Constance Gist, 1953-2002

Constance Gist worked for the USDA Forest Service for 27 years before
dying tragically October 30, 2002. Constance's position in the Property
and Acquisitions Group put her skills in demand daily. She excelled at
serving customers and interacting with vendors. Constance was a 20-year
veteran of the Army Reserves. Since she had worked for the Agricultural
Research Service 2 years before coming to the Forest Service, Constance
had completed 29 years of Federal service at the age of 49.

Losing Constance leaves huge gaps in the lives of her family: a son and
daughter-in-law; 4 siblings; 8 grandchildren; and her step-father.
Constance's friends and co-workers feel her absence and miss her.
Throughout the Southern Research Station and the Eastern Administrative
Zone, we counted on being able to "call Constance" for help, frequently
at the last minute. When Constance had listened to our pleas and said
"Alright," we knew she would use her wealth of experience and historical
knowledge to make things happen. We honor you by our sadness, Constance,
and we remember you with gratitude and laughter.

Southern Forest Resource Assessment

The Southern Forest Resource Assessment captures the South at the turn
of the 21st century. Challenges include urban sprawl; air, water, and
forest health; timber demand; and a rapidly growing and increasingly
diverse population. Development of the Southern Forest Resource
Assessment (SFRA) grew from concerns expressed by natural resource
managers, the science community, and the public regarding the status and
likely future of forests in the South. In 1999 these SFRA partners began
collaborating:

-   USDA Forest Service, the Southern Research Station and the Southern
    Region;

-   U.S. Environmental Protection Agency;

-   USDI Fish and Wildlife Service;

-   Tennessee Valley Authority;

-   Southern Group of State Foresters; and

-   Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies

Under the steady guidance of SFRA coleaders Dave Wear, Southern Research
Station, and John Greis, Southern Region, Federal and State managers,
subject area team leaders, authors, and reviewers brought SFRA to life.
The Assessment's details deliver the promise of its topics, which
include:

-   Forces of change;

-   Social and economic systems;

-   Forest area and conditions;

-   Terrestrial ecosystems; and

-   Water quality, wetlands, and aquatic ecosystems

More than 100 scientists from universities, State and Federal agencies,
and conservation organizations provided peer reviews to enhance the
report's accuracy and completeness. Review, analysis, and incorporation
of public comments collected from November 2001 through February 2002
increase the value of the assessment's findings.

Thanks to the assessment, we now know the complexity and the scale of
our resources and the pressures brought to bear against them. Wear and
Greis sum up the potential of the assessment by saying its information
should enhance public understanding of southern forests, inform public
debate, and improve public policies that result.

You can choose your preferred version of the Southern Forest Resource
Assessment: Web access (<http://www.srs.fs.fed.us/sustain>); a
searchable compact disk; the 651 page general technical report; or the
concise and colorful summary. Its photographs capture the essence of the
South's forests: natural diversity, unique cultural characteristics, and
emerging competition for use.

**24** Prestemon, Jeffrey P.; Abt, Robert C. 2002. **The southern timber
market to 2040.** Journal of Forestry. 100 (7): 16-22.

**28** Wear, David N.; Greis, John G. 2002. **Southern forest resource
assessment.** Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-53. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 635 p.

**29** Wear, David N.; Greis, John G. 2002. **Southern forest resource
assessment.** Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-53. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. \[CD-ROM\].

**30** Wear, David N.; Greis, John G. 2002. **Southern forest resource
assessment; summary of findings.** Journal of Forestry. 100 (7): 6-14.

**31** Wear, David N.; Greis, John G. 2002. **Southern forest resource
assessment; summary report.** Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-54. Asheville, NC:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research
Station. 103 p.

Hypertext Encyclopedia Debuts with Southern Appalachian Edition

The USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station, and the Southern
Regional Extension Forestry Office are developing an online hypertext
encyclopedia system to make forestry research information available to
the public. The system stands to revolutionize the way scientific
knowledge and information are organized and communicated. Originally
designed for natural resource professionals and others who desire
direct, comprehensive access to the research literature on forestry
topics, the hypertext encyclopedia is geared to provide valuable
resources to anyone with related interests.

The initial encyclopedia being developed on the Web site focuses
specifically on the ecology and management of Southern Appalachian
forest ecosystems. Specific information is organized under broad topics:

-   Landscape

-   Resource management

-   Forest ecology

-   Forest health management

-   Social sciences

-   Economics

The Southern Appalachian hypertext encyclopedia hypertext serves as a
pilot project from which other encyclopedias will be developed. Work has
already begun on a fire history, ecology, and management encyclopedia.

The Forest Service and the Cooperative Extension Service invite comments
on this project while it is still under development. More materials will
be added in the coming months. Public input on the structure, content,
and other features will be used to improve the Web site. To review and
comment about the pilot encyclopedia, please visit

[http://www.forestryencyclopedia.net](http://www.forestryencyclopedia.net/).
An online comment form is available.

The Southern Appalachian hypertext encyclopedia consists of about 800
Web \"pages\"---another 500 are being prepared

by contributing authors. Designed to be dynamic, updates and additions
will occur regularly over the coming years.

Evaluators will encounter occasional \"dead ends\" where links are in
place for material that is still under development. Plans for this and
future hypertext encyclopedias include subjecting the content to a peer
review process to ensure that the information represents the best
available science knowledge on the included topics.

Station News

**Greg Reams** moved east to lead the Forest Health Monitoring project
in Research Triangle Park, NC. Greg's work in the Forest Inventory and
Analysis research unit since 1995 complements his project leadership in
the Southern Forest Experiment Station. Congratulations, Greg!

**Floyd Bridgwater** began a sabbatical in October to develop a problems
analysis and propose policy for the application of biotechnology to
preserve and promote forest health in the National Forest System.
Working in partnership with the Institute of Forest Biotechnology, Floyd
is exploring applications and priorities for critical and emerging
forest health issues. **Dana Nelson** is acting project leader for the
Southern Institute of Forest Genetics, Saucier, MS.

Southern Pine Ecosystems

**1** Barnett, James P.; McGilvray, John M. 2002. **Guidelines for
producing quality longleaf pine seeds.** Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-52.
Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern
Research Station. 21 p.

