![](media/image1.jpeg){width="5.992361111111111in"
height="1.0458333333333334in"}

**Importation of Fresh Mango Fruit (*Mangifera indica* L.)**

**from India into the Continental United States**

**A Qualitative, Pathway-Initiated Pest Risk Assessment**

Agency contact:

United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

Center for Plant Health Science and Technology

Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory

1730 Varsity Dr., Suite 300

Raleigh, NC 27606

**Executive Summary**

India requested to export fresh mango fruit (*Mangifera indica* L.) to
the continental United States. This document assessed the risk that
pests arriving with mango from India would pose to U.S. agriculture. We
developed a list of pests associated with mango and present in India,
and then further analyzed those pests that were of quarantine
significance to the United States, and that were likely to follow the
pathway of mango imported from India. The methodology and rating
criteria used to analyze these pests are detailed in the *Guidelines for
Pathway-Initiated Pest Risk Assessment, version 5.02*. Risk was
estimated based on the fruit being cleaned and washed as part of
standard post-harvest practices in Indian mango production. The risk
assessment identified the following quarantine pests that could
potentially become introduced into the United States through mango
importation from India:

**[ARTHROPODS]{.underline}**

**[Coleoptera]{.underline}:**

**Curculionidae**

*Sternochetus frigidus* (F.)

*Sternochetus mangiferae* (F.)

**[Diptera]{.underline}:**

**Tephritidae**

*Bactrocera caryeae* (Kapoor)

*Bactrocera correcta* (Bezzi)

*Bactrocera* *cucurbitae* Coquillett

*Bactrocera diversa* (Coquillett)

*Bactrocera dorsalis* Hendel

*Bactrocera tau* (Walker)

*Bactrocera zonata* (Saunders)

**[Hemiptera]{.underline}:**

**Coccidae**

*Ceroplastes rubens* Maskell

*Coccus viridis* (Green)

**Diaspididae**

*Aulacaspis tubercularis* (Newstead)

*Parlatoria crypta* Mckenzie

*Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis* (Green)

**[Pathogens:]{.underline}**

*Actinodochium jenkinsii* Uppal, Patel & Kamat

*Cytosphaera mangiferae* Died.

*Hendersonia creberrima* Syd., Syd. & Butler

*Macrophoma mangiferae* Hing. & Sharma

*Phomopsis mangiferae* S. Ahmad

*Xanthomonas campestris* pv. *mangiferaeindicae* (Patel *et al*.) Robbs
*et al*.

We determined that unmitigated risk is High for *Ceroplastes rubens* and
the seven fruit flies in the genus *Bactrocera*; Medium for the two
mango weevils in the genus *Sternochetus*; Medium for the three armored
scales, *Aulacaspis tubercularis*, *Parlatoria crypta,* and
*Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis*; Medium for *Macrophoma mangiferae,
Cytosphaera mangiferae*, and *Xanthomonas campestris* pv.
*mangiferaeindicae*; and Low for *Actinodochium jenkinsii,* *Hendersonia
creberrima*, and *Phomopsis mangiferae*. Although the armored scales
were rated Medium based on the USDA *Guidelines*, these insects have a
low likelihood of introduction and establishment that could not be
addressed using the current USDA *Guidelines*. This low likelihood of
establishment should be an important consideration when developing risk
mitigations.

Detailed examination and recommendations for appropriate sanitary and
phytosanitary measures to mitigate pest risk is undertaken as part of
the pest risk management phase and is not discussed in this document.

# 

# 

# 

# 

# 

# 

#  

**Table of Contents**

[I. Introduction 5](#i.-introduction)

[II. Risk Assessment 5](#ii.-risk-assessment)

[A. Initiating Event: Proposed Action
5](#a.-initiating-event-proposed-action)

[B. Assessment of Weediness Potential of Mango
6](#b.-assessment-of-weediness-potential-of-mango)

[C. Pest Interceptions and Decision History
6](#c.-pest-interceptions-and-decision-history)

[D. Plant Pests Associated with Mango from India
7](#d.-plant-pests-associated-with-mango-from-india)

[E. Discussion of Quarantine Pests That Were Not Selected for Further
Analysis
8](#e.-discussion-of-quarantine-pests-that-were-not-selected-for-further-analysis)

[F. Quarantine Pests Considered for Further Evaluation
12](#f.-quarantine-pests-considered-for-further-evaluation)

[G. Analysis of Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway
12](#g.-analysis-of-quarantine-pests-likely-to-follow-the-pathway)

[Risk Elements 1-5. 13](#risk-elements-1-5.)

[Risk Element 6: Pest Opportunity (Survival and Access to Suitable
Habitat and Hosts)
25](#risk-element-6-pest-opportunity-survival-and-access-to-suitable-habitat-and-hosts)

[Baseline Risk Potential 30](#__RefHeading___Toc135708845)

[III Conclusions 31](#__RefHeading___Toc135708846)

[Authors and Reviewers 32](#__RefHeading___Toc135708847)

[References 33](#__RefHeading___Toc135708848)

[Appendix I: List of Pests Associated with Mango and Present in India
58](#appendix-i-list-of-pests-associated-with-mango-and-present-in-india)

# I. Introduction

This risk assessment was prepared by the Animal and Plant Health
Inspection Service (APHIS) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)
to examine the plant pest risks associated with importing mango fruit
*Mangifera indica* L. (Anacardiaceae family) from India into the United
States. Mango is grown almost throughout India up to an elevation of
4,000 ft. (NIAM, 2001). The major mango producing regions in India are
Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal
and Orissa & Maharashtra (NIAM, 2001). This risk assessment examined the
pest risk of commercial quality mango, which undergoes cleaning and
washing of sap from the exterior of each individual fruit as part of the
standard post-harvest treatment in India (Seshadri, 2005). Post-harvest
cleaning and washing of the fruit is a common and essential cultural
practice in mango production, as the sap which exudes from the stem end
burns the fruit skin, resulting in black lesions followed by rotting
(Morton, 1987).

This risk assessment is qualitative and expresses risk in terms such as
high, medium or low, instead of probabilities or frequencies. The
details of the methodology and rating criteria are in: Pathway-Initiated
Pest Risk Assessments: Guidelines for Qualitative Assessments, Version
5.02 (APHIS, 2000), accessible at
http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/pra/commodity/cpraguide.pdf.

Regional and international plant protection organizations such as the
North American Plant Protection Organization (NAPPO) and the
International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) provide standards for
conducting pest risk assessments (IPPC, 1996; IPPC, 2001; IPPC, 2003;
IPPC, 2004; NAPPO, 2004). The methods used to initiate, conduct and
report this assessment, as well as the use of biological and
phytosanitary terms are consistent with these standards. These standards
describe three stages of pest risk analysis: Stage 1 (initiation), Stage
2 (risk assessment) and Stage 3 (risk management). This document
satisfies the requirements of IPPC Stages 1 and 2.

# II. Risk Assessment

## A. Initiating Event: Proposed Action

This pest risk assessment is commodity-based or "pathway-initiated"
because the USDA was requested to authorize importations of fresh mango
fruit from India into the United States. This is a potential pathway for
the introduction of plant pests on the mango. The Plant Protection Act
of 2000 (7 U.S.C. Sections 7701-7772) gives APHIS the authority to
regulate plant pests/plant products; the regulations for the importation
of fruits and vegetables are codified in the Code of Federal
Regulations, Title 7, Part 319, Subpart 56 (7 CFR Section 319.56).

## B. Assessment of Weediness Potential of Mango

The results of the weediness screening for mango did not prompt a
pest-initiated risk assessment because mango is commercially cultivated
in suitable climates and is not listed as a weed in any of the
applicable references (Table 1).

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table 1. Assessment of the Weediness Potential of Mango.              |
+=======================================================================+
| Commodity: Mango, *Mangifera indica* L. (Anacardiaceae)               |
|                                                                       |
| Phase 1: Mango is commercially cultivated in Florida, Hawaii, Puerto  |
| Rico, the United States Virgin Islands, and the tropical regions of   |
| both Texas and California.                                            |
|                                                                       |
| Phase 2: Is the species listed in:                                    |
|                                                                       |
| [No]{.underline} Geographical Atlas of World Weeds (Holm *et al.*,    |
| 1979)                                                                 |
|                                                                       |
| [No]{.underline} World\'s Worst Weeds (Holm *et al.*, 1977) or        |
|                                                                       |
| World Weeds: Natural Histories and Distribution (Holm *et al.*, 1997) |
|                                                                       |
| [No]{.underline} Report of the Technical Committee to Evaluate        |
| Noxious Weeds; Exotic Weeds for Federal Noxious Weed Act (Gunn and    |
| Ritchie, 1982)                                                        |
|                                                                       |
| [No]{.underline} *Economically Important Foreign Weeds* (Reed, 1977)  |
|                                                                       |
| [No]{.underline} Weed Science Society of America list (WSSA, 1989)    |
|                                                                       |
| [No]{.underline} Is there any literature reference indicating         |
| weediness, *eg*, AGRICOLA, CAB, Biological Abstracts, AGRIS; search   |
| on \"species name\" combined with \"weed\".                           |
|                                                                       |
| Phase 3: Mango is not listed as a weed in any of the above references |
| and is commercially grown in suitable climates, so it does not appear |
| to pose a risk as a weed.                                             |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

## C. Pest Interceptions and Decision History

**Pest Interceptions**

Over two thousand arthropod interceptions on mango were made since 1985
(APHIS-PPQ Interceptions, 2002).

Insect pests intercepted over 100 times:

*Aulacaspis tubercularis* Newstead (Diaspididae) (905)

*Sternochetus mangiferae* (Fabricius) (Curculionidae) (627)

*Sternochetus* sp. (Curculionidae) (269)

*Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis* (Green) (Diaspididae) (169)

*Bactrocera* sp. (Tephritidae) (164)

Pests intercepted from 10 to 100 times:

Tephritidae, species of (47)

Pseudococcidae, species of (40)

*Lepidosaphes tapleyi* Williams (Diaspididae) (23)

*Parlatoria crypta* Mckenzie (Diaspididae) (21)

*Dacus* sp. (Tephritidae) (18)

Most of the insect pests were intercepted less than 10 times and
include: *Abgrallapsis* sp., *Aleurocanthus husaini*, *Aleurolobus
marlatti*, Aleyrodidae sp., *Anastrepha* sp., *Aonidiella* sp.,
*Aulacaspis* sp., *Bactrocera dorsalis*, Carposinidae sp., *Ceratitini*
sp., *Ceratitis* sp., Cicadellidae sp., Coccidae sp., *Coccus* sp.,
*Contarinia* sp., *Cryptophlebia* sp., *Cryptorhynchus* sp., *Curculio*
sp., Curculionidae sp., Diaspididae sp., Gelechiidae sp., *Lepidosaphes
similis*, *Lindingaspis fusca*, *Lindingaspis* sp., Lonchaeidae sp.,
*Maconellicoccus hirsutus*, Margarodidae sp., *Nipaecoccus viridis*,
Nymphalidae sp., *Otiorynchus* sp., Phycitinae sp., *Planococcoides
robustus*, *P*. *minor*, *Planococcus* sp., *Procontarinia* sp.,
*Pseudaonidia* sp., *Pseudaulacaspis* sp., *Pseudischnaspis* sp.,
Pyralidae sp., *Rastrococcus iceryoides*, *Rhagoletis cerasi*,
*Sternochetus frigidus*, *Sternocoelus* sp., *Sybra* sp.,
*Tetraleurodes* sp., *Thrips palmi* and *Xyleborus* sp.

In contrast, there were few fungal interceptions and often noticeable
disorders of mango may not be easily attributable to a single cause at
ports of entry (Cappellini, 1988). APHIS-PPQ inspectors intercepted
*Phomopsis* sp. and *Phaeosphaeria oryzae* once each and *Cladosporium*
spp. seven times on mango in personal baggage from India. There was one
interception of Ascomycotina on permit cargo. There was one interception
of *Elsinoe australis* in passenger baggage, but this fungus is not
otherwise known as a pathogen of mango (CMI, 1974).

**Decision History for mango from India**

1993 -- Deny entry due to lack of approved treatment for *Sternochetus
mangiferae*, *S*. *frigidus*, the larval borers *Hyalospilla
leuconeurella* and *Tirathaba mundela*, and a complex of *Bactrocera*
species: *B.* *correcta*, *B*. *cucurbitae*, *B*. *dorsalis*, *B*.
*caryeae*, *B*. *hageni* and *B*. *zonata*.

1988- Deny entry due to lack of an acceptable treatment for the complex
of exotic fruit flies and *Sternochetus* spp.

## D. Plant Pests Associated with Mango from India

Appendix I lists the pests associated with mango and present in India.
This list identifies: (1) the presence or absence of the pests in the
United States, (2) the generally affected plant part or parts, (3) the
quarantine status of the pest in the United States, (4) whether the pest
is likely to follow the pathway to enter the United States on
commercially exported mango fruit from India, and (5) pertinent
citations for either the distribution or the biology of the pest. Many
organisms are eliminated from further consideration as sources of
phytosanitary risk on mango from India because of their biology, while
others do not satisfy the definition of a quarantine pest.

A pest is likely to be transported on mango if: the pest is present in
India, the pest is associated with mango at the time of harvest, and the
pest remains viable on the fruit throughout the harvesting, packing and
shipping procedures. Quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway may
be capable of establishment, or spread within the United States if
suitable ecological and climatic conditions exist, including protected
areas such as greenhouses. Some of the ecological conditions include the
presence of primary host species, alternate hosts, and vectors.

It is expected that mangoes will be accompanied by a very short stem
attached to the top of the fruit (apprpoximately 0.3 to 0.5cm long and
technically, a pedicel which is part of the infloresence). Presence of
this stem cap is necessary for adequate preservation of fruit quality.
Because these stem caps are relatively short and because of their close
promixity to the fruit surface, it is highly unlikely that importation
of mago fruit with these stems will increase the risk of importing
additional pests and diseases that would not already be associated with
the fruit. Consequently, for the purpose of identifying pests likely to
follow the pathway on fresh mango fruit, we did not consider the short
stem cap in the pest list (Appendix I).

## E. Discussion of Quarantine Pests That Were Not Selected for Further Analysis

In this risk assessment, all of the quarantine pests that are likely to
follow the pathway are analyzed in subsequent sections. Other quarantine
pests have the potential to be detrimental to U.S. agriculture, but are
not likely to follow the pathway on the commodity. These quarantine
pests may be generally associated with plant parts other than the
commodity, or they are not reasonably expected to remain with the
commodity during harvesting and post-harvest processes. These pests may
occur as biological contaminants found during inspections of these
commodities, and generally are not expected to be found with commercial
shipments. For these reasons, these quarantine pests are not considered
to pose a risk on mango from India at this time. For example, root
infecting nematodes are not expected to be directly associated with the
harvested fruit. Likewise, fungi infecting leaves or stems are not
expected to be transported with the fruit, except as infrequent
contaminants within commercial shipments.

Organisms identified only to the genus level were not further analyzed.
Any genus may contain many species that are not pests of the commodity
in question, and pest risk assessments must focus on the pertinate pests
for which biological information is available. Further, we assume that
carefully prepared mitigation measures taken against the known pests
will contol similar or closely related pests that have not been
identified.

*Bruchus* sp. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae); *Carpophilus dimidiatus* (F.)
(Coleoptera: Nitidulidae)

These beetles are unlikely to follow the pathway of commercial quality
mango fruit, as they attack over-ripe fruit or are scavengers (Pruthi
and Batra, 1960).

*Popillia* sp. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Because of its size and mobility, this pest is not expected to stay on
the commodity through standard harvest and post-harvest processing. Many
scarabs feed on plant materials such as grasses, foliage, fruits, and
flowers, and some are serious pests of various agricultural crops
(Borr*er et a*l. 1989). It is assumed that only the adults attack the
fruit, as the literature does not mention scarab larvae feeding on fruit
(White 1983).

Cecidomyiidae

Larvae of Cecidomyiidae (gall midges) infesting mango typically bore
into leaves, causing galls to form. Larvae of several species will also
infest fruit as the fruit begins to form. The infested fruits turn pale,
become hollow and shapeless and drop down prematurely (Butani, 1993),
and therefore do not become a pathway for gall midges to enter the
United States.

*Acanthocoris scabrator* F. (Hemiptera: Coreidae); *Spilostethus
macilentus* Stall, *Spilostethus pandurus* Scopoli (Hemiptera:
Lygaeidae); *Antestiopsis cruciata* (F), *Chrysocoris particius* (F),
*Coptosoma nazirae* Atkinsoni, *Halys dentata* (F.), *Nezara viridula*
(L.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae); and *Dysdercus koenigii* F. (Hemiptera:
Pyrrhocoridae)

Because the nymphs and adults of these pests only feed externally on the
fruit and because of their mobility, they are not expected to stay on
the commodity through harvest and standard handling and processing.

*Aonidiella inornata* (Hemiptera: Diaspidae)

*Aonidiella inornata* is considered a sporadic pest of mango in India,
although in some years pest levels have risen to almost 100% infestation
(Gupta & Singh, 1988). Only the females feed, and they feed primarily on
the leaves and bark of the mango trees (Gupta & Singh, 1988). Lee & Wen
(1977) reported that *A. inornata* attacked the stems, pedicels, and
fruit of papaya as the fruit were setting, but numbers on fruit declined
greatly as fruit matured. For these reasons, we consider it unlikely
that *Aonidiella inornata* will follow the pathway, and also unlikely
that, if it did, crawlers (the immature larvae that emerge from under
the scale mother) could move to suitable hosts in the United States.
Consequently, this scale species was not considered for further
analysis.

*Maconellicoccus hirsutus* (Green), *Nipaecoccus viridis* (Newstead)*,
Perissopneumon ferox* Newstead, *Planococcoides robustus* Ezzat &
McConnell, *Planococcus lilacinus* (Cockerell), *Rastrococcus
iceryoides* (Green), and *Rastrococcus spinosus* (Robinson) (Hemiptera:
Pseudococcidae)

We estimate it is unlikely for mealybugs (Pseudococcidae) to be
associated with commercial export-quality mango fruit, as the fruits are
individually cleaned and washed as part of the standard post-harvest
treatment in India (Seshadri, 2004). Post-harvest cleaning and washing
of the fruit is a common and essential cultural practice in mango
production, as the sap which exudes from the stem end burns the fruit
skin, resulting in black lesions followed by rotting (Morton, 1987). If
any mealybugs are on the fruit at the time of harvest, they would likely
be removed by this post-harvest practice. Commercial mangoes typically
are composed only of the fruit and a very short (approximately 0.3 to
0.5cm) pedicel attached to the top of the fruit. The calyx is no longer
present at harvest; therefore, there are no hiding places for the
mealybugs on the fruits.

*Achaea janata* L. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Only adult moths are reported to feed on the fruit (CPC, 2004). Because
of the size and mobility of the adults, this pest is not expected to
stay on the commodity through harvest and standard handling and
processing.

*Eudocima fullonia* Clerck, *Eudocima homaena* Hübner, *Eudocima
materna* Linnaeus, and *Oraesia emarginata* F. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Only the adults feed on the fruit, and they only feed on the fruit
externally (CPC, 2004; Atwal, 1976; Butani, 1993). Because of the size
and mobility of the adults, these pests are not expected to stay on the
commodity through harvest and standard handling and processing.
Furthermore, these species are reported to feed on the fruit at night
(CPC, 2004; Atwal, 1976; Butani, 1993), decreasing even further the
likelihood of these insects being associated with fruit at harvest and,
therefore, following the pathway.

*Helicoverpa armigera* (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

We estimate *H. armigera* would be unlikely to follow the pathway of
commercial quality mango fruit from India. When feeding on mango fruit,
the larvae usually leave the major portion of their body outside the
fruit (Butani, 1993); therefore, they would be unlikely to survive the
standard postharvest cleaning and washing procedures. Also, since 1985,
out of over 100,000 interceptions of pests and pathogens on mangoes at
U.S. ports-of-entry, *H. armigera* has never been intercepted (PIN309
query September 27, 2004) (APHIS-PPQ-Interceptions, 2004).

*Orgyia postica* (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)

The caterpillars of *Orgya postica* can cause large scale defoliation of
mango trees and also feed on the stalk, skin and pulp of fruits (Fasih
*et al.*, 1989). Larvae cause more severe damage to fruit than leaves,
causing the fruit to drop prematurely or show obvious signs of damage on
the skin and pulp (Gupta and Singh, 1986). The combined factors of
external feeding, fruit drop, and conspicuous fruit damage make it
unlikely that *O. postica* will follow the pathway.

*Conogethes punctiferalis* (Guenée), *Cryptoblabes gnidiella*
(Milliere), *Ctenomeristis ebriola* Meyrick, *Deanolis albizonalis*
(Hampson), *Hyalospora leuconeurella* Rangonot, *Thylacoptila paurosema*
Meyrick, *Tirathaba mundella* Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

The pyralid moths in the pest list are considered unlikely to follow the
pathway because larval infestations generally cause fruit to drop before
harvest, fruit injury is very noticeable and causes fruit to be unfit
for sale. Additional notes follow below.

*Cryptoblabes gnidiella* (Milliere) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Butani (1993) mentions *C. gnidiella* only as a predator of whiteflies,
not as a pest of mango. In Hawaii, this pest attacks Christmas berry,
coffee, corn, green beans, and sorghum, but not mango (Mau and Kessing,
1992). *Cryptoblabes gnidiella* ranges through India, Israel, Nigeria,
Egypt, Zaire, Italy (Sicily), Spain, Cyprus, Turkey, Malaysia,
Indonesia, New Zealand, Hawaii and tropical and subtropical South
America (Zhang, 1994), but has only been intercepted on mango entering
the United States once, from Egypt (APHIS-PPQ Interceptions, 2002).

*Deanolis albizonalis* (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

As *D. albizonalis* larvae feed within the mango, the damaged area
softens and collapses. A common sign of damage by *D. albizonalis* is
the bursting at the fruit apex and the longitudinal cracking of the
fruit as it nears maturity (Golez, 1991). Because of the destructive and
obvious nature of fruit injury, it is very unlikely that any infested
fruit would be packed for export.

*Bactrocera incisa* (Walker) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

White and Elson-Harris (1992) state that "the true *B.* *incisa*
(Walker) is a Burmese species", that the records of *B. incisa* on mango
and other plants in India were probably based on misidentifications of
*Batrocera caryeae*, and that mango is a doubtful host for *B. incisa*.
Consequently, we consider this species unlikely to follow the pathway of
mango fruit from India.

*Sternochetus olivieri* (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

The only evidence of *S. olivieri* possibly being present India is 11
interceptions at U.S. ports-of-entry with passenger baggage (PIN309
query December 27, 2005). This is considered insufficient evidence to
determine the true origin of the fruit. Consequently, we consider it not
present in India and, therefore, unlikely to follow the pathway of mango
fruit from India.

*Retithrips syriacus* and *Thrips palmi* (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

As with the mealybugs, we estimate it is unlikely for *Retithrips
syriacus* or *T. palmi* to be associated with commercial export-quality
mango fruit, as the fruits are individually cleaned and washed as part
of the standard post-harvest treatment in India (Seshadri, 2004). If any
thrips are on the fruit at the time of harvest, they would likely be
removed by this post-harvest practice. The calyx is no longer present at
harvest; therefore, there are no hiding places for the thrips on the
fruits.

*Capnodium ramosum* Cooke (Ascomycetes: Capnodiales)

Species of fungi in the genus *Capnodium* cause "sooty mold, a general
term for the dark moldy signs of a group of closely related fungi that
grow on plant and fruit surfaces" (Menge and Ploetz, 2003). These fungi
do not parasitize the fruit, but grow on the honeydew excreted by
various insects, *e.g.* aphids. To manage sooty mold, good control of
insects which produce honeydew is needed (Ploetz, 2003). This organism
is unlikely to follow the pathway with fruit, since cleaning and washing
the fruit is a standard post-harvest process. "Washing the fruit in the
packing house with water or a Ca-hypochlorite solution usually removes
these fungi" (Menge and Ploetz, 2003).

## F. Quarantine Pests Considered for Further Evaluation

+------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| Table 2.   |                                                         |
| Quarantine |                                                         |
| Pests      |                                                         |
| Selected   |                                                         |
| for        |                                                         |
| Further    |                                                         |
| Analysis.  |                                                         |
+============+=========================================================+
| Arthropods | **COLEOPTERA:Curculionidae**                            |
|            |                                                         |
|            | *Sternochetus frigidus* (F.)                            |
|            |                                                         |
|            | *Sternochetus mangiferae* (F.)                          |
|            |                                                         |
|            | **DIPTERA:Tephritidae**                                 |
|            |                                                         |
|            | *Bactrocera caryeae* (Kapoor)                           |
|            |                                                         |
|            | *Bactrocera correcta* (Bezzi)                           |
|            |                                                         |
|            | *Bactrocera* *cucurbitae* Coquillett                    |
|            |                                                         |
|            | *Bactrocera diversa* (Coquillett)                       |
|            |                                                         |
|            | *Bactrocera dorsalis* (Hendel)                          |
|            |                                                         |
|            | *Bactrocera tau* (Walker)                               |
|            |                                                         |
|            | *Bactrocera zonata* (Saunders)                          |
|            |                                                         |
|            | **HEMIPTERA:**                                          |
|            |                                                         |
|            | **Coccidae**                                            |
|            |                                                         |
|            | *Ceroplastes rubens* Maskell                            |
|            |                                                         |
|            | *Coccus viridis* (Green)                                |
|            |                                                         |
|            | **Diaspididae**                                         |
|            |                                                         |
|            | *Aulacaspis tubercularis* (Newstead)                    |
|            |                                                         |
|            | *Parlatoria crypta* Mckenzie                            |
|            |                                                         |
|            | *Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis* (Green)                  |
+------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| Pathogens  | *Actinodochium jenkinsii* Uppal, Patel & Kama           |
|            |                                                         |
|            | *Cytosphaera mangiferae* Died.                          |
|            |                                                         |
|            | *Hendersonia creberrima* Syd., Syd. & Butler            |
|            |                                                         |
|            | *Macrophoma mangiferae* Hing. & Sharma                  |
|            |                                                         |
|            | *Phomopsis mangiferae* S. Ahmad                         |
|            |                                                         |
|            | *Xanthomonas campestris* pv. *mangiferaeindicae* (Patel |
|            | *et al*.) Robbs *et al*.                                |
+------------+---------------------------------------------------------+

## G. Analysis of Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway

The qualitative pest risk analysis of the quarantine pests listed in
Table 2 examines biological information for each risk element. The
pertinent biological information is given for each pest, followed by a
table summarizing the ratings for the analyzed organisms. These notes
are not intended to be inclusive of all the available literature, but
instead, identify the basis for the rating of "low", "medium" or "high"
as in the PPQ Guidelines v5.02 (APHIS, 2000).

The analysis of the pests is divided into two segments: Consequences of
Introduction and Likelihood of Introduction. The Consequences of
Introduction contains five risk elements: Climate-Host Interaction, Host
Range, Dispersal Potential, Economic Impact and Environmental Impact.
The Likelihood of Introduction is divided into six sub-elements.
Together, the Consequences of Introduction and the Likelihood of
Introduction estimate the Baseline Pest Risk Potential, which is the
overall risk in the absence of specific mitigation measures beyond
standard post-harvest treatment.

The major sources of uncertainty in this risk assessment include: the
lack of biological information on regional flora and fauna, inherent
biological variation within a population of organisms (Morgan and
Henrion, 1990), the use of a developing process (APHIS, 2000; Orr *et
al*., 1993), the quality of the biological information (Gallegos and
Bonano, 1993), and the approach used to combine risk elements (Bier,
1999; Morgan and Henrion, 1990).

### Risk Elements 1-5.

This section evaluates each of the pest groups for five risk elements,
(1) Climate-Host Interaction, (2) Host Range, (3) Dispersal Potential,
(4) Economic Impact, and (5) Environmental Impact.

**COLEOPTERA: Curculionidae:** *Sternochetus frigidus* (F.),
*Sternochetus mangiferae* (F.)

The mango weevils, *Sternochetus* spp, attack only mango fruit and are
found in most places where mangoes are grown (CPC, 2001). In the Western
Hemisphere *S. mangiferae* was identified in several islands of the
Caribbean, French Guiana, and Hawaii (CPC, 2001). In India specifically,
the mango weevil is found in the north-eastern regions, Andhra Pradesh,
Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra and Gujarat (Shukla
and Tandon, 1985). *Sternochetus* spp. could presumably survive in any
climate suitable for growing mango, but would not be a quarantine risk
where mango is not cultivated. The mango weevils occur only in tropical
regions where mango is cultivated (CPC, 2001), corresponding to USDA
Plant Hardiness Zones 10 and 11; therefore, the Climate-Host Interaction
is rated Medium (2). Host Range is rated Low (1) because mango is the
only host of these weevils (CPC, 2001).

*Sternochetus frigidus* is a synonym of *Sternochetus gravis* (CPC,
2001). This insect is a major pest of mango in Tripura, India, in the
state of Assam on the border with Bangladesh (De and Pande, 1990). The
CIE Map 181 (1964) also placed the insect in Assam, which is largely
separated from the rest of India by Bangladesh. PPQ Officers intercepted
*S. frigidus* only one time in passenger baggage from India over a 17
year period (APHIS-PPQ-Interceptions, 2002), but this insect (under the
synonym *S. gravis*) is a major pest of mango in Assam (De and Pande,
1990; De and Pande, 1988).

Adults are capable of surviving long, unfavorable periods. De and Pande
(1988) observed

*S. frigidus* adults to be poor fliers, flying only 50-90 cm, however
Balock and Kozuma (1964) reported "rich flying" for *S. mangiferae*. In
ports-of-entry into the United States near areas of mango cultivation,
it would be possible for adults to fly to host trees. The mango weevil
has become established in virtually every mango growing area of the
world, except in the Canary Islands (Spain), Italy, Israel and Egypt
(CPC, 2001), so Dispersal Potential is rated High (3).

*Sternochetus mangiferae* does not significantly reduce seed germination
rates and rarely damage fruit pulp; however, they can cause exporting
countries to be put under quarantine for mango export to many countries
(Follett, 2002). This species may also cause early fruit drop; Follett
(2002) found a nominally higher percentage of weevils in prematurely
dropped fruit than on trees. Follett and Gabbard (2000) rarely found any
damage to fruit pulp and challenged the idea that *S. mangiferae* is a
serious pest, although (De and Pande 1988) found that when *S. frigidus*
larvae fail to penetrate into seeds (10 to 15%), the adults emerge
before the fruit fall, ruining the fruit pulp.

The mango weevil (*S. mangiferae*) has the potential to limit exports
and have an economic impact on the mango industry because of its status
as a quarantine pest (Follet, 2002). In 1997, domestic mango production
in Florida was worth \$1.45 million (Mossler and Nesheim, 2002).
Although the presence of mango seed weevil in the United States would
prevent export to several countries, the economic impact would be small,
because the United States does not export mangoes. The overall economic
impact of the mango seed weevil on the United States is expected to be
Low (1).

Environmental Impact is rated Low (1) because mango is the only host of
*Sternochetus* spp., and is not an endangered species. The weevils do
not harm mango trees *per se*, but may affect seed germination in
infected seeds (Follet and Gabbard, 2000).

**DIPTERA: Tephritidae:** *Bactrocera caryeae* (Kapoor), *Bactrocera
correcta* (Bezzi), *Bactrocera* *cucurbitae* Coquillett, *Bactrocera
diversa* (Coquillett), *Bactrocera dorsalis* Hendel, *Bactrocera tau*
Walker, *Bactrocera zonata* (Saunders)

Fruit flies in the genus *Bactrocera* infest fruit of numerous hosts in
tropical and semitropical areas of Southeast Asia (CPC, 2005)
corresponding to USDA Plant Hardiness Zones 10 and 11, both of which are
represented in the United States, so the Climate-Host Interaction risk
rating is Medium (2). *Bactrocera* *correcta* attack the fruit of at
least 31 tree genera in families as diverse as Anacardiaceae and
Rosaceae (CPC 2001). The Oriental fruit fly, *B. dorsalis*, is a serious
pest of a wide range of fruit crops in the northern areas of the Indian
subcontinent (White and Elson-Harris, 1994), however, there has been
confusion about the nomenclature of this species and many species
identified as *B. dorsalis* may refer to other species in the *B.
dorsalis* complex. Many of the host species occur in the United States,
including *Mangifera indica* and *Citrus* spp. in Florida and
California, *Carica* *papaya* in the southern states, and *Prunus* spp.
throughout the country. The Host Range is rated High (3) for all
*Bactrocera* species discussed.

In the Punjab, *B. dorsalis* adults can remain active throughout the
year, but the population declines during the winter months (Mann 1996).
In India, the wide host range of *B. cucurbitae* allows it to breed
actively in the field from February to November and go through nine to
ten generations a year (Lall and Singh 1969). These pests fly away from
their host field within one hour after emergence from the pupal stage
(Kazi 1976), and may disperse to nearby fields. The fruit flies are all
rated High (3) for Dispersal Potential because of their high
reproductive ability and their ability to disperse rapidly.

In India, *B. dorsalis* is the most destructive fruit fly of mango,
followed by *B. zonatus* and *B. correctus* (Abbas *et al.* 2000).
Females oviposit inside the mesocarp of mature fruits, and larvae feed
on the pulp, causing the fruit to rot before ripening and finally drop
(Abbas *et al.* 2000). In some years *B. cucurbitae* partially or
totally destroys 50% of vegetable crops it attacks (Lall and Singh,
1969). The injury by *B. dorsalis* reduces yield and quality of mango
fruits (Mann 1996).

Adult *B. dorsalis* can be controlled with methyl eugenol traps
(Lakshmanan *et al.* 1973), bait sprays, pheromone mating disruption,
and pesticide applications to fruit (Abbas *et al.* 2000). Larvae inside
mango fruit can be killed by hot water treatment of mature fruit (Wadhi
and Sharma, 1972), cold treatments (Burikam *et al.* 1992), vapor heat
treatment (Heard *et al.* 1992, Heather *et al.* 1992), and gamma
irradiation (Heather *et al.* 1991). The expense required to control
fruit flies and the loss of export potential due to the presence of
fruit flies would have a High (3) Economic Impact.

Potential hosts of *B*. *dorsalis* and *B. correcta* listed by USFW
(2004) as Endangered are *Prunus geniculata*, and *Ziziphus* *celata*.
Both of these plant species are present in *B*. *dorsalis'* and *B.
correcta'*s predicted climatic range in the continental United States
and are congeneric with plant species reported as hosts of these two
species of *Bactrocera*. Likewise, *Prunus geniculata* is congeneric
with *Prunus persica*, a reported host of *B. zonata*. Potential hosts
for *B. cucurbitae* listed as Endangered by USFW (2004) and present
within *B. cucurbitae*'s predicted climatic range in the continental
United States are: *Cucurbita okeechobeensis* ssp. *okeechobeensis*,
*Prunus geniculata*, and *Ziziphus celata*. These plant species are
congeneric with plant species reported as hosts of *B. cucurbitae.* As
these *Bactrocera* species represent important economic threats, their
establishment in the continental United States would likely trigger the
initiation of chemical and/or biological control programs. Based on this
evidence, the Environmental Impact of was rated High (3) for all
*Bactrocera* species

**HEMIPTERA: Coccidae: *Ceroplastes rubens* Maskell**

*Ceroplastes rubens*' distribution extends from warm temperate zones to
the tropics. It is found in East and South Asia, throughout Oceania,
Australia, East Africa, and the West Indies (CABI, 2005). It is
estimated that it could survive in US Plant Hardiness Zones 8-11.
Because one or more of its potential hosts occurs in these zones (USDA
NRCS, 2003), this risk element was rated High (3).

*C. rubens* has been recorded on numerous wild and cultivated hosts,
including *Citrus* spp. (Rutaceae), *Mangifera indica* (Anacardiaceae),
*Artocarpus* *altilis* (Moraceae), *Cinnamomum verum* (Lauraceae),
*Camellia sinensis* (Theaceae), *Litchi chinensis* (Sapindaceae),
*Psidium guajava* (Myrtaceae), *Coffea* sp. (Rubiaceae), *Alpinia
purpurata* (Zingiberaceae), *Myristica fragrans* (Myristicaceae),
*Annona* sp. (Annonaceae), *Artemisia* sp. (Asteraceae), *Prunus* spp.
(Rosaceae), *Pinus* spp. (Pinaceae), *Cocos nucifera* (Arecaceae) (CPC,
2005), and *Dimocarpus* *longan* (Sapindaceae) (Li-zhong, 2000; Ben-Dov
et al., 2003). This risk element was rated High (3).

