**Nigeria**

**Second Fadama Development Project (SFDP)**

**Project Preparation Mission Report,**

**Livestock Component**[^1]

## 

## 

## Background

# 

# 

# The rapidly growing demands for food from the expanding Nigerian population puts great pressure on land and water resources. Nowhere is that stronger than in the inland valley bottoms or fadamas of the semi-arid and sub-humid regions of Nigeria. The 3,000,000 ha of the fertile soils with residual moisture in the dry-season, offers attractive opportunities for the arable farmers to grow off-season high value crops. For the livestock keepers, the fadamas provide access to water and dry-season fodder, which is critical for the survival of their animals. It is probably a critical resource for about two-thirds of the national cattle population or about 10 million heads of cattle, which produce annually about 150,000 tons of meat. Many fadamas are also important inland fisheries areas. Thus, while the direct benefits of conversion of fadama land to high value crops is quite obvious, the overall economic effects of conversion of fadama land to irrigated high value crops might be less obvious. Earlier studies by Horowitz[^2] in the Senegal River came to similar conclusions. Considerable efforts are therefore warranted to maintain the fadamas as complex, multi-purpose production systems. 

# 

# The National Fadama Development Project (NFDP) demonstrated the considerable direct economic benefits of converting fadama land into high value crops cultivation. Investments in shallow ground water and surface water irrigation schemes significantly increased the production of horticultural crops (tomatoes, onions,) and other high value crops (green corn, etc.). This constitutes one of the best opportunities for rural poverty reduction for arable farmers in Nigeria. However, the approximately 100,000 ha fadama land, developed under NFDP, was carried out without adequate attention to the needs of the livestock keepers. As a result, conflicts between arable farmers and the livestock keepers increased, whereas opportunities for diversification of the fadama production systems were missed. 

# 

# The proposed Second Fadama Development Project (SFDP) would support an ambitious expansion of the first phase, covering 12 states with a currently proposed objective of covering about 1 million families. The objective of the missions was to provide a preliminary assessment of the impact of fadama development, especially demand-driven expansion in production, on farmer-pastoral relations, and to identify possible mitigation measures. This mission report first reviews the past trends and the current situations concerning farmer-pastoralist conflicts, then provides an overview of the current institutions of the two groups, and makes recommendations for the way forward under a pastoral-arable farmers sub-component of the proposed project. As a second sub-component, the report provides some recommendations on the potential for livestock in diversifying fadama agriculture. Finally, and in direct response to the terms of reference, specific recommendations on respective sources for the funding of the recommended activities under the conflict resolution and diversification sub-components are provided.

# 

## Sub-component I Conflicts and Conflict Resolution

### Causes 

1.  Destruction of crops by cattle and other property (irrigation
    equipment and infrastructure) by the pastoralists themselves are the
    main direct causes for conflicts cited by the farmers, whereas
    burning of rangelands and fadama and blockage of stock routes and
    water points by crop encroachment are important direct reasons cited
    by the pastoralists. For the fishermen, declining water bodies,
    resulting from the micro-irrigation schemes, is one of the main
    sources of conflict.

# The key underlying forces behind the conflicts are reviewed in the 1999 report prepared on farmer-pastoralist relationships[^3]. In summary, they are:

-   Changing resource access rights, whereby traditional access rights
    to communal grazing and water resources are being obstructed by the
    individual tenureship of arable farmers. This is particularly severe
    on the traditional trek routes, which become favorite cropping sites
    because of their better soil fertility resulting from the
    concentration of animal manure from the trekking herds in these
    areas. Within the fadama areas, this is exacerbated by the
    fragmented nature of the crop plots, which makes prevention of
    animals straying in the crop plots difficult;

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-   Inadequacy of grazing resources, as increasing crop cultivation (and
    increasing commercialization of the crop-residues) and poor
    management of the existing grazing reserves have resulted in a
    significant reduction in available livestock feed resources, in
    particular in the Northern States. Moreover the high value crops
    introduced by NFDP (tomatoes and onions) produce almost no
    crop-residues for livestock feeding. Finally, the regulation that
    twenty percent of the fadama would need to be set aside for grazing
    (National Agricultural Policy, 1988) has not been adhered to; and

-   Decline in internal discipline and social cohesion, as the adherence
    to the traditional rules regarding grazing periods, and the
    authority of the traditional rulers is breaking down. This is
    exacerbated by increased rent seeking of the formal and traditional
    authorities in managing resource access.