Longleaf pine (*Pinus palustris* Mill.) seeds are sensitive to damage
during collection, processing, treatment, and storage. High-quality
seeds are essential for successfully producing nursery crops that meet
management goals and perform well in the field. Uniformity in the
production of pine seedlings primarily depends on prompt and uniform
seed germination, early seedling establishment, and a variety of
cultural practices that are applied as the seedlings develop. The best
collecting, handling, and processing methods maximize performance
attributes and reduce the need for extensive nursery cultural practices
to compensate for poor seed quality. Guidelines are presented that will
help seed dealers, orchard managers, and nursery personnel produce
high-quality longleaf pine seeds and improve the efficiency of nursery
production.

**2** Conner, Richard N.; Saenz, Daniel; Rudolph, D. Craig; Schaefer,
Richard R. 2002. **Does the availability of artificial cavities affect
cavity excavation rates in red-cockaded woodpeckers?** Journal of Field
Ornithology. 73 (2): 125-129.

Rates of cavity excavation by red-cockaded woodpeckers (*Picoides
borealis)* were examined from 1983 to 1999 on the Angelina National
Forest in East Texas. We compared the rate of natural cavity excavation
between 1983 and 1990 (before artificial cavities were available) with
the rate of cavity excavation between 1992 and 1999, a period when
artificial cavities were regularly installed within active woodpecker
cavity-tree clusters. Our comparison was restricted to cavity-tree
clusters in longleaf pine (*Pinus palustris*) and loblolly (*P.
taeda*)-shortleaf (*P. echinata*) pine habitats where woodpecker groups
were present for the entire period between 1983 and 1999. Excavation
rate of new cavities was significantly higher in longleaf pine habitat
when artificial cavities were not available than during the subsequent
period when artificial cavities were provided in all active cavity-tree
clusters. In loblolly-shortleaf pine habitat, we did not detect a
significant difference in the rate of new cavity excavation between the
periods before and after the use of artificial cavities. We attribute
the difference in results between habitats to a relative scarcity of
cavities in loblolly-shortleaf pine sites due to higher bark
beetle-induced cavity tree mortality.

**3** Fraedrich, Stephen W.; Cram, Michelle M. 2002. **The association
of a *Longidorus* species with stunting and root damage of loblolly pine
(*Pinus taeda* L.) seedlings.** Plant Disease. 86: 803-807.

A *Longidorus* species was consistently associated with patches of
stunted and chlorotic loblolly pine seedlings at a forest-tree nursery
in Georgia. Seedlings from affected areas had poorly developed root
systems that lacked lateral and feeder roots. *Longidorus* population
densities in composite soil samples from the margins of patches ranged
from 9 to 67 nematodes per 100 cm^3^ of soil. In a growth chamber
experiment, seedling root dry weight decreased with respect to the
initial *Longidorus* dose as well as the final *Longidorus* populations
in containers. The dry root weight of seedlings were 0.117, 0.090,
0.066, and 0.065 g in containers initially infested with 0, 50, 100, and
200 *Longidorus,* respectively. Lateral and fine roots were lacking on
seedlings at the highest doses. Populations of *Longidorus* increased in
all containers during the experiment. Damage to loblolly pine seedlings
caused by *Longidorus is* a previously undescribed problem in southern
pine nurseries. Proper diagnosis of the problem by nematode testing
laboratories may require the use of extraction techniques specific for
larger nematodes such as *Longidorus*.

**4** Groom, Les; Shaler, Stephen; Mott, Laurence. 2002. **Mechanical
properties of individual southern pine fibers. Part III: Global
relationships between fiber properties and fiber location within an
individual tree.** Wood and Fiber Science. 34 (2): 238-250.

This is the third and final paper in a three-part series investigating
the effect of location within a tree on the mechanical properties of
individual wood tracheids. This paper focuses on the definition of
juvenile, transition, and mature zones as classified by fiber stiffness,
strength, microfibril angle, and cross-sectional area. The average
modulus of elasticity and ultimate tensile stress of all loblolly pine
fibers were, in equal proportion of earlywood and latewood, 17.3 GPa and
824 MPa, respectively. The average microfibril angle was found to be
15.4 degrees, with rings 5 and 48 averaging 26.8 and 6.1 degrees,
respectively. Normalization of all mechanical and physical properties
showed that the juvenile zone is not cylindrical but rather biconical,
tapering from stump to below the live crown and then again from the live
crown to the bole tip. The transition zone parallels the juvenile zone,
ranging in width from 3 to 15 rings. Fiber properties continued to
improve slightly throughout the duration of the mature zone.

**5** Hanula, James L.; DeBarr, Gary L.; Weatherby, Julie C.\[and
others\]. 2002. **Degree-day model for timing insecticide applications
to control *Dioryctria amatella* (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in loblolly
pine seed orchards.** The Canadian Entomologist. 134: 255-268.

Because *Dioryctria amatella* (Hulst) is a key pest in loblolly pine,
*Pinus taeda* L. (Pinaceae), seed orchards in the Southeastern United
States, im­proved timing of insecticide applications would be valuable
for its control. To time two fenvalerate (Pydrin^®^ 2.4 EC)
applications, we tested four variations of a degree-­day model that was
developed to predict when various proportions of *D. amatella* eggs
would hatch during the spring generation. We compared reductions in
*Dioryctria* spp. cone damage to unsprayed checks and a standard
operational spray regime of four monthly applications of fenvalerate. In
addition, we examined seeds from healthy cones to determine if sprays to
control *D. amatella* also reduced seed damage caused by *Leptoglossus
corculus* Say (Heteroptera: Coreidae) and *Tetyra bipunctata*
(Herrich-Schäffer) (Heteroptera: Scutelleridae). Trials were conducted
from 1984 to 1986 in two orchards in South Carolina and one in Alabama.
Degree-­day accumulations (threshold = 11°C) were begun on the day when
the cumulative number of male *D. amatella* equaled or exceeded five
captured in 15 Pherocon 1C^®^ traps baited with 100 μg of
*Z*-11-hexadecenyl acetate. One application per year was insufficient to
control *D. amatella* or reduced seed-bug damage. Two sprays based on
*D. amatella* phenology significantly reduced coneworm and seed bug
damage, and were as effective as four sprays applied monthly. None of
the treatments reduce spring cone losses, which are primarily caused by
*Dioryctria merkeli* Mutuura and Monroe. Several variations of the model
performed well, but we suggest that the best, based on efficacy and ease
of use, was when sprays were applied immediately after five males were
caught (degree-day = 0) and again when the model predicted 50 percent of
the spring generation eggs had hatched.