Females of this scale may deposit over 1000 eggs, but mean fecundity is
just below 300 (CPC, 2001). There are two generations per year (CPC,
2005). As with other scales, the species exhibits limited mobility under
its own power. The main means of long-distance dispersal is on infested
plant materials (CPC, 2002). The dispersal potential of *C. rubens* risk
element was rated High (3).

*Ceroplastes rubens* is a widespread pest of *Citrus*, coffee, tea,
*Cinnamomum*, mango, avocado and litchi (CPC, 2001). It is considered a
major pest of citrus in Australia, Hawaii, Korea, China and Japan (CPC,
2002). Economic damage is caused directly through phloem feeding and
indirectly through the promotion of sooty mold growth, which lowers the
market value of fresh fruit and can reduce photosynthetic efficiency,
causing reduced growth (CPC, 2002). Based on this evidence, if *C.
rubens* should become more widely established in the United States,
there would likely be a lower yield of host crops, lower value of host
crop commodities, and loss of foreign or domestic markets. Thus, its
potential economic impact was rated High (3)

The extreme polyphagy of this species increases the probability of it
attacking plants in the United States listed as Threatened or
Endangered. It has been recorded from species of *Euphorbia*,
*Gardenia*, *Ilex*, *Lindera*, and *Rhus* (CPC, 2001), which have
congeners (*E. haeleeleana*, *E. telephioides*, *G*. *brighamii*, *G*.
*mannii*, *I. cookii*, *I. sintenisii*, *L. melissifolia*, and *R*.
*michauxii*) listed in 50 CFR §17.12. As this species is a pest of
citrus, the wider establishment of this pest in the United States would
likely result in the initiation of chemical and/or biological control
programs. This risk element was rated High (3).

**HEMIPTERA: Coccidae: *Coccus viridis* (Green)**

This species is pantropical in distribution. It has been reported from
India through Indo-China, Malaysia to the Philippines and Indonesia,
throughout much of Oceania and sub-Saharan Africa south to South Africa
(CABI, 2002). In the New World, it is present in Florida, and ranges
from Central America to the northern part of South America and
throughout the Caribbean. Its reported distribution corresponds to Plant
Hardiness Zones 8-11. It is estimated that this species could become
established in areas of the United States corresponding to Plant
Hardiness Zones 9-11, which corresponds to its present distribution in
the United States Zones 9-11 correspond to Florida, southern Texas,
southern Arizona, much of California, and Hawaii (USDA, 1990). One or
more hosts of *C. viridis* are present in these States (USDA NRCS,
2003). This estimate does not include Plant Hardiness Zone 8, as this
zone only occurs in isolated areas of some of the countries (*e.g*.,
Andean regions of Bolivia and Peru, northern Mexico, isolated central
area of South Africa) from which *C. viridis* is reported
(BackyardGardner.com, 2003). Survival outside of these areas would be
limited to greenhouse or other artificial situations. Consequently, the
Climate-Host Interaction risk element was rated Medium (2) for *C.
viridis*.

*Coccus viridis* has a broad host range (CABI, 2002). Primary hosts are
*Citrus* spp. (Rutaceae), *Coffea arabica* (Rubiaceae), *Artocarpus* sp.
(Moraceae), *Camellia sinensis* (Theaceae), *Manihot esculenta*
(Euphorbiaceae), *Mangifera indica* (Anacardiaceae), *Psidium guajava*
(Myrtaceae), and *Theobroma cacao* (Sterculiaceae) (CABI, 2002). Other
hosts include *Alpinia purpurata* (Zingiberaceae), *Chrysanthemum* sp.
(Asteraceae), *Manilkara zapota* (Sapotaceae), *Nerium oleander*
(Apocynaceae) (CABI, 2002), and *Dimocarpus* *longan* (Sapindaceae)
(ScaleNet, 2004). Therefore, the Host Range risk element was rated High
(3) for this organism.

*Coccus viridis* is parthenogenetic and oviparous (Dekle 1976b). Females
may deposit up to 500 eggs (CABI 2002). There may be several generations
per year (Kosztarab 1997). The rate of natural dispersal is inherently
low (Tandon and Veeresh 1988); however, since 1985, *C. viridis* has
been intercepted 10,658 times by agricultural specialists at U.S. ports
of entry (PIN309 query September 30, 2004), which is strong evidence
that this species can, and has, spread quickly and widely via the
transport of infested plant materials. In light of this evidence, this
organism was rated High (3) for the Dispersal Potential risk element.

Although its economic impact is usually minor, it can be extremely
devastating depending on location and crop (CABI 2002). *Coccus viridis*
is a pest of coffee, citrus and other crops in several regions in the
tropics, and it is reported as a major pest of citrus in Bolivia
(Ben-Dov 1993). *Coccus viridis* is a major pest of coffee in Haiti
(Aitken Soux 1985) and India (Narasimham 1987). In Brazil, infestations
of 50 scales per plant caused significant damage to coffee seedlings,
reducing leaf area and plant growth rate (Silva and Parra 1982). Of all
the scale insects known on coffee in Papua New Guinea, *C. viridis* and
one other scale species cause most of the yield loss (Williams 1986). In
India, citrus fruit quality was significantly lower on trees following
*C*. *viridis* infestation and the sooty mold (*Capnodium citri*)
contamination that accompanied it (Haleem 1984). Based on this evidence,
the wider establishment in the United States of *C. viridis* would
likely lead to lower yield of host crops, lower value of host crop
commodities, and loss of foreign or domestic markets. Consequently, *C.
viridis* was rated High (3) for the Economic Impact risk element.

The extreme polyphagy of *C*. *viridis* predisposes it to attack
vulnerable native plants in the United States. The potential host,
*Manihot walkerae* (Euphorbiaceae), which is present in Texas, is listed
as Endangered by USFWS (2004). The wider establishment of this species
could have a negative impact on the citrus industry in areas, such as
Arizona and Texas, and stimulate the initiation of chemical or
biological control programs. The Environmental Impact risk element was,
therefore, rated High (3).

**HEMIPTERA: Diaspididae:** *Aulacaspis tubercularis* Newstead,
*Parlatoria crypta* Mckenzie, *Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis* (Green)

The mango scale, *Aulacaspis tubercularis*, is found throughout the
world where mango is cultivated, including the northern part of South
America, the Caribbean, the east and west coasts of Africa, and India,
and Italy (CPC, 2001). The regions occupied by *A. tubercularis*
correspond to USDA Plant Hardiness Zones 10 and 11 (CPC, 2001), so the
Climate-Host Interaction rating is Medium (2). *Parlatoria crypta* has
been reported in Africa (Comoros, Sudan) (Ben-Dov *et al.*, 2004), India
(Dutta, 1996; CPC, 2003; Ben-Dov *et al.*, 2004), Afghanistan (CPC,
2003; Fowjhan and Kozar, 1994; Ben-Dov *et al.*, 2004), Pakistan (Ghani
and Muzaffar, 1974; Ben-Dov *et al.*, 2004), Iran (Kozar et al, 1996;
Ben-Dov *et al.*, 2004), Iraq (Ben-Dov *et al.*, 2004; CPC, 2003), and
Saudi Arabia (Ben-Dov *et al.*, 2004). Based on this distribution and
availability of potential hosts, it is estimated that suitable climatic
conditions for this species should be available in Plant Hardiness Zones
8-11. One or more of its potential hosts occurs in these zones (USDA
NRCS 2003). Therefore, this species was rated High (3) for the
Climate-Host Interaction. *Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis* has been
reported in Taiwan (Anonymous 1994), Mexico, Venezuela, the Caribbean
(CABI 2002), East Africa, New Caledonia in the South Pacific (Fabres
1974), and Florida (Coile and Dixon 2000; USDA 1979). Suitable climatic
conditions for this species should be available in the southern U.S.
(Plant Hardiness Zones 9-11). One or more of its potential hosts occurs
in these zones (USDA NRCS 2003). It is, therefore, rated Medium (2) for
the Climate-Host risk element.

*Aulacaspis tubercularis* attacks hosts in at least seven plant families
(Hamon, 2002), so Host Range is rated High (3). Likewise, *Parlatoria
crypta* has as a very wide host range, which includes plants from
multiple families (Ben-Dov *et al.*, 2004). In light of this wide host
range, *P. crypta* was rated High (3) for the Host Range risk element.
Hosts recorded for this species include *Mangifera indica* and
*Anacardium occidentale* (Anacardiaceae), *Citrus* spp. (Rutaceae),
*Anthurium andreanum* (Araceae), *Persea americana* (Lauraceae),
*Zingiber officinale* (Zingiberaceae), *Theobroma cacao*
(Sterculiaceae), *Coffea* spp. (Rubiaceae), *Cocos nucifera* (Arecaceae)
(CABI 2002), *Passiflora* spp. (Passifloraceae) (Hill 1983), and
*Dimocarpus* *longan* (Sapindaceae) (Anonymous 1994). *Pseudaonidia
trilobitiformis* is, therefore, rated High (3) for the Host Range risk
element.

In South Africa, *A. tubercularis* was first recorded on one cultivar of
mango in 1947 and has since become a pest throughout all mango producing
areas of South Africa (Joubert *et al.*, 2000). Only the crawler stage
can move to a new host (adult males can fly but cannot establish a
colony), but scale insects can move to new hosts as a result of wind,
birds, and insects. Crawlers are capable of moving distances of tens of
kilometers on wind currents to infect clean crops (Greathead, 1989).
Because of the proven ability of *A. tubercularis* to spread through
mango producing regions, Dispersal Potential is rated High (3). No
information was found on the biology of *P. crypta*; however, related
species exhibit multivoltinism and high fecundity. For instance,
*Parlatoria ziziphi* may produce two to seven generations per year,
depending on the geographical location, and fecundity varies from 8 to
34 eggs per female (CPC, 2002; Blackburn and Miller, 1984). The crawler
stage of armored scales can be dispersed by natural means (several
meters), on other organisms (*e.g*., the feet of birds), or by wind
(Miller 1985). As with other scale insects, long-distance dispersal of
*P. crypta* can likely be accomplished by transport on infested plant
material. Since 1985, the genus *Parlatoria* has been intercepted on
plant materials 39,072 times (including 164 times of *P. crypta*
specifically) by agricultural specialists at U.S. ports-of-entry (PIN309
query October 1, 2004). Consequently, the dispersal potential of *P.
crypta* was rated High (3) for the Dispersal Potential risk element. No
information is available on the biology of *Pseudaonidia
trilobitiformis*, but two related species that occur in the southern
U.S. exhibit multivoltinism and high fecundity. *Pseudaonidia* *duplex*
(Cockerell) has three generations per year in Louisiana, and *P*.
*paeoniae* (Cockerell) produce 30-50 eggs per female (Kosztarab 1996).
Long-distance dispersal of *P*. *trilobitiformis* is likely accomplished
by transport on infested plant material. Indeed, since 1985, *P.*
*trilobitiformis* has been intercepted 11,954 times by agricultural
specialists at U.S. ports of entry (PIN309 query July 9, 2003). Based on
this evidence, this scale species was rated High (3) for the Dispersal
Potential risk element.

*Aulacaspis tubercularis* attacks mango leaves, branches and fruit,
where it causes superficial pink or yellow blemishes to develop, making
the fruit unmarketable (Joubert *et al.*, 2000), although precise
economical figures are lacking. In the absence of evidence, Economic
Impact is rated Medium (2). Little information could be found on the
economic impact of *P. crypta* other than it is listed as an insect pest
by Miller and Davidson (1990), and it is reported to cause very serious
damage (on leaves, buds, stems and the top part of trees) on olive trees
in Iran (Najafinia, et al, 2002). The related species *P. ziziphi* is
reported as an important citrus pest in various parts of the world:
China, Egypt, Iran, Italy, Libya, Nigeria, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco,
and Southeast Asia, and is reported to cause some damage in Greece,
Italy, Spain, Israel, Egypt, and South Africa (Blackburn and Miller,
1984). It has become the most important citrus pest in Upper Egypt (Coll
and Abd Rabou, 1998). However, there is little information on the
specific economic losses caused by this scale (CPC, 2002). This insect
is mainly a problem as a contaminant on fruit, which can cause rejection
in most fresh fruit markets (Blackburn and Miller, 1984). It also causes
dieback of twigs, premature drop of fruit and leaves, and deformation of
fruit (Blackburn and Miller, 1984). Large populations cause chlorosis
and premature drop of leaves, dieback of twigs and branches, stunting
and distortion of the fruit, and premature fruit drop (Blackburn and
Miller, 1984). Based on the fact that there is little information
available on the economic impact of *P. crypta* but that it is reported
to cause serious damage to olives, that this species has a wide host
range that includes some economically important hosts in the United
States, and that the related species *P. ziziphi* is an important
economic pest, *P. crypta* was given a Medium (2) rating for the
Economic Impact risk element. *Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis* is regarded
as a minor pest of avocado, cacao, citrus, coconut, coffee, mango, and
passion fruit (Hill 1983). In Brazil, however, it is a pest of cashew
that requires chemical control (Silva *et al.* 1977). Wider
establishment of this insect in the United States could stimulate
chemical and/or biological control programs and cause a loss of domestic
and foreign markets for commodities, such as citrus. Based on this
evidence, *P. trilobitiformis* was rated Medium (2) for the Economic
Impact risk element.

*Cucurbita okeechobeensis* ssp. *okeechobeensis* is a potential plant
host of *A. tubercularis* listed as Endangered by USFWS (2002) and
reported in this scale insect's predicted climatic range in the
continental United States. The genus *Cucurbita* is a reported host of
this scale species (CPC, 2003). The introduction of *A. tubercularis*
into the United States could stimulate chemical or biological control
programs. Consequently, the Environmental Impact was rated High (3) for
*A. tubercularis*. *Agave arizonica* (Agavaceae) is the only potential
host for *P. crypta* present in the continental United States listed as
Threatened or Endangered by USFWS (2004). This plant species is reported
as present in *P. crypta*'s predicted climatic range within the United
States. *Cordia bellonis* (Boraginaceae), which is reported in Puerto
Rico, is another potential host listed as Endangered by USFWS (2004).
Control measures against armored scales (Diaspididae) are often
necessary to produce a marketable crop (Miller, 1985). In Florida, scale
insects, including *P. ziziphi*, are often managed by natural as well as
released parasites, predators, and pathogens; and scale populations may
require treatment if biological control has been disrupted (Mossler and
Nesheim, 2003). In China, the following pesticides have been used to
effectively control *P. ziziphi*: omethoate, chlorpyrifos, methidathion,
quinalphos, lambda-cyhalothrin, fenvalerate or cypermethrin (CPC, 2002).
Based on this information, *P. crypta* was given a High (3) rating for
the Environmental Impact risk element. Potential hosts, congeneric to
known hosts of *P. trilobitiformis*, listed as Threatened or Endangered
by USFWS (2004) and present in the continental U.S. include, among
others: *Ayenia limitaris* (Sterculiaceae), *Fremontodendron
californicum* ssp. *decumbens* (Sterculiaceae), *Fremontodendron
mexicanum* (Sterculiaceae), and *Lindera melissifolia* (Lauraceae).
These plants are present in *P. trilobitiformis*' predicted climatic
range in the United States outside of Florida and are classified in
plant families within this scale's host range. As no host preference
tests with *P. trilobitiformis* and these plants are known, it is
assumed these plants could be used as hosts. Because *P.
trilobitiformis* represents a potential threat to citrus and possibly
other economically important crops, wider establishment of this species
in the United States could stimulate chemical or biological control
programs. Based on this evidence, *P. trilobitiformis* was rated High
(3) for the Environmental Impact risk element.

**PATHOGENS**

*Actinodochium jenkinsii* Uppal, Patel & Kamat

Mango black spot caused by *Actinodochium jenkinsii* Uppal, Patel &
Kamat has only been recorded in India (Uppal *et al.*, 1953). Uppal *et
al.* (1953) described this disease as strictly a wound parasite, with
ripe fruits being more susceptible than green ones. It occurs in coastal
areas of Bombay State (geographic division in 1937) (Uppal *et al.*,
1953), and because this region corresponds to USDA Plant Hardiness Zone
11, the Climate-Host Interaction rating is Low (1). The Host Range is
rated Low (1) because this disease is known to attack only Alfonso and
Piari varieties of mango (Uppal *et al.*, 1953). Affected fruits show
only a few dusky brown to blackish brown, round, small necrotic spots.
This pest is rated Medium (2) for Dispersal Potential because disease
spread through an orchard could be rapid, but long range disease spread
is likely to be slower, as evidenced by the fact that it does not occur
outside of India. The Government of India has also indicated that this
disease is of no economic significance in India (Seshadri, 2004);
therefore, the Economic Impact rating is Low (1). The Environmental
Impact is rated Low (1) because *A. jenkinsii* is host specific for
mango (Uppal *et al.*, 1953), and mango is not an Endangered or
Threatened species.

*Cytosphaera mangiferae* Died. 1916

*Cytosphaera mangiferae* is found primarily in tropical regions in
Australia and Asia (Malaysia, Pakistan, India, and Papua New Guinea)
(Farr *et al.*, 2006). These regions roughly correspond to the USDA
Plant Hardiness Zone 11 (USDA-ARS, 1990). *Cytosphaera mangiferae* was,
therefore, rated Low (1) for Climate-Host Interaction. In addition to
mango, the host range of *C*. *mangiferae* includes agarwood (*Aquilaria
agallocha* Roxb.), *Artocarpus frengenifolia*, *Macadamia integrifolia*
and *Sabal palmetto* (Johnson & Hyde, 1992). Of these species, there is
limited production of *Aquilaria* spp., *Artocarpus* spp. or *Macadamia*
spp. in the continental United States, in Florida and California
primarily (USDA-NRCS, 2003). However, the *Sabal palmetto* is a native
plant throughout the Southeastern United States (USDA-NRCS, 2003).
*Cytosphaera mangiferae* was, therefore, rated High (3) for Host Range,
since it attacks multiple species from multiple plant families. The
fungus is thought to grow endophytically leading to stem cankers and
fruit infections (Johnson & Hyde, 1992). Dispersal has not been
extensively studied, however discarded, infected fruit may be a source
of conidia produced on the surface (Johnson & Hyde, 1992). These conidia
may disperse via wind or water to infect mango nearby. *Cytosphaera
mangiferae* was assigned a Medium (2) risk rating because of uncertainty
in Dispersal Potential. *Cytosphaera mangiferae* causes stem-end rot
(Peterson, 1986), a zonate leaf spot, twig canker, and a post-harvest
fruit rot (MAF, 2003) It is more prevalent as orchards age and when
anthracnose is controlled (MAF, 2003). *Cytosphaera mangiferae* was,
therefore, rated Medium (2) for Economic Impact. There is one federally
listed endangered species in the continental United States, in the
family Anacardiaceae, *Rhus michauxii* (Georgia, North Carolina, South
Carolina, and Virginia) (USFWS, 2006), however this plant does not
inhabit the zones where the pathogen is estimated to become established.
Based on this evidence, the Environmental Impact is rated Low (1).

*Hendersonia creberrima* Syd., Syd. & Butler

The fungus, *Hendersonia creberrima*, causes a ripe fruit rot of mango,
with large, irregular, black spots developing all over the fruit's
surface and not exclusively at the stem end (Sydow, *et al.*, 1916). It
is reported only from India in mango producing areas (Farr *et al.*,
2006; Cline, 2006). Areas where it is found correspond to USDA Plant
Hardiness Zones 11 or greater, so this pest is rated Low (1) for
Climate-Host Interaction. The only reported host is mango, so the
pathogen is rated Low (1) for Host Range. *H. creberrima* causes a
storage rot of mango fruit and reproductive structures form typically
when the rot is advanced, producing masses of spores from pycnidia
(Sydow *et al.*, 1916). The Dispersal Potential is rated Medium (2),
because spores are produced in abundance and released from pycnidia in
wet tendrils or droplets likely dispersed by rain or heavy dew. *H.
creberrima* causes a storage rot of harvested fruits (Sydow, *et al.*,
1916), which may impact grower revenue by reducing quality of marketed
fruit, although mango production in the United States is limited
(Mossler and Nesheim, 2002). For these reasons, the Economic Impact is
rated Low (1). The Environmental Impact is rated Low (1) because *H.
creberrima* infects only mango, although other hosts have not been
studied to date. There were no known hosts congeneric with threatened or
endangered species (USFWS, 2002).

[]{.mark}

*Macrophoma mangiferae* Hing. & Sharma

The fungus, *Macrophoma mangiferae*, causes a leaf and stem blight and
postharvest rot of mango (Hingorani, *et al.*, 1960). It occurs in India
and Nigeria in mango producing areas and has been intercepted from
Mexico (Farr *et al.*, 2006; Okigbo & Osuinde, 2003; Hingorani, *et
al.*, 1960). Areas where it is found correspond to USDA Plant Hardiness
Zones 11 or greater, so this pest is rated Low (1) for Climate-Host
Interaction. The primary host is mango (Hingorani, *et al.*, 1960),
although it also weakly infects *Ficus carica*, *Eryobotrya japonica*,
*Eugenia jambolina*, and *Vitis vinifera*, so the pathogen is rated High
(3) for Host Range. *M. mangiferae* infects leaves, stems and causes a
storage rot of mango fruit (Hingorani, *et al.*, 1960). The Dispersal
Potential is rated Medium (2), because dispersal occurs when fruiting
structures (pycnidia) form on colonized mango tissue. Spores produced in
abundance are dispersed by rain or heavy dew (Hingorani, *et al.*,
1960).

This fungus causes a leaf and stem blight and storage rot of harvested
fruits (Hingorani, *et al.*, 1960; Okigbo & Osuinde, 2003), which may
impact grower revenue by reducing tree productivity (reduced leaf area)
or quality of marketed fruit, although mango production in the United
States is limited (Mossler and Nesheim, 2002). For these reasons, the
Economic Impact is rated Medium (2). The Environmental Impact is rated
Medium (2) because *M. mangiferae* has a somewhat limited host range,
but includes some species congeneric with federal and state listed
threatened or endangered species (USFWS, 2002). There are three
Federally listed and five state listed *Eugenia* spp., and seven listed
species of *Vitis*, although some hosts live in regions which may be
prohibitively cold for the survival of *M. mangiferae* (USFWS, 2002;
USDA-NRCS, 2003).

*Phomopsis mangiferae* S. Ahmad

The fungus, *Phomopsis mangiferae*, causes a postharvest rot of mango
(Johnson *et al*., 1994). It occurs in India, Pakistan and Australia in
mango producing areas (ARS, 2001; Laxinarayana and Reddy, 1975) that
correspond to USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 11, so this pest is rated Low
(1) for Climate-Host Interaction. The host range appears to be limited
to mango (ARS, 2001; Johnson *et al*., 1994) so it is also rated Low (1)
for Host Range. The disease infects mango fruit endophytically, that is,
from within the plant (Johnson *et al*., 1994; Sangchote *et al.,* 1992)
and infected fruit can become mummified. Infected seeds germinate to
produce infected plants, perpetuating the fungus within the plant
(Johnson *et al*., 1994). The Dispersal Potential is rated Low (1),
because dispersal assumes that the infected seed subseqently is used in
mango production. If infected fruit is consumed and seeds are discarded,
infected fruit are unlikely to come into contact with susceptible mango
plants.

The pest also causes a stem-end rot of harvested fruits (Johnson *et
al.*, 1994), which is likely to impact grower revenue, although mango
production in the United States is limited (Mossler and Nesheim, 2002).
For these reasons, the Economic Impact is rated Medium (2). The
Environmental Impact is rated Low (1) because *P. mangiferae* is host
specific for mango (ARS, 2001), and mango is not an Endangered or
Threatened species.

*Xanthomonas campestris* pv*. mangiferaeindicae* (Patel *et al*.) Robbs
*et al*. (Proteobacteria: γ subdivision, Lysobacterales)

Mango bacterial black spot, caused by *Xanthomonas campestris* pv.
*mangiferaeindicae*, is found in India, Australia, the Comoros Islands,
Japan, Kenya, Malaysia, Mauritius, New Caledonia, Pakistan, the
Philippines, Réunion, Taiwan, Thailand and the United Arab Emirates
(Gagnevin & Pruvost, 2001). *Xanthomonas campestris* pv.
*mangiferaeindicae* infects not only mango (*Mangifera indica*), but
also cashew (*Anacardium occidentale*), Brazilian pepper (*Schinus
terebinthefolius*), ambarella (*Spondias cytherea* or *S. dulcis*), and
other members of the plant family Anacardiaceae, growing in the regions
listed above (Gagnevin & Pruvost, 2001). These regions correspond to
USDA Plant Hardiness Zones 10 and 11, so the Climate-Host Interaction
rating is Medium (2). The Host Range is rated Medium (2) because this
pathogen attacks multiple species in the family Anacardiaceae (CPC,
2005). Bacterial pathogens in the genus *Xanthomonas* penetrate their
hosts through natural openings and wounds (Agrios, 1997). The bacteria
overwinter on infected or healthy plant parts, on or in seeds, on
infected plant debris, on contaminated containers or tools and in the
soil (Agrios, 1997). Rain plays an important role in pathogen dispersal
(Agrios, 1997; Pruvost *et al.*, 1990). This pest is rated Medium (2)
for Dispersal Potential because disease spread through an orchard could
be rapid, but long range disease spread is likely to be slower. Pruvost
*et al*., (1990) described bacterial black spot of mango as one of the
principle diseases in mango producing countries, so the Economic Impact
rating is High (3). There is one federally listed endangered species in
the continental United States, in the family Anacardiaceae, *Rhus
michauxii* (Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia)
(USFWS, 2006), however this plant does not inhabit the zones where the
pathogen is estimated to become established. Based on this evidence, the
Environmental Impact is rated Low (1).

+---------------------+-------+------+------+------+--------+-------+
| > **Table 3.** Risk |       |      |      |      |        |       |
| > Rating for        |       |      |      |      |        |       |
| > Consequences of   |       |      |      |      |        |       |
| > Introduction:     |       |      |      |      |        |       |
| > (Risk Elements    |       |      |      |      |        |       |
| > #1-5)             |       |      |      |      |        |       |
+=====================+=======+======+======+======+========+=======+
| Pest                | Cl    | Host | D    | Econ | E      | Cumul |
|                     | imate | R    | ispe | omic | nviron | ative |
|                     | /Host | ange | rsal | Im   | mental | Risk  |
|                     | I     |      | P    | pact | Impact | Rati  |
|                     | ntera |      | oten |      |        | ng^1^ |
|                     | ction |      | tial |      |        |       |
+---------------------+-------+------+------+------+--------+-------+
| **[ARTHRO           |       |      |      |      |        |       |
| PODS]{.underline}** |       |      |      |      |        |       |
+---------------------+-------+------+------+------+--------+-------+
| **COLEOPTERA**      |       |      |      |      |        |       |
+---------------------+-------+------+------+------+--------+-------+
| **Curculionidae**   |       |      |      |      |        |       |
+---------------------+-------+------+------+------+--------+-------+
| *Sternochetus       | 2     | 1    | 3    | 1    | 1      | 8 (L) |
| frigidus* (F.)      |       |      |      |      |        |       |
| *Sternochetus       |       |      |      |      |        |       |
| mangiferae* (F.)    |       |      |      |      |        |       |
+---------------------+-------+------+------+------+--------+-------+
| **DIPTERA**         |       |      |      |      |        |       |
+---------------------+-------+------+------+------+--------+-------+
| **Tephritidae**     |       |      |      |      |        |       |
+---------------------+-------+------+------+------+--------+-------+
| *Bactrocera         | 2     | 3    | 3    | 3    | 3      | 14    |
| caryeae* (Kapoor)   |       |      |      |      |        | (H)   |
| *Bactrocera         |       |      |      |      |        |       |
| correcta* (Bezzi)   |       |      |      |      |        |       |
| *Bactrocera*        |       |      |      |      |        |       |
| *cucurbitae*        |       |      |      |      |        |       |
| Coquillett*\        |       |      |      |      |        |       |
| Bactrocera diversa* |       |      |      |      |        |       |
| (Coquillett)\       |       |      |      |      |        |       |
| *Bactrocera         |       |      |      |      |        |       |
| dorsalis* Hendel    |       |      |      |      |        |       |
|                     |       |      |      |      |        |       |
| *Bactrocera tau*    |       |      |      |      |        |       |
| Walker              |       |      |      |      |        |       |
|                     |       |      |      |      |        |       |
| *Bactrocera zonata* |       |      |      |      |        |       |
| (Saunders)          |       |      |      |      |        |       |
+---------------------+-------+------+------+------+--------+-------+
| **HEMIPTERA**       |       |      |      |      |        |       |
+---------------------+-------+------+------+------+--------+-------+
| **Coccidae**        |       |      |      |      |        |       |
+---------------------+-------+------+------+------+--------+-------+
| *Ceroplastes        | 3     | 3    | 3    | 3    | 3      | 15    |
| rubens* Maskell     |       |      |      |      |        | (H)   |
+---------------------+-------+------+------+------+--------+-------+
| *Coccus viridis*    | 2     | 3    | 3    | 3    | 3      | 14    |
| (Green)             |       |      |      |      |        | (H)   |
+---------------------+-------+------+------+------+--------+-------+
| **Diaspididae**     |       |      |      |      |        |       |
+---------------------+-------+------+------+------+--------+-------+
| *Aulacaspis         | 2     | 3    | 3    | 2    | 3      | 13    |
| tubercularis*       |       |      |      |      |        | (H)   |
| Newstead            |       |      |      |      |        |       |
+---------------------+-------+------+------+------+--------+-------+
| *Parlatoria crypta* | 3     | 3    | 3    | 2    | 3      | 14    |
| Mckenzie            |       |      |      |      |        | (H)   |
+---------------------+-------+------+------+------+--------+-------+
| *Pseudaonidia       | 2     | 3    | 3    | 2    | 3      | 13    |
| trilobitiformis*    |       |      |      |      |        | (H)   |
| (Green)             |       |      |      |      |        |       |
+---------------------+-------+------+------+------+--------+-------+
| **[PATHO            |       |      |      |      |        |       |
| GENS]{.underline}** |       |      |      |      |        |       |
+---------------------+-------+------+------+------+--------+-------+
| *Actinodochium      | 1     | 1    | 2    | 1    | 1      | 6 (L) |
| jenkinsii* Uppal,   |       |      |      |      |        |       |
| Patel & Kamat       |       |      |      |      |        |       |
+---------------------+-------+------+------+------+--------+-------+
| *Cytosphaera        | 1     | 3    | 2    | 2    | 1      | 9 (M) |
| mangiferae* Died.   |       |      |      |      |        |       |
+---------------------+-------+------+------+------+--------+-------+
| *Hendersonia        | 1     | 1    | 2    | 1    | 1      | 6 (L) |
| creberrima* Syd.,   |       |      |      |      |        |       |
| Syd. & Butler       |       |      |      |      |        |       |
+---------------------+-------+------+------+------+--------+-------+
| *Macrophoma         | 1     | 3    | 2    | 2    | 2      | 10    |
| mangiferae* Hing &  |       |      |      |      |        | (M)   |
| Sharma              |       |      |      |      |        |       |
+---------------------+-------+------+------+------+--------+-------+
| *Phomopsis          | 1     | 1    | 1    | 2    | 1      | 6 (L) |
| mangiferae* Ahmad   |       |      |      |      |        |       |
| apud Petrak & Ahmad |       |      |      |      |        |       |
+---------------------+-------+------+------+------+--------+-------+
| *Xanthomonas        | 2     | 2    | 2    | 3    | 1      | 10    |
| campestris* pv.     |       |      |      |      |        | (M)   |
| *mangiferaeindicae* |       |      |      |      |        |       |
| (Patel *et al*.)    |       |      |      |      |        |       |
| Robbs *et al*.      |       |      |      |      |        |       |
| (Proteobacteria: γ  |       |      |      |      |        |       |
| subdivision,        |       |      |      |      |        |       |
| Lysobacterales)     |       |      |      |      |        |       |
+---------------------+-------+------+------+------+--------+-------+

^1^Low is 5-8 points, Medium is 9-12 points and High is 13-15 points

### Risk Element 6: Pest Opportunity (Survival and Access to Suitable Habitat and Hosts)

**Risk Element 6, sub-element 1: Quantity Imported Annually**

According to the request from the government of India, the quantity of
mango will be circa 100 sea containers per year. This is considered a
Medium (2) quantity for the purpose of this risk assessment (APHIS,
2000).

**Risk Element 6, sub-element 2: Survive Post harvest Treatment**

This risk sub-element was estimated based on the fruit being cleaned and
washed as part of standard post-harvest practices in Indian mango
production as explained by Seshadri (2004). As internal pests, all of
the fruit flies are highly likely to survive postharvest treatment and
have been rated High (3) for this sub-element. As external pests, the
hemipteran pests would have less of a probability of surviving
post-harvest treatments than internal feeders. Consequently, the
hemipteran pests are rated Medium (2) for this sub-element. All six
pathogens would be highly likely to survive postharvest treatment and,
therefore, are rated High (3) for this sub-element.

**Risk Element 6, sub-element 3: Survive Shipment**

All of the insects being analyzed in this section are highly likely to
survive shipment and have been rated High (3) for this sub-element: most
have been intercepted in U.S. ports by U.S. agricultural inspectors
(APHIS-PPQ-Interceptions**,** 2002).

The bacteria *Xanthomonas campestris* pv. *mangiferaeindica* survive
epiphytically on fruit, leaves and soil (Pruvost *et al.*, 1990; Pruvost
and Luisetti, 1991); epiphytic populations are not detected on
symptomless mature fruit (Pruvost and Luisetti, 1991). The number of
bacterial spots occurring on mature fruits is directly related to
epiphytic populations, suggesting that the resident populations are an
important source of inoculum for fruit infection (Pruvost and Luisetti,
1991) so the rating was High (3).

The stem end rot diseases (*Phompsis mangiferae* and *Actinodochium
jenkinsii*) and fruit rotters (*Macrophoma mangiferae*, *Hendersonia
creberrima* and *Cytosphaera mangiferae*) are highly likely to survive
shipping conditions (AFFA, 2001) because most control measures are not
curative and do not eradicate the pathogens (Coates *et al.*, 1997;
Coates *et al.*, 1993; Johnson *et al.*, 1993; Johnson *et al.*, 1990;
Johnson and Highley, 1994). Additionally, controlled atmospheric
conditions may only slow stem end rot or fruit rot symptom expression
(Johnson *et al.*, 1993), leading to longer latent periods. For these
reasons, the rating was High (3) for *Phomopsis mangiferae*,
*Actinodochium jenkinsii*, *Macrophoma mangiferae*, *Cytosphaera
mangiferae* and *Hendersonia creberrima*.

**Risk Element 6, sub-element 4: Not Detected at Port-of-Entry**

As external feeders, the hemipteran pests have a high probability of
being detected at the port-of-entry because they will be visible on the
outside of the fruit, so they are rated Low (1) for Not Detected at the
Port-of-Entry. The larvae of the mango weevils can only be detected by
cutting open the seeds in which they feed, so they are rated High (3)
for this risk element. Inspectors cutting mango failed to detect larvae
of *Anastrepha supensa*, a fruit fly in the same family as *Bactrocera*
spp., 71.6% of the time (Gould, 1995). These findings underscore the
high likelihood of fruit flies crossing borders undetected in fruit and
supports a rating of High (3) for Not Detected at Port-of-Entry for all
the *Bactrocera* species.

Obvious advanced post harvest rot caused by the fungi: *Actinodochium
jenkinsii, Cytosphaera mangiferae, Phomopsis mangiferae, Macrophoma
mangiferae* and *Hendersonia creberrima* would likely be detected at
ports of entry when there are obvious external symptoms, although they
may not be clearly attributable to a single pathogen (Johnson *et al*.,
1989; Lim *et al*., 1991; MAF 2003). Latent fungal infections, however,
are likely to evade detection. For these reasons, *Actinodochium
jenkinsii*, *Cytosphaera mangiferae*, *Phomopsis mangifera*, *Macrophoma
mangiferae* and *Hendersonia creberrima* are rated Medium (2) for this
risk element. Advanced symptoms of bacterial black spot, caused by
*Xanthomonas campestris* pv. *mangiferaeindicae* are likely to be
detected at ports of entry when there are obvious external symptoms,
although symptoms may vary depending on the susceptibility of the host
and on environment and may not be clearly attributable to a single
pathogen (Shekhawat & Patel, 1974). The role of latent infections in
mango bacterial black spot is uncertain. Limited research into mango
bacterial black spot indicates that *Xanthomonas campestris* pv.
*mangiferaeindicae* causes latent infections, which would also be likely
to evade detection, although presence of the bacterium strictly as an
epiphyte has not be conclusively ruled out (Gagnevin & Pruvost, 2001).
For this reason, *Xanthomonas campestris* pv. *mangiferaeindicae* is
rated Medium (2) for this risk element.