The competition for resources and failing institutions is compounded by
antagonistic perceptions and beliefs between the different ethnic
groups.

2.  **Another growing cause of conflicts concerns cattle theft, often
    accompanied by violence. Groups of armed bandits (often from
    pastoral ethnic background) become an increasing threat to rural
    security in general, and livestock keepers in particular. Some of
    these groups originate in the neighboring countries, and increased
    security arrangement at the borders might be able to reduce this
    type of conflicts. However, the distinction** between Nigerian and
    foreign pastoralists as causes of this type of conflicts, often
    heard in discussions with public sector officials, seems rather
    artificial. Pastoralism is a transboundary activity, and national
    boundaries do not play a major role in the movements of these
    groups. Pastoralists see themselves as users of an eco-system, and
    not a political area.

## 

## *Recent trends*

# While quantitative information is scarce, the picture that emerges from the discussions during the mission, and the available background literature is as follows:

-   [Arable farmer-pastoralist conflicts are widespread]{.underline}.
    Where quantitative data are available, such as from Bauchi and Gombe
    State, recorded conflicts in anyone year involve more than 20
    villages. There are no conflicts in the South, because livestock
    pressure is less, and because of the year-around moisture regime,
    there is no need for the special high quality fodders of the fadamas
    of the Northern and savanna regions.

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-   [Arable farmer-pastoralist conflicts have increased significantly in
    the entire fadama area]{.underline}. While national or state-wide
    data are not available, surveys of more discrete areas[^4] provide
    convincing evidence of an increase in violent conflicts over the
    last decade. More recently, there has been a reduction of the
    incidence level in some states, because of strong police and
    military interventions, seeking even to prevent passage from long
    range pastoralists. The long term sustainability and the social and
    even macro-economic desirability of such an approach are doubtful.

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-   [The nature and scope differs substantially between
    zones;]{.underline} In the semi-arid and arid areas of the north,
    pastoral systems and pastoralists predominate and have traditional
    grazing rights. In particular, the settled pastoralists have,
    therefore, a stronger position in any resource conflict situation.
    In the Guinea savanna, the situation is the reverse, and the arable
    farmers predominate, and have the upper hand in resolving resource
    conflicts. On the other hand, the pressure for resources in the
    North is more severe than in the Guinea savanna. Moreover, while in
    the North the conflict seems to be more around access to water, in
    the savanna region, most conflicts are around access to dry season
    grazing resources. Finally, while in the North most conflicts seems
    to be between nomadic pastoralists (including foreign nomads) and
    arable farmers, in the savanna areas, most of the conflict seems to
    concern arable farmers and local pastoralists.

####  

#### Institutional Framework 

3.  At the local fadama level, NFDP supported the creation of more than
    9,000 Fadama Users Associations (FUAs). Some of the associations
    assisted their members in the purchase of inputs (inorganic
    fertilizer and credit, and, until the projects Mid-Term Review, in
    obtaining title to land). While the concept of land titling was
    found not applicable to fadama land, and therefore dropped, the FUAs
    are still very much perceived by the pastoralists as representing
    the arable farmers in their quest for land.

4.  Over the same period, the National Livestock Project Division
    (NLPD), with funding from the Petroleum (Special) Trust Fund,
    supported the establishment of over 500 pastoral herd owners
    associations (PHOAs), mostly around grazing reserves. A preliminary
    evaluation[^5] of these PHOAs showed their potential, with an
    actively and enthusiastically-contributing grassroots memberships.
    However, the majority of PHOAs and PHOA Committees are found to be
    still institutionally weak, without a clearly defined purpose and
    identity, and with their internal systems of decision making and
    accountability un-tested. Moreover, PHOA members (and other groups)
    are largely excluded from the decision making process governing the
    management of grazing reserves.

