometer.
Jpurnal of Geophysical research 97 (D17): 18,557 -- 18,582.

Wittrock, V. 1994. Examination of the Matrix Water Potential Sensor.
Saskatchewan Research Council \[SRC\] Pub. No. E-2310-4-E-94, SRC,
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan.

17.3 Archive/DBMS Usage Documentation

None.

18\. Glossary of Terms

None.

19\. List of Acronyms

AES - Atmospheric and Environmental Services

AFM - Aircraft Flux and Meteorology

AMS - Automatic Meteorological Station

ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange

BOREAS - BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study

BORIS - BOREAS Information System

BPI - Byte per inch

CCRS - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing

CCT - Computer Compatible Tape

CD-ROM - Compact Disk-Read-Only Memory

DAAC - Distributed Active Archive Center

DAT - Digital Archive Tape

EOS - Earth Observing System

EOSDIS - EOS Data and Information System

FAX - Facsimile

FIFE - First ISLSCP Field Experiment

GIS - Geographic Information System

GMT - Greenwich Mean Time

GSFC - Goddard Space Flight Center

HTML - HyperText Markup Language

IFC - Intensive Field Campaign

IR - Infrared

ISLSCP - International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project

MARSII - Meteorological Automatic Reporting System II

MESONET - Mesoscale Network

NAD27 - North American Datum of 1927

NAD83 - North American Datum of 1983

NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NSA - Northern Study Area

ORNL - Oak Ridge National Laboratory

PANP - Prince Albert National Park

PAR - Photosynthetically Active Radiation

READAC - Remote Environmental Automated Data Acquisition Concept

SRC - Saskatchewan Research Council

SSA - Southern Study Area

URL - Uniform Resource Locator

UTM - Universal Transverse Mercator

20\. Document Information

20.1 Document Revision Date

Written: 15-Dec-1994

Last Update: 23-Sep-1999

20.2 Document Review Date

BORIS Review: 24-Feb-1998

Science Review: 06-Mar-1998

20.3 Document ID

20.4 Citation

When using these data, please include the following acknowledgment as
well as citations of relevant papers in Section 17.2:

> These data were provided by the diligent work of many people within
> Saskatchewan Research Council. Special thanks go to the observers for
> their assistance with this report.

If using data from the BOREAS CD-ROM series, also reference the data as:

> Shewchuk S.R., \"Atmospheric Sciences Infrastructure Core Measurements
> for BOREAS (AFM-07).\" In Collected Data of The Boreal
> Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study. Eds. J. Newcomer, D. Landis, S. Conrad, S.
> Curd, K. Huemmrich, D. Knapp, A. Morrell, J. Nickeson, A. Papagno, D.
> Rinker, R. Strub, T. Twine, F. Hall, and P. Sellers. CD-ROM. NASA,
> 2000.

Also, cite the BOREAS CD-ROM set as:

> Newcomer, J., D. Landis, S. Conrad, S. Curd, K. Huemmrich, D. Knapp,
> A. Morrell, J. Nickeson, A. Papagno, D. Rinker, R. Strub, T. Twine, F.
> Hall, and P. Sellers, eds. Collected Data of The Boreal
> Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study. NASA. CD-ROM. NASA, 2000.

20.5 Document Curator

20.6 Document URL

Keywords:

Relative Humidity

Surface Meteorology

Temperature

Wind Direction

Wind Speed