**Risk Element 6, sub-element 5: Imported or Moved to an Area Suitable
for Survival**

The climate-host range for the majority of the pests examined here is
limited to warm areas in Florida and parts of California. Mango will
presumably be shipped all over the continental United States, so a
portion of the pests that enter the country are likely to reach areas of
host abundance should those hosts exist in the United States.
Consequently, risk ratings for this sub-element were based on the
climatic regions of the continental United States suitable for each pest
and the hosts available in those areas. Although *Macrophoma
mangiferae*, may infect hosts other than mango, which inhabit a wide
range of plant hardiness zones in the United States, Indian isolates
previously tested did not grow, nor did spores germinate below 7ºC
(45ºF) (Hingorani, *et al.*, 1960). Based on the evidence provided above
for each pest in regard to the Climate-Host Interaction risk element,
*Parlatoria crypta* and *Ceroplastes rubens* are rated High,
*Sternochetus frigidus*, *Sternochetus mangiferae*, *Bactrocera
caryeae*, *Bactrocera correcta*, *Bactrocera* *cucurbitae*, *Bactrocera
diversa*, *Bactrocera dorsalis, Bactrocera zonata*, *Pseudaonidia
trilobitiformis*, *Coccus viridis*, and *Xanthomonas campestris* pv.
*mangiferaeindicae* are rated Medium, and *Actinodochium jenkinsii*,
*Cytosphaera mangiferae*, *Aulacaspis tubercularis*, *Hendersonia
creberrima,* *Macrophoma mangiferae*, and *Phomopsis mangiferae* are
rated Low (1) for the Imported or Moved To An Area Suitable for Survival
sub-element.

**Risk Element 6, sub-element 6: Contact with Host Material**

Even if the final destination of infested commodities is suitable for
pest survival, suitable hosts must be available in order for the pest to
survive. This sub-element considers the likelihood that the pest species
can come in contact with host material for reproduction. The complete
host range of the pest was considered. According to the IPPC standard
for pest risk analysis (IPPC, 2003), other factors that may be
considered are:

-   Dispersal mechanisms, including vectors to allow movement from the
    pathway to a suitable host

-   Whether the imported commodity is to be sent to a few or many
    destinations in the PRA area

-   Proximity of entry, transit and destination points to suitable hosts

-   Time of year at which import takes place

-   Intended use of the commodity (*e.g.*, for planting, processing or
    consumption)

-   Risks from by-products and waste

The fruit flies develop quickly and, have a wide range of hosts
(Fletcher, 1989a). Also, *Bactrocera* spp. have excellent dispersal
capabilities, and many of them can fly 50-100km during their life
(Fletcher 1989b). Therefore, it is possible that they could escape from
houses, compost piles or garbage to find nearby hosts. Additionally,
fruit infested with fruit flies often contain multiple larvae, making
the chance that adults could mate higher. For these reasons the fruit
flies are rated High (3) for this risk sub-element.

The *Sternochetus* mango weevils are capable of flight as well, although
likely less so than the fruit flies, and therefore could also escape
from houses, compost piles or garbage to find nearby hosts. However, as
these weevils have a very narrow host range and any potential host
plants have a very limited distribution in the United States, they are
rated Low (1) for this risk sub-element.

Sessile hemipterans (mealybugs, scale insects, *etc*.) may disperse
great distances by wind (Greathead, 1989, 1997) but do not have the
capability for directed dispersal in this way. Long range dispersal
strategies depend on large numbers of insects being dispersed so that
some may find suitable hosts. Insects arriving with fruit represent such
small populations that dispersal by air to a host would be very
unlikely. Furthermore, successful establishment of these insects in a
new environment can occur only when mobile forms (*i.e.,* crawlers) are
present on the imported fruit and these fruit are placed in close
proximity to a susceptible host. As these circumstances are highly
unlikely to co-occur (Miller, 1985), scale insects have a low
probability of establishment. For these reasons, the hemipteran pests
are rated Low (1) for this risk sub-element.

For the pathogens, only discarded fruit or unused portions of fruit
(peel, seed, etc.) are likely to be sources of inoculum. Bacteria or
spores must then be dispersed from discarded fruit into mango orchards
at a time when susceptible tissue is available (Johnson *et al.*, 1993;
Johnson *et al.*, 1989; Kishun and Chand, 1989; Pruvost *et al.*, 1990;
Pruvost and Luisetti, 1991). The likelihood of discarded fruit being in
close proximity to cultivated mango is small. For these reasons, four of
the pathogens are rated Low (1). *Macrophoma mangiferae* and
*Cytosphaera mangiferae* may infect a broader range of hosts, yet
temperatures required for survival may limit their ranges, so they are
rated Medium (2).

+--------------------+-----+------+-----+-------+------+-----+-----+
| > Table 4. Risk    |     |      |     |       |      |     |     |
| > Rating for       |     |      |     |       |      |     |     |
| > Likelihood of    |     |      |     |       |      |     |     |
| > Introduction:    |     |      |     |       |      |     |     |
| > Risk Element #6. |     |      |     |       |      |     |     |
+====================+=====+======+=====+=======+======+=====+=====+
| Pest               | Qu  | Sur  | S   | Not   | M    | C   | C   |
|                    | ant | vive | urv | det   | oved | ont | umu |
|                    | ity | pos  | ive | ected | to   | act | lat |
|                    | im  | thar | sh  | at    | suit | w   | ive |
|                    | por | vest | ipm | port  | able | ith | R   |
|                    | ted | t    | ent | of    | hab  | h   | isk |
|                    | an  | reat |     | entry | itat | ost | R   |
|                    | nua | ment |     |       |      | ma  | ati |
|                    | lly |      |     |       |      | ter | ng¹ |
|                    |     |      |     |       |      | ial |     |
+--------------------+-----+------+-----+-------+------+-----+-----+
| **[ARTHROP         |     |      |     |       |      |     |     |
| ODS]{.underline}** |     |      |     |       |      |     |     |
+--------------------+-----+------+-----+-------+------+-----+-----+
| **COLEOPTERA**     |     |      |     |       |      |     |     |
+--------------------+-----+------+-----+-------+------+-----+-----+
| **Curculionidae**  |     |      |     |       |      |     |     |
+--------------------+-----+------+-----+-------+------+-----+-----+
| *Sternochetus      | 2   | 3    | 3   | 3     | 2    | 1   | 14  |
| frigidus* (F.)     |     |      |     |       |      |     | (M) |
|                    |     |      |     |       |      |     |     |
| *Sternochetus      |     |      |     |       |      |     |     |
| mangiferae* (F.)   |     |      |     |       |      |     |     |
+--------------------+-----+------+-----+-------+------+-----+-----+
| **DIPTERA**        |     |      |     |       |      |     |     |
+--------------------+-----+------+-----+-------+------+-----+-----+
| **Tephritidae**    |     |      |     |       |      |     |     |
+--------------------+-----+------+-----+-------+------+-----+-----+
| *Bactrocera        | 2   | 3    | 3   | 3     | 2    | 3   | 16  |
| caryeae* (Kapoor)  |     |      |     |       |      |     | (H) |
|                    |     |      |     |       |      |     |     |
| *Bactrocera        |     |      |     |       |      |     |     |
| correcta* (Bezzi)  |     |      |     |       |      |     |     |
|                    |     |      |     |       |      |     |     |
| *Bactrocera*       |     |      |     |       |      |     |     |
| *cucurbitae*       |     |      |     |       |      |     |     |
| Coquillett         |     |      |     |       |      |     |     |
|                    |     |      |     |       |      |     |     |
| *Bactrocera        |     |      |     |       |      |     |     |
| diversa*           |     |      |     |       |      |     |     |
| (Coquillett)       |     |      |     |       |      |     |     |
|                    |     |      |     |       |      |     |     |
| *Bactrocera        |     |      |     |       |      |     |     |
| dorsalis* Hendel   |     |      |     |       |      |     |     |
|                    |     |      |     |       |      |     |     |
| *Bactrocera tau*   |     |      |     |       |      |     |     |
| Walker             |     |      |     |       |      |     |     |
|                    |     |      |     |       |      |     |     |
| *Bactrocera        |     |      |     |       |      |     |     |
| zonata* (Saunders) |     |      |     |       |      |     |     |
+--------------------+-----+------+-----+-------+------+-----+-----+
| **HEMIPTERA**      |     |      |     |       |      |     |     |
+--------------------+-----+------+-----+-------+------+-----+-----+
| **Coccidae**       |     |      |     |       |      |     |     |
+--------------------+-----+------+-----+-------+------+-----+-----+
| *Ceroplastes       | 2   | 2    | 3   | 1     | 3    | 1   | 12  |
| rubens* Maskell    |     |      |     |       |      |     | (M) |
+--------------------+-----+------+-----+-------+------+-----+-----+
| *Coccus viridis*   | 2   | 2    | 3   | 1     | 2    | 1   | 11  |
| (Green)            |     |      |     |       |      |     | (M) |
+--------------------+-----+------+-----+-------+------+-----+-----+
| **Diaspididae**    |     |      |     |       |      |     |     |
+--------------------+-----+------+-----+-------+------+-----+-----+
| *Aulacaspis        | 2   | 2    | 3   | 1     | 1    | 1   | 10  |
| tubercularis*      |     |      |     |       |      |     | (M) |
| Newstead           |     |      |     |       |      |     |     |
+--------------------+-----+------+-----+-------+------+-----+-----+
| *Parlatoria        | 2   | 2    | 3   | 1     | 3    | 1   | 12  |
| crypta* Mckenzie   |     |      |     |       |      |     | (M) |
+--------------------+-----+------+-----+-------+------+-----+-----+
| *Pseudaonidia      | 2   | 2    | 3   | 1     | 2    | 1   | 11  |
| trilobitiformis*   |     |      |     |       |      |     | (M) |
| (Green)            |     |      |     |       |      |     |     |
+--------------------+-----+------+-----+-------+------+-----+-----+
| **[PATHOG          |     |      |     |       |      |     |     |
| ENS]{.underline}** |     |      |     |       |      |     |     |
+--------------------+-----+------+-----+-------+------+-----+-----+
| *Actinodochium     | 2   | 3    | 3   | 2     | 1    | 1   | 12  |
| jenkinsii* Uppal,  |     |      |     |       |      |     | (M) |
| Patel & Kamat      |     |      |     |       |      |     |     |
+--------------------+-----+------+-----+-------+------+-----+-----+
| *Cytosphaera       | 2   | 3    | 3   | 2     | 1    | 2   | 13  |
| mangiferae* Died.  |     |      |     |       |      |     | (M) |
+--------------------+-----+------+-----+-------+------+-----+-----+
| *Hendersonia       | 2   | 3    | 3   | 2     | 1    | 1   | 12  |
| creberrima* Syd.,  |     |      |     |       |      |     | (M) |
| Syd. & Butler      |     |      |     |       |      |     |     |
+--------------------+-----+------+-----+-------+------+-----+-----+
| *Macrophoma        | 2   | 3    | 3   | 2     | 1    | 2   | 13  |
| mangiferae* Hing & |     |      |     |       |      |     | (M) |
| Sharma             |     |      |     |       |      |     |     |
+--------------------+-----+------+-----+-------+------+-----+-----+
| *Phomopsis         | 2   | 3    | 3   | 2     | 1    | 1   | 12  |
| mangiferae* Ahmad  |     |      |     |       |      |     | (M) |
| apud Petrak &      |     |      |     |       |      |     |     |
| Ahmad              |     |      |     |       |      |     |     |
+--------------------+-----+------+-----+-------+------+-----+-----+
| *Xanthomonas       | 2   | 3    | 3   | 2     | 2    | 1   | 13  |
| campestris* pv.    |     |      |     |       |      |     | (M) |
| *                  |     |      |     |       |      |     |     |
| mangiferaeindicae* |     |      |     |       |      |     |     |
| (Patel *et al*.)   |     |      |     |       |      |     |     |
| Robbs *et al*.     |     |      |     |       |      |     |     |
| (Proteobacteria: γ |     |      |     |       |      |     |     |
| subdivision,       |     |      |     |       |      |     |     |
| Lysobacterales)    |     |      |     |       |      |     |     |
+--------------------+-----+------+-----+-------+------+-----+-----+

^1^Low is 6-9 points, Medium is 10-14 points, and High is 15-18 points

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc135708845 .anchor}**Baseline Risk Potential**

A combination of the Consequences of Introduction with the Likelihood of
Introduction provide an estimate of the baseline risks associated with
each of the pests analyzed here. Table 5 provides a summary of our
findings.

+---------------------------+---------------+---------------+----------+
| > Table 5. Pest Risk      |               |               |          |
| > Potential               |               |               |          |
+===========================+===============+===============+==========+
| Pest                      | Conseqences   | Likelihood of | Pest     |
|                           | of            | Introduction  | Risk     |
|                           | Introduction  | Cumulative    | Po       |
|                           | Cumulative    | Risk Rating   | tential¹ |
|                           | Risk Rating   |               |          |
+---------------------------+---------------+---------------+----------+
| **[                       |               |               |          |
| ARTHROPODS]{.underline}** |               |               |          |
+---------------------------+---------------+---------------+----------+
| **COLEOPTERA**            |               |               |          |
+---------------------------+---------------+---------------+----------+
| **Curculionidae**         |               |               |          |
+---------------------------+---------------+---------------+----------+
| *Sternochetus frigidus*   | L (8)         | H (14)        | M (22)   |
| (F.)                      |               |               |          |
|                           |               |               |          |
| *Sternochetus mangiferae* |               |               |          |
| (F.)                      |               |               |          |
+---------------------------+---------------+---------------+----------+
| **DIPTERA**               |               |               |          |
+---------------------------+---------------+---------------+----------+
| **Tephritidae**           |               |               |          |
+---------------------------+---------------+---------------+----------+
| *Bactrocera caryeae*      | H (14)        | H (16)        | H (30)   |
| (Kapoor)                  |               |               |          |
|                           |               |               |          |
| *Bactrocera correcta*     |               |               |          |
| (Bezzi)                   |               |               |          |
|                           |               |               |          |
| *Bactrocera* *cucurbitae* |               |               |          |
| Coquillett                |               |               |          |
|                           |               |               |          |
| *Bactrocera diversa*      |               |               |          |
| (Coquillett)              |               |               |          |
|                           |               |               |          |
| *Bactrocera dorsalis*     |               |               |          |
| Hendel                    |               |               |          |
|                           |               |               |          |
| *Bactrocera tau* Walker   |               |               |          |
|                           |               |               |          |
| *Bactrocera zonata*       |               |               |          |
| (Saunders)                |               |               |          |
+---------------------------+---------------+---------------+----------+
| **HEMIPTERA**             |               |               |          |
+---------------------------+---------------+---------------+----------+
| **Coccidae**              |               |               |          |
+---------------------------+---------------+---------------+----------+
| *Ceroplastes rubens*      | H (15)        | M (12)        | H (27)   |
| Maskell                   |               |               |          |
+---------------------------+---------------+---------------+----------+
| *Coccus viridis* (Green)  | H (14)        | M (11)        | M (25)   |
+---------------------------+---------------+---------------+----------+
| **Diaspididae**           |               |               |          |
+---------------------------+---------------+---------------+----------+
| *Aulacaspis tubercularis* | H (13)        | M (10)        | M        |
| Newstead                  |               |               | (24)^\*^ |
+---------------------------+---------------+---------------+----------+
| *Parlatoria crypta*       | H (14)        | M (12)        | M        |
| Mckenzie                  |               |               | (26)^\*^ |
+---------------------------+---------------+---------------+----------+
| *Pseudaonidia             | H (13)        | M (11)        | M        |
| trilobitiformis* (Green)  |               |               | (23)^\*^ |
+---------------------------+---------------+---------------+----------+
| **                        |               |               |          |
| [PATHOGENS]{.underline}** |               |               |          |
+---------------------------+---------------+---------------+----------+
| *Actinodochium jenkinsii* | L (6)         | M (12)        | L (18)   |
| Uppal, Patel & Kamat      |               |               |          |
+---------------------------+---------------+---------------+----------+
| *Cytosphaera mangiferae*  | M (9)         | M (13)        | M (22)   |
| Died.                     |               |               |          |
+---------------------------+---------------+---------------+----------+
| *Hendersonia creberrima*  | L (6)         | M (12)        | L (18)   |
| Syd., Syd. & Butler       |               |               |          |
+---------------------------+---------------+---------------+----------+
| *Macrophoma mangiferae*   | M (10)        | M (13)        | M (23)   |
| Hing & Sharma             |               |               |          |
+---------------------------+---------------+---------------+----------+
| *Phomopsis mangiferae*    | L ( 6)        | M (12)        | L (18)   |
| Ahmad apud Petrak & Ahmad |               |               |          |
+---------------------------+---------------+---------------+----------+
| *Xanthomonas campestris*  | M (10)        | M (13)        | M (23)   |
| pv. *mangiferaeindicae*   |               |               |          |
| (Patel *et al*.) Robbs    |               |               |          |
| *et al*. (Proteobacteria: |               |               |          |
| γ subdivision,            |               |               |          |
| Lysobacterales)           |               |               |          |
+---------------------------+---------------+---------------+----------+

^1^Low is 11-18 points, Medium is 19-26 points and High is 27-33 points

^\*^Please see comments in section III (Conclusions) regarding armored
scales (Diaspididae).

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc135708846 .anchor}**III Conclusions**

Pest Risk Potentials are the summations of the Consequences of
Introduction and Likelihood of Introduction values (Table 5). The
following scale was used to interpret this total: Low was 11-18 points,
Medium was 19-26 points and High was 27-33 points. Risk was estimated
for commercial quality mangoes, which are cleaned and washed as part of
standard post-harvest practices in Indian mango production.

Pests with a Low Pest Risk Potential do not typically require mitigation
measures, other than port-of-arrival inspection. A value within the
Medium range indicates that specific phytosanitary measures may be
necessary. A rating in the High range indicates that specific
phytosanitary measures, supplemental to port-of-arrival inspection, are
strongly recommended.

*Ceroplastes rubens* and all of the *Bactrocera* species were rated
High. The mango weevils, *Sternochetus mangiferae* and *S. frigidus,
Coccus viridis,* the three armored scales insects (Diaspididae), and
three of the pathogens, *Macrophoma mangiferae*, C*ytosphaera
mangiferae* and *Xanthomonas campestris* pv. *mangiferaeindicae*, were
rated Medium, while the three other pathogens, *Actinodochium
jenkinsii*, *Hendersonia creberrima*, and *Phomopsis mangiferae*, were
rated Low.

Although the armored scales (*Aulacaspis tubercularis, Pseudaonidia
trilobitofirmis,* and *Parlatoria crypta*) were rated Medium, these
insects have a low likelihood of introduction and establishment that
could not be addressed using the current USDA *Guidelines* (APHIS,
2000). Even if the armored scales are able to follow the pathway of
mango fruit from India, these scales would be highly unlikely to become
established in the United States. This low likelihood of establishment
should be an important consideration when developing risk mitigations.
This estimate of low risk is based on the following evidence:

-   Scale insects (Coccoidea), including armored scales, may disperse
    great distances by wind (Greathead, 1990, 1997; Gullan and
    Kosztarab, 1997). However, they do not have the capability for
    directed dispersal in this way; so long range dispersal would likely
    depend on large numbers of insects being dispersed so that some may
    find suitable hosts. Insects arriving with commercial quality fruit
    represent such small populations that dispersal by air to a host
    would be very unlikely.

-   It is mainly the newly emerged first instar nymphs ("crawlers") of
    scale insects that can be dispersed long distances by wind (Gullan
    and Kosztarab, 1997). Plus, for armored scales, "only crawlers and
    perhaps gravid females could contribute to dispersal of the species
    and to the colonization of new host plants" (Greathead, 1990). The
    crawler stage has to be the primary stage enabling dispersal, as
    this is the only mobile stage besides the males, and males cannot
    start new infestations by themselves (Greathead, 1990). Therefore,
    spread of armored scales from infested plant materials for
    consumption can only occur if crawlers or adult females with eggs
    are present (Burger and Ulenberg, 1990), and spread from the gravid
    females would likely only occur if crawlers hatched from the
    females' eggs.

-   A USDA Agricultural Research Service expert working group assessed
    the risk of armored scales on fruit for consumption (Miller *et
    al.*, 1985). These authors concluded that, for several reasons, the
    probability of armored scales becoming established in a new region
    by way of commercially shipped fruit for consumption is relatively
    remote. For one, these authors state that fruits are not the
    preferred feeding sites for most armored scales; therefore, these
    insects would be less likely to survive on fruits compared to leaves
    or twigs. Secondly, the sessile nature of armored scales and their
    inability to disperse long distances under their own powers severely
    limit their ability of coming into contact with potential hosts.
    Furthermore, in order for armored scales on imported commercial
    fruit to become established in a new area, many conditions must
    co-occur, which is highly unlikely. These conditions include, among
    others: 1) survival through harvest and post-harvest handling and
    transport, 2) survival of the rigors of the marketplace, as well as
    consumer storage, handling, and consumption, 3) presence of
    susceptible host near infested fruit discarded by the consumer, 4)
    presence of crawlers on the discarded fruit (or the fruit stays
    viable long enough for crawlers to develop from a gravid female),
    and 5) successful colonization of the new host by the crawlers
    (Miller, 1985).

Detailed examination and choice of appropriate sanitary and
phytosanitary measures to mitigate pest risk is undertaken as part of
the pest risk management phase and is not discussed in this document.
Appropriate sanitary and phytosanitary measures to mitigate pest risk
will be determined during the pest risk management phase.

# 

# Contributors (in alphabetical order):

> Lisa Ferguson, Risk Analyst/Plant Pathologist,
> USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST-PERAL
>
> Anthony Koop, Risk Analyst/Botanist, USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST-PERAL
>
> Leah Millar, Risk Analyst/Entomologist, USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST-PERAL
> (Primary Contact)

Shawn Robertson, Risk Analyst/Entomologist, USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST-PERAL

Eileen Sutker, Senior Plant Pathologist, USDA, APHIS, PPQ

Ron Sequeira, National Science Program Leader, Risk and Pathway
Analysis, USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc135708848 .anchor}**[References]{.underline}**

Abbas, S. R., Srivastava, A. S., Sharma, S., and Haseeb, M. 2000. Note
on oriental fruitfly of mango, a problem for mature mangoes in India.
Biological Memoirs 26: 74-78.

AFFA. 2001. Technical market access submission for Australian Mangoes to
the USA. Agriculture, Fischeries and Forestry, Australia, received
October, 2001.

Agrios, G. 1997. Plant Pathology ver. 4. Academic Press Inc. San Diego,
635 pp.

Ahmed, F. and Alam, M. 1993. Mango leaf consumption by *Cricula
trifenestrata* Helfer (Saturniidae: Lepidoptera) larvae under field
conditions. Bangladesh J Entomol 3.

Aitken Soux, P. 1985. Some pests and diseases generally encountered in
coffee nurseries. Feuille d\'Extension No. 53: 5 pp. (Abstract)

Alfieri Jr., S. A., Langdon, K. R., Kimbrough, J. W., El Gholl, N. E.,
and Wehlburg, C. 1994. Bulletin No. 14, Diseases and disorders of plants
in Florida, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services,
Gainsville, FL.

Anonymous. 1968. A powder-post beetle (*Minthea rugicollis*
(Walker))-Florida. Co op, econ Insect Rep 18 (32): 772p. (Abstract)

Anonymous. 1994. Harmful pests of China fruit trees. Second Edition.
(English translation arranged by Ray Miyamoto, USDA APHIS International
Services). China Agriculture Science Institute, China Agriculture Press.
pp.1063.

APHIS. 2000. Guidelines for pathway-initiative pest risk assessments.
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Dept
Agriculture.
\<http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/pra/commodity/cpraguide.pdf\> *last
accessed* 10 January 2002.

APHIS-PPQ-Interceptions. 2002. Port Information Network (PIN) - USDA
Pest Interception Database. USDA-APHIS Plant Protection and Quarantine,
Riverdale, MD.

APHIS-PPQ-Interceptions. 2004. Port Information Network (PIN) - USDA
Pest Interception Database. USDA-APHIS Plant Protection and Quarantine,
Riverdale, MD.

APS. 2001. Common names of plant diseases. The American
Phytopathological Society.
\<http://www.scisoc.org/resource/common/names/mango.htm\> *last
accessed* 5 July 2001.

AQIS. 1987. Red-banded mango caterpillar. Plant Quarantine Leaflet No.
51: 1-4.

Arora, R. K. and Rao, R. V. 1998. Tropical fruits in Asia. Proceedings
of the IPGRI-ICAR-UTFANET Regional training course on the conservation
and use of germplasm of tropical fruits in Asia held at Indian institute
of Horticultural Res, Bangalore, India 18-31 May 1997. International
Plant Genetic Resources Institute, New Delhi, India.

ARS. 2001. Agricultural Res Service (ARS), Online Database USDA-ARS.
National Genetic Resources Program, Germplasm Resources Information
Network (GRIN). Washington, DC.
\<http://ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/rare.pl\> *last accessed* 4
January 2002.

Atwall, A. S. 1976. Agricultural Pests of India and South-East Asia.
Kalyani Publishers, Delhi, India. pp.502.

BackyardGardner.com. 2003. Map of South America, Central America, and
the Caribbean with USDA plant hardiness zones indicated.
\<http://www.backyardgardener.com/zone/sazone.html\> *last accessed*
March 7, 2003.

Baker, E. W., Kono, T., Amrine, J. W. J., Delfinado-Baker, M., and
Stasny, T. A. 1996. Eriophyoid mites of the United States. Indira
Publishing House, Bloomfield, Michigan. pp.394.

Balock, J. W. and Kozuma, T. T. 1964. Notes on the biology and economic
importance of the mango weevil, *Sternochetus mangiferae* (Fabricius) in
Hawaii (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Proceedings of the Hawaiian
Entomological Society 18: 353-364.

Beaver, R. A. 1976. Biological studies of Brazilian Scolytidae and
Platypodidae (Coleoptera). V. The tribe Xyleborini. Zeitschrift fur
Angewandte Entomologie 80: 15-30 \[Abstr\].

Ben-Dov, Y. 1994. A Systematic Catalogue of the Mealybugs of the World
(Insecta: Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae and Putoidae) With Data
on Geographical Distribution, Host Plants, Biology and Economic
Importance. Intercept Ltd., Andover, UK.

Ben-Dov, Y., Miller, D. R., and Gibson, G. A. P. 2001. ScaleNet: A
Database of Scale Insects of the World.
\<http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/scalenet/scalenet.htm\>.

Ben-Dov, Y., Miller, D. R., and Gibson, G. A. P. 2003. ScaleNet: A
Database of Scale Insects of the World.
\<http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/scalenet/scalenet.htm\>.

Ben-Dov, Y., Miller, D. R., and Gibson, G. A. P. 2004. ScaleNet: A
Database of Scale Insects of the World.
\<http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/scalenet/scalenet.htm\>.

Ben-Dov, Y., Miller, D. R., and Gibson, G. A. P. 2006. ScaleNet: A
Database of Scale Insects of the World.
\<http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/scalenet/scalenet.htm\>.

Bhumannavar, B. S. and Jacob, T. K. 1989. *Psoraleococcus nr. multipori*
(Morrison) on mango on an Andaman island. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin
37: 134 \[Abstr\].

Bhumannavar, B. S. and Jacob, T. 1990. *Tirathaba mundela* Walker
(Pyralidae: Lepidoptera) a new fruit borer of mango in south Andaman
(India). Entomon 15: 286-287.

Bilgrami Jamaluddin , K. S. and Rizwi, M. A. 1979. Fungi of India. Part
1 List and References. Today & Tomorrow's Printers & Publishers, New
Delhi. Pages 35, 90, 119, 120, 137, 138.

Bilgrami Jamaluddin , K. S. and Rizwi, M. A. 1981. Fungi of India. Part
II Host Index and Addenda. Today & Tomorrow's Printers & Publishers, New
Delhi. Page 80.

Blackburn, V. L., and Miller, D. R. 1984. Pests not known to occur in
the U.S. or of limited distribution, no. 44: Black Parlatoria Scale, pp.
1-13. USDA APHIS PPQ, Beltsville, MD.

Bolland, H. R., Gutierrez, J., and Flechtmann, C. H. W. 1998. World
catalogue of the spider mite family (Acari: Tetranychidae). Brill,
Boston.

Booth, C. 1978. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Description of Plant
Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria, No. 573. Fusarium semitectum.
Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, GB. 2 pp.

Booth, C. and Sutton, B. C. 1984. *Fusarium pallidoroseum*, the correct
name for *F. semitectum* Auct. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 83: 702-704.

Booth, C. and Waterston, J. M. 1964. Commonwealth Mycological Institute,
Description of Plant Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria, No. 29. *Fusarium
solani*. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, GB. 2 pp.

Borror, D. J., Triplehorn, C. A., and Johnson, N. F. 1989. An
introduction to the study of insects. 6 ed. Saunders College Publishing,
Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers. Fort Worth, 875 pp.

Bradbury, J. F. 1986. Guide to Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. CAB
International Mycological Institute. 332 pp.

Brodrick, H. T. and van der Westhuizen, G. C. A. 1976. *Hendersonia
creberrima*, the cause of soft brown rot of mango in South Africa.
Phytophylactica 8:13-16.

Brodrick, H. T. and van der Westhuizen G.C.A.. 1978. *Hendersonia
creberrima*, the cause of soft brown rot of mango in South Africa.
Citrus and Subtropical Fruit Journal 532: 3-5.

Burger, H.C. and Ulenberg, S.A. 1990. Quarantine Problems and
Procedures, pp. 313-3027. *In* D. Rosen \[ed.\], Armored scale insects.
Their biology, natural enemies and control. World Crop Pests Volume 4B.
Elsevier Scientific Publishers, Amsterdam.

Burikam, I., Sarnthoy, O., Charensom, K., Kanno, T., and Homma, H. 1992.
Cold temperature treatment for mangosteens infested with the Oriental
fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae). J Econ Entomol 85: 2298-2301.

Burnett, H. C. 1975. Powdery mildew of mango. Plant pathology circular
No. 402. Florida Dept. Agr. & Consumer Serv. Division of Plant Industry

Butani, D. K. 1978. Insect pests of fruit crops and their control .
Pesticides 12: 53-59 \[Abstr\].

Butani, D. K. 1993. Mango: Pest Problems. Periodical Expert Book Agency.
Delhi, India, 290 pp.

Cappellini, R. A. 1988. Disorders in avocado, mango, and pineapple
shipments to the New York market, 1972-1985. Plant Disease 72(3):
270-273.

Cannon, P. F. and Minter, D. W. 1984. Commonwealth Mycological
Institute, Description of Plant Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria, No. 798.
*Lophodermium mangiferae*. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, GB. 2 pp.

Cazorla, F. M., Torés, J. A., Olalla, L., Pérez-García, A., Farré, J.
M., and de Vicente, A. 1998. Bacterial apical necrosis of mango of
Southern Spain: A disease caused by *Pseudomonas syringae* pv.
*syringae.* Phytopathology 88:614-620.

Chadha, K. L. 1989. Mango research in India - new developments. Indian J
Hort. 46: 279-294.

CIE Maps. Distribution Maps of Pests Nos. 1-553. International Institute
of Entomology. London. Published December 1994.

Cline, E. 2006. Nomenclatural Fact Sheets. Systematic Botany & Mycology
Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Retrieved March 30, 2006, from

http://nt.ars-grin.gov/sbmlweb/OnlineResources/FungiOnline.cfm.

CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria. Commonwealth
Mycological Institute. Surrey, UK

Coates, L. M., Johnson, G. I., and Cooke, A. W. 1993. Postharvest
disease control in mangoes using high humidity hot air and fungicide
treatments. Annals of Applied Biology, 123: 441-448.

Coates, L. M., Cooke, A. W., Dean, J. R., Lavi, U., Degani, C., Gazit,
S., Lahav, E., Pesis, E., Prusky, D., Tomer, E., and Wysoki, M. 1997.
The response of mango stem end rot pathogens to heat. Acta
Horticulturae: 762-772.

Coile, N. C., and Dixon, W. N. 2000. TRI-OLOGY, Vol. 39, No. 2. Florida
Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. \<
http://doacs.state.fl.us/\~pi/enpp/00-mar-apr.htm\> *last accessed*
September 16, 2003.

Coll, M., and Abd Rabou, S. 1998. Effect of oil emulsion sprays on
parasitoids of the black parlatoria, *Parlatoria ziziphi*, in
grapefruit. BioControl 43: 29-37.

Cook, A. A. 1975. Foliage blight and black rot of fruit. *In* Disease of
tropical and subtropical fruits and nuts. Hafner Press, London. Page
235.

CPC. 2001. Crop Protection Compendium Database, CAB Int\'l. Wallingford,
UK.

CPC. 2002. Crop Protection Compendium Database, CAB Int\'l. Wallingford,
UK.

CPC. 2003. Crop Protection Compendium Database, CAB Int\'l. Wallingford,
UK.

CPC. 2004. Crop Protection Compendium Database, CAB Int\'l. Wallingford,
UK.

CPC. 2005. Crop Protection Compendium Database, CAB Int\'l. Wallingford,
UK.

Cunningham, I. C. 1991. Common mango scales in Queensland. Acta Hort
291: 409-412.

Dalvi, C. S., Dumbre, R. B., and Khanvilkar, V. G. 1992. Record of mango
hopper species and their composition in the Konkan region. J Maharashtra
Agricultural Universities 17: 404-406.

De, K. and Pande, Y. D. 1988. Bionomics and some behavioural aspects of
the mango stone weevil*, Sternochetus gravis* (Fabricius) (Coleoptera:
Curculionidae). Entomon 13: 17-24.

De, K. and Pande, Y. D. 1990. Damage and varietal susceptibility of
mango nut weevil, *Sternochetus gravis* (Fabricius) and biochemical
changes in the infested fruits. Indian Biologist 22(1): 17-22.

Dekle, G. W. 1976b. Green scale, *Coccus viridis* (Green) (Homoptera:
Coccidae). Florida Deparment of Agriculture and Consumer Services,
Division of Plant Industry, Entomology Circular 165.

Deighton, F. C. 1976. Studies on *Cercospora* and allied genera. VI.
Pseudocercospora Speg., Pantospora Cif. and Cercoseptoria Petr. Mycol.
Pap. 140, 1-168.

Dekle, G. W. 1969. Stellate scale (*Vinsonia stellifera* (Westw.))
(Homoptera - Coccidae). Entomology Circular-Florida Department of
Agriculture and Consumer Services 80: 1-2.

DMQPE. 1998. Distribution Maps of Quarantine Pests for Europe. CABI
Publishing, CAB International, New York.

Dubey, O. P., Gour, R. K., and Sharma, S. R. 1981. Occurrence of
sugarcane leaf-hopper, *Pyrilla perpusilla* Walker on mango tree,
*Mangifera indica* L. Agricultural Sci Digest 1: 113 \[Abstr\].

Dudu, P., Lale, N. E. S., and Okiwelu, S. N. 1996. Susceptibility of
three physical forms of three oilseeds to *Oryzaephilus mercator* and
the effects of infestation on seed quality. Postharvest Biology Tech 7:
277-283 \[Abstr\].

Dutta, S. 1996. Contribution towards the studies of scale insects
(Homoptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae) of North India. Bulletin of
Entomology New Delhi 31: 152-163. (Abstract)

Entomology Section. 2004. Northern Territory Insects: Strawberry Thrips,
*Scirtothrips dorsalis*. Entomology Section, Department of Business,
Industry, and Resource Development, Northern Territory Government.
\<http://pestinfo.nt.gov.au/\>.

Fabres, G. 1974. A new species of the genus *Habrolepis* (Hym.
Chalcidoidae Encyrtidae), a parasite of *Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis*
(Homoptera Diaspidadae) in New Caledonia. Entomophaga 19: 55-60.
(Abstract)

Farr, D. F. 1989. U.S. National Fungus Collections. Systematic Botany
and Mycology Laboratory, Agricultural Res Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD.

