**Pertinent References for Radiation Injury to the Nervous System**

1.  Chong MJ. Murray MR. Gosink EC. Russell HR. Srinivasan A.
    Kapsetaki M. Korsmeyer SJ. McKinnon PJ. Atm and Bax cooperate in
    ionizing radiation-induced apoptosis in the central nervous system.
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States
    of America. 97(2):889-94, 2000.

2.  Crossen JR. Garwood D. Glatstein E. Neuwelt EA. Neurobehavioral
    sequelae of cranial irradiation in adults: a review of
    radiation-induced encephalopathy. \[Review\] \[98 refs\] Journal of
    Clinical Oncology. 12(3):627-42, 1994.

3.  Eriksson PS, Perfilieva E, Bjork-Eriksson T, et al: Neurogenesis in
    the adult human hippocampus. Nature Med. 4:1313-1317,1998.

4.  Ferrer I. The effect of cycloheximide on natural and X-ray-induced
    cell death in the developing cerebral cortex. Brain Research.
    588(2):351-7,1992.

5.  Foley, P. & Riederer, P. Influence of neurotoxins and oxidative
    stress on the onset and progression of Parkinson\'s disease. Journal
    of Neurology, 247 (Suppl. 2): W82-W94, 2000.

6.  Frank, KM; Sharpless, NE; Gao, V; Sekiguchi, JM; Ferguson, DO; Zhu,
    C; Manis, JP; Horner, J; DePinho, RA; Alt, FW. DNA ligase IV
    deficiency in mice leads to defective neurogenesis and embryonic
    lethality via the p53 pathway. Mol. Cell, 5(6):993- 1002, 2000.

7.  Gage FH, Kempermann *a,* Palmer ill, et al: Multipotent progenitor
    cells in the adult dentate gyrus. J. Neurobiol. 36:249-266, 1998.

8.  Gao, Y; Sun, Y; Frank, KM; Dikkes, P; Fujiwara, Y; Seidl, KJ;
    Sekiguchi, JM; Rathbun, GA; Swat, W; Wang, J; Bronson, RT; Malynn,
    BA; Bryans, M; Zhu, C; Chaudhuri, J; Davidson, L; Ferrini, R;
    Stamato, T; Orkin, SH; Greenberg, ME; Alt, FW. A critical role for
    DNA end-joining proteins in both Iymphogenesis and neurogenesis.
    Cell, 95(7):891-902, 1998.

9.  Gottlieb, E; Vander Heiden, MG; Thompson, CB. Bcl-x(L) prevents the
    initial decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential and subsequent
    reactive oxygen species production during tumor necrosis factor
    alpha-induced apoptosis. Mol. Cell Biol., 20(15):5680-9, 2000.

10. Herzog KH. Chong MJ. Kapsetaki M. Morgan JI. McKinnon PJ.
    Requirement for Atm in ionizing radiation-induced cell death in the
    developing central nervous system. Science. 280:1089-91,1998.

11. Hodges H. Katzung N. Sowinski P. Hopewell JW. Wilkinson JH.
    Bywaters T. Rezvani M. Late behavioural and neuropathological
    effects of local brain irradiation in the rat. Behavioural Brain
    Research. 91(1-2):99-114, 1998.

12. Joseph, J. A., Shukitt-Hale, B., Denisova, N. A., Prior, R. L.,
    Cao, G. Martin, A., Taglialatela, G. & Bickford, P. C. Long-term1
    dietary strawberry, spinach or vitamine E supplementation retards
    the onset or age-related neuronal signal transduction and cognitive
    behavioral deficits. J: Neurosci., 9047-8055, 1998.

13. Joseph, J. A., Shukitt-Hale, B., McEwen, J., & Rabin, B. M.
    CNS-induced deficits of heavy particle irradiation in space: The
    aging connection. Advances in Space Research, 25: 2057-2064, 2000.