5.  At the regional and national level, there are a number of
    pastoralist (Fulani) organizations, of which Miyetti Allah is most
    widely known. Many of the Miyetti Allah members belong to better-off
    urban Fulani groups, and its effectiveness at grass root level is
    therefore questioned. Other pastoral organizations have therefore
    sprung-up, such as Alhaya, and Mobgal Fulbe Association. While these
    organizations have very similar objectives, i.e., to advance the
    socio-economic and cultural development of its members, in practice
    the activities of these three associations have been limited to
    pressuring government on an ad-hoc basis on specific issues related
    to pastoralism, facilitating conflict resolution between
    pastoralists and farmers and arbitrating between pastoralists and
    law enforcement agents (the police and courts). Miyetti Allah was
    reported to have been quite effective in its dialogue with
    pastoralists from Niger.

6.  Formal *conflict resolution mechanisms* exist at different levels,
    in particular in the Northern states. At the community level, and
    mostly for minor conflicts, traditional arbitrations are often
    available. Some states have also more formal local committees. At
    the state level conflict resolution committees have been
    established, which are normally composed of representatives of the
    line ministries, local government, police and justice, and
    representatives of cattle breeders (Miyetti Allah), and other
    stakeholders. Their effectiveness seems to be uneven, as most state
    committees suffer from lack of funds.

# 

# *Pastoral Infrastructure to Reduce Conflicts*

7.  Taking cognizance of the major role that crop encroachment plays on
    impeding passage on trek routes and on fadama feed resources, NLPD,
    with support from the Petroleum Trust Fund, launched the delineation
    of major transhumance trek routes from the North West (Sokoto State)
    and Central (Katsina State) to the South and the establishment of
    about 300 grazing reserves. However, these measures have had little
    impact, as described by Maina (1999)[^6]:

-   The gazetting of the reserves was a slow and cumbersome process. For
    example of the 300 reserves, only 50 are now officially recognized.

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-   The reserves were set up as exclusive zones for pastoralists, thus
    alienating indigenous local people, and often in remote areas,
    therefore impeding the pastoralists' access to markets;

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-   The reserves were often located in the drier areas, almost
    exclusively on rainfed land, and did not include adequate provisions
    for dry-season grazing, thus forcing the livestock keepers still to
    move outside the reserves; and

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-   The involvement of the pastoralists in the planning and
    implementation of the reserves was minimal, and as a result, they
    hardly invested in the maintaining of the land or livestock
    management facilities. A more participatory approach is, therefore,
    required.

> *Past performance in Livestock Intensification*

8.  Investments for livestock intensification have been more successful.
    In particular:

-   *The dairy cooperative* started under the Second Livestock Project
    (SLP) has shown to be viable, with daily milk collection around
    Kaduna having grown from about 200 liters per day in 1991 to about
    1000 liters per day in 1994 to about 3000 liters per day now (five
    years after the completion of SLP). This is produced mostly by
    Fulani pastoralists, and in particular benefits the women, who
    traditionally get the income of the milk, and who now are ensured of
    a nearby and reliable market. The collection and processing system
    is self supporting for operating and depreciation costs, most of the
    salaries are still paid by SLP, which is justified by its public
    good interest.

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-   *Smallholder livestock fattening programs*. This activity, whereby
    cattle (young males or work oxen after their work period) are
    intensively fed with crop-residues and other agro-industrial
    by-products (cottonseed cake), was successfully introduced under
    SLP. Under SLP, more than 30,000 loans were disbursed to about
    23,000 farmers, with a loan repayment of 82.5 percent.,

> *Summary Findings*

9.  From the analysis above, the following picture emerges:

-   The farmer-pastoralist-fishermen conflict situation is serious and
    is likely to get worse, with or without Bank projects, unless a
    concerted effort is taken towards conflict mitigation;

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-   Past fadama development efforts have almost inclusively focused on
    arable farming, both in investments (irrigation, crop extension,
    marketing) and institutions (Fadama Users Associations).