**6** Horn, Scott; Hanula, James L. 2002. **Comparison of arthropod prey
of red-cockaded woodpeckers on the boles of longleaf and loblolly
pines.** Wildlife Society Bulletin. 30 (1): 131-138.

Red-cockaded woodpeckers (*Picoides borealis)* forage on the boles of
most southern pines. Woodpeckers may select trees based on arthropod
availability, yet no published studies have evaluated differences in
arthropod abundance on different species of pines. We used knockdown
insecticides to sample arthropods on longleaf (*Pinus palustris*) and
loblolly (*P. taeda*) pine to determine which harbored the greater
abundance of potential prey. Longleaf pine had significantly greater
arthropod abundance (278±44.4/tree, P= 0.013) and biomass (945±28
mg/tree, P=0.007) than loblolly pine (132±13.2/tree and 395±28 mg/tree).
Certain groups were found in significantly higher numbers on longleaf,
including Thysanura (P=0.0004), Hemiptera (P=0.0209), and
Pseudoscorpiones (P= 0.0277). Biomass of woodroaches (Blattaria:
Blattellidae) also was greater on longleaf boles, but number of
individuals did not differ significantly, suggesting that larger
arthro­pods may prefer the bark structure of longleaf pine. We altered
the bark surface of lon­gleaf pine to determine whether bark structure
may affect arthropods residing on a tree\'s bole. When the loose bark
was removed by scraping, we recovered fewer arthropods from scraped than
from unscraped control trees 8 weeks after scraping. We also lightly
scraped the outer bark of both tree species and found that longleaf pine
had significant­ly more loose, flaking bark scales than loblolly
(P=0.0012). These results suggest that bark structure and not the
chemical nature of the bark is responsible for differences in arthropod
abundance and biomass observed on the 2 tree species. Retaining or
restor­ing longleaf pine in red-cockaded woodpecker habitats should
increase arthropod availability for this endangered bird and other
bark-foraging species.

**7** Lai, Chun-Ta; Katul, Gabriel; Butnor, John; \[and others\]. 2002.
**Modelling night-time ecosystem respiration by a constrained source
optimization method.** Global Change Biology. 8: 124-141.

One of the main challenges to quantifying ecosystem carbon budgets is
properly quantifying the magnitude of night-time ecosystem respiration.
Inverse Lagrangian dispersion analysis provides a promising approach to
addressing such a problem when measured mean CO~2~ concentration
profiles and nocturnal velocity statistics are available. An inverse
method, termed "constrained source optimization" or CSO, which couples a
localized near-field theory (LNF) of turbulent dispersion to respiratory
sources, is developed to estimate seasonal and annual

components of ecosystem respiration. A key advantage to the proposed
method is that the effects of variable leaf area density on flow
statistics are explicitly resolved via higher-order closure principles.
In CSO, the source distribution was computed after optimizing key
physiological parameters to recover the measured mean concentration
profile in a least-square fashion. The proposed method was field-tested
using 1 year of 30-min mean CO~2~ concentration and CO~2~ flux
measurements collected within a 17-year-old (in 1999) even-aged loblolly
pine (*Pinus taeda* L.) stand in Central North Carolina. Eddy-covariance
flux measurements conditioned on large friction velocity, leaf-level
porometry, and forest-floor respiration chamber measurements were used
to assess the performance of the CSO model. The CSO approach produced
reasonable estimates of ecosystem respiration, which permits estimation
of ecosystem gross primary production when combined with daytime net
ecosystem exchange (NEE) measurements. We employed the CSO approach in
modeling annual respiration of aboveground plant components (*c.* 214g
Cm^-2^ year^-1^) and forest floor (*c.* 989g Cm^-2^ year^-1^) for
estimating gross primary production (*c.*

1800g Cm^-2^ year^-1^) with a NEE of *c.* 605g Cm^-2^ year^-1^ for this
pine forest ecosystem. We conclude that the CSO approach can utilize

routine CO~2~ concentration profile measurements to corroborate forest
carbon balance estimates from eddy-covariance NEE and chamber-based
component flux measurements.

**8** Ludovici, K.H.; Allen, H.L.; Albaugh, T.J.; Dougherty, P.M. 2002.
**The influence of nutrient and water availability on carbohydrate
storage in loblolly pine.** Forest Ecology and Management. 159: 261-270.

We quantified the effects of nutrient and water availability on monthly
whole-tree carbohydrate budgets and determined allocation patterns of
storage carbohydrates in loblolly pine (*Pinus taeda)* to test site
resource impacts on internal carbon (C) storage. A factorial combination
of two nutrient and two irrigation treatments were imposed on a
7-year-old loblolly pine stand in the Sandhills of North Carolina.
Monthly collections of foliage, branch, stem, bark, and root tissues
were made and total non-structural carbohydrate analyses were performed
on samples collected in years 3 and 4 after treatment initiation.
Seasonal fluxes of carbohydrates reflected the hypothesized use and
storage patterns. Starch concentrations peaked in the spring in all
tissues measured; however, minimum concentrations in aboveground tissue
occurred in late winter, while minimum concentrations in belowground
tissue occurred in late fall. Increased nutrient availability generally
decreased starch concentrations in current year tissue, while increasing
starch in 1-year-old woody tissue. Irrigation treatments did not
significantly impact carbohydrate flux. The greatest capacity for starch
storage was in below ground tissue, accounting for as much as 400 kg
C/ha per year, and more than 65 percent of the total stored starch C
pool. The absolute amount of C stored as starch was significantly
increased with increased nutrient availability, however, its relative
contribution to the total annual C budget was not changed.