Farr, D. F., Bills, G. F., Chamuris, G. P., and Rossman, A. Y. 1989.
Fungi on plants and plant products in the United States. APS Press, St.
Paul, Minn. 1252 pp.

Farr, D. F., Rossman, A. Y., Palm, M.E., and McCray, E. B. (n.d.) Fungal
Databases, Sytematic Botany & Mycology Laboratory, ARS,USDA. Retrieved
March 24, 2006, from <http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/>

Farr, D. F., Elliott, M., Rossman, A. Y., and Edmonds, R. L. 2005.
*Fusicoccum arbuti* sp. nov. causing cankers on Pacific madrone in
western North America with notes on *Fusicoccum dimidiatum*, the correct
name for *Scytalidium dimidiatum* and *Nattrassia mangiferae*. Mycologia
97: 730-741.

Fletcher, B. S. 1989a. Ecology; life history strategies of tephritid
fruit flies, pp. 195-208. *In* A. S. Robinson and G. Hooper \[eds.\],
Fruit Flies; Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control. Elsevier,
Amsterdam, Netherlands.

Fletcher, B. S. 1989b. Movement of tephritid fruit flies, pp. 209-219.
*In* A. S. Robinson and G. Hooper \[eds.\], Fruit flies, their biology,
natural enemies and control, World crop pests, Vol. 3b. Elsevier,
Amsterdam.

Follett, P. A. 2002. Mango seed weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and
premature fruit drop in mangoes. J Econ Entomol 95: 336-339.

Follett, P. A. and Gabbard, Z. 2000. Effect of mango weevil (Coleoptera:
Curculionidae) damage on mango seed viability in Hawaii. J Econ Entomol
93: 1237-1240.

Fowjhan, M.-A., and Kozar, F. 1994. New data on the scale insect fauna
(Homoptera: Coccoidea) of fruit plants in Afghanistan. Acta
Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica. (Abstract)

French, A. M. 1989. California plant disease host index, California
Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento, CA.

Gangwar, V. S. 1982. Biology of *Procontarinia* (=*Indodiplosis*)
*mangifoliae* (Grover) (Cecidomyiidae: Diptera). Cecidologia
Internationale 3(3): 93-145.

Gassich, E. L. 1995. *Robillarda sessilis* (Sacc.) Sacc. - the first
record in Russia. Mikologiya i fitopatologiya 29\[5-6\], 16-18
\[Abstr\].

Ghani, M. A., and Muzaffar, N. 1974. Relations between the Parasite
Predator Complex and the Host Plants of Scale Insects in Pakistan.
Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control Miscellaneous Publication.
(Abstract)

Giri, R. Y., Chaudhary, V., Bhanja, M. R., and Reddy, S. M. 1996. Fungal
diseases of Eucalyptus from Warangal-II. Indian Forester 122\[9\],
817-822 \[Abstr\].

Goos, R. D. and Uecker, F. A. 1992. New Species and Additional Records
of Fungi from Hawaii. Mycologia 84, 322-328.

Gould, W. P. 1995. Probability of detecting Carribbean fruit fly
(Diptera: Tephritidae) infestations by fruit dissection. Florida
Entomologist, 78: 502-507.

Greathead, D. J. 1990. Crawler behaviour and dispersal, pp. 305-308.
*In* D. Rosen \[ed.\], Armored scale insects. Their biology, natural
enemies and control. World Crop Pests Volume 4A. Elsevier Scientific
Publishers, Amsterdam.

Greathead, D. J. 1997. Ecology: Crawler behaviour and dispersal, pp.
339-342. *In* Y. Ben-Dov and C. J. Hodgson \[eds.\], Soft scale insects:
their biology, natural enemies and control. Elsevier Scientific
Publishers, Amsterdam.

Grover, P. 1987. Ecology and population dynamics of *Erosomyia indica*
Grover. Cecidologia Internationale 8: 71-82 \[Abstr\].

Grover, P. and Vasantika. 1985. Organoid galls by species of
*Dasineura*. Cecidologia Internationale 6: 93-95 \[Abstr\].

Guba, E. F. 1961. Monograph of Monochaetia and Pestalotia. Harvard
University Press, Cambridge, MA. 342 pp.

Gullan, P. J., and Kosztarab, M. 1997. Adaptations in scale insects.
Annu. Rev. Entomol. 42: 23-50.

Gupta, B. P. and Singh, Y. P. 1988. Mango scale insects - occurrence in
western Uttar Pradesh and their control. Progressive Horticulture 20:
357-361.

Gupta, B. P. and Singh, Y. P. 1986. New record of *Orgyia postica* Walk.
as a pest of mango. Progressive Horticulture 18: 273.

Haleem, S. A. 1984. Studies on fruit quality of sweet orange as affected
by soft green scale and sooty mould. South Indian Horticulture 32:
267-269.

Hamon, A. B. 1970. False oleander scale, *Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli*
(Cooley) (Homoptera: Coccoidea; Diaspididae). Entomology Circular,
Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services 95: 2 pp.

Hamon, A. B. 2002. White Mango scale, *Aulacaspis tubercularis* Newstead
(Coccoidea: Diaspididae). (Florida) Department of Agriculture and
Consumer Services.
\<http://doacs.state.fl.us/\~pi/enpp/ento/aulacaspis-tubercularis.html\>.

Hamon, A. B. and Edwards, G. B. 1994. Thrips (Thysanoptera) new to
Florida: 1. Thripidae: Panchaetothripinae. Entomology Circular
Gainesville. 1994, No. 365, 2 pp. Division of Plant Industry ,
Gainesville; Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services;
USA \[Abstr\].

Hamon, A. B. and Mason, G. J. 1997. Fig wax scale, *Ceroplastes rusci*
(L.), in Florida (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). Entomology Circular,
Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services 380: 1-2
\[Abstr\].

Hamon, A. B. and Williams,M. L. 1984. The soft scale insects of Florida
(Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). Florida Department of Agriculture and
Consumer Services, Gainesville, 11 pp.

Hashem, A. G., Tadros, A. W., and Abo Sheasha, M. A. 1997. Monitoring
the honeydew moth, *Cryptoblabes gnidiella* Mill in citrus, mango and
grapevine orchards (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Annals of Agricultural Sci
Cairo 42: 335-343 \[Abstr\].

Heard, T. A., Heather, N. W., and Peterson, P. M. 1992. Relative
tolerance to vapor heat treatment of eggs and larvae of *Bactrocera
tryoni* (Diptera: Tephritidae) in mangoes. J Econ Entomol 85: 461-463.

Heather, N. W., Corcoran, R. J., and Banos, C. 1991. Disinfestation of
mangoes with gamma irradiation against two Australian fruit flies
(Diptera: Tephritidae). J Econ Entomol 84: 1304-1307.

Heather, N. W., Corcoran, R. J., and Heard, T. A. 1992. Heat
disinfestation as a quarantine treatment against Queensland fruit fly in
mangoes. New Zealand J Horticultural Sci 20: 256.

Hill, D. S. 1983. Agricultural insect pests of the tropics and their
control. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; UK, 746 pp.

Hingorani, M. K., Sharma, O. P. and Sohi, H. S. 1960. Studies on blight
disease of mango caused by *Macrophoma mangiferae*. Indian
Phytopathology 13: 137-143.

Holliday, P. 1980. Fungus diseases of tropical crops. Cambridge
University Press. New York, 607 pp.

Horst, R. K. 1990. Westcott\'s plant disease handbook, 5th edition, Van
Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 953 pp.

Husain, M., Nargis, A., and Noor, P. 1987. Studies on the insect pest of
mango (*Mangifera indica* L.) of Rajshahi. Bangladesh J Scientific and
Industrial Res 22: 191-194 \[Abstr\].

IMI. 1992. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Description of Plant
Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria, No. 1101. Penicillium aurantiogriseum.
Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, GB. 2 pp.

IMI. 1993. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Distribution Maps of
plant diseases, No. 1164. Phomopsis mangiferae Commonwealth Agricultural
Bureaux, GB. 2 pp.

IPPC. 1996. International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures,
Publication No. 2. Guidelines for Pest Risk Analysis. Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
\<http://www.ippc.int/servlet/BinaryDownloaderServlet/IPSM_02_English.PDF?filename=1027428700531_ispm2_final_en.PDF\>
*last accessed* September 16, 2003.

IPPC. 2001. International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures,
Publication No. 11: Guidelines for Pest Risk Analysis for Quarantine
Pests. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome,
Italy.
\<http://www.ippc.int/servlet/BinaryDownloaderServlet/ISPM_11_Rev1_English.pdf?filename=1060250221108_Ispm11Rev1_English.pdf\>
*last accessed* September 16, 2003.

IPPC. 2003. International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures,
Publication No. 11: Pest risk analysis for quarantine pests including
analysis of environmental risks. Secretariat of the International Plant
Protection Convention (IPPC), Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations.
\<http://www.ippc.int/servlet/BinaryDownloaderServlet/ISPM_11_Rev1_English.pdf?filename=1060250221108_Ispm11Rev1_English.pdf\>
*last accessed* June 29, 2004.

IPPC. 2004. International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures,
Publication No. 11: Pest risk analysis for quarantine pests including
analysis of environmental risks and living modified organisms.
Secretariat of the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC),
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
\<http://www.ippc.int/servlet/BinaryDownloaderServlet/34163_ISPM_11_2004_En.pdf?filename=1086078360577_ISPM_11_2004.pdf&refID=34163\>.

Jeppson, L. R., Keifer, H. H., and Baker, E. W. 1975. Mites injurious to
economic plants. University of California Press., Berkeley, California;
USA, 614 pp \[Abstr\].

Johnson, G. I., and Highley, E. 1994. Development of postharvest
handling technology for tropical tree fruits. 1994, 86 pp.; ref. at ends
of papers. ACIAR Proceedings No. 58.,

Johnson, G. I., Mead, A. J., Cooke, A. W., and Wells, I. A. Stem-end rot
diseases of tropical fruit - mode of infection in mango, and prospects
for control; Development of postharvest handling technology for tropical
tree fruits, In ACIAR Proceedings No. 58.

Johnson, J., Lethika, P., Visalakshi, A., and Nalinakumari, T. 1980. A
lycaenid *Rapala manea* Hewitson as a new pest of mango in Kerala.
Entomon 5: 171-172 \[Abstr\].

Johnson, G. I., and Highley, E. 1994. Development of postharvest
handling technology for tropical tree fruits. 1994, 86 pp.; ref. at ends
of papers. ACIAR Proceedings No. 58.,

Johnson, G. I. and Hyde, K. D. 1992. *Cytosphaera mangiferae*. IMI
Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria 1122:1-2.

Johnson, G. I., Mead, A. J., Cooke, A. W., Wells, I. A., and Highley, E.
1994. Stem-end rot diseases of tropical fruit - mode of infection in
mango, and prospects for control. *In* Development of postharvest
handling technology for tropical tree fruits, Bangkok, Thailand, July
1992. ACIAR Proceedings No. 58: 72-76.

Johnson, G., T. Cooke, A. Mead, G.I. Johnson, A.W. Cooke and A.J. Mead.
1993. Infection and quiescence of mango stem-end rot pathogens. Acta
Horticulturae. (341): 329-336.

Johnson, G.I., T.S. Boag, A.W. Cooke, M. Izard, M. Panitz and S.
Sangchote. 1990. Interaction of post harvest disease control treatments
and gamma irradiation on mangoes. Annals of Applied Biology. 116 (2):
245-257.

Johnson, G.I., I.F. Muirhead and L.M. Rappel. 1989. Mango post-harvest
disease control: a review of research in Australia, Malaysia and
Thailand. ASEAN Food Journal. 4 (4): 139-141.

Johnson, W. T. and Lyon, H. H. 1991. Insects that feed on trees and
shrubs, 2nd, revised ed. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca, NY, 560
pp.

Johnson, G., Cooke, T., Mead, A., Johnson, G. I., Cooke, A. W., and
Mead, A. J. 1993. Infection and quiescence of mango stem-end rot
pathogens. Acta Horticulturae: 329-336.

Joubert, P. H., Daneel, M. S., and Grover, T. 2000. Progress towards
integrated pest management (IPM) on mangoes in South Africa. Acta
Horticulturae 509: 811-817.

Kazi, A. S. 1976. Studies on the field habits of adult melon fruit fly
*Dacus* (*Strumeta*) *cucurbitae*, Coquillet. Pak J Sci Ind Res 19:
71-76.

Kapoor, V.C. 1993. Indian fruit flies. International Science Publisher,
New York. 228 p.

Kishore, P. and Jotwani, M. G. 1982. Estimation of avoidable losses
caused by the earhead caterpillars on sorghum and their control. Entomon
7: 65-69 \[Abstr\].

Kishun, R., and Chand, R. 1989. Mechanical transmission of *Xanthomonas
campestris* pv. *mangiferaeindicae* through insects. Indian Journal of
Plant Pathology, 7: 112-114.

Kosztarab, M. 1996. Scale insects of northeastern North America :
identification, biology, and distribution. Virginia Museum of Natural
History, Martinsville. pp.x, 650.

Kosztarab, M. 1997. Deciduous forest trees, pp. 347-355. *In* Y. Ben-Dov
and C. J. Hodgson \[eds.\], Soft Scale Insects: Their Biology, Natural
Enemies and Control Vol. 7B. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Kore, S. S. and Patil, D. S. 1985. Dry rot disease of mango seedling
caused by *Fusarium solani*. Indian J. Mycol. Pl. Pathol. 15: 287-288.

Koshiya, D. J. and Bharodia, R. K. 1976. Biological note on *Dasychira
mendosa* Hubn. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae. Gujarat Agricultural
University Res Journal 2: 58 \[Abstr\].

Kozar, F., Fowjhan, M.-A., and Zarrabi, M. 1996. Check-list of coccoidea
and aleyrodoidea (homoptera) of Afghanistan and Iran, with additional
data to the scale insects of fruit trees in Iran. Acta Phytopathologica
et Entomologica Hungarica. (Abstract)

Kumar, U. 2001. Letter from U. Kumar to Alan Green, Assistant Deputy
Administer, PPQ-APHIS (PRA Endemic Pest of India Database - Mango),
received 27 Aug 2001.

Kwee, L. T. and Chong, K. K. 1985. Disease and disorders of mango in
Malaysia. Tropical Press SDN. BHD. Kuala Lampur, Malaysia, 101 pp.

Lakshmanan, P. L., Balasubramaniam, G., and Subramaniam, T. R. 1973.
Effect of methyl eugenol in the control of the oriental fruit-fly *Dacus
dorsalis* Hendel on mango. Madras Agricultural Journal 60: 628-629.

Lall, B. S. and Singh, B. N. 1969. Studies on the biology and control of
melon fly *Dacus-cucurbitae* Diptera Trypetidae. Labdev J Sci Tech, B
7B: 148-153.

Laroussilhe, F. de. 1980. The mango. G.-P. Maisonneuve and Larose.,
Paris; France, 312 pp. \[Abstr\].

Laxminarayana, P. and Reddy, S. M. 1975. A new post-harvest disease of
mango. Indian Phytopathology 28, 529-530.

Lee, H. S. and Wen, H. C. 1977. Seasonal occurrence and control of the
papaya red scale, *Aonidiella inornata* McKenzie, (Homoptera:
Diaspidae). Plant Protection Bulletin, Taiwan 19: 196-201 \[Abstr\].

Lee, H. S. and Wen, H. C. 1980. Seasonal occurrence of mango psyllid and
the experiments of control . J Agricultural Res of China 29: 219-224
\[Abstr\].

Lim, T. K., Sijam, K., and Ong, E. T. 1991. Bacterial black spot of
mango, a new disease in Malaysia. Acta Horticulturae, 291: 317-323.

Li-zhong, H. 2000. List of Chinese Insects Vol. 1. Zhongshan (Sun
Yat-sen) University Press, Guangzhou, China.

MAF. 2003. Australia mango datasheets. Ministry of Agriculture and
Forestry, New Zealand.
\<http://www.maf.govt.nz/biosecurity/imports/plants/standards/drafts/australia-mango-datasheets-draft.pdf\>
*last accessed* 8 December 2003.

Mahal, M. S., Singh, R., and Singh, B. 1991. Mating behaviour of white
grub, *Holotrichia consanguinea* Blanchard and its use as an index of
population estimation. J Insect Sci 4: 27-31 \[Abstr\].

Mangold, J. R., Wilkinson, R. C., and ., D. E. S. 1977. Chlorpyrifos
sprays for control of *Xylosandrus compactus* in flowering dogwood. J
Econ Entomol 70: 789-790.

Mann, G. S. 1996. Seasonal incidence and build-up of *Bactrocera
dorsalis* on mango in Punjab. J Insect Sci 9: 129-132.

Matheron, M. E. and Matejka, J. C. 1990. Root and crown rot on
nursery-grown mango trees caused by *Phytophthora palmivora* . Plant
Disease 74, 530.

Mathew, G. 1982. A survey of beetles damaging commercially important
stored timber in Kerala. (Final report of the Res project Entom. 07/79,
January 1979 to June 1981). Res Report, Kerala Forest Res Institute.
1982, No. 10, 93 pp \[Abstr\].

Mathur, R. S. 1979. The Coelomycetes of India. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal
Singh Dehradum, Dehra Dun, India, 460 pp.

Medina Gaud, S. and Franqui, R. A. 2001. *Retithrips syriacus* (Mayet),
the black vine thrips (Insecta: Thysanoptera: Thripidae) new to Puerto
Rico. J Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico 85: 85-89.

Mehra, B. P. and Sah, B. N. 1976. Bionomics of *Dasychira mendosa*
Hubner form *fusiformis* Walker. Labdev J Sci Tech,-B 12: 121-125
\[Abstr\].

Menge, J. A. and Ploetz, R. C. 2003. Diseases of Avocado. Pages 35-71.
*In* Diseases of Tropical Fruit Crops (ed. Ploetz, R. C.). CAB
International.

Miller, C. E., Blackburn, V. L., Davidson, J. A., and Gimpel, W. F., Jr.
1985. Pest risk assessment of armored scales on certain fruit. U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville,
Maryland.

Miller, D. R., and Davidson, J. A. 1990. A list of the armored scale
insect pests, pp. 299- 306. *In* W. Helle \[ed.\], Armored Scale
Insects: their biology, natural enemies, and control, Volume 4B.
Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Mordue, J. E. M. 1971. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Description
of Plant Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria, No. 317. Colletotrichum capsici.
Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, GB. 2 pp.

Mordue, J. E. M. 1974. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Description
of Plant Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria, No. 406. Thanatephorus
cucumeris. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, GB. 2 pp.

Mordue, J. E. M. 1980. Descriptions of pathogenic fungi and bacteria,
No. 676, *Pestalotiopsis mangiferae*. Kew, Surrey, England: Commowealth
Agricultural Bureaux.

Morrill, A. W., and Otanes, F. Q. 1947. DDT emulsion to control
mealybugs and scales. Journal of Economic Entomology 40: 599-600.

Morton, Julia F. 1987. In: Fruits of warm climates. Mango. Miami,
Florida p. 221--239

Mossler, M. A. and Nesheim, N. 2002. Florida Crop/Pest Management
Profile: Mango. CIR 1401, Pesticide Information Office, Food Sci and
Human Nutrition Department, Florida

Mossler, M. A., and Nesheim, O. N. 2003. Florida Crop/Pest Management
Profile: Limes, Pummelo, and Kumquat. University of Florida, Institute
of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF/IFAS).
\<http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/BODY_PI049\> *last accessed* April 1, 2003.

Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Scis,
University of Florida. \<http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/BODY_PI052\> *last
accessed* 13 November 2002.

Munja, R. L. 1962. Some *Cercospora* species from India. VI. Indian
Phytopathology 14\[2\], 179-190.

Nag-Raj T R. 1993. Coelomycetous anamorphs with appendage-bearing
conidia. Mycologue Publ., Waterloo, Ontario, CAN. 1101 pp.

Nair, R. B. and Rawther, T. S. S. 1969. On the biology of *Tirathaba
mundella* Wlk., a pest of areca palms. Agr Res J Kerala 7: 49-50
\[Abstr\].

Najafinia, M., Azadvar, M., Namvar, P., and Moghadam, M. 2002.
Introduction of *Parlatoria crypta* (M. Kenzie) as a new pest on olive
trees in Iran. Applied Entomology and Phytopathology 70. (Abstract)

NAPPO. 2004. North American Plant Protection Organization (NAPPO)
Regional Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (RSPM): NAPPO glossary of
phytosanitary terms, Ontario, Canada. (RSPM No. 5)

Narasimham, A. U. 1987. Scale insects and mealybugs on coffee, tea and
cardamom and their natural enemies. Journal of Coffee Research 17: 7-13.

NCSU. 2000. Plant Disease and Insect Clinic Monthly Summary, 1999, North
Carolina State University.
\<http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/ent/clinic/Summary/dec99.htm\> *last
accessed* 20 November 2002.

NIAM 2001. National Institute of Agriculture Marketing, Government of
India Organization.\<http://www.falbazar.com/mango.htm\> *last accessed*
9 September 2001.

NIS. 2003. Personal communication (Email, August 4, 2003) from
USDA-APHIS-PPQ National Identification Services to Leah Millar,
USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory
confirming that *Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis* (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)
has \"quarantine significant status for USDA\".

NIS. 2004a. Personal communication (Email, June 14, 2004) from
USDA-APHIS-PPQ National Identification Services to Marina Zlotina,
USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory
confirming that *Thrips palmi* (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is actionable
by USDA and is under official control or being considered for official
control.

NIS. 2004b. Personal communication (Email, February 3, 2004) from
USDA-APHIS-PPQ National Identification Services to Marina Zlotina,
USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory
confirming that *Aulacaspis tubercularis* Newstead (Diaspididae) is
actionable by USDA and are under official control or being considered
for official control.

NIS. 2004c. Email (Feb. 24, 2004) from National Identification Services
to Leah Millar, Entomologist, USDA-APHIS-PPQ, confirming that
*Aleurodicus dispersus* is actionable at US ports-of-entry.

NIS. 2004d. Personal communication (Email, February 25, 2004) from
USDA-APHIS-PPQ National Identification Services to Marina Zlotina,
USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory
confirming that *Aleurocanthus woglumi* (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is
actionable by USDA and is under official control or being considered for
official control.

NIS. 2006a. Personal communication (Email, February 23, 2006) from
USDA-APHIS-PPQ National Identification Services to Ken Lakin,
USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory
confirming that *Maconellicoccus hirsutus* (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)
is actionable by USDA "pending APHIS evaluation of implementing official
control with input from the National Plant Board."

NIS. 2006b. Phone call (March 24, 2006) from Paul Courneya,
USDA-APHIS-PPQ National Identification Services, to Ken Lakin, Senior
Risk Analyst, USDA-APHIS-PPQ, confirming that *Sinoxylon crassum*
*dekhanense* Lesne (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), *Sinoxylon crassum* Lesne
(Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), and *Xylothrips flavipes* Illiger
(Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) are nonreportable for the continental United
States and only reportable for Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin
Islands .

Nonveiller, G. 1969. Note on the sorghum panicle caterpillars in the
Cameroun and the correlation between the intensity of attack and the
compactness of the panicles. Agron. Trop. 24: 610-633 \[Abstr\].

Okigbo, R. N. and Osuinde, M. I. 2003. Fungal leaf spot diseases of
mango (*Mangifera indica* L.) in Southeastern Nigeria and biological
control with *Bacillus subtilis*. Plant Protection Science 39: 70-77.

Om, P., Raoof, M. A., and Prakash, O. 1985. New records of fungi on
leaves and twigs of mango (*Mangifera indica*). Indian J Plant Pathol.
3, 243-244.

Onions, A. H. S. 1966c. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Description
of Plant Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria, No. 94. *Aspergillus niger*.
Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, GB. 2 pp.

Ozaki, K., Kitamura, S., Subiandoro, E., and Taketani, A. 1999. Life
history of *Aulacaspis marina* Takagi and Williams (Hom., Coccoidea), a
new pest of mangrove plantations in Indonesia, and its damage to
mangrove seedlings. J Applied Entomol 123: 281-284 \[Abstr\].

Patel, J. G., Patel, S. T., and Patel S K. 1985. Occurrence of stem end
rot of mango fruit in Gujarat. Gujarat Agricultural University Res
Journal 11: 59-60.

Patel, J. R., Patel, M. B., Radadia, G. C., Shah, A. A., and Pandya, H.
V. 1997. Insect pest management in mango nursery. J Applied Horticulture
Navsari 3: 125-128 \[Abstr\].

Peregrine, W. T. H. and Ahmad, K. B. 1982. A first annotated list of
plant diseases and associated organisms. Phytopath. Pap. 27: 1-87.

Peterson, R.A. 1986. Mango diseases. Pages 233-247. *In* First
Australian mango research workshop. Proceedings.

Ploetz, R. C. 2003. Diseases of Mango. Pages 327-363. *In* Diseases of
Tropical Fruit Crops (ed. Ploetz, R. C.). CAB International.

Ploetz, R., Vazquez, A., and Benscher D. 1996. First report of *Fusarium
decemcellulare* as a pathogen of mango in the United States. Plant
Disease 80: 1207.

Ploetz, R. C. and Mitchell, D. J. 1989. Root rot of bamboo palm caused
by *Phytophthora arecae*. Plant Disease 73: 266-269.

Ploetz, R. C., Zentmyer, G. A., Nishijima, W. T., Rohrbach, K. G., and
Ohr, H. D. 1994. Compendium of tropical fruit diseases. 88 pp.

Prakash, O. and Singh, U. N. 1976. Basal rot of mango seeding caused by
*Sclerotium rolfsii*. Indian J. Mycol. and Pl. Pathol. 6: 75.

Prasad, S. S. and Sinha, A. K. 1980. *Macrophoma* rot of mango in Bihar.
Nat. Acad. Sci. Letters 3, 356-357.

Prasad, S. S. and Sinha, A. K. 1979. Some new records of fungi on mango.
Proc Nat Acad Sci 49, 117-118.

Pruvost, O., Couteau, A., and Luisetti, J. 1990. Development of
bacterial black spot of mangoes and epiphytic populations of the
pathogen (*Xanthomonas campestris* pv. *mangiferaeindicae*) under
natural conditions in Reunion Island. Fruits Paris, 45: 125-140.

Pruvost, O., and Luisetti, J. 1991. Effect of time of inoculation with
*Xanthomonas campestris* pv. *mangiferaeindicae* on mango fruits
susceptibility. Epiphytic survival of X. c. pv. mangiferaeindicae on
mango fruits in relation to disease development. Journal of
Phytopathology, 133: 139-151.

Pruthi, H. S. and Batra, H. N. 1960. Important Fruit Pests of North-West
India. Govt of India Press, New Delhi, India, 113 pp.

Punithalingam, E. and Holliday, P. 1972. Commonwealth Mycological
Institute, Description of Plant Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria, No. 333.
*Phoma insidiosa*. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, GB. 2 pp.

Raabe, R. D., Conners, I. L., and Martinez, A. P. 1981. Checklist of
plant diseases in Hawaii, Hawaii Institute of Tropial Agriculture and
Human Resources, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources,
University of Hawaii, Information Text Series 022.

Raju, D. S. 1983. A note on major pest problems of cashew, coconut and
arecanut and their control in Goa. Proceedings of the Second Annual
Symposium on Plantation Crops Plant protection entomology, microbiology,
nematology, plant pathology and rodentology PLACROSYM II 1979. 1983?;
523-529. Kasaragod Kerala India: PLACROSYM Standing Committee.
\[Abstr\].

Ramamurthy, V. V., Butani, D. K., and Ghai, S. 1982. Occurrence of
*Cryptocephalus* spp. on mango leaves in India. Indian J Entomology 44:
403-405 \[Abstr\].

Rangaswami, G., Seshadri, V. S., and Channamma. 1970. Fungi of South
India. University of Agricultural Scis, Bangalore and United States
Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Res Service.

Rao, V. G. 1966. An account of the market and storage diseases of fruits
and vegetables in Bombay Maharashtra, India. Mycopathol. Mycol. Appl.
28: 165-176.

Rawal, R. D. 1997. Management of fungal diseases in tropical fruits,
Proceedings of the IPGRI-ICAR-UTFANET Regional Training course on the
Conservation and Use of Germplasm of Tropical Fruits in Asia at the
Indian Institute of Horticultural Res, Bangalore, India, 18-31 May 1997.

Reddy, D. B. 1975. Insects, other pests and diseases recorded in the
Southeast Asia and Pacific Region, Mango-Mangifera indica, Plant
Protection Committee for the Southeast Asia and Pacific Region,
Technical Document No. 96, Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations.

Roy, A. J. 1967. Some fungi from Almora. Indian Phytopathol. 20:
340-348.

Ryvarden, L. 1992. Type studies in the Polyporaceae\--23 species
described by C.G. Lloyd in *Lenzites*, *Polystictus*, *Poria* and
*Trametes*. Mycotaxon 44, 127-136.

Saccardo Sylloge Fungorum. 1931. XXV: 337.

Sangchote, S., Farungsang, N., Farungsang, N., Johnson, G., and Highley,
E. 1994. Factors affecting the incidence of stem-end rot on mango
Development of postharvest handling technology for tropical tree fruits;
ACIAR Proceedings No. 58 \[Abstr\].

Sarbhoy, A. K. 1966a. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Description of
Plant Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria, No. 104. Gilbertella persicaria.
Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, GB. 2 pp.

Sarbhoy, A. K., Lal, G., and Varshney J L. 1975. Fungi of India,
1967-71. Navyug Traders, New Delhim India , 148 pp.

ScaleNet. 2004. ScaleNet: A Database of Scale Insects of the World:
http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/scalenet/scalenet.htm.

Seshadri, V. S. 2004. Personal communication (Letter No.
WAS/COM/222/7/02, February 13, 2004) from V.S. Seshadri, Minister of
Commerce, Government of India, to Cathleen Enright, Assistant Deputy
Administrator, Phytosanitary Issues Management, USDA-APHIS-PPQ

Shekhawat, G. S. and Patel, P. N. 1975. Studies on bacterial canker of
mango. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz 82:
129-138.

Sherwood, M. A. 1980. Taxonomic studies in the Phacidiales: The genus
*Coccomyces* (Rhytismataceae). Occas. Pap. Farlow herb. Cryptog. Bot.
15, 1-120.

Shreemali, J. L. 1971. Three new hosts for *Discosia hiptages*. Indian
Phytopathology 24: 826-828.

Shukla, R. P., and Tandon, P. L. 1984. India-insect pests on custard
apple. Plant Protection Bulletin, FAO 32 (1): 31. (Abstract)

Siddappaji, C. and Lingappa, S. 1977. *Peltotrachelus cognatus* Mshl.
(Curculionidae: Coleoptera) a new pest of orchard crops. Current Sci 46:
307-308 \[Abstr\].

Silva, Q., Cavalcante, R. D., Cavalcante, M. L. S., Castro, Z. B. d.,
QMA, E. S., and De Castro, Z. B. 1977. The cashew scale - *Pseudaonidia
trilobitiformis* Green (Hom. Diaspididae) in the State of Ceara, Brazil.
Fitossanidade 2: 19. (Abstract)

Silva, E. B. and Mexia, A. 1999. The pest complex *Cryptoblabes
gnidiella* (Milliere) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and *Planococcus citri*
(Risso) (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) on sweet orange groves (*Citrus
sinensis* (L.) Osbeck) in Portugal: interspecific association. Boletin
de Sanidad Vegetal, Plagas 25: 89-98 \[Abstr\].

Silva, C. G., and Parra, J. R. P. 1982. Biology and injuriousness of
*Coccus viridis* (Green, 1889) (Homoptera Coccidae) on coffee seedlings
(*Coffea* spp.). Anais da Sociedade Entomologica do Brasil 11: 181-195.
(Abstract)

Singa, J. N. and Singh A P. 1991. *Stagonospora* leaf spot of mango.
Indian Phytopathol. 44: 419.

Singh, G. 1993. Insect Pests of Mango, pp. 1481-1500. *In* K. L. Chadha
and O. P. Pareek \[eds.\], Advances in Horticulture - Fruit Crops: Part
3. Malhotra Publishing House, New Delhi, India.

Singh, L. B. 1960. The mango. InterSci Publishers, Inc., New York, 420
pp.

Singh, M. P. and Singh, K. M. 1999. Some phytophagous and predaceous
mites associated with summer vegetables in Manipur. Insect Environment
4: 117 \[Abstr\].

Singh, N. I. and Devi, R. K. T. 1990. New host records of fungi from
India. Indian Phytopath. 43: 594-595.

Singh, S. K. and Rawat, V. P. S. 1990. New host for *Leptoxyphium
fumago* from Kumaun Himalaya. Indian J. Mycol. and Pl. Pathol.
20:\[203-204\]

Sivananesan, A. 1987. Survey, life history and control of *Cryptoblabes
gnidiella* Mill. (Pyralidae: Lepidoptera), a new pest of hybrid sorghum.
Labdev J Sci Tech, B 11: 37-40 \[Abstr\].

Slippers, B., Johnson, G. I., Crous, P.W., Coutinho, T.A., Wingfield, B.
D., and Wingfield, M.J. 2005. Phylogenetic and morphological
re-evaluation of the *Botryosphaeria* species causing diseases of
M*angifera indica*. Mycologia 97:99-110.

Sohi, A. S. and Sohi, A. S. Sr. 1990. Mango leafhoppers (Homoptera:
Cicadellidae) - a review. J Insect Sci 3: 1-12.

Spalding, D. H. 1982. Resistance of mango pathogens to fungicides used
to control postharvest diseases. Plant Disease 66, 1185-1186.

Srivastava, R. P. 1997. Mango insect pest management, First Edition.
International Book Distributing Co, Lucknow; India. pp.272.

Srivastava, A. S. and Singh, Y. P. 1973. Survey, life history and
control of *Cryptoblabes gnidiella* Mill. (Pyralidae: Lepidoptera), a
new pest of hybrid sorghum. Labdev J Sci Tech, B 11: 37-40 \[Abstr\].

Srivastava,R. P. 1997. Mango insect pest management, 1 ed. International
Book Distributing Co, Lucknow; India, 272 pp.

Stevenson, J. A. 1926. Foreign plant diseases. United States Department
of Agriculture. Washington, D. C., 198 pp.

Steyaert, R. L. 1975. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Description of
Plant Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria, No. 443. Ganoderma applanatum.
Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, GB. 2 pp.

Subramanian, C. V., and Chandra-Reddy, K. R. 1974. The genus *Discosia*
I. Taxonomy. Kavaka 2: 57-89.

Sun, S., and Yang, C. 2002. Bionomics of *Perissopneumon xyliae* and
life tables of its natural population. Entomological Knowledge 39 (4):
289-291. (Abstract)

Suresh, S. and Mohanasundaram, M. 1996. Coccoid (Coccoidea: Homoptera)
fauna of Tamil Nadu, India. J Entomological Res 20: 233-274.

Sutton, B. C., and Dyko, B. J. 1989. Revision of *Hendersonula*.
Mycological Research 93:484-485.

Swirski, E., Ben-Dov, Y., and Wysoki, M. 1997. Mango *In* Y. Ben-Dov and
C. J. Hodgson \[eds.\], Elsevier Sci B.V., New York, 442 pp.

Swirski, E., Izhar, Y., Wysoki, M., Gurevitz, E., and Greenberg, S.
1980. Integrated control of the long-tailed mealybug, *Pseudococcus
longispinus* (Hom.: Pseudococcidae), in avocado plantations in Israel.
Entomophaga 25: 415-426.

Sydow, H., Sydow, P. and Butler, E.J. 1916. Annales Mycologici
14:208-209.

Talde, U. K. 1970. Ascomycetes of India. Sydowia 24: 278-281.

Tandon, P. L., and Verghese, A. 1987. New insect pests of certain fruit
crops. Indian Journal of Horticulture 44 (1-2): 121-122.

Tandon, P. L., and Veeresh, G. K. 1988. Inter-tree spatial distribution
of *Coccus viridis* (Green) on mandarin. International Journal of
Tropical Agriculture 6: 270-275.

Thomas, M. C. 2000. The Exotic Invasion of Florida: A Report on
Arthropod Immigration into the Sunshine State. Florida Department of
Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, FL.
\<http://www.doacs.state.fl.us/\~pi/enpp/ento/exoticsinflorida.htm\>.

Thompson, F. C. 1998. Fruit Fly Expert Identification System and
Systematic Information Database. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden,
Netherlands.
\<http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/Diptera/people/FCT_pdf/FFESSID.pdf\>. The
International Journal of the North American Dipterists' Society.