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-   Parallel investments by NLPD in preserving pastoral resources (stock
    routes, grazing areas, stock handling facilities) have been less
    successful, in particular regarding their sustainability; and

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-   Past efforts of natural resource management and resource conflicts
    have been top-down, without strong involvement of grass root
    pastoral organizations in decision making.

> **The Way Forward**

10. Within this context, SFDP needs to develop a participatory system of
    decision making on resource use, which involves all stakeholders,
    support this process with investments in infrastructure and natural
    resource management, in order to accommodate the various resource
    uses, and investments for the intensification of livestock
    production. Finally, measures should be taken to establish and/or
    strengthen sustainable institutions to maintain this infrastructure.
    The three activities are detailed below.

> **Subcomponent 1:** *Development of participatory decision making on
> resource use.*

11. The core element of this activity would be the creation of
    multi-stakeholder resource users committees at the level of the
    individual fadama, to prepare mutually agreed-upon resource use
    plans. The preparation of these plans would be organized in an
    holistic and participatory fashion, including all stakeholders in
    the decision making on resource use, and strengthening indigenous
    decision and control mechanisms. They should, therefore, not be
    prepared at the level of the Fadama Users Associations, as these
    associations are too closely associated with the arable farmers, and
    would not have the credibility to produce the necessary consensus on
    resource planning. The methodology would consist of (i) the
    development of a methodology and the training of the facilitators
    for the committee; (ii) the preparation of the plans; and (iii) the
    strengthening of district and state level conflict resolution
    committees. In particular SDFP would fund:

12. The costs of international (2 SW per state) and local consultants (4
    SW per state in the first year, with 2 SW per year for regular
    follow-up and refreshing in the following years) to develop the
    methodology and train a cadre of facilitators in conflict management
    and preparation of resource use plans. This training would be case
    study- based, and use the experiences of the DFID-funded JEWEL
    project in Jigawa State, which is piloting a similar approach. The
    facilitators would be middle level staff of the ADPs, local NGOs,
    universities, etc. Special consultations would be organized with the
    traditional authorities, to seek their support for the development
    of participatory resource use plans. USAID has indicated a possible
    interest in funding the training of the facilitators under parallel
    funding.

13. Operational costs for the organization of multi stakeholder resource
    use committees at the level of the individual fadama and to
    facilitate the preparation of resource use plans, including (i)
    inventories of resource users, including the mapping of eventual
    conflicts; (ii) proposed resource use and investments under SFDP for
    all users of the fadama, including the areas allocated and
    investments needed in arable farming, stock routes and grazing
    areas, watering points for livestock, water bodies for fishing and
    conservation wetland areas for biodiversity; and (iii) demarcation
    of the agreed resource uses. The total area to be set aside, would
    need to be based on past usage and the inventory of access rights
    mentioned above as part of project preparation. Past usage and
    rights seem to be better criteria than the arbitrary twenty percent
    defined by the 1988 National Agricultural Policy. In preparing these
    plans, current environmental regulations, such as the regulation
    that no cultivation is allowed within 50 meters of a river.

14. As these committees would also be the first resort for mitigation in
    the case of conflicts, the resource users plans would also indicate
    the required institutional and operational needs for conflict
    mitigation. The resource user committees would consist of
    representatives of the different resource users, the traditional
    authorities, and a representative of the Local Government.

# The mutually agreed resource use plans, would be one of the main eligibility criteria, and therefore conditions for disbursement for investment in any particular fadama. While this criterion might delay the implementation of physical infrastructure, it is considered a critical condition for the future harmonious development of the fadama areas. Anything less would lead to further and increased violence. 

15. While the resource users committees would be the institution of
    first resort for conflict management, it would also be necessary to
    strengthen the existing district and state level organizations in
    conflict management. While there are substantial differences between
    the operational efficiency of these committees, both between
    districts within a state, and between states, there is in almost all
    cases a need to provide these institutions with appropriate funds to
    permit adequate meeting attendance. The project would therefore
    provide these operating costs.