14. Limoli, CL; Hartmann, A; Shephard, L; Yang, CR; Boothman, DA;
    Bartholomew, J; Morgan, WF. Apoptosis, reproductive failure, and
    oxidative stress in Chinese hamster ovary cells with compromised
    genomic integrity. Cancer Res., 58(16):3712-8, 1998.

15. Lindner, M. D., Cain, C. K., Plone, M. A., Frydel, B. R., Blaney, T.
    I., Emerich, D. F., & Hoane, M. R. Incomplete nigrostriatal
    dopaminergic cell loss and partial reductions in striatal dopamine
    produce akinesia, rigidity, tremor and cognitive deficits in
    middle-aged rats. Behavioural Brain Research, 102: 1-16, 1999.

16. Packer, L; Tritschler, HJ; Wessel, K. Neuroprotection by the
    metabolic antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid. Free Rad. Bioi. Med.,
    22(1-2):359-78, 1997.

17. Peissner W, Kocher M, Treuer H, et al: Ionizing radiation-induced
    apoptosis of proliferating stem cells in the dentate gyrus of the
    adult rat hippocampus. Brain Res. Mol Brain Res 71:61-68, 1999.

18. Rabin, B. M., Joseph, J. A., and Erat, S. Effects of exposure to
    different types of radiation on behaviors mediated by peripheral or
    central systems. Advances in Space Research, 22: 217-225, 1998.

19. Rains, J. S., & Shaw, C. A. Neurodegenerative disorders in humans:
    The role of glutatione in oxidative stress mediated neuronal death.
    Brain Research Reviews, 25: 335-358, 1997.

20. Roman DD, Sperduto PW: Neuropsychological effects of cranial
    radiation: current knowledge and future directions. Int. J. Radiat.
    OncoI. BioI. Phys. 31:983-998, 1995.

21. Rong, Y; Doctrow, SR; Tocco, G; Baudry, M. EUK-134, a synthetic
    superoxide dismutase and catalase mimetic, prevents oxidative stress
    and attenuates kainate- induced neuropathology. Proc. Natl. Acad.
    Sci. USA, 96(17):9897-902, 1999.

22. Sheng- Tanner, X; Bump, EA; Hedley, OW. An oxidative stress-mediated
    death pathway in irradiated human leukemia cells mapped using
    multilaser flow cytometry. Radiat. Res.,150(6):636-47, 1998.

23. Shinohara C, Gobbel GT, Lambom KR, et al: Apoptosis in the
    subependyma of young adult rats after single and fractionated doses
    of x-rays. Cancer Res. 57:2694-2702, 1997.

24. Shukitt-Hale, B., Casadesus, G., McEwen, J. J., Rabin, B. M., &
    Joseph, J. A. Spatial learning and memory deficits induced by ^56^Fe
    radiation exposure. Radiation Research. 154: 28-33, 2000.

25. Smith, J; Ladi, E; Mayer-Proschel, M; Noble, M. Redox state is a
    central modulator of the balance between self-renewal and
    differentiation in a dividing glial precursor cell. Proc. Natl.
    Acad. Sci. USA, 97(18):10032-7, 2000.

26. Tada E, Parent JM, Lowenstein DH, et al: X-irradiation causes a
    prolonged reduction in cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus of
    adult rats. Neuroscience 99:33-41,2000.

27. Tada E, Yang C, Gobbel GT, et al: Long term impairment of
    subependymal repopulation following damage by ionizing irradiation.
    Exptl. Neurol. 160:66-77, 1999.

28. Tofilon PJ, Fike JR: The radioresponse of the central nervous
    system: A dynamic process. Radiat Res. 153(4):357-70, 2000.

29. Van der Kogel AJ: Central nervous system radiation injury in small
    animal models, in Gutin PH, Leibel SA, Sheline GB (eds): Radiation
    Injury to the Nervous System. New York: Raven Press, Ltd., pp
    91-111, 1991.

30. Yoneoka Y. Satoh M. Akiyama K. Sano K. Fujii Y. Tanaka R. An
    experimental study of radiation-induced cognitive dysfunction in an
    adult rat model. British Journal of Radiology. 72(864):1196-201,
    1999.