**9** Mott, Laurence; Groom, Les; Shaler, Stephen. 2002. **Mechanical
properties of individual southern pine fibers. Part II: Comparison of
earlywood and latewood fibers with respect to tree height and
juvenility.** Wood and Fiber Science. 34 (2): 221-237.

This paper reports variations in mechanical properties of individual
southern pine fibers and com­pares engineering properties of earlywood
and latewood tracheids with respect to tree height and juvenility.
Results indicate that latewood fibers exhibit greater strength and
stiffness than earlywood fibers irrespective of tree height or
juvenility. Average earlywood loblolly pine fibers had modulus of
elasticity and ultimate tensile stress values of 14.8 GPa and 604 MPa,
respectively. Corresponding latewood fibers had modulus of elasticity
and ultimate tensile stress values that were, respectively, 33 and 73
percent higher. These differences are attributable to microfibril angles
and pitting. Juvenility as defined by the mechanical properties of
individual wood fibers is not a cylindrical cone surrounding the pith
but appears to be biconical, tapering from the base to below the live
crown and then again from the live crown to the apex.

**10** Pitts-Singer, Theresa; Hanula, James L.; Walker, Joan L. 2002.
**Insect pollinators of three rare plants in a Florida longleaf pine
forest.** Florida Entomologist. 85 (2): 308-316.

As a result of human activity, longleaf pine *(Pinus palustris* Miller)
forests in the Southern United States have been lost or drastically
altered. Many of the plant species that histori­cally occupied those
forests now persist only as remnants and are classified as threatened or
endangered. In order to safeguard such species, a better understanding
of their pollination ecology is needed. We identified insect visitors
and potential pollinators of *Harperocallis flava* (McDaniel)
(Amaryllidaceae), *Macbridea alba* Chapman (Lamiaceae), and *Scutellaria
floridana* Chapman (Lamiaceae) that occur in longleaf pine habitat on
the Apalachicola Na­tional Forest in Florida. We observed that potential
pollinators of *H. flava* were Halictidae, of *M. alba* were bumble bees
(Apidae: *Bombus),* and of S. *floridana* were Megachilidae and
Halictidae. However, the rates at which these insects visited the
flowers were very low. Our results raise important concerns about how
forest management practices affect the survival of rare plants, as well
as their pollinators.

**11** Shelton, Michael G.; Cain, Michael D. 2002. **Recovery of
1-year-old loblolly pine seedlings from simulated browse damage.**
Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 32: 373-377.

Loblolly pine *(Pinus taeda* L.) seedlings are frequently browsed by a
wide variety of animals during the first few years of their development.
Although anecdotal observations indicate that the potential for seedling
recovery is good, there is little quantitative information on the
factors affecting the recovery process. Thus, we conducted a study to
evaluate the effects of the extent and season of simulated browse damage
on the recovery of 1-year-old loblolly pine seedlings under controlled
conditions. Seedlings were clipped at five positions: at the midpoint
between the root collar and cotyledons and so that 25, 50, 75, and 100
percent of the height between the cotyledons and the terminal remained
after clipping. Clipping treatments were applied in two seasons: winter
and spring. All seedlings clipped below the cotyle­dons died, confirming
that dormant buds or lateral shoots are required for recovery. Survival
of seedlings clipped above the cotyledons was 97 percent for winter
clipping and 96 percent for spring clipping. Most of the seedling
mortality (73 percent) was for seedlings with only 25 percent of their
height remaining. Regression analysis revealed that second-year seedling
size was positively affected by first-year size and percentage of
remaining height after clipping and that seedlings clipped in winter
were larger at 2 years than those clipped during spring. Logistic
regression indicated a higher probability of multiple stems resulting
from the more severe clipping treatments. Clipping season and severity
also significantly af­fected the probability for tip moth (*Rhyacionia*
spp.) damage, which occurred more frequently in the larger seedlings.
Results suggest that planting seedlings deep, with the cotyledons just
below ground level, may be an advantage in ar­eas where browse damage is
common.

Wetlands, Bottomlands, and Streams

**12** Haag, Wendell R.; Warren, Melvin L., Jr.; Wright, Keith; Shafer,
Larry. 2002. **Occurrence of the rayed creekshell, *Anodontoides
radiatus*, in the Mississippi river basin: implications for conservation
and biogeography.** Southeastern Naturalist. 1 (2): 169-178.

We document the occurrence of the rayed creekshell *(Anodontoides
radiatus* Conrad), a freshwater mussel (Unionidae), at eight sites in
the Upper Yazoo River drainage (Lower Mississippi River Basin) in
Northern Mississippi. Previously, *A. radiatus* was thought to be
restricted to Gulf Coast drainages as far west only as the Tickfaw River
system (Lake Pontchartrain Basin), La. The eight populations reported
herein repre­sent the only known occurrences of this species in the
Mississippi River Basin. This distributional pattern, along with
distributions of other aquatic organisms, suggests that headwater stream
capture events occurred histori­cally between Lower Mississippi River
Basin tributaries and the Upper Tombigbee River drainage (Mobile Basin).
Because *A.* *radiatus* is a rare species, considered imperiled
throughout its range, the discovery of eight additional populations and
the extension of its known range are of signifi­cance to its
conservation.

**13** Holland, Marjorie M.; Warren, Melvin L.; Stanturf, John A., eds.
**Proceedings of a conference on sustainability of wetlands and water
resources: how well can riverine wetlands continue to support society
into the 21st century?** Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-50. Asheville, NC: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station.
191 p.

The conference focused on recent work in freshwater wetlands (both
natural and constructed) with a view toward understanding wetland
processes in a watershed context. Since humans have played important
roles in watershed dynamics for years, attention was given to the human
dimensions of wetland and watershed uses. Contributed sessions were
organized on: biogeochemical cycling in wetlands; human health issues
related to water; wetland restoration and reforestation; the role of
wetlands in agricultural systems; wetlands and USA environmental law;
chemical ecology and natural products from wetlands; water and wetlands
in science education; and regional water strategies. The lead paper in
the proceedings was prepared by conference plenary speaker Dr. Sandra
Postel, director of the Global Water Policy Project in Amherst, MA.
Examples and experiences from eight countries were shared during the
conference, providing valuable global perspectives.