16. More study is needed on the approach to the long-range pastoralists.
    A critical requirement seems to be to enable national herders
    organizations, to act as the main channel for communication with the
    long-range pastoralists on the need for increased resource use
    discipline. Detailed plans for this component would be established
    over the next months, but it would consist of support for regular
    national and international consultations, and media campaigns.

> **Subcomponent 2.** *Investments in Sustainable Resource Use*

17. Under this sub-component, the project would fund, on a matching
    grant basis, with the fadama resource users committees, the physical
    improvement needs emanating from the stakeholder resource committees
    resource use plans. This would include investments in the natural
    resource base of the fadama, consisting mostly of the rehabilitation
    or establishment of water and other facilities for livestock, and
    the rehabilitation of degraded fadama grazing areas. For a typical
    fadama area of 100 ha, this could include the rehabilitation of
    about 30 ha degraded grazing land, the establishment of a surface
    watering point, and the marking of about 5 km of trek route. The
    costs of such an improvement needs to be calculated as part of the
    project preparation.

18. To mitigate the conflicts originating from the long range
    pastoralists, the emphasis would be on the rehabilitation of the
    main stock routes, in the part of the country where conflicts are
    most severe, i.e. North Eastern Nigeria. This would be expected to
    cover about 5000 km of stock routes, at an estimated cost of US \$
    500 per km. The rehabilitation would consist of (i) revising current
    routes, which are in many places blocked due to crop
    encroachment; (ii) beaconing at regular (1000m) intervals the route;
    and (iii) providing adequate infrastructure in water, animal health
    facilities and grazing areas along those routes. Care should also be
    taken to link these main stock routes with the secondary routes in
    the fadamas,. For the rehabilitation of these stock routes, a
    similar participatory approach as in the North Western Nigeria,
    would be followed, i.e. search for alternative routes, if the
    existing route is blocked, without any resettlement. This activity
    would be jointly financed between SFDP (50 percent), Federal
    Government (20); States (20 percent), Local Government (10 percent).
    A condition of disbursement for this activity would be the agreement
    of all states concerned with a particular stock route, to co-finance
    this activity.

> *Investments in Livestock Production Intensification*

19. Under the Diversification component of the project, special
    attention would be given to investments in livestock production
    intensification, to support a process of integration of livestock
    and cropping, and provide alternatives to the current horticultural
    crops. This will include *support to commercial banks* in assisting
    private individuals and groups in accessing financial services
    (preparation of feasibility studies, analysis of sub-project
    bankability, loan applications procedures, etc.) or operating a
    matching grant and/or group-based lending arrangement to support the
    following livestock-related income-generating activities:

-   *Dairy development.* Following the successful program around Kaduna
    (para 12) the project would further promote dairy collection and
    processing systems near large urban markets (probably Kano only),
    whereby the project would support the preparation of feasibility
    studies, and eventually provide a matching grant for some of the
    public good aspects (training, some collection equipment), taking
    into account the major effect such a dairy processing facility would
    have on women.. Moreover, non- cooperative models, such as pure
    commercial models could be explored.

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-   *Smallholder livestock fattening.* Following the successful model
    developed under SLP, the project would provide the technical
    assistance for this model. Detailed farm level models are available
    in the annex.

20. These components need to be supported by an effective financing
    mechanism under the fadama enterprises support subcomponent of the
    SFDP, as well as investments in adaptive research and livestock
    services. The latter two are detailed below:

-   ***Livestock services.** Veterinary services* are a key requirement
    for both traditional and intensive production systems. However, in
    many of the fadamas and at current production levels, the
    conventional model with professionally trained veterinarian is
    economically and financially not justified. The model with
    para-veterinarians, selected by the community, trained in short (6
    months) courses with frequent refresher courses, has proven to be an
    effective model in many countries. SFDP should therefore set-up such
    a system (under the capacity-building support to advisory service
    providers subcomponent of the institutional development component,
    which, after the initial establishment costs, could function as a
    financially autonomous (and private) system. *Livestock extension*
    services are needed to train women in milk production and hygiene
    and all participants of the livestock development component in
    livestock management.

