# ANNEX 1

# FOOD FOR PEACE CONFERENCE

**VISION AND STRATEGY**

FLIP CHARTS NOTES

1.  **Sudden-Onset Emergencies** (The two groups merged in one due to
    insufficient number of participants)

**(Facilitators: Lisa Witte & Kathy Hunt)**

1.  **Causes of Food Insecurity**

    1.  Natural disasters

    2.  Conflict/Civil Strife

    3.  Breakdown of Infrastructure

    4.  Population Displacement

    5.  Redirection/Change of Government resources

    6.  Underlying vulnerability/Limited coping mechanisms

2.  **Priority Objectives For Title II**

    1.  Timeliness/Quick response flexibility

    2.  Avoidance of malnutrition/Death (Decrease)

    3.  Enhance local capacity to respond to disaster

    4.  Prevent Loss of assets and livelihood

3.  **Successful Interventions**

    1.  Purchase locally as necessary; Pre-positioning

    2.  Borrow Food

    3.  Diversion of food to emergency

    4.  Distribution of food to successfully targeted
        individuals/methodology of distribution; i.e. gender

    5.  Communicate/Partner with populations and government; PVOs; IOs;
        NGOs; Responding agencies

    6.  Pre-Emergency training of local partners and entities to respond
        to emergencies

4.  **How to measure success/Indicators**

    1.  Timeliness of Response

    2.  Volume of food moved against identified needs:

        1.  Calories per person/per day

    3.  Crude mortality rate change

    4.  Nutritional status (wasting)

    5.  Local government response/capacity to respond

    6.  Client satisfaction

    7.  Availability of:

        1.  Productive inputs

        2.  Productive assets

        3.  Investment assets

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3.  **Complex Situations with Conflict & Population Displacement
    (Group A) (Facilitators: Susan Bradley & Beth Dunford)**

    1.  **Causes of food insecurity**

        1.  Land ownership, limited land availability and security

        2.  Lack of Security

        3.  Political and economic instability causing inflation

        4.  Food distribution (not food aid) disrupted: markets and
            infrastructures

        5.  Stress on household assets (Host communities displaced)

        6.  Ethnic conflict

        7.  Breakdown of institutions leading to breakdown of services

        8.  Less access to seeds and credit (related to markets)

        9.  Loss of livestock

        10. Loss of skills (HIV/AIDS and IDP camps) for farming:

        11. Dealing with conflict

            1.  Traditional values (entitlement)

        12. Loss of indigenous seed base

        13. Loss of social capital:

            1.  Share Labor

            2.  Care practice -- Children

        14. Health declining:

            1.  Sanitation/Water

            2.  Infectious diseases

            3.  Nutrition status

        15. Corruption -- Predatory political system

        16. Women's physical security -- not safe in fields/markets

        17. Demographic shift:

            1.  Women-headed families

            2.  Children-headed families

        18. Livelihood disrupted -- Loss of income

    2.  **Priority Objectives For Title II**

        1.  Preserve, re-establish, strengthen or create livelihood --
            Also water/Irrigation

        2.  Strengthen community-based coping networks and mechanisms

        3.  Improve nutritional status of affected populations. Crucial
            integration of resources

            1.  Access to potable water

            2.  Health care (integrate resources)

            3.  Access to food

        4.  Mitigate causes of community-level conflict

    3.  **Successful Interventions**

        1.  Agriculture input provision

        2.  Increase agricultural production through improved
            agricultural practices

        3.  Integration of basic literacy/numeracy into agriculture and
            health interventions

        4.  Rehabilitation of irrigation systems using **food for
            assets** (community assets**)**

        5.  Incorporation of HIV/AIDS awareness

        6.  Community management of malnutrition

        7.  Emergency school feeding

        8.  Provide food for teachers and health workers

        9.  Food For Work -- Hand dug wells

        10. Food For Training:

            1.  Women

            2.  Lost generations

        11. Establishment of mechanism of mediation and negotiation

    4.  **How to Measure Success/Indicators:**

        1.  Mortality rate

        2.  Nutritional status

        3.  Improvement in household:

            1.  Food security

            2.  Food stocks

            3.  Diet diversity

        4.  Behavior change measures

        5.  Number of community groups in place

        6.  Access to food (beneficiaries numbers time)

        7.  Access to water

        8.  Reduction in incidence of local conflicts

        9.  Literacy and numeracy rates of affected populations

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3.  **Complex Situations with Conflict and Populations Displacement
    (Group B) (Facilitators: Tom Ewert and David Garms)**