**14** Roghair, Craig N.; Dolloff, C. Andrew; Underwood, Martin K. 2002.
**Response of a brook trout population and instream habitat to a
catastrophic flood and debris flow.** Transactions of the American
Fisheries Society. 131: 718-730.

In June 1995, a massive flood and debris flow impacted fish and habitat
along the lower 1.9 km of the Staunton River, a headwater stream located
in Shenandoah National Park, Virginia. In the area affected by debris
flow, the stream bed was scoured and new substrate materials were
deposited, trees were removed from a 30-m-wide band in the riparian
area, and all fish were eliminated. In the area that was unaffected by
debris flow, habitat was moderately altered by the flood and fish
populations persisted at decreased densities. Basinwide fish population
and habitat surveys provided data to compare (1) the pre- and post event
population densities of brook trout *Salvelinus fontinalis* and instream
habitat conditions; and (2) post event population density, brook trout
growth, and instream habitat in the debris-flow-affected and unaffected
areas. By June 1998, brook trout had recolonized the entire
debris-flow-affected area, and population density exceeded pre-event
levels. Brook trout growth was significantly greater in the
debris-flow-affected area than in the unaffected area through fall 1998,
but it was not significantly greater in 1999. Population density
appeared to have a negative influence on fish growth. A 1995 post event
habitat survey revealed increases in the number of pools and riffles and
substrate size and decreases in pool and riffle surface area and depth.
By 1999, the total number, surface area, and depth of pools and riffles
had returned to near pre-event levels and substrate size had decreased.
Between 1995 and 1999, the amount of large woody debris increased in the
debris-flow-unaffected area, where riparian trees had remained intact,
and decreased in the affected area, where riparian trees had been
eliminated. A number of factors, including a relatively intact watershed
and nearby source populations, allowed the Staunton River to quickly
respond to this dramatic natural event. Given the proper conditions for
recovery, such events are less catastrophic than activities that lead to
chronic stream degradation.

Mountain and Highland Ecosystems

**15** Elliott, Katherine J.; Boring, Lindsay, R.; Swank, Wayne T. 2002.
**Aboveground biomass and nutrient accumulation 20 years after
clear-cutting a Southern Appalachian watershed.** Canadian Journal of
Forest Research. 32: 667-683.

In 1975, we initiated a long-term interdisciplinary study of forest
watershed ecosystem response to clearcutting and cable logging in
watershed 7 at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory in the Southern
Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina. This paper describes ≈20 years
of change in species composition, aboveground biomass, leaf area index
(LAI), and nutrient pools in the 59-ha mixed hardwood forest of
watershed 7 following commercial clear-cutting in winter 1977. We
measured woody species in 24 permanently marked plots before cutting in
1974 and during subsequent years (1977-1997). By 1997 (≈20 years after
cutting), aboveground biomass was 81.7, 96.9, and 85.4 Mg⋅ha^-1^ in the
cove hardwood; mesic, mixed-oak; and dry, mixed-oak communities,
respectively. Leaf biomass and LAI accumulated relatively faster than
total aboveground biomass in all three communities. By 1984, only 7-8
years after cutting, leaf biomass and LAI were nearly equal to the
amount estimated for the precut forest. In 1997, nitrogen accumulation
was 36, 44, and 61 percent and phosphorus accumulation was 48, 66, and
59 percent in the cove-hardwoods; mesic, mixed-oak; and dry, mixed-oak
communities of the corresponding precut communities, respectively.
Potassium, calcium, and magnesium accumulations were less than either
nitrogen or phosphorus accumulation.

**16** Greenberg, Cathryn H.; Smith, Lindsay M.; Levey, Douglas J. 2001.
**Fruit fate, seed germination, and growth of an invasive vine---an
experimental test of "sit and wait" strategy.** Biological Invasions. 3:
363-372.

Oriental bittersweet *(Celastrus orbiculatus* Thunb.) is a
non-indigenous, invasive woody vine in North America that proliferates
in disturbed open sites. Unlike most invasive species, *C.*
*orbiculatus* exhibits a "sit and wait" strategy by establishing and
persisting indefinitely in undisturbed, closed canopy forest and
responding to canopy disturbance with rapid growth, often overtopping
trees. We compared fruit fates of *C.* *orbiculatus* and native American
holly (*Ilex opaca).* We also explored mechanisms for this "sit and
wait" invasion strategy by testing the effect of *C.* *orbiculatus*
fruit crop density on removal rates and by examining the influence of
seed treatment and light intensity on seed germination and seedling
growth. More *C.* *orbiculatus* than *I.* *opaca* fruits became damaged,
and damage occurred earlier. More fruit fell from *C.* *orbiculatus*
than *I.* *opaca,* but removal rates by frugivores did not differ (76.0
± 4.2 percent versus 87.5 ± 3.7 percent, respectively). Density (number
of fruits in a patch) of *C.* *orbiculatus* did not influence removal
rates. Scarification (bird-ingestion) of *C.* *orbiculatus* seed delayed
germination but seeds germinated in similar proportion to manually
defleshed seeds (sown either singly or all seeds from a fruit).
Germination of seeds within intact fruits was inhibited and delayed
compared to other treatments. Seed treatment did not affect seedling
growth. The proportion of seeds germinating and time until germination
was similar among five light intensity levels, ranging from full sun to
closed-canopy. Seedlings in \>70 percent photosynthetically active
radiation (PAR) had more leaves, heavier shoots, and longer, heavier
roots than seedlings at lower PAR levels. Results show that most (\>75
percent) *C. orbiculatus* seeds are dispersed, seedlings can establish
in dense shade, and plants grow rapidly when exposed to high light
conditions. Control strategies for this highly invasive species should
likely focus on minimizing seed dispersal by vertebrates.

**17** Spetich, Martin A.; Dey, Daniel C.; Johnson, Paul S.; Graney,
David L. 2002. **Competitive capacity of *Quercus rubra* L. planted in
Arkansas' Boston Mountains.** Forest Science. 48 (3): 504-517.