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-   ***Applied research component**.* While the research investments
    would be restricted under SFDP, some critical applied research on
    the cultivation of those fodders fitting into the cropping system in
    terms of labor requirements, yield and residual effect on the
    cropping system is critical, in particular for the dairy and
    fattening activities. Some good work has been done by NAPRI and ILRI
    [^7] on the integration of fodder plants in the fadama rice system.
    However, it is acknowledged that the crop/fodder rotations tried by
    this consortium were too complex, and did not take adequately
    account of farmers factor constraints. Alternative systems need
    therefore to be tested in less complex arrangements.

> Operational aspects.

21. PCU, in cooperation with NLDP, would implement the institutional
    component at the national level (training of a cadre of
    facilitators, and support for national and international
    consultations of herder associations). The State level ADPs would
    take up the facilitating role in the establishment of resource user
    committees and plans. Moreover, they would take the leading role in
    implementing the public goods investments (rehabilitation or
    establishment of water and other facilities for livestock and the
    rehabilitation of degraded fadama grazing areas) resulting from the
    resource use plans. NLPD, in close cooperation with the State
    governments, would implement the stock route rehabilitation. The
    financing of investment activities would be carried out through the
    adopted arrangements under the fadama enterprise development support
    component. Finally, the research component would be implemented by
    the national research systems, in collaboration with IITA and ILRI
    (through contracting for advisory services).

22. The project would include provisions for cost recovery and the
    establishment of appropriate institutional frameworks for
    maintenance. For cost recovery, grazing and livestock watering fees
    are to be introduced. For the institutional framework to maintain
    this infrastructure, several models are possible, and could be
    introduced under a competitive allocation procedure:

-   Group management (Local pastoral organizations, national
    organizations, such as Miyetti Allah, and possibly FUAs and local
    government, if they can become representative of all fadama users);
    or

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-   Private management, through subcontracting from the local
    government, by local veterinarians or para-veterinarians, which
    combine functions under the conflict management and livestock
    development sub-components