Thompson, F. C. 2005a. Nomenclator Query: *Bactrocera incisa* (Walker).
\<http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov:591/FMPro?-db=names.fp5&-format=%2fdiptera%2fnames%2fdetailno.htm&-lay=www%20detail&-sortfield=unsorted&-op=cn&Name=bactrocera%20incisa&-op=cn&author=Walker&-op=cn&Family=tephritidae&-max=10&-recid=12795610&-find=\>.
The Diptera Site: The BioSystematic Database of World Diptera.

Thompson, F. C. 2005b. Nomenclator Query: *Dacus incisus* Walker.
\<http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov:591/FMPro?-db=names.fp5&-format=%2fdiptera%2fnames%2fdetailno.htm&-lay=www%20detail&-sortfield=unsorted&-op=cn&Name=dacus%20incisus&-op=cn&author=Walker&-op=cn&Family=tephritidae&-max=10&-recid=12665972&-find=\>.
The Diptera Site: The BioSystematic Database of World Diptera.

Turner, G. J. 1971. Fungi and plant disease in Sarawak. Phytopath. Pap.
13, 1-55.

Ullasa, B. A. and Rawal, R. D. 1989. Occurrence of a new post-harvest
disease of mango due to Pestalotiopsis glandicola. Acta Hort. 231:
540-543.

Uppal, B.N., Patel, M.K., and Kamat, M.N. 1953. Black Spots of Mango
Fruits. Indian Phytopathology Supplemental Issue 5:44-46.

USDA. 1950. Index of plant disease in the United States. United States
Department of Agriculture, The plant disease survey, Division of
Mycology and disease survey, Beltsville, MD.

USDA. 1960. Index of plant diseases in the United States, Agriculture
Handbook No. 165, United States Government Printing Office, Washington,
D.C.

USDA. 1979. A diaspidid scale (*Pseudaonidia trilobitiformi*s (Green)) -
Florida - new continental U.S. record. Cooperative Plant Pest Report, 4:
750.

USDA. 1990. U.S. National Arboretum, web version of USDA Plant Hardiness
Zone Map. U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service
(ARS). Miscellaneous Publication No. 1475. USDA-ARS, Washington, D.C.
\<http://www.usna.usda.gov/Hardzone/ushzmap.html\> *last accessed*

USDA NRCS. 2003. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5
(http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA.

USFWS 2002. Threatened and endangered species system (TESS). U. S. Fish
and Wildlife Service. \<http://endangered.fws.gov/\> *last accessed* 20
November 2002.

USFWS 2003. Threatened and endangered species system (TESS). U. S. Fish
and Wildlife Service. \<http://endangered.fws.gov/\>.

USFWS 2004. Threatened and endangered species system (TESS). U. S. Fish
and Wildlife Service. \<http://endangered.fws.gov/\>.

USFWS 2006. Threatened and endangered species system (TESS). U. S. Fish
and Wildlife Service. \<http://endangered.fws.gov/\>.

Vala, D. G., Solanky, K. U., Desai, V. D., and Joshi, H. U. 1989.
Diseases of mango occurring in Gujarat State. Acta Hort. 231, 544-548.

Veeresh, G. K. 1989. Pest problems in mango - world situation. Acta Hort
231: 551-565.

Vitchitrananda, S. 1983. Major diseases of fruit trees. International
workshop on plant protection service, Bangkok, Tailand. Aug 21-22, 1983.
Department of technical and economic cooperation.

Von Arx, J. A. 1970. A revision of the fungi classified as Gloeosporium.
Bibl. Mycol. 24: 1-203.

Wadhi, S. R. and Sharma, D. N. 1972. Bromide residues in pulp of mango
fruits subjected to hot aqueous ethylene dibromide dips. Acta Hort 24:
239.

Waite, G. K. 2002. Pests and pollinators of mango. *In* J. E. Peña, J.
L. Sharp and M. Wysoki \[eds.\], Tropical fruit pests and pollinators:
biology, economic importance, natural enemies and control. CABI
Publishing, Wallingford, UK.

Waite, G.K., and B.R. Martinez. 2002. Insect and mite pests:
<http://www.cabi-publishing.org/Bookshop/ReadingRoom/0851993575/0851993575Ch13.pdf>
(last accessed Aug. 7, 2003). In *The Avocado: Botany, Production and
Uses*, edited by A. W. Whiley, B. Schaffer and B. N. Wolstenholme.
Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Walker, J. C. 1983. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Description of
Plant Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria, No. 757. *Synchytrium macrosporum*.
Commonwealth Agricultural Bureax. GB. 2 pp.

Watson, A. J. 1971. Foreign Bacterial and Fungus Diseases of Food,
Forage, and Fiber Crops: An annotated list. Agricultural Handbook No.
418. USDA, Agricultural Res Service, Washington, D. C. 111 pp.

Weber, G. F. 1973. Bacterial and fungal diseases of plants in the
tropics. Univ. Florida Press, FL, 673 pp.

White, R. E. 1983. A field guide to the beetles of North America.
Houghton Mifflin Company, New York.

White, I.M. & M. M. Elson-Harris. 1992. Fruit flies of Economic
Significance: their identificaiton and bionomics. CAB International,
Wallingford, UK, 602 pp.

Williams, T. H. and Liu, P. S. W. 1976. A host list of plant diseases in
Sabah, Malaysia. Phytopath. Pap. 19: 1-67.

Williams, D. J. 1986. Scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea) on coffee in
Papua New Guinea. Papua New Guinea Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and
Fisheries 34: 1-7.

Wu, L. L. 1977. A survey of the injurious insects of grape-vine in
Taiwan. Plant Protection Bulletin, Taiwan 19: 78-100 \[Abstr\].

Wysoki, M., Lavi, U., Degani, C., Gazit, S., Lahav, E., Pesis, E.,
Prusky, D., and Tomer, E. 1997. Present status of arthropod fauna in
mango orchards in Israel. Acta Hort 805-811.

Yehuda, S. B., Wysoki, M., Rosen, D., and Ben Yehuda, S. 1992. Phenology
of the honeydew moth*, Cryptoblabes gnidiella* (Milliere) (Lepidoptera:
Pyralidae), on avocado in Israel. Israel J Entomology 25-26: 149-160
\[Abstr\].

Young, T. W., and Sauls, J. W. 1981. The mango industry in Florida.
Extension Bulletin, University of Florida 189.

Zaheruddeen, S. M. and Sujatha, A. 1993. Record of *Deanolis
albizonalis* (Hampson) (Pyralidae: Odontinae) as mango fruit borer in
Andhra Pradesh. J the Bombay Natural History Society 90: 528.

Zaman, Z. and Maiti, B. 1994. Insects and mites infesting seedlings of
mango in West Bengal. Environment and Ecology 12: 734-736 \[Abstr\].

Zhang, B-C. 1994. Index of Economically Important Lepidoptera. CAB
International, Wallingford, UK, 599 pp.