    1.  **Causes of Food Insecurity**

        1.  Limited land access

        2.  Strained or non-existing services

        3.  Fear of conflict prevents people from seeking food

        4.  Religious and ethnic differences

        5.  Failed coping mechanisms due to the separation/removal from
            home

        6.  Host government policies and practices

        7.  Limited income opportunities due to displacement (e.g. rural
            and urban)

        8.  Collapse of trade systems (food unable to reach populations
            in need)

        9.  International bureaucracy

        10. Natural Resources (oil, diamonds, etc)

    2.  **Priority Objectives For Title II**

        1.  Stabilize displaced populations so that agriculture
            activities can be undertaken

        2.  Get food to people

        3.  Provide nutrition and agricultural information

        4.  Support Income Generation Activities

        5.  Address famine

        6.  Ref. Title II objectives (Law)

        7.  Review country strategy to determine what is working and
            what is not

        8.  Conflict prevention

        9.  Identify strategies of foreign policy that constrain
            implementation

        10. Advocate for return to normal coping mechanisms

        11. Getting the right food to the right people at the right time

    3.  **Successful Interventions**

        1.  Get information on radio (e.g. Guatemala)

        2.  Local capacity building of host government and local
            entities (e.g. Ethiopia -- REST)

        3.  Distribution of food, seeds and goats; The goats were the
            only things remaining in a follow up evaluation (e.g. Sudan)

        4.  Community participation (e.g. Liberia)

        5.  Provide technical advice so people can undertake activities
            themselves (e.g. Uganda)

        6.  Attempt to find ways to move away from direct distribution
            over a long period (e.g. Uganda, Guatemala refugees in
            Mexico)

        7.  M&E strategy that is continually re-examined

        8.  Interventions that limit the depletion of resources

    4.  **How to Measure Success/Indicators**

        1.  Avert loss of life

        2.  Improve and/or maintain nutrition rates

        3.  Have baseline to provide concrete statistics for improvement
            of national strategies

        4.  Number of people seeking education

        5.  Exit strategy (existence of and ability to undertake)

        6.  Food prices

        7.  Assets in the market

        8.  Overall impact on quality of life

        9.  Livestock prices

    5.  **Parking Lot**

        1.  US foreign policy related to development activities

        2.  PVOS/NGOs to raise awareness among decision-makers to
            influence policy

4.  **Situations with Highly Vulnerable Populations Subject to recurrent
    Shocks (Group A) (Facilitator: Steve Zodrow)**