23. The table below gives some initial indications on financing sources.

+----------------+---------------+-----------------+---+---------------+---+
| **Item**       | **Key         | **Indicative    | * |               |   |
|                | Cha           | funding         | * |               |   |
|                | racteristic** | levels**        | S |               |   |
|                |               |                 | o |               |   |
|                |               |                 | u |               |   |
|                |               |                 | r |               |   |
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|                |               |                 | g |               |   |
|                |               |                 | * |               |   |
|                |               |                 | * |               |   |
+----------------+---------------+-----------------+---+---------------+---+
| **Subcomponent |               |                 |   |               |   |
| 1:**           |               |                 |   |               |   |
| *Development   |               |                 |   |               |   |
| of             |               |                 |   |               |   |
| participatory  |               |                 |   |               |   |
| decision       |               |                 |   |               |   |
| making on      |               |                 |   |               |   |
| resource use.* |               |                 |   |               |   |
+----------------+---------------+-----------------+---+---------------+---+
| *              | Mainly public | US \$           | S |               |   |
| *Establishment | good          |                 | F |               |   |
| and operation  |               |                 | D |               |   |
| of resource    |               |                 | P |               |   |
| users groups** |               |                 | , |               |   |
|                |               |                 | s |               |   |
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+----------------+---------------+-----------------+---+---------------+---+
| **Subcomponent |               |                 |   |               |   |
| 2**            |               |                 |   |               |   |
| *Investments   |               |                 |   |               |   |
| in Sustainable |               |                 |   |               |   |
| Resource Use*  |               |                 |   |               |   |
+----------------+---------------+-----------------+---+---------------+---+
| **Facilitating | Mainly public | US \$           |   |               |   |
| and developing | good          |                 |   |               |   |
| resource       |               |                 |   |               |   |
| management     |               |                 |   |               |   |
| plans**        |               |                 |   |               |   |
+----------------+---------------+-----------------+---+---------------+---+
| *              | Mainly public | Primary stock   | S |               |   |
| *Establishment | good, because | routes at US \$ | F |               |   |
| of stock       | of market     | 500/km. Water   | D |               |   |
| routes,        | failure       | points at US \$ | P |               |   |
| grazing        |               | 10,000 each.    | ( |               |   |
| reserves and   |               | Grazing areas   | 5 |               |   |
| water points** |               | at about US \$  | 0 |               |   |
|                |               | 200/ha          | p |               |   |
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+----------------+---------------+-----------------+---+---------------+---+
| **Sustainable  | Mainly        | TBD             | P |               |   |
| maintenance**  | private goods |                 | r |               |   |
| of stocking    | (benefits can |                 | i |               |   |
| routes,        | be captured   |                 | v |               |   |
| grazing areas  | by            |                 | a |               |   |
| and water      | individuals)  |                 | t |               |   |
| points         |               |                 | e |               |   |
|                |               |                 | o |               |   |
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+----------------+---------------+-----------------+---+---------------+---+
| **Subcomponent |               |                 |   |               |   |
| 3**            |               |                 |   |               |   |
| *Investments   |               |                 |   |               |   |
| in livestock   |               |                 |   |               |   |
| in             |               |                 |   |               |   |
| tensification* |               |                 |   |               |   |
+----------------+---------------+-----------------+---+---------------+---+
| **Item**       | **Key         | **Indicative    | * |               |   |
|                | Cha           | funding         | * |               |   |
|                | racteristic** | levels**        | S |               |   |
|                |               |                 | o |               |   |
|                |               |                 | u |               |   |
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|                |               |                 | * |               |   |
|                |               |                 | * |               |   |
+----------------+---------------+-----------------+---+---------------+---+
| **Dairy        | Mainly        | About US \$     | M |               |   |
| development:** | private good, | 300,000 per     | o |               |   |
|                | although      | site to set-up  | s |               |   |
| Herd           | equity        | dairy           | t |               |   |
| improvement in | c             | collection and  | l |               |   |
| feeding and    | onsiderations | processing      | y |               |   |
| health,        | (gender), and | system for      | p |               |   |
| collection     | infant        | about 5000 lts. | r |               |   |
| systems,       | industry      | per day.        | i |               |   |
| processing and | c             |                 | v |               |   |
| marketing      | onsiderations |                 | a |               |   |
| systems        | might justify |                 | t |               |   |
|                | public        |                 | e |               |   |
|                | investment in |                 | w |               |   |
|                | areas such as |                 | i |               |   |
|                | milk          |                 | n |               |   |
|                | collection in |                 | d |               |   |
|                | remote areas  |                 | o |               |   |
|                | (as for       |                 | w |               |   |
|                | example in    |                 | o |               |   |
|                | Tunisia).     |                 | f |               |   |
|                | Extension is  |                 | F |               |   |
|                | public good   |                 | I |               |   |
|                |               |                 | F |               |   |
|                |               |                 | , |               |   |
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|                |               |                 | d |               |   |
|                |               |                 | . |               |   |
+----------------+---------------+-----------------+---+---------------+---+
| **Cattle       | Almost        | Average loan    |   | Private       |   |
| fattening:**   | entirely a    | about US \$     |   | window of     |   |
| Purchase of    | private good, | 2000 per farm   |   | FIF, with     |   |
| livestock and  | except for    | household       |   | commercial    |   |
| feed, and      | the training  |                 |   | banks         |   |
| construction   | aspects       |                 |   |               |   |
| of simple      |               |                 |   |               |   |
| sheds          |               |                 |   |               |   |
+----------------+---------------+-----------------+---+---------------+---+