+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| # Appendix I:       |          |      |      |      |              |
|  List of Pests Asso |          |      |      |      |              |
| ciated with Mango a |          |      |      |      |              |
| nd Present in India |          |      |      |      |              |
+=====================+==========+======+======+======+==============+
| **Pest**            | **Ge     | *    | **Qu | **Fo | **           |
|                     | ographic | *Pla | aran | llow | References** |
|                     | D        | nt** | tine | P    |              |
|                     | istribut |      | Pe   | athw |              |
|                     | ion^7^** | **   | st** | ay** |              |
|                     |          | Part |      |      |              |
|                     |          | Af   |      |      |              |
|                     |          | fect |      |      |              |
|                     |          | ed** |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **ACARI**           |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **Eriophyidae**     |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Aceria mangiferae* | IN, US   | br   | N    | N    | Atwal, 1976; |
| Sayed               |          | anch |      |      | CPC, 2001;   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Baker *et    |
|                     |          |      |      |      | al.*, 1996   |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Cisaberoptus       | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | CPC, 2001;   |
| kenyae* Keifer      |          |      |      |      | Jeppson *et  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | al*., 1975   |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Metaculus          | IN       | bra  | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| mangiferae*         |          | nch, |      |      | 1993;        |
| (Attiah)            |          | l    |      |      | Jeppson *et  |
|                     |          | eaf, |      |      | al*., 1975   |
|                     |          | inf. |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Neocalacarus       | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| mangiferae* Channa  |          |      |      |      | 1993;        |
| & Basavanna         |          |      |      |      | Jeppson *et  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | al*., 1975   |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Tegonotus          | IN       | inf. | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| mangiferae*         |          |      |      |      | 1993; CPC,   |
| (Kieiffer)          |          |      |      |      | 2001         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **Tarsonemidae**    |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *                   | IN, US   | w    | N    | Y    | CPC, 2001;   |
| Polyphagotarsonemus |          | hole |      |      | CIE Map 191, |
| latus* (Banks)      |          | pl   |      |      | 1986         |
|                     |          | ant, |      |      |              |
|                     |          | l    |      |      |              |
|                     |          | eaf, |      |      |              |
|                     |          | f    |      |      |              |
|                     |          | ruit |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Brevipalpus        | IN, US   | s    | N    | Y    | Butani,      |
| californicus*       |          | tem, |      |      | 1993; CPC,   |
| (Banks)             |          | l    |      |      | 2001         |
|                     |          | eaf, |      |      |              |
|                     |          | f    |      |      |              |
|                     |          | ruit |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Raoiella           | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| macfarlanei*        |          |      |      |      |              |
| Pritchard & Baker   |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **Tetranychidae**   |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Oligonychus        | IN, US   | leaf | N    | N    | CPC, 2001;   |
| coffeae* (Nietner)  |          |      |      |      | Jeppson *et  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | al*., 1975   |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Oligonychus        | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| mangiferus* (Rahman |          | tem, |      |      | 1993;        |
| & Sapra)            |          | leaf |      |      | Jeppson *et  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | al*., 1975   |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Tetranychus        | IN, US   | leaf | N    | N    | Butani,      |
| neocaledonicus*     |          |      |      |      | 1993; CPC,   |
| Andre               |          |      |      |      | 2001; Pillai |
|                     |          |      |      |      | *et al*.,    |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1993; Singh  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | & Singh,     |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1999;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Bolland *et  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | al.*, 1998   |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **[INS              |          |      |      |      |              |
| ECTA]{.underline}** |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **COLEOPTERA**      |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **Alticidae**       |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Phyllotreta sp.*   | IN       | root | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **Bostrichidae**    |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Dinoderus          | IN       | stem | Y^1^ | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| distinctus* Lesne   |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Heterobostrychus   | IN, US   | stem | N    | N    | Butani,      |
| aequalis*           |          |      |      |      | 1993; CPC,   |
| Waterhouse          |          |      |      |      | 2001; Pruthi |
|                     |          |      |      |      | and Batra,   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1960         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Heterobostrychus   | IN       | stem | Y^1^ | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| hamatipennis* Lesne |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Heterobostrychus   | IN       | stem | Y^1^ | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| pileatus* Lesne     |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Lyctoxylon         | IN       | stem | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| convixtor* Lesne    |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Micrapate          | IN       | stem | Y^1^ | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| simplicipennis*     |          |      |      |      |              |
| Lesne               |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Minthea            | IN, US   | stem | N    | N    | Butani,      |
| rugicollis* Walker  |          |      |      |      | 1993;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Anonymous,   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1968         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Parabostrychus     | IN       | stem | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| elongata* Lesne     |          |      |      |      | 1993; Pruthi |
|                     |          |      |      |      | and Batra,   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1960         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Schistoceros       | IN       | stem | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| anobiodes*          |          |      |      |      |              |
| Waterhouse          |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Sinoxylon anale*   | IN       | stem | Y^1^ | N    | Butani,      |
| Lesne               |          |      |      |      | 1993; CPC,   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 2001         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Sinoxylon          | IN, US   | s    | N    | N    | Butani,      |
| conigerum*          |          | tem, |      |      | 1993; CPC,   |
| Gerstacher          |          | leaf |      |      | 2001         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Sinoxylon crassum  | IN       | stem | Y^1^ | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| dekhanense* Lesne   |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Sinoxylon crassum* | IN       | stem | Y^1^ | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| Lesne               |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Sinoxylon indicum* | IN       | stem | Y^1^ | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| Lesne               |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Sinoxylon oleare*  | IN       | stem | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| Lesne               |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Sinoxylon          | IN       | stem | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| pygmaeum* Lesne     |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Sinoxylon          | IN       | stem | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| sudanicum* Lesne    |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Trogoxylon         | IN       | stem | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| spinifrons* Lesne   |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Xylodectes         | IN       | stem | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| ornatus* (Lesne)    |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Xylopsocus         | IN       | stem | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| capucinus* F.       |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Xylothrips         | IN       | stem | Y^1^ | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| flavipes* Illiger   |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **Bruchidae**       |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Bruchus* sp.       | IN       | f    | Y    | N    | Pruthi and   |
|                     |          | ruit |      | (see | Batra, 1960  |
|                     |          |      |      | sec  |              |
|                     |          |      |      | tion |              |
|                     |          |      |      | E)   |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Belionota prasina* | IN       | stem | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| Thunberg            |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **Cerambycidae**    |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Acanthophorus      | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| serraticornis*      |          | tem, |      |      |              |
| (Olivier)           |          | root |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Aeolesthes         | IN       | stem | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| holosericea* (F.)   |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Anoplophora        | IN       | stem | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| versteegi*          |          |      |      |      |              |
| (Ritseema)          |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Batocera numitor*  | IN       | stem | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| (Newman)            |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Batocera roylei*   | IN       | stem | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| (Hope)              |          |      |      |      | 1993; Singh, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1993         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Batocera rubus*    | IN       | stem | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| (L)                 |          |      |      |      | 1993; Singh, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1993         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Batocera           | IN       | stem | Y    | N    | Atwal, 1976; |
| rufomaculata* (de   |          |      |      |      | Butani,      |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1993; Singh, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1993         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Batocera titana*   | IN       | stem | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| Thomson             |          |      |      |      | 1993; Singh, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1993         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Epepeotes          | IN       | stem | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| ficicola* Fisher    |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Epepeotes luscos*  | IN       | stem | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| F.                  |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Glenea             | IN       | stem | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| multiguttata*       |          |      |      |      |              |
| Guerin-Meneville    |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Macrotoma crenata* | IN       | stem | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| F.                  |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Olenecamptus       | IN       | stem | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| bilobus* F.         |          |      |      |      | 1993; CPC,   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 2001         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Oncideres          | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| repandator* Faust   |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Pharsatia proxima* | IN       | stem | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| Gahan               |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Plocaederus        | IN       | stem | Y^1^ | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| ferrugineus* (L.)   |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Plocaederus        | IN       | stem | Y^1^ | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| obesus* Gahan       |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Plocaederus        | IN       | stem | Y^1^ | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| pedestris* White    |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Rhytidodera        | IN       | stem | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| bowringi* White     |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Rhytidodera        | IN       | stem | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| simulans* White     |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Sthenias grisator* | IN       | stem | Y    | N    | Butani, 1978 |
| F.                  |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Stromatium         | IN       | stem | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| barbatum* (F)       |          |      |      |      | 1993; CIE    |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Map 469,     |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1985         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Xylotrechus smei*  | IN       | stem | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| La Porte & Gory     |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **Chrysomelidae**   |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Aetheomorpha       | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| suturata* Jacoby    |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Altica coerulea*   | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Borror *et   |
| Olivier             |          |      |      |      | al*., 1989;  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Butani, 1993 |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Aspidolopha        | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Zaman &      |
| melanophthalma*     |          | tem, |      |      | Maiti, 1994  |
|                     |          | leaf |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Aulacophora        | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| foveicollis*        |          |      |      |      |              |
| (Lucas)             |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Clitea picta* Baly | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Corticarnia        | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Borror *et   |
| gibbosa* Herbst     |          |      |      |      | al*., 1989;  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Butani, 1993 |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Costalimaita       | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| ferruginea* (Klug)  |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Cryptocephalus     | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| insubidus* Suffrain |          |      |      |      | 1993;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Ramamurthy,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1982         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Cryptocephalus     | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| suillus* Suffrain   |          |      |      |      | 1993;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Ramamurthy,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1982         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Diapromorpha       | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Borror *et   |
| \_elanopus*         |          |      |      |      | al*., 1989;  |
| Lacordaire          |          |      |      |      | Butani, 1993 |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Diapromorpha       | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Zaman &      |
| pallens*            |          | tem, |      |      | Maiti, 1994  |
|                     |          | leaf |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Gynadrophthalma    | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Borror *et   |
| sp.*                |          |      |      |      | al*., 1989;  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Butani, 1993 |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Luperomorpha       | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Borror *et   |
| weisi* Jacoby       |          |      |      |      | al*., 1989;  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Butani, 1993 |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Monolepta signata* | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| (Olivier)           |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Pagria sp.*        | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Borror *et   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | al*., 1989;  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Butani, 1993 |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Scelodonta         | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| striglcollis*       |          |      |      |      | 1993; Pruthi |
| Matschulsky         |          |      |      |      | and Batra,   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1960         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **Coccinellidae**   |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Micraspis cardoni* | IN       | none | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| Weise               |          |      |      |      | 1993; CPC,   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 2001         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **Curculionidae**   |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Alcidodes          | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| frenatus* (Faust)   |          |      |      |      | 1993; Singh, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1993         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Amblyrrhinus       | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| poricollis* Boheman |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Apoderus           | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Atwal, 1976; |
| tranquebaricus* (F) |          |      |      |      | Butani,      |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1993; Singh, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1993         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Astychus           | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Zaman &      |
| lateralis* (F.)     |          | tem, |      |      | Maiti, 1994  |
| =*Lepropus          |          | leaf |      |      |              |
| lateralis* (F)      |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Atmetonychus       | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| perigrinus* Oliver  |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Camptorrhinus      | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| mangiferae*         |          |      |      |      |              |
| Marshall            |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Crinorrhinus       | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Patel *et    |
| crassirostris*      |          |      |      |      | al*., 1997   |
| Faust               |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Deporaus           | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | CPC, 2001    |
| marginatus*         |          | tem, |      |      |              |
| (Pascoe)            |          | leaf |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Desmidophorus      | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| hebes* (F.)         |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Hypomeces          | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | CPC, 2001    |
| squamosus*          |          |      |      |      |              |
| Fabricius           |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Myllocerus         | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| discolor* Boheman   |          |      |      |      | 1993; Singh, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1993         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Myllocerus         | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| lactivirens*        |          |      |      |      | 1993; Singh, |
| Boheman             |          |      |      |      | 1993         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Myllocerus         | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| sabulosus* Marshall |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Myllocerus         | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| undecimpustulatus*  |          |      |      |      |              |
| Faust               |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Peltotrachelus     | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| cognatus* Marshall  |          |      |      |      | 1993;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Siddappaji   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | and          |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Lingappa,    |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1977         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Peltotrachelus     | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| pubes* (Faust)      |          |      |      |      | 1993;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Siddappaji   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | and          |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Lingappa,    |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1977         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Platymycterus      | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| sjostedi* Marshall  |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Rectosternum       | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| poriolle* (Faust)   |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Rhynchaenus        | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| mangiferae*         |          |      |      |      | 1993; Singh, |
| Marshall            |          |      |      |      | 1993         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Sternochetus       | IN       | f    | Y    | Y    | APHIS-PPQ    |
| frigidus* (F.)      |          | ruit |      |      | Intercep.,   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 2002; CIE    |
| =*Sternochetus      |          |      |      |      | Map 181,     |
| gravis* (F.)        |          |      |      |      | 1964; CPC,   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 2001; De and |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Pande, 1990  |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Sternochetus       | IN, US   | f    | Y    | Y    | APHIS-PPQ    |
| mangiferae* (F.)    | (HI)     | ruit |      |      | Intercep.,   |
| =*Cryptorhynchus    |          |      |      |      | 2002;        |
| mangiferae* (F.)    |          |      |      |      | Butani,      |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1993; CPC,   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 2001; CIE    |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Map 180,     |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1995; Singh, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1993;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1997         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Sternochetus       | IN       | f    | Y    | N    | APHIS-PPQ    |
| olivieri* Faust     |          | ruit |      | (see | Intercep.,   |
|                     |          |      |      | sec  | 2002         |
|                     |          |      |      | tion |              |
|                     |          |      |      | E)   |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **Lyctidae**        |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Lyctus africanus*  | IN       | stem | Y^1^ | N    | Butani,      |
| Lesne               |          |      |      |      | 1993; Pruthi |
|                     |          |      |      |      | and Batra,   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1960         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Lyctus malayanus*  | IN       | stem | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| Lesne               |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **Nitidulidae**     |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Carpophilus        | IN, US   | l    | N    | N    | Butani,      |
| dimidiatus* (F.)    |          | eaf, |      | (see | 1993; CPC,   |
|                     |          | f    |      | sec  | 2001; Pruthi |
|                     |          | ruit |      | tion | and Batra,   |
|                     |          |      |      | E)   | 1960; CPC,   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 2005         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **Platypodidae**    |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Crossotarsus       | IN       | stem | Y    | N    | Borror *et   |
| saundersi* Chapius  |          |      |      |      | al*., 1989;  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Butani, 1993 |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Platypus solidus*  | IN       | stem | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| Walker              |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **Scarabaeidae**    |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Adoretus           | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| bicaudatus* Arrow   |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Adoretus           | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| lasiophygus*        |          |      |      |      |              |
| Burmeister          |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Anomala            | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| dussumieri*         |          |      |      |      |              |
| (Blanchard)         |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Anomala varicolor* | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| Gyllenhal           |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Holotrichia        | IN       | l    | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| consanguinea*       |          | eaf, |      |      | 1993; Mahal  |
| Blanchard           |          | root |      |      | *et al*,     |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1991         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Holotrichia        | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| reynaudi* Blanchard |          |      |      |      |              |
| =*Holtrichia        |          |      |      |      |              |
| insularis* Brenske  |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Holotrichia        | IN       | l    | Y    | N    | CPC, 2001;   |
| serrata* (F.)       |          | eaf, |      |      | Husain *et   |
|                     |          | root |      |      | al*.,1987    |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Popillia* sp.      | IN       | l    | Y    | N    | Borror *et   |
|                     |          | eaf, |      | (see | al*., 1989;  |
|                     |          | f    |      | sec  | Butani, 1993 |
|                     |          | ruit |      | tion |              |
|                     |          |      |      | E)   |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **Scolytidae**      |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Hypocryphalus      | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| eupholyphagus*      |          | tem, |      |      |              |
| Beeson              |          | sh   |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Hypocryphalus      | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| mangiferae*         |          | tem, |      |      | 1993; CPC,   |
| Stebbing            |          | sh   |      |      | 2001         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Xyleborus affinis* | IN, US   | stem | N    | N    | Beaver,      |
| Eichhoff            |          |      |      |      | 1976;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Butani,      |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1993; CPC,   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 2001;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Mathew, 1982 |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Xyleborus          | IN       | stem | Y    | N    | Beaver,      |
| andrewesi*          |          |      |      |      | 1976;        |
| Blandford           |          |      |      |      | Butani,      |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1993; CPC,   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 2001;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Mathew, 1982 |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Xyleborus kraatzi* | IN       | stem | Y    | N    | Beaver,      |
| Eichhoff            |          |      |      |      | 1976; Pruthi |
|                     |          |      |      |      | and Batra,   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1960;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Mathew, 1982 |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Xyleborus          | IN, US   | stem | Y    | N    | Beaver,      |
| perforans*          | (HI)     |      |      |      | 1976; CPC,   |
| (Wollaston)         |          |      |      |      | 2001; CIE    |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Map 320,     |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1973;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Mathew, 1982 |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Xyleborus          | IN       | stem | Y    | N    | Beaver,      |
| semigranosus*       |          |      |      |      | 1976;        |
| Blandford           |          |      |      |      | Butani,      |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1993;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Mathew,      |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1982; Pruthi |
|                     |          |      |      |      | and Batra,   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1960         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Xylosandrus        | IN, US   | stem | N    | N    | CPC, 2001;   |
| compactus*          |          |      |      |      | Mangold *et  |
| (Eichhoff)          |          |      |      |      | al*.,1977;   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Young and    |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Sauls, 1981; |
|                     |          |      |      |      | CPC, 2005    |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **Silvanidae**      |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Oryzaephilus       | IN, US   | seed | N    | N    | Dudu *et     |
| mercator* (Fauval)  |          | (st  |      |      | al*., 1996;  |
|                     |          | ored |      |      | CPC, 2005    |
|                     |          | prod |      |      |              |
|                     |          | uct) |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **DIPTERA**         |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **Cecidomyiidae**   |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Allassomyia        | IN       | l    | Y    | N\   | Butani,      |
| tenuispatha*        |          | eaf, |      | (see | 1993; Singh, |
| (Kieffer)           |          | fr   |      | sec  | 1993;        |
|                     |          | uit, |      | tion | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          | inf. |      | E)   | 1997         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Amradiplosis       | IN       | l    | Y    | N\   | Butani,      |
| allahabadensis*     |          | eaf, |      | (see | 1993; Singh, |
| Grover              |          | fr   |      | sec  | 1993         |
|                     |          | uit, |      | tion |              |
|                     |          | inf. |      | E)   |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Amradiplosis       | IN       | l    | Y    | N\   | Singh, 1993  |
| amaemyia* Rao       |          | eaf, |      | (see |              |
|                     |          | fr   |      | sec  |              |
|                     |          | uit, |      | tion |              |
|                     |          | inf. |      | E)   |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Amradiplosis       | IN       | leaf | Y    | N\   | Singh, 1993  |
| brunneigallicola*   |          |      |      | (see |              |
| Rao                 |          |      |      | sec  |              |
|                     |          |      |      | tion |              |
|                     |          |      |      | E)   |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Amradiplosis       | IN       | l    | Y    | N\   | Butani, 1993 |
| tenuispatha*        |          | eaf, |      | (see |              |
| (Kieffer)           |          | fr   |      | sec  |              |
|                     |          | uit, |      | tion |              |
|                     |          | inf. |      | E)   |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Amradiplosis       | IN       | leaf | Y    | N\   | Singh, 1993  |
| viridigallicola*    |          |      |      | (see |              |
| (Rao)               |          |      |      | sec  |              |
|                     |          |      |      | tion |              |
|                     |          |      |      | E)   |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Contarinia         | IN       | l    | Y    | N\   | Butani, 1993 |
| moringae* (Mani)    |          | eaf, |      | (see |              |
|                     |          | fr   |      | sec  |              |
|                     |          | uit, |      | tion |              |
|                     |          | inf. |      | E)   |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Dasineura          | IN       | l    | Y    | N\   | Butani,      |
| amaramanjarae*      |          | eaf, |      | (see | 1993;        |
| Grover              |          | fr   |      | sec  | Grover,      |
|                     |          | uit, |      | tion | 1987; Singh, |
|                     |          | inf. |      | E)   | 1993         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Dasineura citri*   | IN       | l    | Y    | N\   | Butani,      |
| Rao & Grover        |          | eaf, |      | (see | 1993; Grover |
|                     |          | fr   |      | sec  | & Vasantika, |
|                     |          | uit, |      | tion | 1985         |
|                     |          | inf. |      | E)   |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Dasineura          | IN, US   | inf. | Y    | N\   | Butani,      |
| mangiferae* Felt    | (HI)     |      |      | (see | 1993; Grover |
|                     |          |      |      | sec  | & Vasantika, |
|                     |          |      |      | tion | 1985         |
|                     |          |      |      | E)   |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Erosomyia          | IN       | l    | Y    | N\   | Butani,      |
| mangiferae* Felt    |          | eaf, |      | (see | 1993;        |
| =*Erosomyia indica* |          | fr   |      | sec  | Grover,      |
| Grover & Prasad,    |          | uit, |      | tion | 1987; Singh, |
| *Procontarinia*     |          | inf. |      | E)   | 1993;        |
| Felt                |          |      |      |      | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1997         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Lasioptera         | IN       | inf. | Y    | N\   | Butani, 1993 |
| mangiflorae*        |          |      |      | (see |              |
| (Grover)            |          |      |      | sec  |              |
|                     |          |      |      | tion |              |
|                     |          |      |      | E)   |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Oligotrophus       | IN       | l    | Y    | N\   | Singh, 1993; |
| mangiferae* Kieffer |          | eaf, |      | (see | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          | fr   |      | sec  | 1997         |
|                     |          | uit, |      | tion |              |
|                     |          | inf. |      | E)   |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Procontarinia      | IN       | leaf | Y    | N\   | Butani,      |
| mangifoliae*        |          |      |      | (see | 1993;        |
| (Grover)            |          |      |      | sec  | Gangwar,     |
| =*Munierielle       |          |      |      | tion | 1982;        |
| mangifoliae* Grover |          |      |      | E)   | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1997         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Procontarinia      | IN       | l    | Y    | N\   | Butani,      |
| matteiana* Kieffer  |          | eaf, |      | (see | 1993; CPC,   |
| & Cecconi           |          | fr   |      | sec  | 2001; Singh, |
|                     |          | uit, |      | tion | 1993;        |
|                     |          | inf. |      | E)   | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1997         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Procystiphora      | IN       | l    | Y    | N\   | Butani,      |
| indica* Grover &    |          | eaf, |      | (see | 1993; CPC,   |
| Prasad              |          | fr   |      | sec  | 2001; Singh, |
|                     |          | uit, |      | tion | 1993         |
|                     |          | inf. |      | E)   |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Procystiphora      | IN       | l    | Y    | N\   | Butani,      |
| mangiferae* (Felt)  |          | eaf, |      | (see | 1993; Singh, |
|                     |          | fr   |      | sec  | 1993         |
|                     |          | uit, |      | tion |              |
|                     |          | inf. |      | E)   |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Rhabdophaga        | IN       | s    | Y    | N\   | Butani,      |
| mangiferae* Mani    |          | tem, |      | (see | 1993; Singh, |
|                     |          | l    |      | sec  | 1993         |
|                     |          | eaf, |      | tion |              |
|                     |          | inf. |      | E)   |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **Tephritidae**     |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Bactrocera         | IN       | f    | Y    | Y    | DMQPE, 1998  |
| caryeae* (Kapoor)   |          | ruit |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Bactrocera         | IN, US   | f    | Y    | Y    | Butani,      |
| correcta* (Bezzi)   | (HI)     | ruit |      |      | 1993; CPC,   |
| =*Dacus correctus*  |          |      |      |      | 2001; Singh, |
| (Bezzi),            |          |      |      |      | 1993         |
| *Chaetodacus        |          |      |      |      |              |
| correctus* Bezzi    |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Bactrocera         | IN, US   | f    | Y    | Y    | Butani,      |
| cucurbitae*         | (HI)     | ruit |      |      | 1993; CPC,   |
| Coquillett =*Dacus  |          |      |      |      | 2001; CIE    |
| cucurbitae*         |          |      |      |      | Map 550,     |
| Coquillett          |          |      |      |      | 1994; DMQPE, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1998         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Bactrocera         | IN       | f    | Y    | Y    | Butani,      |
| diversa*            |          | ruit |      |      | 1993; Singh, |
| (Coquillett)        |          |      |      |      | 1993;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1997         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Bactrocera         | IN, US   | f    | Y    | Y    | APHIS-PPQ    |
| dorsalis* Hendel    | (HI)     | ruit |      |      | Intercep.,   |
| =*Dacus dorsalis*   |          |      |      |      | 2002; Atwal, |
| Hendel Strumeta     |          |      |      |      | 1976;        |
| dorsalis (Hendel)   |          |      |      |      | Butani,      |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1993; CPC,   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 2001; CIE    |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Map 109,     |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1994; DMQPE, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1998; Singh, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1993         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Bactrocera incisa* | IN       | f    | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| (Walker) (synonym:  |          | ruit |      | (see | 1993;        |
| *Dacus incisus*     |          |      |      | sec  | Thompson,    |
| Walker)             |          |      |      | tion | 1998;        |
|                     |          |      |      | E)   | Thompson,    |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 2005a and    |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 2005b        |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Bactrocera tau*    | IN       | f    | Y    | Y    | Butani,      |
| Walker =*Dacus tau* |          | ruit |      |      | 1993; CPC,   |
| (Walker)            |          |      |      |      | 2001[; White |
|                     |          |      |      |      | and          |
|                     |          |      |      |      | E            |
|                     |          |      |      |      | lson-Harris, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1992;]       |
|                     |          |      |      |      | {.underline} |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1997         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Bactrocera zonata* | IN       | f    | Y    | Y    | Butani,      |
| (Saunders) =*Dacus  |          | ruit |      |      | 1993; CPC,   |
| zonatus*            |          |      |      |      | 2001; Singh, |
| (Saunders),         |          |      |      |      | 1993; DMQPE, |
| *Chaetodacus        |          |      |      |      | 1998         |
| zonatus* (Saunders) |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **HEMIPTERA**       |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **Aleyrodidae**     |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Aleurocanthus      | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| mangiferae*         |          |      |      |      | 1993;        |
| Quaintance & Baker  |          |      |      |      | Laroussilhe, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1980         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Aleurocanthus      | IN, US   | s    | \[Y\ | N    | Butani,      |
| woglumi* Ashby      | (FL,TX,  | tem, | ]^2^ |      | 1993; CPC,   |
|                     | HI)      | leaf |      |      | 2001; CIE    |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Map 91,      |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1990; Young  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | and Sauls,   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1981; CPC,   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 2005         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Aleurodicus        | IN, US   | leaf | \[Y\ | N    | Bennett &    |
| dispersus* Russell  | (FL)     |      | ]^2^ |      | Noyes, 1989; |
|                     |          |      |      |      | CPC, 2001;   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | CIE Map 476, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1993         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Aleurothrixus      | IN, US   | s    | N    | Y    | CPC, 2001    |
| floccosus* Maskell  |          | tem, |      |      |              |
|                     |          | l    |      |      |              |
|                     |          | eaf, |      |      |              |
|                     |          | fr   |      |      |              |
|                     |          | uit, |      |      |              |
|                     |          | inf. |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **Aphididae**       |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Aphis epillabina*  | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| Kulkarny            |          | tem, |      |      |              |
|                     |          | l    |      |      |              |
|                     |          | eaf, |      |      |              |
|                     |          | inf. |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Aphis gossypii*    | IN, US   | w    | N    | Y    | Butani,      |
| Glover              |          | hole |      |      | 1993;        |
|                     |          | p    |      |      | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          | lant |      |      | 1997; CIE    |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Map 18, 1968 |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Greenidea          | IN       | l    | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| mangiferae*         |          | eaf, |      |      |              |
| Takahashi           |          | inf. |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Macrosiphum        | IN, US   | s    | N    | N    | Butani,      |
| euphorbiae*         |          | tem, |      |      | 1993;        |
| (Thomas)            |          | l    |      |      | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          | eaf, |      |      | 1997; CIE    |
|                     |          | inf. |      |      | Map 44, 1984 |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Toxoptera          | IN, US   | w    | N    | Y    | Butani,      |
| aurantii* Boyer de  |          |      |      |      | 1993; CPC,   |
| Fonscolombe)        |          |      |      |      | 2001; CIE    |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Map 131,     |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1961;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1997         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Toxoptera odinae*  | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| (van der Goot)      |          | tem, |      |      | 1993; CPC,   |
|                     |          | l    |      |      | 2001;        |
|                     |          | eaf, |      |      | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1997         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **Cicadellidae**    |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Amrasca splendens* | IN       | l    | Y    | N    | CPC, 2001;   |
| Ghauri              |          | eaf, |      |      | Sohi and     |
|                     |          | inf. |      |      | Sohi, 1990   |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Amritodus          | IN       | sh,  | Y    | N    | Atwal, 1976; |
| atkinsoni*          |          | l    |      |      | CPC, 2001;   |
| (Lethierry)         |          | eaf, |      |      | Singh, 1993; |
|                     |          | inf. |      |      | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1997         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Amritodus          | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Kudagamage   |
| brevistylus*        |          |      |      |      | *et al*.,    |
| Viraktamath         |          |      |      |      | 2001         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Busoniominus       | IN       | l    | Y    | N    | Sohi and     |
| manjunathi*         |          | eaf, |      |      | Sohi, 1990   |
| Viraktamath         |          | inf. |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Idioscopus         | IN       | l    | Y    | N    | Sohi and     |
| anasuyae*           |          | eaf, |      |      | Sohi, 1990,  |
| Viraktamath         |          | inf. |      |      | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1997         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Idioscopus         | IN       | sh,  | Y    | N    | Atwal, 1976; |
| clypealis*          |          | i    |      |      | Butani,      |
| (Lethiery)          |          | nf., |      |      | 1993; CPC,   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 2001; Singh, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1993;        |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Idioscopus         | IN       | l    | Y    | N    | Sohi and     |
| decoratus*          |          | eaf, |      |      | Sohi, 1990;  |
| Virktamath          |          | inf. |      |      | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1997         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Idioscopus         | IN       | l    | Y    | N    | Sohi and     |
| jayshriae*          |          | eaf, |      |      | Sohi, 1990;  |
| Virktamath          |          | inf. |      |      | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1997         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Idioscopus         | IN       | l    | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| nagpurensis* Pruthi |          | eaf, |      |      | 1993; CPC,   |
|                     |          | inf. |      |      | 2001;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1997         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Idioscopus         | IN       | l    | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| niveosparsus*       |          | eaf, |      |      | 1993; CPC,   |
| (Lethiery)          |          | inf. |      |      | 2001         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Idioscopus         | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Sohi and     |
| spectabilis*        |          |      |      |      | Sohi, 1990   |
| Virktamath          |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **Coccidae**        |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Ceroplastes        | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Ben-Dov *et  |
| actiniformis* Green |          |      |      |      | al*., 2001;  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Butani,      |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1993; CPC,   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 2001;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1997         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Ceroplastes        | IN, US   | l    | N    | N    | Ben-Dov *et  |
| ceriferus*          |          | eaf, |      |      | al*., 2001;  |
| (Anderson)          |          | stem |      |      | CPC, 2001;   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1997         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Ceroplastes        | IN, US   | leaf | N    | N    | Ben-Dov *et  |
| floridensis*        |          |      |      |      | al*., 2001;  |
| Comstock            |          |      |      |      | Butani,      |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1993; CPC    |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 2001; Peña,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1993         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Ceroplastes        | IN       | l    | Y    | N    | Ben-Dov *et  |
| pseudoceriferus*    |          | eaf, |      |      | al*., 2001;  |
| Green               |          | stem |      |      | Butani,      |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1993;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1997         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Ceroplastes        | IN, US   | f    | \[Y\ | Y    | Butani,      |
| rubens* Maskell     | (FL)     | ruit | ]^2^ |      | 1993;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Ben-Dov *et  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | al*., 2001;  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | CPC, 2001;   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | CPC, 2005;   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1997         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Ceroplastes rusci* | IN, US   | s    | Y    | N    | CIE Map 3,   |
| (L.)                | (FL)     | tem, |      |      | 1993; CPC,   |
|                     |          | leaf |      |      | 2001; Hamon  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | & Mason,     |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1997;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1997         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Coccus             | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Ben-Dov *et  |
| almoraensis*        |          | tem, |      |      | al*., 2001;  |
| Avasthi & Shafee    |          | leaf |      |      | Borror *et   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | al*., 1989   |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Coccus             | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Borror *et   |
| bicruciatus*        |          | tem, |      |      | al*., 1989;  |
| (Green)             |          | leaf |      |      | Butani, 1993 |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Coccus colemani*   | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Ben-Dov *et  |
| Kannan              |          | tem, |      |      | al*., 2001;  |
|                     |          | leaf |      |      | Butani, 1993 |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Coccus discrepans* | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Ben-Dov *et  |
| (Green)             |          | tem, |      |      | al*., 2001;  |
|                     |          | leaf |      |      | Butani, 1993 |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Coccus formicarii* | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Ben-Dov *et  |
| (Green)             |          | tem, |      |      | al*., 2001;  |
|                     |          | leaf |      |      | Butani, 1993 |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Coccus hesperidum* | IN, US   | s    | N    | N    | Butani,      |
| L.                  |          | tem, |      |      | 1993; CPC,   |
|                     |          | leaf |      |      | 2001;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Ben-Dov *et  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | al*., 2001;  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1997;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Ben-Dov *et  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | al.*, 2006   |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Coccus kosztarabi* | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Ben-Dov *et  |
| Avasthi & Shafee    |          | tem, |      |      | al*., 2001;  |
|                     |          | leaf |      |      | Medina Gaud  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | *et al*.,    |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1997         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Coccus             | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Ben-Dov *et  |
| latioperculatum*    |          |      |      |      | al*., 2001;  |
| Green               |          |      |      |      | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1997         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Coccus longulus*   | IN, US   | s    | N    | N    | Ben-Dov *et  |
| (Douglas)           |          | tem, |      |      | al*., 2001;  |
|                     |          | leaf |      |      | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1997         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Coccus piperis*    | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Suresh &     |
| (Green)*= Lecanium  |          |      |      |      | Moh          |
| peperis* (Green)    |          |      |      |      | anasundaram, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1996         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Coccus viridis*    | IN, US   | s    | \[Y\ | Y    | Ben-Dov *et  |
| (Green)             | (FL)     | tem, | ]^2^ |      | al*., 2001;  |
|                     |          | l    |      |      | Butani,      |
|                     |          | eaf, |      |      | 1993; CPC,   |
|                     |          | f    |      |      | 2001; CPC,   |
|                     |          | ruit |      |      | 2005; CIE    |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Map 305,     |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1972;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Swirski *et  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | al*., 1997   |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Eucalymnatus       | IN, US   | s    | N    | N    | Ben-Dov *et  |
| tessellatus*        |          | tem, |      |      | al*., 2001;  |
| (Signoret)          |          | leaf |      |      | Butani, 1993 |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Kilifia acuminata* | IN, US   | s    | N    | N    | Ben-Dov *et  |
| (Signoret)          |          | tem, |      |      | al*., 2001;  |
|                     |          | leaf |      |      | CPC, 2001    |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Lecanium           | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Atwal, 1976  |
| formicarii* Green   |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Maacoccus          | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Ben-Dov *et  |
| bicruciatus*        |          | tem, |      |      | al*., 2001;  |
| (Green) = *Lecanium |          | sh,  |      |      | Johnson &    |
| bicruciatus* Green  |          | leaf |      |      | Lyon, 1991   |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Milviscutulus      | IN, US   | s    | N    | N    | Ben-Dov *et  |
| mangiferae* (Green) |          | tem, |      |      | al*., 2001;  |
| = *Lecanium         |          | leaf |      |      | Johnson &    |
| mangiferae* Green,  |          |      |      |      | Lyon, 1991;  |
| *Protopulvianria    |          |      |      |      | Wysoki *et   |
| mangiferae* Green   |          |      |      |      | al*., 1997   |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Neoplatylecanium   | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Ben-Dov *et  |
| adersi* (Newstead)  |          | tem, |      |      | al*., 2001;  |
| = *Lecanium adersi* |          | leaf |      |      | Johnson &    |
| Newstead            |          |      |      |      | Lyon, 1991   |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Parasaissetia      | IN, US   | s    | N    | N    | CPC, 2001;   |
| nigra* (Nietner)    |          | tem, |      |      | Abraham *et  |
|                     |          | leaf |      |      | al*., 1970   |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Parthenolecanium   | IN, US   | s    | N    | N    | Ben-Dov *et  |
| persicae* persicae  |          | tem, |      |      | al*., 2001;  |
| (F.) =              |          | leaf |      |      | Johnson &    |
| *Parthenolecanium   |          |      |      |      | Lyon, 1991   |
| persicae* spinosum  |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Prococcus          | IN, US   | leaf | N    | N    | Ben-Dov *et  |
| acutissimus*        |          |      |      |      | al*., 2001;  |
| (Green)             |          |      |      |      | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1997         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Pulvinaria         | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Ben-Dov *et  |
| avasthii* Yousuf &  |          | tem, |      |      | al*., 2001;  |
| Shafee              |          | leaf |      |      | Hamon &      |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Williams,    |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1984         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Pulvinaria         | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| cellulosa* Green    |          | tem, |      |      | 1993;        |
|                     |          | leaf |      |      | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1997         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Pulvinaria iceryi* | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Ben-Dov *et  |
| (Signoret)          |          | tem, |      |      | al*., 2001;  |
|                     |          | leaf |      |      | Hamon &      |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Williams,    |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1984         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Pulvinaria ixorae* | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| Green               |          | tem, |      |      | 1993; Hamon  |
|                     |          | leaf |      |      | & Williams,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1984         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Pulvinaria         | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| pergandei* Comstock |          | tem, |      |      | 1993; Hamon  |
|                     |          | leaf |      |      | & Williams,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1984         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Pulvinaria         | IN       | l    | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| polygonata*         |          | eaf, |      |      | 1993; CPC,   |
| (Cockerell)         |          | stem |      |      | 2001;        |
| =*Chloropulvinaria  |          |      |      |      | Srivastava,  |
| polygonata*         |          |      |      |      | 1997         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Pulvinaria psidii* | IN, US   | l    | N    | Y    | Atwal, 1976; |
| Maskell             |          | eaf, |      |      | CPC, 2001;   |
|                     |          | s    |      |      | Ben-Dov *et  |
|                     |          | tem, |      |      | al*., 2001   |
|                     |          | f    |      |      |              |
|                     |          | ruit |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Saisettia oleae*   | IN, US   | s    | N    | N    | Ben-Dov *et  |
| Bernard             |          | tem, |      |      | al*., 2001;  |
|                     |          | leaf |      |      | CPC, 2001    |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Saissetia coffeae* | IN, US   | s    | N    | Y    | Butani,      |
| (Walker)            |          | tem, |      |      | 1993;        |
|                     |          | l    |      |      | Ben-Dov *et  |
|                     |          | eaf, |      |      | al*., 2001;  |
|                     |          | f    |      |      | Johnson &    |
|                     |          | ruit |      |      | Lyon, 1991   |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Saissetia miranda* | IN, US   | s    | N    | N    | Ben-Dov *et  |
| (Cockerell &        |          | tem, |      |      | al*., 2001;  |
| Parrott)            |          | leaf |      |      | Johnson &    |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Lyon, 1991   |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Saissetia          | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Ben-Dov *et  |
| privigna* Lotto     |          | tem, |      |      | al*., 2001;  |
|                     |          | leaf |      |      | Johnson &    |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Lyon, 1991   |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Vinsonia           | IN       | l    | Y    | N    | APHIS-PPQ    |
| stellifera*         |          | eaf, |      |      | Intercep.,   |
| (Westwood)          |          | stem |      |      | 2002;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Ben-Dov *et  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | al*., 2001;  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Butani,      |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1993; CPC,   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 2001; Dekle, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1969; Hamon  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | & Williams,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1984         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **Coreidae**        |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Acanthocoris       | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| scabrator* F.       |          | tem, |      | (see | 1993; CPC,   |
|                     |          | l    |      | sec  | 2001;        |
|                     |          | eaf, |      | tion |              |
|                     |          | fr   |      | E)   |              |
|                     |          | uit, |      |      |              |
|                     |          | inf. |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Leptocorisa acuta* | IN       | l    | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| (Thunberg)          |          | eaf, |      |      | 1993; CPC,   |
|                     |          | se   |      |      | 2001;        |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **Diaspididae**     |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Aonidiella         | IN, US   | w    | N    | Y    | CPC, 2001    |
| aurantii* (Maskell) |          | hole |      |      |              |
|                     |          | p    |      |      |              |
|                     |          | lant |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Aonidiella         | IN, US   | w    | N    | Y    | Butani,      |
| citrina*            |          | hole |      |      | 1993; CPC,   |
| (Coquillett)        |          | p    |      |      | 2001         |
|                     |          | lant |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Aonidiella         | IN       | w    | Y    | N    | Gupta and    |
| inornata* McKenzie  |          | hole |      |      | Singh, 1988; |
|                     |          | p    |      |      | Johnson &    |
|                     |          | lant |      |      | Lyon, 1991;  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Lee & Wen,   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1977         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Aonidiella         | IN, US   | l    | N    | Y    | CPC, 2001;   |
| orientalis*         |          | eaf, |      |      | Johnson &    |
| Signoret            |          | s    |      |      | Lyon, 1991   |
|                     |          | tem, |      |      |              |
|                     |          | f    |      |      |              |
|                     |          | ruit |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Aonidiella* sp.    | IN       | w    | Y    | Y    | APHIS-PPQ    |
|                     |          | hole |      |      | Intercep.,   |
|                     |          | p    |      |      | 2002;        |
|                     |          | lant |      |      | Johnson &    |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Lyon, 1991   |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Aspidiotus         | IN, US   | l    | N    | Y    | Butani,      |
| destructor*         |          | eaf, |      |      | 1993; CPC,   |
| Signoret            |          | s    |      |      | 2001;        |
|                     |          | tem, |      |      | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          | s    |      |      | 1997         |
|                     |          | hoot |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Aspidiotus nerii*  | IN, CA   | w    | N    | Y    | Butani,      |
| Bouche              |          | hole |      |      | 1993; Hill,  |
|                     |          | pl   |      |      | 1983; CPC,   |
|                     |          | ant, |      |      | 2001         |
|                     |          | leaf |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Aulacaspis         | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Suresh &     |
| martini* Williams   |          |      |      |      | Moh          |
|                     |          |      |      |      | anasundaram, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1996         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Aulacaspis rosae*  | IN; US   | leaf | N    | N    | Butani,      |
| (Bouche)            |          |      |      |      | 1993;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1997;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Ben-Dov *et  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | al.*, 2006   |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Aulacaspis         | IN, US   | l    | \[Y\ | Y    | APHIS-PPQ    |
| tubercularis*       | (FL)     | eaf, | ]^2^ |      | Intercep.,   |
| Newstead            |          | f    |      |      | 2002;        |
|                     |          | ruit |      |      | Butani,      |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1993; CPC,   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 2001;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Cunningham,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1991; Peña,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1993         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Aulacaspis vitis*  | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Ozaki *et    |
| =*Phenacaspis       |          |      |      |      | al*., 1999;  |
| vitis*, *Chionaspis |          |      |      |      | Suresh &     |
| vitis*              |          |      |      |      | Moh          |
|                     |          |      |      |      | anasundaram, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1996         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Chrysomphalus      | IN, US   | s    | N    | Y    | Butani,      |
| aonidum* (L.)       |          | tem, |      |      | 1993; CPC,   |
|                     |          | l    |      |      | 2001         |
|                     |          | eaf, |      |      |              |
|                     |          | f    |      |      |              |
|                     |          | ruit |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Chrysomphalus      | IN, US   | s    | N    | Y    | Butani,      |
| dictyospermi*       |          | tem, |      |      | 1993; Hill,  |
| (Morgan)            |          | l    |      |      | 1983; CPC,   |
|                     |          | eaf, |      |      | 2001; Young  |
|                     |          | f    |      |      | and Sauls,   |
|                     |          | ruit |      |      | 1981         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Chrysomphalus      | IN       | stem | Y    | N    | Borror *et   |
| pinnulifer*         |          |      |      |      | al*., 1989   |
| (Maskell)           |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Hemiberlesia       | IN, US   | s    | N    | Y    | CPC, 2001;   |
| lataniae*           |          | tem, |      |      | Peña, 1993;  |
| (Signoret)          |          | l    |      |      | CPC, 2005    |
|                     |          | eaf, |      |      |              |
|                     |          | f    |      |      |              |
|                     |          | ruit |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Hemiberlesia       | IN, US   | b    | N    | Y    | Butani,      |
| rapax* (Comstock)   |          | ark, |      |      | 1993; CPC,   |
|                     |          | l    |      |      | 2001         |
|                     |          | eaf, |      |      |              |
|                     |          | f    |      |      |              |
|                     |          | ruit |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Insulaspis         | IN       | stem | Y    | N    | Borror *et   |
| pallkidula*         |          |      |      |      | al*., 1989;  |
| Williams            |          |      |      |      | Butani, 1993 |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Ischnaspis         | IN, US   | leaf | N    | N    | Butani,      |
| longirostris*       |          |      |      |      | 1993; Peña,  |
| (Signoret)          |          |      |      |      | 1993         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Lepidosaphes       | IN, US,  | w    | N    | Y    | CPC, 2001    |
| beckii* (Newman)    |          | hole |      |      |              |
|                     |          | p    |      |      |              |
|                     |          | lant |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Lepidosaphes       | IN, US   | s    | N    | Y    | Butani,      |
| gloverii* (Packard) |          | tem, |      |      | 1993; CPC,   |
|                     |          | l    |      |      | 2001         |
|                     |          | eaf, |      |      |              |
|                     |          | f    |      |      |              |
|                     |          | ruit |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Lepidosaphes       | IN       | stem | Y    | N    | Borror *et   |
| shikohabadensis*    |          |      |      |      | al*., 1989   |
| Dutta               |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Leptosapes         | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| tapleyi* Williams   |          | tem, |      |      |              |
|                     |          | leaf |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Leucaspis indica*  | IN       | stem | Y    | N    | Borror *et   |
| Marlatt             |          |      |      |      | al*., 1989;  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Butani, 1993 |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Lindingaspis       | IN, US   | leaf | N    | N    | Butani,      |
| floridana* Ferris   |          |      |      |      | 1993;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Johnson &    |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Lyon, 1991   |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Lindingaspis       | IN       | stem | Y    | N    | Borror *et   |
| greeni* (Brain &    |          |      |      |      | al*., 1989;  |
| Kellly)             |          |      |      |      | Butani, 1993 |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Lindingaspis       | IN; US   | leaf | N    | N    | Butani,      |
| rossi* (Maskell)    |          |      |      |      | 1993;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Johnson &    |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Lyon, 1991;  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Ben-Dov *et  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | al.*, 2006   |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Parlatoria         | IN, US   | s    | N    | N    | Butani,      |
| camelliae* Comstock |          | tem, |      |      | 1993; NCSU,  |
|                     |          | leaf |      |      | 2000         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Parlatoria         | IN       | stem | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| cinerea* Hadden     |          |      |      |      | 1993; Suresh |
|                     |          |      |      |      | &            |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Moh          |
|                     |          |      |      |      | anasundaram, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1996         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Parlatoria crypta* | IN       | s    | Y    | Y    | APHIS-PPQ    |
| Mckenzie            |          | tem, |      |      | Intercep.,   |
|                     |          | l    |      |      | 2002;        |
|                     |          | eaf, |      |      | Butani,      |
|                     |          | f    |      |      | 1993; Suresh |
|                     |          | ruit |      |      | &            |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Moh          |
|                     |          |      |      |      | anasundaram, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1996         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Parlatoria oleae*  | IN, US   | w    | N    | Y    | Butani,      |
| (Colvee)            |          | hole |      |      | 1993; CPC,   |
|                     |          | p    |      |      | 2001         |
|                     |          | lant |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Parlatoria         | IN, US   | w    | N    | Y    | Butani,      |
| pergandii* Comstock |          | hole |      |      | 1993; CPC,   |
|                     |          | p    |      |      | 2001         |
|                     |          | lant |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Phenocaspis vitis* | IN       | stem | Y    | N    | Borror *et   |
| (Green)             |          |      |      |      | al*., 1989;  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Butani, 1993 |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Pinnaspis          | IN; US   | s    | N    | Y    | Butani,      |
| aspidistrae*        |          | tem, |      |      | 1993;        |
| (Signoret)          |          | l    |      |      | Johnson &    |
|                     |          | eaf, |      |      | Lyon, 1991;  |
|                     |          | f    |      |      | Ben-Dov *et  |
|                     |          | ruit |      |      | al.*, 2006   |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Pinnaspis          | IN, US   | s    | N    | Y    | CPC, 2001;   |
| strachani* (Cooley) |          | tem, |      |      | Young and    |
|                     |          | l    |      |      | Sauls, 1981; |
|                     |          | eaf, |      |      | Ben-Dov *et  |
|                     |          | f    |      |      | al.*, 2006   |
|                     |          | ruit |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Pseudaonidia       | IN, US   | L    | \[Y\ | Y    | APHIS-PPQ-In |
| trilobitiformis*    | (FL)     | eaf, | ]^2^ |      | terceptions, |
| (Green)             |          | f    |      |      | 2004; CPC,   |
|                     |          | ruit |      |      | 2001;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Butani,      |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1993; Peña,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1993         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Pseudaulacaspis    | IN       | stem | Y    | N    | Borror *et   |
| barberi* (Green)    |          |      |      |      | al*., 1989;  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Butani, 1993 |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Pseudaulacaspis    | IN, US   | w    | N    | Y    | CPC, 2001;   |
| cockerelli*         |          | hole |      |      | Hamon, 1970; |
| (Cooley)            |          | p    |      |      | Young and    |
| =*Phenacaspis       |          | lant |      |      | Sauls, 1981  |
| cockerelli*         |          |      |      |      |              |
| (Cooley)            |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Pseudaulacaspis    | IN, US   | w    | N    | Y    | CPC, 2001    |
| pentagona*          |          | hole |      |      |              |
| (Targioni-Tozzetti) |          | p    |      |      |              |
|                     |          | lant |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Radionaspis        | IN, US   | tr   | N    | N    | Butani,      |
| indica* (Marlatt)   |          | unk, |      |      | 1993; Peña,  |
|                     |          | b    |      |      | 1993         |
|                     |          | ranc |      |      |              |
|                     |          | hes, |      |      |              |
|                     |          | buds |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Semilaspidus       | IN       | stem | Y    | N    | Borror *et   |
| mangiferae*         |          |      |      |      | al*., 1989;  |
| Takahashi           |          |      |      |      | Butani, 1993 |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **Flatidae**        |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Salurnis           | IN       | inf. | Y    | N    | Dalvi *et    |
| marginellus*        |          |      |      |      | al*., 1992   |
| (Guerin)            |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **Fulgoridae**      |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Ricania            | IN       | inf. | Y    | N    | Dalvi *et    |
| marginalis*         |          |      |      |      | al*., 1992   |
| Westwood            |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **Kerridae**        |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Kerria lacca* Kerr | IN       | stem | Y    | N    | CPC, 2001;   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Borror *et   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | al*., 1989   |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Paratachardina     | IN       | stem | Y    | N    | Ben-Dov *et  |
| theae* Green        |          |      |      |      | al*., 2001;  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Borror *et   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | al*., 1989   |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **                  |          |      |      |      |              |
| Lecanodiaspididae** |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Psoraleococcus sp. | IN       | stem | Y    | N    | Beeghly,     |
| multipori*          |          |      |      |      | 1999;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Bhumannavar  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | & Jacob,     |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1989         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **Lophopidae**      |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Pyrilla            | IN       | bk   | Y    | N    | Dubey *et    |
| perpusilla* Walker  |          |      |      |      | al*, 1981;   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | CPC, 2001    |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **Lygaeidae**       |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Spilostethus       | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| macilentus* Stall   |          | tem, |      | (see |              |
|                     |          | l    |      | sec  |              |
|                     |          | eaf, |      | tion |              |
|                     |          | fr   |      | E)   |              |
|                     |          | uit, |      |      |              |
|                     |          | inf. |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Spilostethus       | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| pandurus* Scopoli   |          | tem, |      | (see |              |
|                     |          | l    |      | sec  |              |
|                     |          | eaf, |      | tion |              |
|                     |          | fr   |      | E)   |              |
|                     |          | uit, |      |      |              |
|                     |          | inf. |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **Margarodidae**    |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Drosicha           | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| contrahens*         |          | tem, |      |      |              |
| (Walker)            |          | sh   |      |      |              |
|                     |          | oot, |      |      |              |
|                     |          | leaf |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Drosicha           | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| dalbergiae* (Green) |          | tem, |      |      |              |
|                     |          | sh   |      |      |              |
|                     |          | oot, |      |      |              |
|                     |          | leaf |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Drosicha           | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Singh, 1993; |
| mangiferae* Green   |          | tem, |      |      | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          | sh   |      |      | 1997         |
|                     |          | oot, |      |      |              |
|                     |          | leaf |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Drosicha           | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| stebbingi* (Green)  |          | tem, |      |      | 1993; CPC,   |
|                     |          | sh   |      |      | 2001; Singh, |
|                     |          | oot, |      |      | 1993         |
|                     |          | leaf |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Icerya aegyptiaca* | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | CPC, 2001    |
| (Douglas)           |          | tem, |      |      |              |
|                     |          | sh   |      |      |              |
|                     |          | oot, |      |      |              |
|                     |          | leaf |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Icerya minor*      | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| Green               |          | tem, |      |      |              |
|                     |          | sh   |      |      |              |
|                     |          | oot, |      |      |              |
|                     |          | leaf |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Icerya pulcher*    | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| (Leonardi)          |          | tem, |      |      |              |
|                     |          | sh   |      |      |              |
|                     |          | oot, |      |      |              |
|                     |          | leaf |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Icerya purchasi*   | IN, US   | s    | N    | N    | Butani,      |
| Maskell             |          | tem, |      |      | 1993; CPC,   |
|                     |          | sh   |      |      | 2001         |
|                     |          | oot, |      |      |              |
|                     |          | leaf |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Icerya             | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| seychellarum*       |          | tem, |      |      | 1993; CPC,   |
| (Westwood)          |          | sh   |      |      | 2001         |
|                     |          | oot, |      |      |              |
|                     |          | leaf |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Labioproctus       | IN       | stem | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| poleii* (Green)     |          |      |      |      | 1993; Suresh |
|                     |          |      |      |      | &            |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Moh          |
|                     |          |      |      |      | anasundaram, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1996         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **Membracidae**     |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Leptocentrus       | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| obliquis* Walker    |          | tem, |      |      | 1993;        |
|                     |          | leaf |      |      | Beeghly,     |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1999         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Otinotus oneratus* | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| Walker              |          | tem, |      |      |              |
|                     |          | leaf |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Oxyrhachis         | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | CPC, 2001    |
| serratus* (Ahmad &  |          | tem, |      |      |              |
| Abrar)              |          | leaf |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Oxyrhachis         | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Beeghly,     |
| tarandus* (F.)      |          | tem, |      |      | 1999;        |
|                     |          | leaf |      |      | Butani, 1993 |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Tricentrus         | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| bicolor* Distant    |          | tem, |      |      |              |
|                     |          | leaf |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **Pentatomidae**    |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Antestiopsis       | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | CPC, 2001;   |
| cruciata* (F)       |          | tem, |      | (see | Butani, 1993 |
| =*Antestictsis      |          | l    |      | sec  |              |
| cruciata*           |          | eaf, |      | tion |              |
| (Fabricius)         |          | fr   |      | E)   |              |
|                     |          | uit, |      |      |              |
|                     |          | inf. |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Bagrada hilaris*   | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| (Burmeister)        |          | tem, |      |      | 1993; CPC,   |
| =*Bagrada           |          | l    |      |      | 2001         |
| cruciferarum*       |          | eaf, |      |      |              |
| Kirkaldy            |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Cantheconidea      | IN       | none | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| furcellata* (Wolff) |          |      |      |      | 1993;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1997,        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Senraya,     |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1991         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Chrysocoris        | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| particius* (F)      |          | tem, |      | (see |              |
|                     |          | l    |      | sec  |              |
|                     |          | eaf, |      | tion |              |
|                     |          | fr   |      | E)   |              |
|                     |          | uit, |      |      |              |
|                     |          | inf. |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Coptosoma nazirae* | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| Atkinsoni           |          | tem, |      | (see |              |
|                     |          | l    |      | sec  |              |
|                     |          | eaf, |      | tion |              |
|                     |          | fr   |      | E)   |              |
|                     |          | uit, |      |      |              |
|                     |          | inf. |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Halys dentata*     | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| (F.)                |          | tem, |      | (see | 1993; CPC,   |
|                     |          | l    |      | sec  | 2001         |
|                     |          | eaf, |      | tion |              |
|                     |          | fr   |      | E)   |              |
|                     |          | uit, |      |      |              |
|                     |          | inf. |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Nezara viridula*   | IN, US   | s    | N    | N    | Butani,      |
| (L.)                |          | tem, |      | (see | 1993; CPC,   |
|                     |          | l    |      | sec  | 2001         |
|                     |          | eaf, |      | tion |              |
|                     |          | fr   |      | E)   |              |
|                     |          | uit, |      |      |              |
|                     |          | inf. |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **Pseudococcidae**  |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Dysmicoccus        | IN, US   | w    | N    | N^6^ | CPC, 2001    |
| brevipes*           |          | hole |      |      |              |
| (Cockerell)         |          | p    |      |      |              |
|                     |          | lant |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Ferrisia virgata*  | IN, US   | sh   | N    | N^6^ | CPC, 2001    |
| (Cockerell)         |          | oot, |      |      |              |
|                     |          | s    |      |      |              |
|                     |          | tem, |      |      |              |
|                     |          | l    |      |      |              |
|                     |          | eaf, |      |      |              |
|                     |          | f    |      |      |              |
|                     |          | ruit |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Geococcus coffeae* | IN, US   | root | Y    | N    | Ben-Dov *et  |
| Green               | (HI)     |      |      |      | al*., 2001;  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | CIE Map 285, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1971         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Maconellicoccus    | IN, US   | w    | \[Y\ | N    | APHIS-PPQ    |
| hirsutus* (Green)   | (CA, HI) | hole | ]^2^ | (see | Intercep.,   |
|                     |          | p    |      | sec  | 2002; CPC,   |
|                     |          | lant |      | tion | 2001         |
|                     |          |      |      | E)   |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Nipaecoccus nipae* | IN, US   | s    | N    | N^6^ | Ben-Dov *et  |
| (Maskell)           | (CA, LA, | tem, |      |      | al*., 2001;  |
|                     | FL)      | l    |      |      | CPC, 2001    |
|                     |          | eaf, |      |      |              |
|                     |          | f    |      |      |              |
|                     |          | ruit |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Nipaecoccus        | IN, US   | w    | Y    | N    | APHIS-PPQ    |
| viridis* (Newstead) | (HI)     | hole |      | (see | Intercep.,   |
|                     |          | p    |      | sec  | 2002;        |
|                     |          | lant |      | tion | Ben-Dov *et  |
|                     |          |      |      | E)   | al*., 2001;  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Butani,      |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1993; CPC,   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 2001; CIE    |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Map 446,     |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1983; CPC,   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 2005         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Perissopneumon     | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| ferox* Newstead     |          | tem, |      | (see | 1993; CPC,   |
|                     |          | l    |      | sec  | 2001;        |
|                     |          | eaf, |      | tion | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          | f    |      | E)   | 1997         |
|                     |          | ruit |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Planococcoides     | IN       | w    | Y    | N    | APHIS-PPQ    |
| robustus* Ezzat &   |          | hole |      | (see | Intercep.,   |
| McConnell           |          | p    |      | sec  | 2002;        |
|                     |          | lant |      | tion | Ben-Dov *et  |
|                     |          |      |      | E)   | al*., 2001   |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Planococcus citri* | IN, US   | w    | N    | N^6^ | Ben-Dov *et  |
| (Risso)             |          | hole |      |      | al*., 2001;  |
|                     |          | p    |      |      | CPC, 2001    |
|                     |          | lant |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Planococcus ficus* | IN; US   | w    | N    | N^6^ | Ben-Dov *et  |
| (Signoret)          |          | hole |      |      | al*., 2001;  |
|                     |          | p    |      |      | CPC, 2001;   |
|                     |          | lant |      |      | Ben-Dov *et  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | al.*, 2006   |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Planococcus        | IN, US   | w    | Y    | N    | Ben-Dov *et  |
| lilacinus*          | (HI)     | hole |      | (see | al*., 2001;  |
| (Cockerell)         |          | p    |      | sec  | CPC, 2001;   |
|                     |          | lant |      | tion | Suresh &     |
|                     |          |      |      | E)   | Moh          |
|                     |          |      |      |      | anasundaram, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1996         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Pseudococcus       | IN, US   | s    | N    | N^6^ | CPC, 2001    |
| longispinus*        |          | tem, |      |      |              |
| (Targioni-Tozzetti) |          | l    |      |      |              |
|                     |          | eaf, |      |      |              |
|                     |          | fr   |      |      |              |
|                     |          | uit, |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Rastrococcus       | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | APHIS-PPQ    |
| iceryoides* (Green) |          | tem, |      | (see | Intercep.,   |
|                     |          | l    |      | sec  | 2002;        |
|                     |          | eaf, |      | tion | Ben-Dov *et  |
|                     |          | fr   |      | E)   | al*., 2001;  |
|                     |          | uit, |      |      | CPC, 2001;   |
|                     |          | inf. |      |      | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1997         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Rastrococcus       | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Ben-Dov *et  |
| invadens* Williams  |          | tem, |      |      | al*., 2001;  |
|                     |          | leaf |      |      | CPC, 2001;   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | APHIS-PPQ    |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Intercep.,   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 2002         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Rastrococcus       | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Ben-Dov *et  |
| mangiferae* (Green) |          | tem, |      |      | al*., 2001;  |
|                     |          | leaf |      |      | APHIS-PPQ    |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Intercep.,   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 2002         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Rastrococcus       | IN       | w    | Y    | N    | Ben-Dov *et  |
| spinosus*           |          | hole |      | (see | al*., 2001;  |
| (Robinson)          |          | p    |      | sec  | CPC, 2001    |
|                     |          | lant |      | tion |              |
|                     |          |      |      | E)   |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **Psyllidae**       |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Apsylla            | IN       | sh   | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| cistellata* Buckton |          | oot, |      |      | 1993; CPC,   |
|                     |          | leaf |      |      | 2001; Singh, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1993;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1997         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Arytania obscura*  | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| Crawford            |          | tem, |      |      |              |
|                     |          | leaf |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Leuronota minuta*  | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| (Crawford)          |          | tem, |      |      |              |
|                     |          | leaf |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Microceropsylla    | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| brevicornis*        |          |      |      |      | 1993; Lee &  |
| Crawford            |          |      |      |      | Wen, 1980    |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Microceropsylla    | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| maculata* Mathur    |          |      |      |      | 1993; Lee &  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Wen, 1980    |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Microceropsylla    | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| nigra* (Crawford)   |          |      |      |      | 1993; Dalvi  |
| =*Pauropsylla       |          |      |      |      | *et al*.,    |
| nigra* Crawford     |          |      |      |      | 1992; Lee &  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Wen, 1980    |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Pauropsylla        | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Srivastava,  |
| brevicornis*        |          | tem, |      |      | 1997         |
| Crawford            |          | sh   |      |      |              |
|                     |          | oot, |      |      |              |
|                     |          | leaf |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Trioza jambolanae* | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| Crawford            |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **Pyrrhocoridae**   |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Dysdercus          | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| koenigii* F.        |          | tem, |      | (see | 1993; CPC,   |
|                     |          | l    |      | sec  | 2001; CIE    |
|                     |          | eaf, |      | tion | Map 3, 1985  |
|                     |          | fr   |      | E)   |              |
|                     |          | uit, |      |      |              |
|                     |          | inf. |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **HYMENOPTERA**     |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **Formicidae**      |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Anoplolepis        | IN       | leaf | Y^1^ | N    | CPC, 2001;   |