    1.  **Causes of Food Insecurity**

        1.  Population growth and density

        2.  Political factors:

            1.  Governance issues

            2.  Public policies

            3.  Participation of civil society

            4.  Lack of rights

            5.  Conflict

        3.  Poor Infrastructure:

            1.  Markets

            2.  Roads

            3.  Irrigation

        4.  Access to inputs:

            1.  Credit

            2.  Seeds

        5.  Education and literacy

        6.  Health and nutrition status: HIV/AIDS

        7.  Environmental shocks:

            1.  Drought

            2.  Floods

        8.  Technology adoption

        9.  Social/cultural factors: ethnic access

        10. Globalization

    2.  **Priority Objectives For Title II**

        1.  Indigenous capacity strengthened/build

            1.  Local organizations

            2.  Civil society

            3.  Local government

        2.  Increase revenue. Household assets diversification,
            livelihood

        3.  Reduce environmental degradation

        4.  Access to social services increased

    3.  **Successful Interventions**

        1.  Capacity building

            1.  Training/ownership of intervention (enabling people to
                participate):

                1.  Community leaders

                2.  Local government

                3.  Civil society

            2.  Strengthening indigenous organization, communities:

                1.  Enabling organizations

                2.  Good relations

            3.  Information exchange

            4.  M&E at community level:

                1.  Self-assessment

                2.  Partnerships

        2.  Increase revenue:

            1.  Micro credit:

                1.  Input

                2.  Small business creation

            2.  Food processing & preservation

            3.  Assets protection in emergency response:

                1.  Food/cash

                2.  Early warning

            4.  Food For Work:

                1.  Infrastructure rehabilitation

                2.  Agriculture

        3.  Reduce environmental degradation:

            1.  Improve natural resources management for sustainable
                agriculture:

                1.  Soil and Water

                2.  Agro-forestry

                3.  Land regeneration

            2.  Raise public awareness re population pressure on land

            3.  Build infrastructure (bridges & roads) to avoid further
                erosion and degradation

            4.  Training of farmers, officials, extension agents

        4.  Access to social services:

            1.  Improved service/infrastructure:

                1.  Health/Nutrition

                2.  Human resources

                3.  Water/sanitation

                4.  HIV/AIDS prevention and care

                5.  Information

            2.  Role of food aid:

                1.  Training

                2.  Incentives

                3.  Nutrition

5.  **Situations with Highly Vulnerable Populations Subject to recurrent
    Shocks (Group B) (Facilitator: Ina Schonberg)**

    1.  **Introduction:**

        1.  Populations subject to recurrent shocks:

            1.  Climatic

            2.  Economic

            3.  Civil unrest/conflict

        2.  Examples:

            1.  Ethiopia -- Recovering

            2.  Haiti -- Failing State?

            3.  Mauritania and Niger -- Cycles of ups and downs

    2.  **Causes of Food Insecurity**

        1.  Poor policy and planning

        2.  Poor governance

        3.  Lack of infrastructure/technology

        4.  Poor natural resources:

            1.  Degradation

            2.  Under-exploited

        5.  Conflict over resources and political control

        6.  Human capital

        7.  Population growth

        8.  Health issues: HIV/AIDS affected populations

    3.  **Priority Objectives For Title II**

        1.  Policy dialogue

            1.  International donor coherency at political level.
                Closing transatlantic gap on food security approaches

            2.  Emergency response reform

            3.  Development of safety nets backed by donors (help
                country "get into/access" millennium a/c

        2.  Disaster preparedness/mitigation

        3.  Reducing vulnerability and building assets

        4.  Multi-year funding

        5.  Chronic vs. emergency needs

        6.  Bridging gap to scale

        7.  Programming mechanisms for transitional situations

        8.  Advocating for "recovering" states

        9.  FFP needs technical capacity in national policy reform

        10. Tie food aid efforts to World Bank and European donors
            funding

    4.  **Successful Interventions**

        1.  Disaster preparedness/mitigation -- Community-based food
            security committees

        2.  Asset building

        3.  Increasing food availability

        4.  Increasing access

    5.  **How To Measure Success/Indicators**

    6.  **Parking Lot**

        1.  FFP needs to get into "Policy Game."

        2.  Cycle: resources needed to support policy changes. Allow
            countries to take the risk

        3.  Forgetting Relief to Development dichotomy. Longer-term
            commitment to resources

        4.  Need multi-year funding

        5.  Mission need more power to make decisions

        6.  Review/approval efficiency

    7.  Cross-Cutting Issues:

        1.  Manageable interest

        2.  Capacity building

        3.  Gender

        4.  Conflict mitigation

        5.  Famine prevention

        6.  Scale of community vs. national focus

6.  **Situations with Relatively Stable but Food-Insecure Populations
    Subject to Occasional Shocks (Group A) (Facilitator: Bobbie
    Vanhaeften)**

    1.  **Causes of Food Insecurity**

        1.  Natural resources degradation

            1.  Land/water scarcity

            2.  Low land productivity/access

        2.  Increased population density:

            1.  Increased tensions/conflict

            2.  Vulnerable groups/conflict

        3.  Government:

            1.  Weak government leadership

            2.  Goal prioritization (Agriculture, water, education)

            3.  Deterioration of infrastructure/service provision

            4.  Policies inadequate to meet challenge

            5.  Inadequate international donor leadership

        4.  Low level of basic education

            1.  Low productivity

            2.  Unskilled, unhealthy labor force

            3.  Inappropriate maternal child feeding practices

            4.  Low awareness of HIV/AIDS

            5.  Low awareness of nutritional practices

        5.  Unexpected shocks:

            1.  Natural hazards

            2.  Political conflicts

            3.  Economic problems

        6.  Weak private sector/Marketing

    2.  **Priority Objectives for Title II: Develop Human Capacity**

        1.  **Activities**:

            1.  Children's education

            2.  Women's capacity development

            3.  Access to education

            4.  Quality of education

            5.  Focus on Female

            6.  Leadership and management development

            7.  Transparency, accountability, ownership

            8.  Skills development

        2.  **Indicators**:

            1.  School attendance and retention rates/Gender

            2.  Literacy, numeracy and skills development/Gender

            3.  Number of functional community groups managed by
                community and women

    3.  **Priority Objectives for Title II: Improve Productivity**

        1.  **Activities:**

            1.  Increase yields

            2.  Improve varieties

            3.  Protect/conserve/manage natural resources

            4.  Balance cash and food crops

            5.  Market and enterprise -- private sector development

            6.  Improve Market access to water

        2.  **Indicators:**

            1.  Improved agricultural practices, e.g.:

                1.  Land use

                2.  Inputs

                3.  Multi-cropping

                4.  Water use

            2.  Increased yields

            3.  Increased farm incomes, e.g.:

                1.  Increased net sales

            4.  Increased number of buyers -- types

            5.  Increased number of enterprises

            6.  Increased net sales of specific inputs

    4.  **Priority Objectives of Title II: Improve Human Health and
        Nutrition:**

        1.  **Activities:**

            1.  Access to clean water and sanitation

            2.  Healthy practices:

                1.  Infant feeding

                2.  Maternal care

                3.  Reproductive health

                4.  Hygiene

            3.  Access to health services

            4.  Quality of health services

            5.  Health and nutrition education

            6.  Private sector development and involvement

            7.  Community Development and involvement

        2.  **Indicators:**

            1.  Improved health behavior/Practices (health & Nutrition)

                1.  Infant feeding practices

                2.  Ante-natal care

                3.  Immunization rates

                4.  Care seeking behavior:

                    1.  Reduced incidence of water-borne diseases

                    2.  Improved access/outreach, e.g.: number of
                        villages having regular health services delivery

                5.  Number of community health group volunteers trained.

    5.  **Objective: Strengthen Institutional and Community
        systems/Capacity**

        1.  **Activities**:

            1.  Leadership and management

            2.  Women's involvement

            3.  National and local government

            4.  Community-based organizations:

                1.  PTA

                2.  Farmers associations, etc.

    6.  **Objective: Improve household Income/Assets**

        1.  **Activities:**

            1.  Reduce vulnerability and build capacity to deal with
                shocks

            2.  Diversify Household income

            3.  Balance food and cash/other assets

        2.  **Indicators** (for 7.5 and 7.6):

            1.  Number of sustainable community-managed systems. E.g.:

                1.  Number of wells maintained

                2.  Number of credit groups functioning

                3.  Number of village committees functioning (health,
                    education, agriculture)

                4.  Number of women leaders

    7.  **Successful Interventions**

        1.  Integrated programs at the **community** level

        2.  Strengthening **community** management and organization

        3.  Local ownership of programs/accountability

        4.  **Community** access -- roads to markets and other services

        5.  Inclusion/empowerment of women

        6.  More vulnerable children in school

        7.  Improved technology in agriculture

        8.  Human capacity building through training

        9.  Links improved/established with local governments

        10. Strengthening of civil society

        11. Water and sanitation projects

        12. Improved health and nutrition

    8.  **How to Measure Success/Indicators**

        1.  All indicators aggregated by gender

    9.  **Program principles**

        1.  Recognize that problems are not static and can worsen over
            time. A stable situation can become unstable.

        2.  Work on developing consensus on priorities among partners,
            including governments

        3.  Need more involvement of governments in program development
            and implementation

        4.  Focus more on involvement of private sector in programs

        5.  Take advantage of outcome of recent World Food Summit,
            including development and implementation of country food
            security strategies. Title II resources are small compared
            to government and private sector resources

        6.  Work more with and through communities

        7.  Don't ignore national policies when relevant

        8.  Develop more opportunities for partners to share experiences
            and develop synergies among programs and sectors

    10. **Cross Cutting Objectives**

        1.  Community empowerment/development

        2.  Participation of females

        3.  Promoting health behavior

        4.  Increase collaboration, cohesion and complementarity among
            programs, actors and sectors

        5.  Build local capacity -- Private sector, NGO and government

        6.  Reduce vulnerability and increase capacity to deal with
            shocks

    11. **Parking Lot**

        1.  Advocacy: Policy change:

            1.  Land

            2.  Support services

        2.  Developmental relief

        3.  Scenario-based planning:

            1.  Flexibility

            2.  Contingency stocks

7.  **Situations with Relatively Stable but Food-Insecure Populations
    Subject to Occasional Shocks (Group B) (Facilitators: Rachel Grant,
    Carolyn Hughes and Curt Nissley)**