+----------------+---------------+------------------+----------------+
| **Livestock    | Mostly        | About US \$      | Public window  |
| services**     | private good  | 10,000-20,000    | of FIF, some   |
|                | for animal    | per              | commercial     |
| Training and   | health        | pa               | credit         |
| initial        | services      | ra-veterinarians |                |
| installation   | (although     | for equipment    |                |
| of             | infant        | and              |                |
| para-          | industry      | infrastructure,  |                |
| veterinarians, | argument      | about US \$      |                |
| construction   | regarding     | 3,000 for        |                |
| of some        | para-v        | training         |                |
| infrastructure | eterinarians) |                  |                |
| for external   | public good   |                  |                |
| parasite       | for extension |                  |                |
| control and    | element       |                  |                |
| vaccination    |               |                  |                |
|                |               |                  |                |
| Extension      |               |                  |                |
| services:      |               |                  |                |
| training of    |               |                  |                |
| agents in      |               |                  |                |
| livestock      |               |                  |                |
| technologies   |               |                  |                |
+----------------+---------------+------------------+----------------+
| **Adaptive     | Almost        | About US \$      | Public window  |
| research**     | entirely      | 150,000 per year | of FIF, with   |
|                | public        |                  | co-financing   |
| Outsourcing to |               |                  | of research    |
| most           |               |                  | institution(s) |
| appropriate    |               |                  | selected.      |
| research       |               |                  |                |
| institution    |               |                  |                |
| (preferably    |               |                  |                |
| combination of |               |                  |                |
| CGIAR with     |               |                  |                |
| National       |               |                  |                |
| Institute) of  |               |                  |                |
| research       |               |                  |                |
| project on     |               |                  |                |
| technology and |               |                  |                |
| institutional  |               |                  |                |
| constraints to |               |                  |                |
| i              |               |                  |                |
| ntensification |               |                  |                |
| of livestock   |               |                  |                |
| feed           |               |                  |                |
| production on  |               |                  |                |
| fadama land    |               |                  |                |
+----------------+---------------+------------------+----------------+

[^1]: This is the combined report of missions of Mr. Cees de Haan, Sr.
    Livestock Adviser, World Bank respectively from November 4 -- 9,
    2001, and from June 6-15, 2002. During the June mission, field
    visits to Jigawa, and Gombe State were organized. The Honorable
    Minister of State for Agriculture and Rural Development launched the
    mission in November. Hassan Dlibya (DFID) participated in the Jigawa
    part of the June mission. Staff of the resident mission in Abuja, in
    particular Samuel Eremie and Lucas Akapa supported the mission. A
    wrap-up meeting with representatives of DFID, Ministere de la
    Cooperation, and Nigerian authorities was held in Abuja on June 13,
    2002. Moreover, the mission greatly benefited from the inputs from
    staff of the Project Coordination Unit, Federal Livestock Department
    (FLD), and in particular Dr. Bala A. Maisamari, and from the
    National Livestock Projects Division of FLD, in particular from Umar
    Hassan, the departments of Agriculture and Rural Development of the
    Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, representatives of
    the National Cattle Breeders Association (Miyetti Allah), and staff
    of the Abuja, Jigawa and Gombe Agricultural Development Projects.
    During the first mission, a meeting was held with the consultants
    responsible for the environmental assessment.

[^2]: For example in Horowitz M.M. and M. Salem-Murdock, GeoJournal
    30(2):179-184, June 1993.

[^3]: Ingawa S.A., L.A. Ega and P.O. Erhabor (1999) Farmer Pastoralist
    Conflict in the Core States of the National Fadama Project. FACU
    Abuja.

[^4]: Such as those of the Hadejia-Nuguru wetlands (Rowley and Jones,
    1998) and Jigawa Enhancement of Wetlands project (DFID, 2001)

[^5]: Hesse. C, C. Ezeomah, U. A. Hassan, and A. A. Ardo (2001). An
    assessment of the organizational effectiveness of pastoral
    organizations in Northern Nigeria. Department for International
    Development, RNR Sector Coordinator\'s Office, Kaduna, Nigeria

[^6]: Maina, J.U. Management of Common Property Resources for
    Sustainable Livestock Production in Nigeria. Paper presented at the
    DFID workshop on Land Tenure, Poverty and Sustainable Development in
    SSA. February 16-19. UK.

[^7]: ILRI and NAPRI (2000) Market-oriented Smallholder Peri-urban
    Dairying in the Inland Valleys of Nigeria.