Results of an 11 yr study of the growth and survival of planted northern
red oak (*Quercus rubra* L.) seedlings (2-0 bare-root) are presented.
More than 4,000 seedlings were planted under shelterwood overstories
that were harvested 3 yr after planting. Results are expressed as
planted-tree dominance probabilities. Dominance probability is the
probability that a planted tree will live to attain a favorable

competitive position (i.e., at least 80 percent of the mean height of
dominant competitors) at a specified year. We interpret the resulting
probability as a measure of the competitive capacity of an individual
seedling, i.e., its potential of attaining dominance in a specified
environment. Based on logistic regression analysis, dominance
probabilities increase with time after shelterwood overstory removal for
any given environment and initial seedling characteristics. At any
specified time, dominance probabilities depend on initial seedling basal
diameter before planting (stem caliper 2 cm above the root collar), site
quality, intensity of weed control, and shelterwood percent stocking.
Dominance probabilities increase with decreasing shelterwood stocking,
increasing initial stem caliper, and increasing intensity of weed
control. Other factors being equal, top clipped seedlings have higher
dominance probabilities than unclipped seedlings. The reciprocals of the
dominance probabilities provide silviculturally useful estimates of the
numbers of trees that would need to be planted to obtain, on the
average, one competitively successful tree. For example, if clipped
seedlings averaging 6 mm in caliper were planted where oak site index
was 24 m, shelterwood stocking was 80 percent, and the site was given no
weed control before or after planting, obtaining one competitively
successful tree 11 yr after planting (8 yr after shelterwood removal)
would require planting 144 seedlings. Other factors remaining the same,
increasing initial caliper to 22 mm would require planting only 5 trees
to obtain one competitively successful tree. For the same size (22 mm)
and type of seedling planted on site index 18 m under a shelterwood at
40 to 60 percent stocking and given two weed control treatments, only
1.4 trees would need to be planted. Results emphasize the sensitivity of
competitive capacity, and thus the silvicultural potential, of planted
northern red oaks in the Boston Mountains of Arkansas to the joint
effects of field environment and initial seedling characteristics.

###### 

###### Large-Scale Assessment and Modeling

**18** Brose, Patrick; Wade, Dale. 2002. **Potential fire behavior in
pine flatwood forests following three different fuel reduction
techniques.** Forest Ecology and Management. 163: 71-84.

A computer modeling study to determine the potential fire behavior in
pine flatwood forests following three fuel hazard reduction treatments:
herbicide, prescribed fire, and thinning, was conducted in Florida
following the 1998 wildfire season. Prescribed fire provided immediate
protection but this protection quickly disappeared as the rough
recovered. Thinning had a similar effect on fireline intensity.
Herbicides produced a dramatic decrease in fireline intensity from year
2 to 6 but had little effect on fire severity, thus increasing the
likelihood of root kill resulting in tree death if wildfire occurs
during drought conditions. Treatment combinations, such as thinning and
herbicide, may provide immediate and long-term fireline intensity
reductions as long as forest managers take into account each
alternative\'s strengths and weaknesses.

**19** Holmes, Thomas P.; Blate, Geoffrey M.; Zweede, Johan C. \[and
others\]. 2002. **Financial and ecological indicators of reduced impact
logging performance in the eastern Amazon.** Forest Ecology and
Management. 163: 93-110.

Reduced impact logging (RIL) systems are currently being promoted in
Brazil and other tropical countries in response to domestic and
international concern over the ecological and economic sustainability of
harvesting natural tropical forests. RIL systems are necessary, but not
sufficient, for sustainable forest management because they reduce damage
to the forest ecosystem during the initial forest entry. If conditions
were identified where RIL costs were clearly less than conventional
logging (CL) costs, then a strong incentive for RIL adoption would
exist.

In this paper, a comparison of costs and revenues was made for typical
RIL and CL operations in the eastern Amazon. An economic engineering
approach was used to estimate standardized productivity and cost
parameters. Detailed data on productivity, harvest volume, wasted wood,
and damage to the residual stand were collected from operational scale
harvest blocks. Productivity and cost data were also collected using
surveys of forest products firms.

The major conclusion of the study was that RIL was less costly, and more
profitable, than CL under the conditions observed at the eastern Amazon
study site. Full cost accounting methods were introduced to capture the
direct and indirect costs associated with wasted wood. The impact of
wasted wood on effective stumpage price provided the largest gain to
RIL. Large gains attributable to RIL technology were also observed in
skidding and log deck productivity. In addition, investment in RIL
yielded an \"environmental dividend\" in terms of reduced damage to
trees in the residual stand and reduction of the amount of ground area
disturbed by heavy machinery. Developing institutions that can monetize
the value of the environmental dividend remains a major challenge in the
promotion of sustainable forest management in the tropics.

**20** Lemly, A. Dennis. 2002. **A procedure for setting environmentally
safe total maximum daily loads (TMDLs) for selenium.** Ecotoxicology and
Environmental Safety. 52: 123-127.

This article presents a seven-step procedure for developing
environmentally safe total maximum daily loads (TMDLs) for selenium. The
need for this information stems from recent ac­tions taken by the United
States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that may require TMDLs for
selenium and other contaminants that are impairing water bodies.
However, there is no technical guidance from EPA or elsewhere that deals
exclusively with selenium. This leaves biologists and environmental
contaminant specialists without the tools needed to effectively address
the TMDL issue for selenium. This article provides guidance by laying
out an assessment method that links the basic components of EPA\'s TMDL
process to the contaminant-specific informa­tion required for selenium.
The underlying principle in this pro­cess is that selenium concentrations
be kept below levels that threaten reproduction of fish and aquatic
birds. The steps are: (1) Delineate and characterize the hydrological
unit (HU, i.e., water body) of interest. (2) Determine selenium
concentrations and assess biological hazard. (3) Determine sources,
concentrations, and volumes of selenium discharges; calculate existing
selenium load. (4) Estimate retention capacity of HU for selenium. (5)
Calculate the total allowable selenium load and specify reductions
needed to meet the target loading. (6) Allocate selenium load among
discharge sources. (7) Monitor to determine effectiveness of selenium
load reduction in meeting environmental quality goals. Proper
application of this procedure will ensure compliance with EPA regulatory
requirements and also protect fish and wildlife resources.