| longipes* Jerdon    |          |      |      |      | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1997         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Azteea schimperi*  | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Srivastava,  |
| (Elm)               |          |      |      |      | 1997         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Dorylus            | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| orientalis*         |          |      |      |      | 1993; CPC,   |
| (Westwood)          |          |      |      |      | 2001;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1997         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Oecophylla         | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| longinoda*          |          |      |      |      | 1993;        |
| (Latreille)         |          |      |      |      | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1997         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Oecophylla         | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Atwal, 1976; |
| smaragdina* (F.)    |          |      |      |      | Butani,      |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1993; Hill,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1983; Singh, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1960;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1997         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **ISOPTERA**        |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **Kalotermitidae**  |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Microtermes        | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| edentatus* Wasmann  |          | tem, |      |      |              |
|                     |          | root |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Microtermes obesi* | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| Holmagren           |          | tem, |      |      | 1993; CPC,   |
|                     |          | root |      |      | 2001;        |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Neotermes boesi*   | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| Snyder              |          | tem, |      |      |              |
|                     |          | root |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Neotermes          | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| magaoculatus*       |          | tem, |      |      |              |
| Roonwal & Sen-Sarma |          | root |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Neotermes          | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| mangiferae* Roonwal |          | tem, |      |      |              |
| & Sen-Sarma         |          | root |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **Rhinotermitidae** |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Coptotermes        | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| gestroi* Wasmann    |          | tem, |      |      |              |
|                     |          | root |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Coptotermes        | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| heimei* (Wasmann)   |          | tem, |      |      | 1993; CPC,   |
|                     |          | root |      |      | 2001;        |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Heterotermes       | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| indicola* (Wasmann) |          | tem, |      |      | 1993; CPC,   |
|                     |          | root |      |      | 2001;        |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **Termitidae**      |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Odontotermes       | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| assmuthi* Holmgren  |          | tem, |      |      | 1993; CPC,   |
|                     |          | root |      |      | 2001;        |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Odontotermes feae* | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| Wasmann             |          | tem, |      |      | 1993; CPC,   |
|                     |          | root |      |      | 2001;        |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Odontotermes       | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| horni* (Wasmann)    |          | tem, |      |      | 1993;        |
|                     |          | root |      |      | Veeresh *et  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | al*., 1989;  |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Odontotermes       | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| wallonensis*        |          | tem, |      |      | 1993; CPC,   |
| (Wasmann)           |          | root |      |      | 2001         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Stylotermes        | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| fletcheri*          |          | tem, |      |      |              |
| (Holmgren)          |          | root |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Trinervitermes     | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| biformis* (Wasmann) |          | tem, |      |      |              |
|                     |          | root |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Trinervitermes     | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| rubidus* (Hagen)    |          | tem, |      |      |              |
|                     |          | root |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **LEPIDOPTERA**     |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **Arctiidae**       |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Amsacta lactinea*  | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| (Cramer)            |          |      |      |      | 1993;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1997; Zhang, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1994         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Pericallia ricini* | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | CPC, 2001;   |
| F.                  |          |      |      |      | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1997; Zhang, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1994         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Spilarctia         | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| obliqua* Walker     |          |      |      |      | 1993; Zhang, |
| =*Spilosoma         |          |      |      |      | 1994         |
| obliqua* Walker     |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **Cosmopterigidae** |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Pyroderces         | IN       | inf. | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| simplex* Walsingham |          |      |      |      | 1993; CPC,   |
| =*Anatrachyntis     |          |      |      |      | 2001; Zhang, |
| simplex* Walsingham |          |      |      |      | 1994         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **Gelechiidae**     |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Anarsia            | IN, US   | sh   | N    | N    | Butani,      |
| lineatella* Zeller  |          | oot, |      |      | 1993; CPC,   |
|                     |          | leaf |      |      | 2001;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1997; Zhang, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1994         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Anarsia            | IN       | sh   | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| melanoplecta*       |          | oot, |      |      | 1993;        |
| Meyrick             |          | l    |      |      | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          | eaf, |      |      | 1997         |
|                     |          | inf. |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Hypatima           | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Sundara      |
| haligramma* Meyrick |          |      |      |      | Babu, 1983;  |
| =*Chelaria          |          |      |      |      | Butani,      |
| haligramma* Meyrick |          |      |      |      | 1993; Raju,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1983         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Hypatima spathota* | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| Meyrick =*Chelaria  |          |      |      |      | 1993; Zhang, |
| spathota* Meyrick   |          |      |      |      | 1994         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **Geometridae**     |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Buzura             | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | CPC, 2001;   |
| suppressaria*       |          |      |      |      | Srivastava,  |
| GuenΘe              |          |      |      |      | 1997; Zhang, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1994         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Hyposidra talaca*  | IN       | l    | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| Walker =*Hyposidra  |          | eaf, |      |      | 1993; CPC,   |
| successaria* Walker |          | inf. |      |      | 2001         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Thalassodes        | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| dissita* (Walker)   |          |      |      |      | 1993; CPC,   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 2001;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1997; Zhang, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1994         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Thalassodes        | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| quadraria* Guenee   |          |      |      |      | 1993; Zhang, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1994         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Thalassodes        | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| veraria* Guenee     |          |      |      |      | 1993;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1997         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **Gracillariidae**  |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Acrocercops        | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| cathedraea* Meyrick |          | tem, |      |      |              |
|                     |          | leaf |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Acrocercops        | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| isonoma* Meyrick    |          | tem, |      |      |              |
|                     |          | leaf |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Acrocercops        | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| pentalocha* Meyrick |          | tem, |      |      | 1993;        |
|                     |          | leaf |      |      | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1997         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Acrocercops        | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| syngramma* Meyrick  |          | tem, |      |      | 1993; CPC,   |
|                     |          | leaf |      |      | 2001; Pruthi |
|                     |          |      |      |      | and Batra,   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1960;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1997; Zhang, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1994         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Acrocercops        | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| zygonoma* Fletcher  |          | tem, |      |      | 1993;        |
|                     |          | leaf |      |      | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1997; Zhang, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1994;        |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **Heliodinidae**    |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Stathmopoda        | IN       | stem | Y    | N    | Nonveiller,  |
| auriferella* Walker |          |      |      |      | 1969; Zhang, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1994         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **Limacodidae**     |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Chalcoscelides     | IN       | lea  | Y    | N    | Zhang, 1994; |
| castaneipars* Moore |          | f^3^ |      |      | CPC, 2005    |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Cheromettia        | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| laleana* Moore      |          |      |      |      | 1993; Zhang, |
| =*Belippa laleana*  |          |      |      |      | 1994         |
| Moore               |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Parasa lepida      | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | CPC, 2001;   |
| Cramer* =*Latoia    |          |      |      |      | Srivastava,  |
| lepida* (Cramer)    |          |      |      |      | 1997; Zhang, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1994         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Phocoderma         | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| velutina* Kollar    |          |      |      |      | 1993; Zhang, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1994         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **Lycaenidae**      |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Deudorix           | IN       | f    | Y    | N\   | Butani,      |
| isocrates* (F.)     |          | ruit |      | (see | 1993;        |
| =*Virachola         |          |      |      | sec  | Srivastava,  |
| isocrates* (F.)     |          |      |      | tion | 1997; Zhang, |
|                     |          |      |      | E)   | 1994         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Rapala manea*      | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Johnson *et  |
| Hewitson            |          |      |      |      | al*.,1980;   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Zhang, 1994; |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Rapala melampus*   | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Srivastava,  |
| (Stoll)             |          |      |      |      | 1997         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Rathinda amor* F.  | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Zhang, 1994  |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **Lymantriidae**    |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Dasychira mendosa* | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Koshiya &    |
| (Hübner)            |          |      |      |      | Bh           |
|                     |          |      |      |      | arodia,1976; |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Mehra & Sah, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1976; Zhang, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1994;        |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Euproctis flava*   | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| Bremer              |          |      |      |      | 1993; Pruthi |
|                     |          |      |      |      | and Batra,   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1960; Zhang, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1994         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Euproctis          | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| fraterna* Moore     |          |      |      |      | 1993; Pruthi |
|                     |          |      |      |      | and Batra,   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1960; Zhang, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1994         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Euproctis lunata*  | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| Walker              |          |      |      |      | 1993; Pruthi |
|                     |          |      |      |      | and Batra,   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1960; Zhang, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1994         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Euproctis          | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| scintillans* Walker |          |      |      |      | 1993; Zhang, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1994         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Euproctis          | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| xanthosticha*       |          |      |      |      |              |
| (Hampson)           |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Lymantria ampla*   | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| (Walker)            |          |      |      |      | 1993;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1997; Zhang, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1994         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Lymantria beatrix* | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Srivastava,  |
| Stoll.              |          |      |      |      | 1997         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Lymantria          | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Singh, 1993; |
| marginata* Walker   |          |      |      |      | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1997; Zhang, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1994         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Lymantria mathura* | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| Moore               |          | tem, |      |      | 1993;        |
|                     |          | inf. |      |      | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1997; Zhang, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1994         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Orgyia postica*    | IN       | l    | Y    | N\   | CPC, 2001;   |
| Walker              |          | eaf, |      | (see | Gupta and    |
|                     |          | f    |      | sec  | Singh, 1986; |
|                     |          | ruit |      | tion | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          |      |      | E)   | 1997; Wu,    |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1977; Zhang, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1994         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Perina nuda* F.    | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1993;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1997; Zhang, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1994         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **Metarbelidae**    |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Indarbela dea*     | IN       | stem | Y    | N    | Srivastava,  |
| Swinhoe=*Arbela     |          |      |      |      | 1997; Zhang, |
| dea* Swinhoe        |          |      |      |      | 1994         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Indarbela          | IN       | stem | Y    | N    | Srivastava,  |
| quadrinotata*       |          |      |      |      | 1997; Zhang, |
| Walker              |          |      |      |      | 1994         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Indarbela          | IN       | stem | Y    | N    | Srivastava,  |
| tetraonis* (Moore)  |          |      |      |      | 1997; Zhang, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1994         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Indarbela          | IN       | stem | Y    | N    | Srivastava,  |
| theivora* (Hampson) |          |      |      |      | 1997; Zhang, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1994         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **Noctuidae**       |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Achaea janata* L.  | IN, US   | l    | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
|                     | (HI)     | eaf, |      | (see | 1993; Zhang, |
|                     |          | f    |      | sec  | 1994; CPC,   |
|                     |          | ruit |      | tion | 2004         |
|                     |          |      |      | E)   |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Chlumetia          | IN       | sh   | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| alternana* Moore    |          | oot, |      |      | 1993;        |
|                     |          | l    |      |      | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          | eaf, |      |      | 1997         |
|                     |          | inf. |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Chlumetia          | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Singh, 1993; |
| transversa* Walker  |          | hoot |      |      | Srivastava,  |
| =*Sholumetia        |          |      |      |      | 1997; Zhang, |
| transversa* Walker  |          |      |      |      | 1994         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Eublemma abrupta*  | IN       | inf. | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| (Walker)            |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| Eublemma angulifera | IN       | inf. | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| Moore               |          |      |      |      | 1993; Zhang, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1994         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Eublemma           | IN       | inf. | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| brachygonia*        |          |      |      |      | 1993; Zhang, |
| Hampson             |          |      |      |      | 1994         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Eublemma silicula* | IN       | inf. | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| Swinhoe             |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Eublemma           | IN       | inf. | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| versicolor*         |          |      |      |      |              |
| (Walker)            |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Eudocima fullonia* | IN, US   | fr   | Y    | N    | CPC, 2001;   |
| Clerck              | (HI)     | uit, |      | (see | Zhang, 1994  |
|                     |          | le   |      | sec  |              |
|                     |          | aves |      | tion |              |
|                     |          |      |      | E)   |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Eudocima homaena*  | IN       | fr   | Y    | N    | Atwal, 1976; |
| Hübner =*Ophideres  |          | uit, |      | (see | Zhang, 1994  |
| ancilla* Cramer     |          | le   |      | sec  |              |
|                     |          | aves |      | tion |              |
|                     |          |      |      | E)   |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Eudocima materna*  | IN       | lea  | Y    | N    | Zhang, 1994; |
| Linnaeus            |          | ves, |      | (see | Atwal, 1976  |
| =*Ophideres         |          | f    |      | sec  |              |
| materna* Linnaeus   |          | ruit |      | tion |              |
|                     |          |      |      | E)   |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Helicoverpa        | IN       | fr   | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| armigera* (Hübner)  |          | uit, |      | (see | 1993; CIE    |
| =*Heliothis         |          | lea  |      | sec  | Map 15,      |
| armigera* Hübner    |          | ves, |      | tion | 1993; Zhang, |
|                     |          | flo  |      | E)   | 1994; CPC,   |
|                     |          | wers |      |      | 2005         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Oraesia            | IN       | f    | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| emarginata* F.      |          | ruit |      | (see | 1993; Zhang, |
| =*Calpe emarginata* |          |      |      | sec  | 1994         |
| (F.)                |          |      |      | tion |              |
|                     |          |      |      | E)   |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Penicillaria       | IN, US   | sh   | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| jocosatrix* Guenee  | (HI)     | oot, |      |      | 1993;        |
| =*Bombotelia        |          | l    |      |      | Srivastava,  |
| jocosatrix*         |          | eaf, |      |      | 1997; Zhang, |
| (Guenée)            |          | inf. |      |      | 1994         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Selepa celtis*     | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| Moore               |          |      |      |      | 1993;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1997; Zhang, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1994         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Stauropus          | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| alternus* (Walker)  |          |      |      |      | 1993;        |
| =*Neostauropus      |          |      |      |      | Srivastava,  |
| alternans* Walker   |          |      |      |      | 1997; Zhang, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1994         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **Nymphalidae**     |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Euthalia aconthea* | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| Cramer =*Euthalia   |          |      |      |      | 1993;        |
| garuda* (Moore)     |          |      |      |      | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1997; Zhang, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1994         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **Pyralidae**       |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Cadra cautella*    | IN, US   | f    | N    | N    | CPC, 2001;   |
| Walker =*Cadra      |          | ruit |      |      | Zhang, 1994  |
| defecta* Walker     |          | pods |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Conogethes         | IN       | i    | Y    | N\   | Butani,      |
| punctiferalis*      |          | nf., |      | (see | 1993; Zhang, |
| (Guenée)            |          | f    |      | sec  | 1994         |
| =*Dichocrocis       |          | ruit |      | tion |              |
| punctiferalis*      |          |      |      | E)   |              |
| Guenée              |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Cryptoblabes       | IN, US   | f    | Y    | N\   | Butani,      |
| gnidiella*          |          | ruit |      | (see | 1993; CPC,   |
| (Milliere)          |          |      |      | sec  | 2001; Hashem |
|                     |          |      |      | tion | *et          |
|                     |          |      |      | E)   | al*.,1997;   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Kishore &    |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Jotwani,     |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1982; Silva  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | & Mexia,     |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1999;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Srivastava & |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Singh, 1973; |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Swirski *et  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | al*.,1980;   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Yehuda *et   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | al*.,1992;   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Zhang, 1994  |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Ctenomeristis      | IN       | f    | Y    | N\   | Butani, 1993 |
| ebriola* Meyrick    |          | ruit |      | (see |              |
|                     |          |      |      | sec  |              |
|                     |          |      |      | tion |              |
|                     |          |      |      | E)   |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Deanolis           | IN       | f    | Y    | N\   | AQIS, 1987;  |
| albizonalis*        |          | ruit |      | (see | Butani,      |
| (Hampson) =*Noorda  |          |      |      | sec  | 1993; CPC,   |
| albizonalis*        |          |      |      | tion | 2001;        |
| Hampson             |          |      |      | E)   | Zaheruddeen  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | & Sujatha,   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1993; Zhang, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1994         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Hyalospila         | IN       | f    | Y    | N\   | Butani,      |
| leuconeurella*      |          | ruit |      | (see | 1993; Zhang, |
| Rangonot            |          |      |      | sec  | 1994         |
|                     |          |      |      | tion |              |
|                     |          |      |      | E)   |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Hypsopygia         | IN, US   | inf. | Y    | N    | Zhang, 1994  |
| mauritialis*        | (HI)     |      |      |      |              |
| Boisduval           |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Lamida moncusalis* | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| (Walker)            |          |      |      |      | 1993;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1997; Zhang, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1994         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Lamida sordidalis* | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| Hampson             |          |      |      |      | 1993;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1997; Zhang, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1994         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Macalla            | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Srivastava,  |
| carbonifera*        |          |      |      |      | 1997         |
| Meyrick =*Lamida    |          |      |      |      |              |
| carbonifera*        |          |      |      |      |              |
| Meyrick             |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Maruca vitrata*    | IN, US   | inf. | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| Fabricius =*Maruca  |          |      |      |      |              |
| testulalis* (Geyer) |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Orthaga            | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| euadrusalis* Walker |          |      |      |      | 1993; Singh, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1993;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1997; Zhang, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1994         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Orthaga exvinacea* | IN       | l    | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| Hampson             |          | eaf, |      |      | 1993; Singh, |
|                     |          | inf. |      |      | 1993;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1997; Zhang, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1994         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| Orthaga mangiferae  | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| Misra               |          |      |      |      | 1993; Singh, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1993;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1997; Zhang, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1994         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| Scirpophaga         | IN       | l    | Y    | N    | CPC, 2001;   |
| excerptalis Walker  |          | eaf, |      |      | Zhang, 1994  |
|                     |          | stem |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Thylacoptila       | IN       | f    | Y    | N\   | Butani,      |
| paurosema* Meyrick  |          | ruit |      | (see | 1993; Zhang, |
| =*Nephopteryx       |          |      |      | sec  | 1994         |
| paurosema* Meyrick  |          |      |      | tion |              |
|                     |          |      |      | E)   |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Tirathaba          | IN       | f    | Y    | N\   | Bhumannavar  |
| mundella* Walker    |          | ruit |      | (see | & Jacob,     |
|                     |          |      |      | sec  | 1990; Nair   |
|                     |          |      |      | tion | and Rawther, |
|                     |          |      |      | E)   | 1969; Zhang, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1994         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **Saturniidae**     |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Attacus atlas* L.  | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | CPC, 2001;   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Zhang, 1994  |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Cricula            | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Ahmed &      |
| trifenestrata*      |          | tem, |      |      | Alam, 1993;  |
| Helfer              |          | leaf |      |      | Butani,      |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1993; CPC,   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 2001; Zhang, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1994         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **Sphingidae**      |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Acherontia styx*   | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| (Westwood)          |          |      |      |      | 1993;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1997; Zhang, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1994         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Agrius convolvuli* | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| (L.)                |          |      |      |      | 1993; Zhang, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1994         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **Tineidae**        |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Hypophrictis       | IN       | stem | Y    | N    | Zhang, 1994  |
| plana* Meyrick      |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **Tortricidae**     |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Dudua aprobola*    | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| (Meyrick)           |          | tem, |      |      | 1993;        |
|                     |          | leaf |      |      | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1997; Zhang, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1994         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Enarmonia          | IN       | inf. | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| anticipans* Walker  |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Gatesclarkeana     | IN       | s    | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| erotias* (Meyrick)  |          | tem, |      |      | 1993;        |
|                     |          | leaf |      |      | Srivastava,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1997;Zhang,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1994         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Homona coffearia*  | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | CPC, 2001;   |
| Nietner             |          |      |      |      | Zhang, 1994; |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Homona permutata*  | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Srivastava,  |
| Meyrick             |          |      |      |      | 1997         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Strepsicrates      | IN       | l    | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| rhothia* Meyrick    |          | eaf, |      |      | 1993; Zhang, |
| =*Spilonata rhotia* |          | s    |      |      | 1994         |
| Meyrick             |          | hoot |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **ORTHOPTERA**      |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **Acrididae**       |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Aularches          | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| miliaris* L.        |          |      |      |      | 1993; CPC,   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 2001         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **Gryllidae**       |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Gryllus viator*    | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| Kirby               |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Platygryllus       | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani, 1993 |
| melanocephalus*     |          |      |      |      |              |
| (Serville)          |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Tarbnskielllus     | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Butani,      |
| portentosus*        |          |      |      |      | 1993; CPC,   |
| Lichtenstein        |          |      |      |      | 2001         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **THYSANOPTERA**    |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **Thripidae**       |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Megalurothrips     | IN       | i    | Y    | N    | CPC, 2003    |
| distalis* (Karny)   |          | nf., |      |      |              |
|                     |          | leaf |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Retithrips         | IN, US   | i    | \[   | N    | CPC, 2005;   |
| syriacus* (Mayet)   | (FL)     | nfl, | Y\]² | (see | Hamon &      |
|                     |          | l    |      | sec  | Edwards,     |
|                     |          | eaf, |      | tion | 1994         |
|                     |          | f    |      | E)   |              |
|                     |          | ruit |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Thrips palmi*      | IN, US   | fr   | \[   | N    | CPC, 2005    |
| Karny               | (FL, HI) | uit, | Y\]² | (see |              |
|                     |          | leaf |      | sec  |              |
|                     |          |      |      | tion |              |
|                     |          |      |      | E)   |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Scirtothrips       | IN, US   | i    | \[   | N    | CPC, 2003;   |
| dorsalis*           | (FL, HI) | nf., | Y\]² |      | Entomology   |
|                     |          | leaf |      |      | Section,     |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 2004;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Thomas, 2000 |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **PARASITIC         |          |      |      |      |              |
| PLANTS**            |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Cephaleuros        | IN, US   | l    | Y    | N    | Raabe *et    |
| mycoidea* Karst.    | (HI)     | eaf, |      |      | al*., 1981;  |
|                     |          | stem |      |      | Reddy, 1975; |
| (Chlorophyceae)     |          |      |      |      | Vala *et     |
|                     |          |      |      |      | al*., 1989   |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Cephaleuros        | IN, US   | Leaf | N    | N    | Alfieri *et  |
| virescens* Kunze    |          |      |      |      | al*., 1994   |
|                     |          |      |      |      |              |
| (Chlorophyceae)     |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Dendrophthoe       | IN       | l    | Y    | N    | Vala *et     |
| falcata* (L.f.)     |          | eaf, |      |      | al*., 1989   |
| Etting.             |          | stem |      |      |              |
| (Loranthaceae)      |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **[Bact             |          |      |      |      |              |
| eria]{.underline}** |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Bacillus subtilis* | IN, US   | F    | N    | Y    | Bradbury,    |
| (Ehrenberg) Cohn    |          | ruit |      |      | 1986; CPC,   |
| (Firmicutes:        |          |      |      |      | 2001;        |
| B                   |          |      |      |      | Beeghly,     |
| acillus/Clostridium |          |      |      |      | 1999         |
| group)              |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Pectobacterium     | IN, US   | F    | N    | Y    | APS, 2001;   |
| carotovorum* subsp. |          | ruit |      |      | Bradbury     |
| *carotovorum*       |          |      |      |      | 1986; CPC,   |
| Hauben *et al*. =   |          |      |      |      | 2001; Kranz  |
| *Erwinia            |          |      |      |      | *et al*.,    |
| carotovora* subsp.  |          |      |      |      | 1977;        |
| *carotovora*        |          |      |      |      | Beeghly,     |
| (Jones) Bergey *et  |          |      |      |      | 1999; Weber, |
| al*. = *E*.         |          |      |      |      | 1973         |
| *carotovora*        |          |      |      |      |              |
| (Jones) Holland =   |          |      |      |      |              |
| *E*. *herbicola*    |          |      |      |      |              |
| Dye                 |          |      |      |      |              |
| (Proteobacteria: γ  |          |      |      |      |              |
| subdivision,        |          |      |      |      |              |
| Enterobacteriaceae) |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Pseudomonas        | IN, US   | flo  | N    | Y^4^ | CPC, 2001;   |
| syringae* pv.       |          | wer, |      |      | Ploetz,      |
| *syringae* van Hall |          | leaf |      |      | 2003;        |
| (Proteobacteria: γ  |          | b    |      |      | Cazorla, *et |
| subdivision,        |          | uds, |      |      | al.*, 1998   |
| Pseudomonas group)  |          | l    |      |      |              |
|                     |          | eaf, |      |      |              |
|                     |          | stem |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Pseudomonas        | IN, US   | fr   | N    | Y    | CPC, 2001;   |
| syringae* van Hall  |          | uit, |      |      | Kranz *et    |
| (Proteobacteria: γ  |          | l    |      |      | al*., 1977   |
| subdivision,        |          | eaf, |      |      |              |
| Pseudomonas group)  |          | stem |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Rhizobium          | IN, US   | r    | N    | N    | Alfieri *et  |
| radiobacter*        |          | oot, |      |      | al*., 1994;  |
| (Beijerinck and van |          | stem |      |      | APS, 2001;   |
| Delden) Young =     |          |      |      |      | Bradbury,    |
| *Agrobacterium      |          |      |      |      | 1986; CPC,   |
| tumefaciens* (Smith |          |      |      |      | 2001         |
| & Town.) Conn       |          |      |      |      |              |
| (Proteobacteria: α  |          |      |      |      |              |
| subdivision,        |          |      |      |      |              |
| Rhizobiaceae group) |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Xanthomonas        | IN       | fr   | Y    | Y    | APS, 2001;   |
| campestris* pv.     |          | uit, |      |      | Bradbury     |
| *mangiferaeindicae* |          | l    |      |      | 1986; CPC,   |
| (Patel *et al*.)    |          | eaf, |      |      | 2001;        |
| Robbs *et al*. =    |          | stem |      |      | Beeghly,     |
| *Pseudomonas        |          |      |      |      | 1999; Reddy, |
| mangiferae-indicae* |          |      |      |      | 1975;        |
| Patel, Kulkarni and |          |      |      |      | Shekhawat    |
| Moriz               |          |      |      |      | and Patel,   |
| (Proteobacteria: γ  |          |      |      |      | 1975; Weber, |
| subdivision,        |          |      |      |      | 1973; Vala   |
| Lysobacterales)     |          |      |      |      | *et al*.,    |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1989         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **Fungi**           |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Actinodochium      | IN       | f    | Y    | Y    | Reddy, 1975; |
| jenkinsii* Uppal,   |          | ruit |      |      | Rao, 1966;   |
| Patel & Kamat       |          |      |      |      | Uppal, *et   |
| (Mitosporic Fungi)  |          |      |      |      | al.*, 1953   |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Alternaria         | IN, US   | fr   | N    | Y    | Alfieri *et  |
| alternata* (Fr.:    |          | uit, |      |      | al*., 1994;  |
| Fr.) Keissl. = *A*. |          | in   |      |      | CPC, 2001;   |
| *tenuis* Nees       |          | fl., |      |      | Beeghly,     |
| (Mitosporic Fungi)  |          | l    |      |      | 1999;        |
|                     |          | eaf, |      |      | Om-Prakash   |
|                     |          | stem |      |      | *et al*.,    |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1985; Ploetz |
|                     |          |      |      |      | *et al*.,    |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1994         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Alternaria         | IN, US   | leaf | N    | N    | ARS, 2001;   |
| tenuissima* (Nees   |          |      |      |      | Beeghly,     |
| ex Fries) Wiltshire |          |      |      |      | 1999; Weber, |
| (Mitosporic Fungi)  |          |      |      |      | 1973         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Aspergillus        | IN, US   | f    | N    | Y    | ARS, 2001;   |
| fumigatus* Fresen.  |          | ruit |      |      | Farr *et     |
| (Mitosporic Fungi)  |          |      |      |      | al*., 1989;  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Reddy, 1975  |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Aspergillus        | IN, US   | f    | N    | Y    | Farr *et     |
| nidulans* (Eidam)   |          | ruit |      |      | al*., 1989;  |
| Wint. (Mitosporic   |          |      |      |      | Reddy, 1975; |
| Fungi)              |          |      |      |      | Farr, *et    |
|                     |          |      |      |      | al.*, 2006   |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Aspergillus niger* | IN, US   | fr   | N    | Y    | ARS, 2001;   |
| van Tiegh           |          | uit, |      |      | CPC, 2001;   |
| (Mitosporic Fungi)  |          | i    |      |      | Farr *et     |
|                     |          | nfl. |      |      | al*., 1989;  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | French,      |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1989;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Onions,      |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1966; Rao,   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1966; Reddy, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1975         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Aspergillus        | IN, US   | f    | N    | Y    | Farr *et     |
| stellifer* Samson & |          | ruit |      |      | al*., 1989;  |
| Gams = *A*.         |          |      |      |      | Reddy, 1975  |
| *variecolor*        |          |      |      |      |              |
| (Mitosporic Fungi)  |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Aspergillus* sp.   | IN       | f    | Y    | Y    | Vala *et     |
| (Mitosporic Fungi)  |          | ruit |      |      | al*., 1989   |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Aspergillus        | IN, US   | fr   | N    | Y    | ARS, 2001;   |
| terreus* Thom &     |          | uit, |      |      | Farr *et     |
| Church (Mitosporic  |          | l    |      |      | al*., 1989;  |
| Fungi)              |          | eaf, |      |      | Patel *et    |
|                     |          | stem |      |      | al*., 1985   |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Asterolibertia     | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | ARS, 2001;   |
| mangiferae* Hansf.  |          |      |      |      | Rangaswami   |
| & Thirum            |          |      |      |      | *et al*.,    |
| (Ascomycota: *inc*. |          |      |      |      | 1970; Reddy, |
| *sed*.)             |          |      |      |      | 1975         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Astromeila* sp.    | IN       | l    | Y    | N    | Vala *et     |
| (Ascomycota: *inc*. |          | eaf, |      |      | al*., 1989   |
| *Sed*.)             |          | stem |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Aureobasidium      | IN, US   | leaf | N    | N    | ARS, 2001;   |
| pullulans* (de      |          |      |      |      | Farr *et     |
| Bary) Arnaud        |          |      |      |      | al*., 1989;  |
| (Mitosporic Fungi)  |          |      |      |      | Reddy, 1975; |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Sarbhoy *et  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | al*., 1975   |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Bipolaris          | IN, US   | l    | N    | N    | ARS, 2001;   |
| australiensis*      | (HI)     | eaf, |      |      | CPC, 2001;   |
| (Ellis) Tsuda &     |          | seed |      |      | Farr *et     |
| Ueyama =            |          |      |      |      | al*., 1989;  |
| *Drechslera         |          |      |      |      | Sivanesan,   |
| australiensis*      |          |      |      |      | 1987         |
| (Bugnicourt)        |          |      |      |      |              |
| Subramanian & Jain  |          |      |      |      |              |
| ex Ellis =          |          |      |      |      |              |
| *Helminthosporium   |          |      |      |      |              |
| australiensis* =    |          |      |      |      |              |
| *H. australiense*,  |          |      |      |      |              |
| teleomorph =        |          |      |      |      |              |
| *Cochliobolus       |          |      |      |      |              |
| australiensis*      |          |      |      |      |              |
| (Ascomycota:        |          |      |      |      |              |
| Dothideales)        |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Botryosphaeria     | IN       | stem | Y    | N    | ARS, 2001;   |
| butae* Tilak & Kale |          |      |      |      | Sarbhoy *et  |
| = *B*. *buteae*     |          |      |      |      | al*., 1975;  |
| (Ascomycota:        |          |      |      |      | Talde, 1970  |
| Dothideales)        |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Botryosphaeria     | IN, US   | fr   | N    | Y    | Alfieri *et  |
| ribis* Gross. &     |          | uit, |      |      | al*., 1994;  |
| Duggar, anamorph =  |          | leaf |      |      | CPC, 2001;   |
| *Fusicoccum* sp.    |          | stem |      |      | Farr *et     |
| (Ascomycota:        |          |      |      |      | al*., 1989;  |
| Dothideales)        |          |      |      |      | USDA, 1960   |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Capnodium          | IN, US   | fr   | N    | Y    | Kranz *et    |
| mangiferae* Cooke & |          | uit, |      |      | al*., 1977;  |
| Broome (Ascomycota: |          | in   |      |      | Beeghly,     |
| Dothideales)        |          | fl., |      |      | 1999; USDA,  |
|                     |          | l    |      |      | 1960;        |
|                     |          | eaf, |      |      | Vit          |
|                     |          | seed |      |      | chitrananda, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1983; Weber, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1973         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Capnodium ramosum* | IN       | fr   | Y    | N    | APS, 2001;   |
| Cooke (Ascomycota:  |          | uit, |      | (see | ARS, 2001;   |
| Dothideales)        |          | in   |      | sec  | Beeghly,     |
|                     |          | fl., |      | tion | 1999;        |
|                     |          | l    |      | E)   | Mukherjee,   |
|                     |          | eaf, |      |      | 1953;        |
|                     |          | seed |      |      | Rangaswami   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | *et al*.,    |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1970; Rao,   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1966; Reddy, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1975; Vala   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | *et al*.,    |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1989; Menge  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | & Ploetz,    |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 2003;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Ploetz, 2003 |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Ceratocystis       | IN, US   | l    | N    | N    | ARS, 2001;   |
| fimbriata* Ellis &  |          | eaf, |      |      | CMI Map No.  |
| Halsted, anamorph = |          | stem |      |      | 91, 1983;    |
| *Chalara* sp.       |          |      |      |      | CPC, 2001;   |
| (Ascomycota:        |          |      |      |      | Farr *et     |
| Microascales)       |          |      |      |      | al*., 1989;  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Kranz *et    |
|                     |          |      |      |      | al*., 1977   |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Ceratocystis       | IN, US   | fr   | N    | Y    | ARS, 2001;   |
| paradoxa* (Dade)    |          | uit, |      |      | CPC, 2001    |
| Moreau, anamorph =  |          | leaf |      |      |              |
| *Chalara*           |          |      |      |      |              |
| *paradoxa* Sacc.    |          |      |      |      |              |
| (Ascomycota:        |          |      |      |      |              |
| Microascales)       |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Cercospora         | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Arora and    |
| mangiferae-indicae* |          |      |      |      | Rao, 1998;   |
| Munjal, Lall &      |          |      |      |      | ARS, 2001;   |
| Chona (Mitosporic   |          |      |      |      | Beeghly,     |
| Fungi)              |          |      |      |      | 1999; Munja, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1962;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Rangaswami   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | *et al*.,    |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1970; Reddy, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1975         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Cladosporium       | IN, US   | fr   | N    | Y    | ARS, 2001;   |
| cladosporioides*    |          | uit, |      |      | Holliday,    |
| (Fresen.) De Vries  |          | leaf |      |      | 1980;        |
| (Ascomycota:        |          |      |      |      | Beeghly,     |
| Dothideales)        |          |      |      |      | 1999         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Cladosporium       | IN, US   | f    | N    | Y    | Farr *et     |
| herbarum*           |          | ruit |      |      | al*., 1989;  |
| (Pers.:Fr.) Link    |          |      |      |      | Rao, 1966    |
| (Ascomycota:        |          |      |      |      |              |
| Dothideales)        |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Ciliochlorella     | IN, US   | leaf | Y    | N    | Goos and     |
| mangiferae* Syd.    | (HI)     |      |      |      | Uecker,      |
| (Mitosporic Fungi)  |          |      |      |      | 1992;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Rangaswami   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | *et al*.,    |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1970         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Coccomyces vilis*  | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | ARS, 2001;   |
| Syd. & Butl.        |          |      |      |      | Cannon and   |
| (Ascomycota:        |          |      |      |      | Minter,      |
| Rhytismatales)      |          |      |      |      | 1984; Reddy, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1975;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Sherwood,    |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1980;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Stevenson,   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1926;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Watson, 1971 |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Cochliobolus       | IN, US   | l    | N    | N    | ARS, 2001;   |
| lunatus* Nelson &   |          | eaf, |      |      | Farr *et     |
| Haasis (Ascomycota: |          | s    |      |      | al*., 1989;  |
| Dothideales)        |          | eedl |      |      | Reddy, 1975; |
|                     |          | ings |      |      | Sivanesan,   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1987         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Colletotrichum     | IN, US   | fr   | N    | Y    | Mordue,      |
| capsici* (Syd.)     |          | uit, |      |      | 1971; Reddy, |
| Butler & Bisby      |          | leaf |      |      | 1975; USDA,  |
| (Ascomycota:        |          |      |      |      | 1960         |
| Phyllachorales)     |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Colletotrichum*    | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | ARS, 2001;   |
| *mangiferae* Kelkar |          |      |      |      | Mathur, 1979 |
| & Rao (Ascomycota:  |          |      |      |      |              |
| Phyllachorales)     |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Corticium rolfsii* | IN, US   | seed | N    | N    | CPC, 2001;   |
| Curzi               |          | ling |      |      | Peregrine &  |
| (Basidiomycota:     |          |      |      |      | Ahmad, 1982  |
| Stereales)          |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Curvularia lunata* | IN, US   | leaf | N    | N    | ARS, 2001;   |
| var. *aeria* Ellis  |          |      |      |      | Farr *et     |
| (Mitosporic Fungi)  |          |      |      |      | al*., 1989;  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Sarbhoy *et  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | al*., 1975;  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Sivanesan,   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1987         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Cytospora          | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Mathur, 1979 |
| mangiferae-indicae* |          |      |      |      |              |
| Vasant, Rao &       |          |      |      |      |              |
| Narendra            |          |      |      |      |              |
| (Mitosporic Fungi)  |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Cytosphaera        | IN       | L    | Y    | Y    | Johnson &    |
| mangiferae* Died.   |          | eaf, |      |      | Hyde, 1992   |
|                     |          | s    |      |      |              |
| \[=*Aplosporella    |          | tem, |      |      |              |
| mangiferae* (Died.) |          | f    |      |      |              |
| Petr. & Syd.,       |          | ruit |      |      |              |
| *Haplosporella      |          |      |      |      |              |
| mangiferae* (Died.) |          |      |      |      |              |
| Petr. & Syd.\]      |          |      |      |      |              |
|                     |          |      |      |      |              |
| (Ascomycetes:       |          |      |      |      |              |
| Incertae sedis)     |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Diaporthe          | IN, US   | fr   | N    | Y    | Kranz *et    |
| medusaea* Nits.     |          | uit, |      |      | al*., 1977   |
| (Ascomycota:        |          | l    |      |      |              |
| Dothideales)        |          | eaf, |      |      |              |
|                     |          | stem |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Discosia hiptages* | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | ARS, 2001;   |
| Tilak (Ascomycetes: |          |      |      |      | Sarbhoy *et  |
| Incertae sedis)     |          |      |      |      | al*., 1975;  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Shreemali,   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1971; Nag    |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Raj, 1993;   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Subramanian  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | &            |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Ch           |
|                     |          |      |      |      | andra-Reddy, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1974         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Dothiorella* sp.   | IN, US   | fr   | Y    | Y    | Alfieri *et  |
| (Mitosporic Fungi)  | (FL)     | uit, |      |      | al*., 1994;  |
|                     |          | stem |      |      | Vala *et     |
|                     |          |      |      |      | al*., 1989   |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Dothiorella        | IN, US   | s    | N    | Y    | ARS, 2001;   |
| mangiferae* P. Syd. |          | tem, |      |      | Ploetz *et   |
| & Butler =          |          | f    |      |      | al*., 1996;  |
| *Nattrassia         |          | ruit |      |      | Reddy, 1975; |
| mangiferae* Sutton  |          |      |      |      | Farr et al., |
| & Dyko =            |          |      |      |      | no date      |
| *Hendersonula       |          |      |      |      |              |
| toruloidea*         |          |      |      |      |              |
| Nattrass            |          |      |      |      |              |
| (Mitosporic Fungi)  |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Dothiorella        | IN, US   | fr   | N    | Y    | ARS, 2001;   |
| dominicana* Petr. & |          | uit, |      |      | Ploetz *et   |
| Cif. = *Fusicoccum  |          | i    |      |      | al*., 1996;  |
| aesculi* Corda,     |          | nfl. |      |      | Prasad and   |
| teleomorph =        |          |      |      |      | Sinha, 1979  |
| *Botryosphaeria     |          |      |      |      |              |
| dothidea* Ces. & De |          |      |      |      |              |
| Not. (Mitosporic    |          |      |      |      |              |
| Fungi)              |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Elsinoe            | IN, US   | fr   | N    | Y    | CPC, 2001;   |
| mangiferae*         |          | uit, |      |      | Farr *et     |
| Bitancourt &        |          | in   |      |      | al*., 1989;  |
| Jenkins, anamorph = |          | fl., |      |      | Horst, 1990; |
| *Sphaceloma         |          | l    |      |      | Kranz *et    |
| mangiferae*         |          | eaf, |      |      | al*., 1977;  |
| (Ascomycota:        |          | stem |      |      | Singh, 1960; |
| Dothideales)        |          |      |      |      | USDA, 1960;  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Weber, 1973  |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Erythricum         | IN, US   | fr   | N    | Y    | CMI, 1976;   |
| salmonicolor*       |          | uit, |      |      | CMI, 1995;   |
| (Berk. & Br.)       |          | s    |      |      | Farr *et     |
| Burdsall =          |          | tems |      |      | al*., 1989;  |
| *Botryobasidium     |          |      |      |      | Kranz *et    |
| slmonicolor*        |          |      |      |      | al*., 1977;  |
| Venkatarayan =      |          |      |      |      | Beeghly,     |
| *Corticium          |          |      |      |      | 1999; Kwee   |
| salmonicolor* Berk. |          |      |      |      | and Chong,   |
| & Br.               |          |      |      |      | 1985; Weber, |
| (Basidiomycota:     |          |      |      |      | 1973         |
| Stereales)          |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Fusarium           | IN, US   | stem | N    | N    | Beeghly,     |
| decemcellulare*     |          |      |      |      | 1999; Ploetz |
| (Brick), teleomorph |          |      |      |      | *et al*.,    |
| = *Nectria          |          |      |      |      | 1996; Prasad |
| regidiuscula* Berk. |          |      |      |      | and Sinha,   |
| & Broome            |          |      |      |      | 1979         |
| (Mitosporic Fungi)  |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Fusarium           | IN, US   | seed | N    | N    | ARS, 2001;   |
| moniliforme*        |          | ling |      |      | Reddy, 1975  |
| Sheld., teleomorph  |          |      |      |      |              |
| = *Gibberella       |          |      |      |      |              |
| fujikuroi* (Sawada) |          |      |      |      |              |
| Ito & Kimura        |          |      |      |      |              |
| (Mitosporic Fungi)  |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Fusarium           | IN, US   | fr   | N    | Y    | Booth &      |
| pallidoroseum*      |          | uit, |      |      | Sutton,      |
| (Cooke) Sacc. =     |          | leaf |      |      | 1984; Booth, |
| *F*. *semitectum*   |          |      |      |      | 1978; CPC,   |
| Berk. & Rav.        |          |      |      |      | 2001; Farr   |
| (Mitosporic Fungi)  |          |      |      |      | *et al*.,    |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1989;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Beeghly,     |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1999; Singh  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | and Devi,    |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1990         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Fusarium           | IN, US   | in   | N    | N    | Akhtar *et   |
| subglutinans*       |          | fl., |      |      | al*., 1999;  |
| (Wollenweb. &       |          | l    |      |      | ARS, 2001;   |
| Reinking) Nelson,   |          | eaf, |      |      | Farr *et     |
| Toussoun & Marasas  |          | stem |      |      | al*., 1989;  |
| = *F*.              |          |      |      |      | Beeghly,     |
| *moniliforme* var.  |          |      |      |      | 1999         |
| *subglutinans*      |          |      |      |      |              |
| (Mitosporic Fungi)  |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Fusarium solani*   | IN, US   | r    | N    | N    | ARS, 2001;   |
| (Mart.) Sacc.,      |          | oot, |      |      | Booth and    |
| teleomorph =        |          | seed |      |      | Waterston,   |
| *Nectria            |          | ling |      |      | 1964; Kore   |
| haematococa* Berk & |          |      |      |      | and Patil,   |
| Broome (Mitosporic  |          |      |      |      | 1985;        |
| Fungi)              |          |      |      |      | Beeghly,     |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1999; Reddy, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1975;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Sarbhoy *et  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | al*., 1975;  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Williams and |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Liu, 1976    |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Fusarium* sp.      | IN       | f    | Y    | Y    | Rao, 1966    |
| (Mitosporic Fungi)  |          | ruit |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Ganoderma          | IN, US   | stem | N    | N    | ARS, 2001;   |
| applanatum* (Pers.) |          |      |      |      | Beeghly,     |
| Pat. = *Fomes       |          |      |      |      | 1999; Reddy, |
| applanatus* Gill.   |          |      |      |      | 1975; Singh, |
| (Basidiomycota:     |          |      |      |      | 1960;        |
| Ganodermatales)     |          |      |      |      | Steyaert,    |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1975         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Geotrichum         | IN, US   | f    | N    | Y    | ARS, 2001;   |
| candidum* Link      |          | ruit |      |      | Farr *et     |
| (Ascomycota:        |          |      |      |      | al*., 1989;  |
| Saccharomycetales)  |          |      |      |      | Beeghly,     |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1999         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Gilbertella        | IN, US   | f    | N    | Y    | Farr *et     |
| persicaria* (Eddy)  |          | ruit |      |      | al*., 1989;  |
| Hesseltine          |          |      |      |      | Prasad and   |
| Zygomycota:         |          |      |      |      | Sinha, 1979; |
| Mucorales)          |          |      |      |      | Sarbhoy,     |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1966         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Gibberella zeae*   | IN, US   | in   | N    | N    | CPC, 2001    |
| (Schwein.) Petch,   |          | fl., |      |      |              |
| anamorph =          |          | l    |      |      |              |
| *Fusarium           |          | eaf, |      |      |              |
| graminearum*        |          | r    |      |      |              |
| Schwabe             |          | oot, |      |      |              |
| (Ascomycota:        |          | seed |      |      |              |
| Hypocreales)        |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Gloeosporium* sp.  | IN       | f    | Y    | Y    | Vala *et     |
| (Mitosporic fungi)  |          | ruit |      |      | al*., 1989   |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Glomerella         | IN, US   | fr   | N    | Y    | APS, 2001;   |
| cingulata*          |          | uit, |      |      | CPC, 2001;   |
| (Stoneman)          |          | in   |      |      | Farr *et     |
| Spaulding &         |          | fl., |      |      | al*., 1989;  |
| Schrenk, anamorph = |          | l    |      |      | Horst, 1990; |
| *Colletotrichum     |          | eaf, |      |      | Kranz *et    |
| gloeosporioides*    |          | stem |      |      | al*., 1977;  |
| Penz. =             |          |      |      |      | Beeghly,     |
| *Gloeosporium       |          |      |      |      | 1999; Kwee   |
| mangiferae* Henn. = |          |      |      |      | and Chong,   |
| *Gloeosporium       |          |      |      |      | 1985; Palm,  |
| raciborskii* Henn.  |          |      |      |      | 2003; Singh, |
| (Ascomycota:        |          |      |      |      | 1960;        |
| Phyllachorales)     |          |      |      |      | Spalding,    |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1982; USDA,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1960; Vala   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | *et al*.,    |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1989; Von    |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Arx, 1970;   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Weber, 1973  |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Haplosporella      | IN       | l    | Y    | N    | ARS, 2001;   |
| beaumontiana* =     |          | eaf, |      |      | Om *et al*., |
| *Aplosporella* sp.  |          | stem |      |      | 1985         |
| (Mitosporic Fungi)  |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Hendersonia        | IN       | f    | Y^5^ | Y    | ARS, 2001;   |
| creberrima* Syd.,   |          | ruit |      |      | Reddy, 1975; |
| P. Syd. &           |          |      |      |      | Farr *et     |
| E.J.Butler          |          |      |      |      | al.*, 2005 & |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 2006; Index  |
| (Ascomycetes:       |          |      |      |      | Fungorum,    |
| Pleosporales)       |          |      |      |      | 2006;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Slippers *et |
|                     |          |      |      |      | al.*, 2005;  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Sutton &     |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Dyko, 1989   |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Hendersonia* sp.   | IN       | l    | Y    | N    | Vala *et     |
| (Mitosporic Fungi)  |          | eaf, |      |      | al*., 1989   |
|                     |          | stem |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Hexagonia          | IN       | stem | Y    | N    | ARS, 2001;   |
| discopoda* Pat. &   |          |      |      |      | Beeghly,     |
| Har.                |          |      |      |      | 1999; Reddy, |
| (Basidiomycota:     |          |      |      |      | 1975         |
| Poriales)           |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Hypoxylon          | IN, US   | stem | N    | N    | ARS, 2001;   |
| hypomiltum* Mont.   |          |      |      |      | Sarbhoy *et  |
| (Ascomycota:        |          |      |      |      | al*., 1975   |
| Xylariales)         |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Lambertella        | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | ARS, 2001;   |
| aurantiaca* Tewari  |          |      |      |      | Sarbhoy *et  |
| & Pant. Ascomycota: |          |      |      |      | al*., 1975   |
| Leotiales)          |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Lasiodiplodia      | IN, US   | fr   | N    | Y    | ARS, 2001;   |
| theobromae* (Pat.)  |          | uit, |      |      | CMI, 1976;   |
| Griffon & Maubl. =  |          | l    |      |      | CPC, 2001;   |
| *Botryodiplodia     |          | eaf, |      |      | French,      |
| theobromae* Pat., = |          | stem |      |      | 1989; Kranz  |
| *                   |          |      |      |      | *et al*.,    |
| Diplodianatalensis* |          |      |      |      | 1977;        |
| Pole-Evans,         |          |      |      |      | Beeghly,     |
| teleomorph =        |          |      |      |      | 1999; Rao,   |
| *Physalospora       |          |      |      |      | 1966; Reddy, |
| rhodina* (Berkeley  |          |      |      |      | 1975         |
| & Curtis) Cooke     |          |      |      |      |              |
| (Mitosporic Fungi)  |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Laxitextum         | IN, US   | stem | N    | N    | Farr *et     |
| bicolor*            |          |      |      |      | al*., 1989   |
| (Pers.:Fr.) Lentz   |          |      |      |      |              |
| (Basidiomycota:     |          |      |      |      |              |
| Hericiales)         |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Leptoxyphium       | IN       | l    | Y    | N    | ARS, 2001;   |
| fumago* (Woron.)    |          | eaf, |      |      | Beeghly,     |
| Srivastava =        |          | stem |      |      | 1999; Om and |
| *Caldariomyces      |          |      |      |      | Prakesh,     |
| fumago* Woron.      |          |      |      |      | 1991; Singh  |
| (Ascomycota:        |          |      |      |      | and Rawat,   |
| Dothideales)        |          |      |      |      | 1990         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Lophodermium       | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | CMI, 1984;   |
| mangiferae*         |          |      |      |      | Vala *et     |
| Koorders            |          |      |      |      | al*., 1989   |
| (Ascomycota:        |          |      |      |      |              |
| Rhytismatales)      |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Macrophoma         | IN       | fr   | Y    | Y    | ARS, 2001;   |
| mangiferae*         |          | uit, |      |      | Hingorani    |
| Hingorani & Sharma  |          | l    |      |      | *et al*.,    |
| \[= *Sphaeropsis*\] |          | eaf, |      |      | 1960;        |
| (Ascomycetes:       |          | stem |      |      | Beeghly,     |
| Dothidiales)        |          |      |      |      | 1999; Prasad |
|                     |          |      |      |      | and Sinha,   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1980; Reddy, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1975; Farr   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | *et al*.,    |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 2006; Index  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Fungorum,    |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 2006; Okigbo |
|                     |          |      |      |      | & Osuinde,   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 2003         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Macrophomina       | IN, US   | none | N    | Y    | APS, 2001;   |
| phaseolina* (Tassi) |          |      |      |      | CPC, 2001;   |
| Goid. =             |          |      |      |      | Holliday,    |
| *Rhizoctonia        |          |      |      |      | 1980;        |
| bataticola* (Taub.) |          |      |      |      | Holiday and  |
| Brition-Jones       |          |      |      |      | Pu           |
| (Mitosporic Fungi)  |          |      |      |      | nithalingam, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1970;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Beeghly,     |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1999;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Mathur,      |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1979; Weber, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1973         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Marasmius          | IN       | in   | Y    | N    | CPC, 2001;   |
| crinis-equi =* M*.  |          | fl., |      |      | Turner, 1971 |
| crinisequi* Muller  |          | frui |      |      |              |
| ex Kalchbrenner =   |          | ting |      |      |              |
| *M*. *equicrinis*   |          | st   |      |      |              |
| Muller ex Berk. =   |          | age, |      |      |              |
| *M*. *equicrinis*   |          | leaf |      |      |              |
| Muell.              |          |      |      |      |              |
| (Basidiomycota:     |          |      |      |      |              |
| Agaricales)         |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Meliola            | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | APS, 2001;   |
| mangiferae* Earle   |          |      |      |      | ARS, 2001;   |
| (Ascomycota:        |          |      |      |      | Kwee and     |
| Meliolales)         |          |      |      |      | Chong, 1985; |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Kranz *et    |
|                     |          |      |      |      | al*., 1977;  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Beeghly,     |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1999;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Rangaswami   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | *et al*.,    |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1970;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Rodriguez    |
|                     |          |      |      |      | and Minter,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1998; Singh, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1960;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Stevenson,   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1926; USDA,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1960; Weber, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1973         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Microxyphium       | IN       | l    | Y    | N    | ARS, 2001;   |
| columnatum*         |          | eaf, |      |      | Beeghly,     |
| (Mitosporic Fungi)  |          | stem |      |      | 1999; Om and |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Prakesh,     |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1991         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Mycosphaerella     | IN, US   | l    | N    | N    | ARS, 2001;   |
| tassiana* (de Not.) |          | eaf, |      |      | CPC, 2001;   |
| Hohnson             |          | stem |      |      | Farr *et     |
| (Ascomycota:        |          |      |      |      | al*., 1989   |
| Dothideales)        |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Nattrassia         | IN, US   | l    | N    | N    | ARS, 2001;   |
| mangiferae* Sutton  |          | eaf, |      |      | CMI, 1970;   |
| & Dyko =            |          | stem |      |      | Reddy, 1975  |
| *Dothiorella        |          |      |      |      |              |
| mangiferae* Syd.    |          |      |      |      |              |
| *et al*. =          |          |      |      |      |              |
| *Hendersonula       |          |      |      |      |              |
| toruloidea*         |          |      |      |      |              |
| Nattrass            |          |      |      |      |              |
| (Mitosporic Fungi)  |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Nectria            | IN, US   | fr   | N    | Y    | CPC, 2001    |
| rigidiuscula* Berk. |          | uit, |      |      |              |
| & Br. (Ascomycota:  |          | leaf |      |      |              |
| Hypocreales)        |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Nodulisporium      | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | CPC, 2001    |
| indicum* Reddy &    |          |      |      |      |              |
| Bilgram             |          |      |      |      |              |
| (Ascomycota:        |          |      |      |      |              |
| Xylariales)         |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Oidium mangiferae* | IN, US   | fr   | N    | Y    | Alfieri *et  |
| Berth. (Ascomycota: |          | uit, |      |      | al*., 1994;  |
| Erysiphales)        |          | in   |      |      | Burnett,     |
|                     |          | fl., |      |      | 1975;        |
|                     |          | leaf |      |      | Chadha,      |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1989; CPC,   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 2001;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | French,      |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1989; Kranz  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | *et al*.,    |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1977;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Beeghly,     |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1999; Reddy, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1975; Vala   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | *et al*.,    |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1989; Weber, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1973         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Pellicularia       | IN, US   | leaf | N    | N    | ARS, 2001;   |
| koleroga* Cooke =   |          |      |      |      | CMI, 1988;   |
| *Corticium          |          |      |      |      | CPC, 2001;   |
| koleroga* (Cooke)   |          |      |      |      | Farr *et     |
| Hohnel = *Koleroga  |          |      |      |      | al*., 1989;  |
| noxia* Donk         |          |      |      |      | Kranz *et    |
| (Mitosporic Fungi)  |          |      |      |      | al*., 1977   |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Penicillium        | IN, US   | f    | N    | Y    | ARS, 2001;   |
| aurantiogriseum*    |          | ruit |      |      | IMI, 1992;   |
| Dierckx = *P*.      |          |      |      |      | Farr *et     |
| *cyclopium*         |          |      |      |      | al*., 1989;  |
| Westling            |          |      |      |      | Beeghly,     |
| (Mitosporic Fungi)  |          |      |      |      | 1999         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Penicillium        | IN, US   | f    | N    | Y    | ARS, 2001;   |
| fellutanum* Biourge |          | ruit |      |      | Farr *et     |
| (Mitosporic Fungi)  |          |      |      |      | al*., 1989;  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Reddy, 1975  |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Penicillium        | IN, US   | f    | N    | Y    | ARS, 2001;   |
| crustosum* (Thom)   |          | ruit |      |      | Farr *et     |
| (Mitosporic Fungi)  |          |      |      |      | al*., 1989;  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Beeghly,     |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1999         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Penicillium* sp.   | IN       | f    | Y    | Y    | Rao, 1966    |
| (Mitosporic Fungi)  |          | ruit |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Pestalotiopsis     | IN, US   | fr   | N    | Y    | ARS, 2001;   |
| glandicola*         |          | uit, |      |      | Farr *et     |
| (Castagne) Steyaert |          | leaf |      |      | al*., 1989;  |
| (Ascomycota:        |          |      |      |      | Beeghly,     |
| Xylariales)         |          |      |      |      | 1999; Ullasa |
|                     |          |      |      |      | and Rawal,   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1989         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Pestalotiopsis     | IN, US   | fr   | N    | Y    | Alfieri *et  |
| mangiferae*         |          | uit, |      |      | al*., 1994;  |
| Steyaert =          |          | leaf |      |      | APS, 2001;   |
| *Pestalotia         |          |      |      |      | CPC, 2001;   |
| mangiferae* Henning |          |      |      |      | Farr *et     |
| = *P*. *funerea*    |          |      |      |      | al*., 1989;  |
| var. *mangiferae*   |          |      |      |      | Guba, 1961;  |
| Sacc. (Ascomycota:  |          |      |      |      | Beeghly,     |
| Xylariales)         |          |      |      |      | 1999; Kwee   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | and Chong,   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1985;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Mordue,      |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1980;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Nag-Raj,     |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1993; USDA,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1950; Weber, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1973         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Pestalotiopsis     | IN, US   | leaf | N    | N    | ARS, 2001;   |
| theae* (Saw.) Stey. |          |      |      |      | Kranz *et    |
| (Ascomycota:        |          |      |      |      | al*., 1977   |
| Xylariales)         |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Pestalotiopsis     | IN, US   | i    | N    | N    | ARS, 2001;   |
| versicolor*         |          | nfl. |      |      | Farr *et     |
| Steyaert =          |          |      |      |      | al*., 1989;  |
| *Pestalotia         |          |      |      |      | Kwee and     |
| versicolor* Speg.   |          |      |      |      | Chong, 1985; |
| (Ascomycota:        |          |      |      |      | Beeghly,     |
| Xylariales)         |          |      |      |      | 1999         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Pestalotiopsis     | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | ARS, 2001;   |
| virgatula* Steyart  |          |      |      |      | Reddy, 1975  |
| = *Pestalotia       |          |      |      |      |              |
| virgatula* Kleb.    |          |      |      |      |              |
| (Ascomycota:        |          |      |      |      |              |
| Xylariales)         |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Phellinus gilvus*  | IN, US   | s    | N    | N    | Farr *et     |
| Pat. = *Polyporus   |          | tems |      |      | al*., 1989;  |
| givus* (Schwein.)   |          |      |      |      | Beeghly,     |
| Fr. (Basidiomycota: |          |      |      |      | 1999; USDA,  |
| Hymenochaetaceae)   |          |      |      |      | 1960         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Phellinus          | IN, US   | stem | N    | N    | Farr *et     |
| conchatus* Quel. =  |          |      |      |      | al*., 1989;  |
| *Fomes* *conchatus* |          |      |      |      | Beeghly,     |
| (Pers.:Fr.) Gill.   |          |      |      |      | 1999; Reddy, |
| (Basidiomycota:     |          |      |      |      | 1975; Singh, |
| Hymenochaetaceae)   |          |      |      |      | 1960         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Phoma glomerata*   | IN, US   | leaf | N    | N    | Farr *et     |
| (Corda) Wollenb. &  |          |      |      |      | al*., 1989;  |
| Hochapfel           |          |      |      |      | Beeghly,     |
| (Ascomycota:        |          |      |      |      | 1999         |
| Dothideales)        |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Phoma sorghina*    | IN, US   | l    | N    | N    | ARS, 2001;   |
| (Sacc.) Boerema *et |          | eaf, |      |      | Pu           |
| al*. = *P*.         |          | stem |      |      | nithalingam, |
| *insidiosa* Tassi   |          |      |      |      | and          |
| (Ascomycota:        |          |      |      |      | Holliday,    |
| Dothideales)        |          |      |      |      | 1972; Farr   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | *et al*.,    |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1989;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Beeghly,     |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1999; Om *et |
|                     |          |      |      |      | al*., 1985   |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Phoma* sp.         | IN       | f    | Y    | Y    | Rao, 1966;   |
| (Ascomycota:        |          | ruit |      |      | Vala *et     |
| Dothideales)        |          |      |      |      | al*., 1989   |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Phomopsis          | IN       | fr   | Y    | Y    | ARS, 2001;   |
| mangiferae* Ahmad   |          | uit, |      |      | CMI, 1993;   |
| (Ascomycota:        |          | in   |      |      | IMI, 1995;   |
| Diaporthales)       |          | fl., |      |      | Johnson *et  |
|                     |          | l    |      |      | al.*, 1993;  |
|                     |          | eaf, |      |      | Beeghly,     |
|                     |          | stem |      |      | 1999;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | L            |
|                     |          |      |      |      | axminarayana |
|                     |          |      |      |      | and Reddy,   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1975;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Mathur, 1979 |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Phyllosticta       | IN, US   | leaf | N    | N    | Alfieri *et  |
| anacrdiacearum* van |          |      |      |      | al*., 1994;  |
| der Aa =            |          |      |      |      | ARS, 2001;   |
| *Phyllostitinia     |          |      |      |      | Farr *et     |
| mangiferae* Batista |          |      |      |      | al*., 1989;  |
| & Vital, teleomorph |          |      |      |      | Prasad and   |
| = *Guignardia       |          |      |      |      | Sinha, 1979; |
| mangiferae* Roy     |          |      |      |      | Roy, 1967;   |
| (Ascomycota:        |          |      |      |      | Watson, 1971 |
| Dothideales)        |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Phyllosticta       | IN, US   | f    | N    | Y    | Alfieri *et  |
| mortoni* Fairman    |          | ruit |      |      | al*., 1994;  |
| (Ascomycota:        |          |      |      |      | ARS, 2001;   |
| Dothideales)        |          |      |      |      | Horst, 1990; |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Beeghly,     |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1999; USDA,  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1960; Weber, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1973         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Phytophthora       | IN, US   | l    | N    | N    | ARS, 2001;   |
| arecae* Coleman     |          | eaf, |      |      | Ploetz and   |
| (Oomycota:          |          | root |      |      | Mitchell,    |
| Pythiales)          |          |      |      |      | 1989;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Rangaswami   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | *et al*.,    |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1970         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Phytophthora       | IN, US   | f    | N    | Y    | Farr *et     |
| nicotianae* var.    |          | ruit |      |      | al*., 1989;  |
| *parasitica*        |          |      |      |      | NIAM, 2001   |
| (Dastur) Waterhouse |          |      |      |      |              |
| (Oomycota:          |          |      |      |      |              |
| Pythiales)          |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Phytophthora       | IN, US   | none | N    | N    | CPC, 2001;   |
| palmivora* Butler = |          |      |      |      | Farr *et     |
| *P*. *heveae*       |          |      |      |      | al*., 1989;  |
| Thomps. (Oomycota:  |          |      |      |      | Matheron and |
| Pythiales)          |          |      |      |      | Matejka,     |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1990; Reddy, |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1975         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Plenotrichella*    | IN       | l    | Y    | N    | Om *et al*., |
| sp. (Mitosporic     |          | eaf, |      |      | 1985         |
| Fungi)              |          | stem |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Polystictus        | IN       | br   | Y    | N    | ARS, 2001;   |
| leoninus* Sacc.     |          | anch |      |      | Reddy, 1975  |
| (Basidiomycota:     |          |      |      |      |              |
| Hymenochaetales)    |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Polystictus        | IN       | stem | Y    | N    | Beeghly,     |
| persoonii* Sacc.    |          |      |      |      | 1999; Reddy, |
| (Basidiomycota:     |          |      |      |      | 1975;        |
| Hymenochaetales)    |          |      |      |      | Ryvarden,    |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1992         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Pseudocercospora   | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Deighton,    |
| mangiferae*         |          |      |      |      | 1976;        |
| (Mitosporic Fungi)  |          |      |      |      | Beeghly,     |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1999         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Pyrenochaeta* sp.  | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Vala *et     |
| (Ascomycota:        |          |      |      |      | al*., 1989   |
| Dothideales)        |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Pythium splendens* | IN, US   | fr   | N    | Y    | Alfieri *et  |
| Braun (Oomycota:    |          | uit, |      |      | al*., 1994;  |
| Pythiales)          |          | leaf |      |      | CPC, 2001;   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | CMI, 1966    |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Rhinocladium       | IN       | l    | Y    | N    | APS, 2001;   |
| corticola* Sacc. =  |          | eaf, |      |      | Beeghly,     |
| *Peziotrichum       |          | stem |      |      | 1999;        |
| corticola* Sacc. =  |          |      |      |      | Narashimhudu |
| *P*. *corticolum*   |          |      |      |      | *et al*.,    |
| Subramaniam = *R*.  |          |      |      |      | 1987; Rawal, |
| *corticolum* Massee |          |      |      |      | 1997; Reddy, |
| (Mitosporic Fungi)  |          |      |      |      | 1975; Vala   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | *et al*.,    |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1989         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Rhizopus arrhizus* | IN, US   | f    | N    | Y    | CPC, 2001;   |
| Fischer = *R*.      |          | ruit |      |      | Farr *et     |
| *oryzae* Went and   |          |      |      |      | al*., 1989;  |
| Geerlings           |          |      |      |      | Beeghly,     |
| (Zygomycota:        |          |      |      |      | 1999; Reddy, |
| Mucorales)          |          |      |      |      | 1975         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Robillarda         | IN       | l    | Y    | N    | ARS, 2001;   |
| sessilis* Sacc. =   |          | eaf, |      |      | Gassich,     |
| *Pestalotia         |          | stem |      |      | 1995; Giri   |
| sessilis* Sacc. =   |          |      |      |      | *et al*.,    |
| *Rosellinia* sp.    |          |      |      |      | 1996; Om *et |
| (Mitosporic fungi)  |          |      |      |      | al*., 1985   |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Rosellinia         | IN, US   | fr   | N    | Y    | CPC, 2001    |
| necatrix* Prill.    |          | uit, |      |      |              |
| (Ascomycota:        |          | in   |      |      |              |
| Xylariales)         |          | fl., |      |      |              |
|                     |          | l    |      |      |              |
|                     |          | eaf, |      |      |              |
|                     |          | stem |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Schizophyllum      | IN, US   | stem | N    | N    | ARS, 2001;   |
| alneum*             |          |      |      |      | Beeghly,     |
| (Basidiomycota:     |          |      |      |      | 1999; Reddy, |
| Schizophyllales)    |          |      |      |      | 1975         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Schizophyllum      | IN, US   | none | N    | N    | ARS, 2001;   |
| commune* Fr. = *S.  |          |      |      |      | Farr *et     |
| radiatum* (Sw.) Fr. |          |      |      |      | al*., 1989;  |
| (Basidiomycota:     |          |      |      |      | Reddy, 1975  |
| Schizophyllales)    |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Sclerotium         | IN, US   | seed | N    | N    | Farr *et     |
| rolfsii* Sacc.      |          | ling |      |      | al*., 1989;  |
| (Mitosporic Fungi)  |          |      |      |      | Beeghly,     |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1999;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Prakash and  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Singh, 1976  |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Sclerotium         | IN, US   | seed | N    | N    | Farr *et     |
| rolfsii* var.       |          | ling |      |      | al*., 1989;  |
| *delphinii* Boerema |          |      |      |      | Beeghly,     |
| & Hamers =          |          |      |      |      | 1999; Singh, |
| *Sclerotium         |          |      |      |      | 1960         |
| delphinii* Welch    |          |      |      |      |              |
| (Mitosporic Fungi)  |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Stagonospora* sp.  | IN       | leaf | Y    | N    | Beeghly,     |
| (Mitosporic Fungi)  |          |      |      |      | 1999; Singa  |
|                     |          |      |      |      | and Singh,   |
|                     |          |      |      |      | 1991         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Stigmina           | IN, US   | leaf | Y    | N    | ARS, 2001;   |
| mangiferae* Ellis = | (FL, HI) |      |      |      | CMI, 1992;   |
| *Cercospora         |          |      |      |      | Watson, 1999 |
| mangiferae* Koord.  |          |      |      |      |              |
| (Ascomycota:        |          |      |      |      |              |
| Dothideales)        |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Synchytrium        | IN, US   | l    | N    | N    | Farr *et     |
| macrosporum*        |          | eaf, |      |      | al*., 1989;  |
| Karling             |          | stem |      |      | Beeghly,     |
| (Chytridiomycota:   |          |      |      |      | 1999;        |
| Chytridiales)       |          |      |      |      | Walker, 1983 |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Thanatephorus      | IN, US   | fr   | N    | Y    | Alfieri *et  |
| cucumeris* (Frank)  |          | uit, |      |      | al*., 1994;  |
| Donk, anamorph =    |          | root |      |      | ARS, 2001;   |
| *Rhizoctonia        |          |      |      |      | Farr *et     |
| solani* Kuhn        |          |      |      |      | al*., 1989;  |
| (Basidiomycota:     |          |      |      |      | Beeghly,     |
| Ceratobasidiales)   |          |      |      |      | 1999;        |
|                     |          |      |      |      | Mordue, 1974 |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Tripospermum       | IN, US   | fr   | N    | Y    | ARS, 2001;   |
| myrii* (Lind.)      |          | uit, |      |      | Farr *et     |
| Hughes (Ascomycota: |          | in   |      |      | al*., 1989;  |
| Dothideales)        |          | fl., |      |      | Beeghly,     |
|                     |          | l    |      |      | 1999; Om and |
|                     |          | eaf, |      |      | Prakesh,     |
|                     |          | stem |      |      | 1991         |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| **[Nemat            |          |      |      |      |              |
| odes]{.underline}** |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Criconemella* sp.  | IN       | root | Y    | N    | CPC, 2001    |
| (Tylenchida:        |          |      |      |      |              |
| Criconematidae)     |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Helicotylenchus    | IN, US   | root | N    | N    | CPC, 2001    |
| dihystera* (Cobb.)  |          |      |      |      |              |
| (Tylenchida:        |          |      |      |      |              |
| Tylenchidae)        |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Helicotylenchus    | IN, US   | root | N    | N    | CPC, 2001    |
| multicinctus* Cobb. |          |      |      |      |              |
| (Tylenchida:        |          |      |      |      |              |
| Tylenchidae)        |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Hemicriconemoides  | IN, US   | root | N    | N    | CPC, 2001    |
| mangiferae* Siddiqi |          |      |      |      |              |
| (Tylenchida:        |          |      |      |      |              |
| Criconematidae)     |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Hoplolaimus        | IN       | root | Y    | N    | CPC, 2001    |
| indicus* Sher.      |          |      |      |      |              |
| (Tylenchida:        |          |      |      |      |              |
| Hoplolaimidae)      |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Hoplolaimus        | IN       | root | Y    | N    | CPC, 2001    |
| seinhorsti* Luc.    |          |      |      |      |              |
| (Tylenchida :       |          |      |      |      |              |
| Hoplolaimidae)      |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Meloidogyne        | IN, US   | root | N    | N    | CPC, 2001    |
| incognita* (Kofoid  |          |      |      |      |              |
| & White)            |          |      |      |      |              |
| (Tylenchida:        |          |      |      |      |              |
| Heteroderidae)      |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Pratylenchus       | IN, US   | root | N    | N    | CPC, 2001    |
| brachyurus*         |          |      |      |      |              |
| (Godfrey)           |          |      |      |      |              |
| (Tylenchida:        |          |      |      |      |              |
| Pratylenchidae)     |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Pratylenchus       | IN       | root | Y    | N    | CPC, 2001    |
| loosi* Loof.        |          |      |      |      |              |
| (Tylenchida:        |          |      |      |      |              |
| Pratylenchidae)     |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Pratylenchus       | IN, US   | root | N    | N    | CPC, 2001    |
| penetrans* (Cobb)   |          |      |      |      |              |
| Filipjev &          |          |      |      |      |              |
| Stekhoven           |          |      |      |      |              |
| (Tylenchida:        |          |      |      |      |              |
| Pratylenchidae)     |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+
| *Xiphinema          | IN, US   | root | N    | N    | CPC, 2001    |
| americanum* Cobb.   |          |      |      |      |              |
| (Dorylaimida:       |          |      |      |      |              |
| Longidoridae)       |          |      |      |      |              |
+---------------------+----------+------+------+------+--------------+