    1.  **Causes of Food Insecurity**

        1.  Lack of education

        2.  Lack of income

        3.  Health and sanitation:

            1.  Nutrition/Micronutrients

            2.  Public health

            3.  HIV/AIDS

        4.  Lack of access to land

        5.  Poor Infrastructure/Roads

        6.  Governance

        7.  Civil strife/social upheaval

        8.  Floods, drought

        9.  Infestation/Pests

        10. Natural disasters

        11. Market access

        12. Poverty: lack of income

        13. Poor health and sanitation

            1.  Access

            2.  Nutrition

            3.  Infrastructure

            4.  HIV/AIDS

        14. Access to land -- agriculture

            1.  Markets

            2.  Production

            3.  Infrastructure

            4.  Infestation

            5.  Pests

            6.  Land access

        15. Host government/governance

        16. Policies:

            1.  Infrastructure

            2.  Population

            3.  Economics

            4.  Empowerment

            5.  Land tenure

        17. Corruption

        18. Population growth

        19. Natural and people-made disasters:

            1.  Floods

            2.  Drought

            3.  Social upheaval:

                1.  Sectarian

                2.  Ethnic

                3.  Tribal

            4.  Environmental degradation

    2.  **Priority Objectives For Tile II**

        1.  The Whats

            1.  Income Generation

                1.  Employment

                2.  Reduction of post-harvest losses

            2.  Peace building/mitigation

                1.  Disaster preparedness

                2.  Conflict management, etc

            3.  Agriculture development

                1.  Post harvest losses

                2.  Increased production

                3.  Marketing

            4.  Improved nutrition/health status:

                1.  Health

                2.  De-worming

                3.  Care practices

                4.  Access

        2.  The Hows (Strategies) (But need to be held accountable to
            these priority strategies/objectives as well)

            1.  Cross-cutting themes

                1.  The insertion of cross-cutting themes/resources into
                    activities

            2.  Innovation: Support and seek out creative
                models/programs

            3.  Integration, multi-sectoral

                1.  Emergency/develpt continuum

                2.  minimize fragmentation, isolation, duplication

                3.  Maximize energies and collaboration:

                    1.  Donor coordination

                    2.  Interagency collaboration

                    3.  intra-agency collaboration/coordination

                    4.  What is integration within the agency?

    3.  **Successful Interventions**

        1.  USAID management interventions

            1.  HIV/awareness across all sectors

            2.  Education awareness within the agency

            3.  Integration of resources at all levels in order to
                support a coherent development strategy.

                1.  Creation of ad-hoc, needs-based teams

            4.  Better understand best practices. Share via case
                studies, field visits, etc.

                1.  Inter-office team creation at mission level and
                    USAID/W

                2.  Multidisciplinary and needs-based teams (Guatemala
                    Mission). Examples in health, in coordination with
                    Guatemala Government)

        2.  Food security interventions -- Best practices include:

            1.  Common vision well understood by all stakeholders

            2.  Community-based level (needs-based)

                1.  Incorporation of civil society

            3.  Long term commitment (As long as being responsive to
                needs)

                1.  Effective exit strategy

            4.  Regional integration of resources

            5.  Capacity building of local NGOs

                1.  Facilitation of community/local NGO: buy-in and
                    "ownership"

            6.  Expand/Improve:

                1.  Working with credible local institutions

                2.  Identifying good organizations (old and new)

                3.  Networking

            7.  Need more staff time for effective
                collaboration/learning and quality, cost-effective
                programming (all this good stuff takes time!)

            8.  More resources for:

                1.  Successful demonstrated programs

            9.  Flexibility of allocation -- Targeted use of resources

    4.  **How to Measure Success/Indicators**

        1.  Favorable government policies. Milestones:

            1.  Policies analyzed and implemented (continuum)

        2.  Increase in income levels

        3.  Increase in agricultural production

        4.  Improved environmental practices

        5.  Increase women participation

        6.  Increase HIV/AIDS awareness

        7.  Increase nutritional status of women/children/men

        8.  Increase education in general and on health/nutrition

        9.  Increase number of projects funded by
            multi-agency/multi-office/Department resources
            (collaboration)

        10. Increase awareness of best practices within and between
            Agency and NGO communities

        11. Increase budget for AID Title II programming

        12. Increase PVO/NGO partnership doing good work

        13. Streamline impact indicator needed

        14. Increase number of beneficiaries reached (direct and
            indirect)

        15. Increase health status