**21** Lemly, A. Dennis. 2002. **Symptoms and implications of selenium
toxicity in fish: the Belews Lake case example.** Aquatic Toxicology.
57: 29-49.

Belews Lake, NC was contaminated by selenium in wastewater from a
coal-fired power plant during the mid-1970s and toxic impacts to the
resident fish community (20 species) were studied for over two decades.
Symptoms of chronic selenium poisoning in Belews Lake fish included,
(1)telangiectasia (swelling) of gill lamellae; (2) elevated lymphocytes;
(3) reduced hematocrit and hemoglobin (anemia); (4) cornea1 cataracts;
(5) exopthalmus (popeye); (6) pathological alterations in liver, kidney,
heart, and ovary (e.g. vacuolization of parenchymal hepatocytes,
intracapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis, severe pericarditis and
myocarditis, necrotic and ruptured mature egg follicles); (7)
reproductive failure (reduced production of viable eggs due to ovarian
pathology, and post-hatch mortality due to bioaccumulation of selenium
in eggs); and (8)teratogenic deformities of the spine, head, mouth, and
fins. Important principles of selenium cycling and toxicity were
documented in the Belews Lake studies. Selenium poisoning in fish can be
"invisible" because the primary point of impact is the egg, which
receives selenium from the female\'s diet (whether consumed in organic
or inorganic forms), and stores it until hatching, whereupon it is
metabolized by the developing fish. If concentrations in eggs are great
enough (about 10 µg/g or greater) biochemical functions may be disrupted
and teratogenic deformity and death may occur. Adult fish can survive
and appear healthy despite the fact that extensive reproductive failure
is occurring---19 of the 20 species in Belews Lake were eliminated as a
result of this insidious mode of toxicity. Bioaccumulation in aquatic
food chains causes otherwise harmless concentrations of selenium to
reach toxic levels, and the selenium in contaminated sediments can be
cycled into food chains for decades. The lessons learned from Belews
Lake provide information useful for protecting aquatic ecosystems as new
selenium issues emerge.

**22** Lemly, A. Dennis; Ohlendorf, Harry M. 2002. **Regulatory
implications of using constructed wetlands to treat selenium-laden
wastewater.** Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 52: 46-56.

The practice of using constructed wetlands to treat selenium-laden
wastewater is gaining popularity in the United States and elsewhere.
However, proponents of treatment wetlands often overlook important
ecological liabilities and regulatory implications when developing new
methods and applications. Their research studies typically seek to
answer a basic performance question---are treatment wetlands effective
in improving water quality---rather than answering an implicit safety
question---are they hazardous to wildlife. Nevertheless, wetland owners
are responsible for both the operational performance of treatment
wetlands and the health of animals that use them. This is true even if
wetlands were not created with the intent of providing wildlife habitat;
the owner is still legally responsible for toxic hazards. If poisoning
of fish and wildlife occurs, the owner can be prosecuted under a variety
of Federal and State laws, for example, the Migratory Bird Treaty Act
and the Endangered Species Act. In considering this type of treatment
technology, it is important to document the selenium content of the
wastewater, understand how it cycles and accumulates in the environment,
and evaluate the threat it may pose to fish and wildlife before deciding
whether or not to proceed with construction. Many of the potential
hazards may not be obvious to project planners, particularly if there is
no expressed intention for the wetland to provide wildlife habitat.
Ecological risk assessment provides an approach to characterizing
proposed treatment wetlands with respect to wildlife use, selenium
contamination, and possible biological impacts. Proper application of
this approach can reveal potential problems and the associated
liabilities, and form the basis for selection of an environmentally
sound treatment option.

**23** Maier, Chris A.; Johnsen, Kurt H.; Butnor, John. \[and others\].
2002. **Branch growth and gas exchange in 13-year-old loblolly pine
(Pinus taeda) trees in response to elevated carbon dioxide concentration
and fertilization.** Tree Physiology. 22: 1093-1106.

We used whole-tree, open-top chambers to expose 13-year-old loblolly
pine (*Pinus taeda* L.) trees, growing in soil with high or low nutrient
availability, to either ambient or elevated (ambient + 200 µmol mol^-1^)
carbon dioxide concentration (\[CO~2~\]) for 28 months. Branch growth
and morphology, foliar chemistry, and gas exchange characteristics were
measured periodically in the upper, middle, and lower crown during the 2
years of exposure. Fertilization and elevated \[CO~2~\] increased branch
leaf area by 38 and 13 percent, respectively, and the combined effects
were additive. Fertilization and elevated \[CO~2~\] differentially
altered needle lengths, number of fascicles, and flush length such that
flush density (leaf area/flush length) increased with improved nutrition
but decreased in response to elevated \[CO~2~\]. These results suggest
that changes in nitrogen availability and atmospheric \[CO~2~\] may
alter canopy structure, resulting in greater foliage retention and
deeper crowns in loblolly pine forests. Fertilization increased foliar
nitrogen concentration (*N*~M~), but had no consistent effect on foliar
leaf mass (*W*~A~) or light-saturated net photosynthesis (*A*~sat~).
However, the correlation between *A*~sat~ and leaf nitrogen per unit
area (*N*~A~ = *W*~A~*N*~M~) ranged from strong to weak depending on the
time of year, possibly reflecting seasonal shifts in the form and pools
of leaf nitrogen. Elevated \[CO~2~\] had no effect on *W*~A~, *N*~M~, or
*N*~A~, but increased *A*~sat~ on average by 82 percent. Elevated
\[CO~2~\] also increased photosynthetic quantum efficiency and lowered
the light compensation point, but had no effect on the photosynthetic
response to intercellular \[CO~2~\], hence there was no acclimation to
elevated \[CO~2~\]. Daily photosynthetic photon flux density at the
upper, middle and lower canopy position was 60, 54 and 33 percent,
respectively, of full sun incident to the top of the canopy. Despite the
relatively high light penetration, *W*~A~, *N*~A~, *A*~sat~ and *R*~d~
decreased with crown depth. Although growth enhancement in response to
elevated \[CO~2~\] was dependent on fertilization, \[CO~2~\] by
fertilization interactions and treatment by canopy position interactions
generally had little effect on the physiological parameters measured.