^1^Nonreportable for the continental United States
(APHIS-PPQ-Interceptions, 2006; NIS, 2006)

^2^Brackets ("\[ \]") indicate that this is a quarantine significant
species with limited distribution in the United States
(APHIS-PPQ-Interceptions, 2006a, b; NIS, 2003, 2004a, b, c, d)

^3^Based on biology at the family level.

^4^Although the bacterium does not cause lesions on the fruit, this
species colonizes host surfaces readily, so fruit would be likely to
carry the bacterium (Cazorla *et al*., 1998).

^5^*Hendersonia creberrima* is only reported from India on mango fruit
(Sydow *et al.*, 1916) and is not the same as the soft brown rot
reported from South Africa (Sutton & Dyko, 1989; Farr *et al.*, 2005;
Brodrick & Van der Westhuizen, 1978). The genus *Hendersonia* needs to
be revised; placement of this species requires examination (Cline,
2006). It is not synonymous with the following species reported from
mango: *Fusicoccum dimidiatum* (Penz.) D.F. Farr 2005, *Botryosphaeria
dothidea* (Moug.:Fr.) Ces. & De Not. 1863, *Fusicoccum aesculi* Corda
1829, *Dothiorella dominicana* Petr. & Cif. 1930, nor *Cytosphaera
mangiferae* Died. 1916 (Cline, 2006).

^6^The standard postharvest practice of washing mangoes to remove the
latex that exudes from the cut stem (Morton, 1987; Seshadri, 2005) is
expected to remove this pest from the pathway.

^7^IN = India; US = United States; CA = California; FL = Florida; HI =
Hawaii; MS = Mississippi; TX = Texas (Individual U.S. states are listed
only if the pest species is considered a quarantine pest for the United
States).