**24** Prestemon, Jeffrey P.; Abt, Robert C. 2002. **The southern timber
market to 2040.** Journal of Forestry. 100 (7): 16-22.

Timber market analysis of the South's predominantly private timberland
finds that the 13 southern States produce nearly 60 percent of the
Nation's timber, an increase from the mid-1900s. Projections with the
Subregional Timber Supply model show that, despite a 60 percent increase
in the area of pine plantations, the South will experience a 1 percent
decline in private timberland area as other forest types shrink. Because
of expected productivity gains for plantation forests and conversions of
some agricultural lands to natural forests, the South's industrial wood
output is projected to increase by more than 50 percent between 1995 and
2040.

**25** Rauscher, H. Michael; Potter, Walter D. 2001. **Decision support
for ecosystem management and ecological assessments.** In: Jensen, Mark
E.; Bourgeron, Patrick S., eds. A guidebook for integrated ecological
assessments. New York: Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.: 162-183.

In the face of mounting confrontation and after almost 20 years of
increasingly contentious public unhappiness with the management of
national forests, the USDA Forest Service officially adopted ecosystem
management as a land management paradigm. Other Federal forest land
management agencies, such as the USDI Bureau of Land Management, the
USDI National Park Service, the USDI Fish and Wildlife Service, the USDC
NOAA, and the Environmental Protection Agency, have also made the
commitment to adopt ecosystem management principles. Ecosystem
management represents different things to different people. At the heart
of the ecosystem management paradigm lies a shift in emphasis away from
sustaining yields of products toward sustaining the ecosystems that
provide these products. The ecosystem management paradigm represents the
latest attempt, in a century-long struggle between resource users and
resource preservers, to find a sensible middle ground between ensuring
the necessary long-term protection of the environment while protecting
the right of an ever-growing population to use its natural resources to
maintain and improve human life.

**26** Steele, Philip H.; Araman, Philip A.; Boden, Craig. 2002.
**Economic choice for hardwood sawmill operations (ECHO).** Forest and
Wildlife Research Center, Bulletin FP252. Starkville, MS: Mississippi
State University: 21 p.

Reductions in sawkerf on headrigs and resaws can dramatically increase
lumber recovery. Research has also shown that lumber target size
reductions are even more important than kerf reductions in providing
increased lumber recovery. Decreases in either sawkerf or lumber size,
however, always come at some cost in both capital and variable costs.
Determining whether the financial benefits from increased lumber yield
outweigh the incurred costs can be a difficult task. The Economic Choice
for Hardwood Sawmill Operations (ECHO) is a software package developed
to help analyze the economic benefit of installing thin­ner-kerf and
higher-accuracy sawing machines. Replacement of headrigs and resaws with
reduced kerfs and increased sawing accuracy can be tested. ECHO will
assist in the estimation of the increased lumber recovery and the
resultant increased revenue from reducing kerf or lumber sizes on
headrigs and resaws. As an alternative, users may make their own
increased revenue estimate. Users must also determine the estimated
increased costs expected from equipment changes. Based on the estimated
increased revenues and costs, a dis­counted cash flow analysis is
performed by ECHO. The investment feasibility measures of present net
value, rate of return, and payback period are provid­ed. The software
also addresses Federal tax implica­tions.

**27** Van Sickle, Charles. 2001. **Southern Appalachian case study.**
In: Jensen, Mark E.; Bourgeron, Patrick S., eds. A guidebook for
integrated ecological assessments. New York: Springer-Verlag New York,
Inc.: 472-488.

The Southern Appalachian study covers a region of 37.4 million acres.
Its mountains, foothills, and valleys stretch from northern Virginia and
northern West Virginia to northern Georgia and Alabama. When Native
Americans came to the region, forests dominated the landscape and they
still do, covering 70 percent of the land. Terrain characteristics are
significant in shaping the ecology of the Southern Appalachians. The
region\'s location and its mountains produce a wide range of climatic
conditions that are largely responsible for the great diversity of
plants and animals found there. These ecological characteristics also
influenced the cultural history and economic development of the region.

**28** Wear, David N.; Greis, John G. 2002. **Southern forest resource
assessment.** Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-53. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 635 p.

The Southern Forest Resource Assessment provides a comprehensive
analysis of the history, status, and likely future of forests in the
Southern United States. Twenty-three chapters address questions
regarding social/economic systems, terrestrial ecosystems, water and
aquatic ecosystems, forest health, and timber management; 2 additional
chapters provide a background on history and fire. Each chapter surveys
pertinent literature and data, assesses conditions, identifies research
needs, and examines the implications for southern forests and the
benefits they provide.

**29** Wear, David N.; Greis, John G. 2002. **Southern forest resource
assessment.** Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-53. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. \[CD-ROM\].

# The Southern Forest Resource Assessment provides a comprehensive analysis of the history, status, and likely future of forests in the Southern United States. This CD-ROM includes the entire contents of the print version of the Southern Forest Resource Assessment---25 chapters and an index---in a searchable format.

**30** Wear, David N.; Greis, John G. 2002. **Southern forest resource
assessment; summary of findings.** Journal of Forestry. 100 (7): 6-14.

The Southern Forest Resource Assessment (SFRA) was initiated in spring
1999 to address broad questions concerning the status, trends, and
likely future of southern forests. A descriptive assessment such as SRFA
can be used to highlight the major dynamics and uncertainties at play
within a region's forested ecosystems, thereby focusing public
discourse. Because SFRA has only recently been completed, however, it is
too early to examine its effectiveness as a basis for debate and policy.
This summary describes five major forces of change affecting southern
forests and then characterizes the trends in various forest conditions
and their implications.

**31** Wear, David N.; Greis, John G. 2002. **Southern forest resource
assessment; summary report.** Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-54. Asheville, NC:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research
Station. 103 p.

The Southern Forest Resource Assessment (SFRA) provides a comprehensive
analysis of the history, status, and likely future of forests in the
U.S. South. This report draws together and synthesizes the detailed
findings contained in the SFRA Technical Report (General Technical
Report SRS-53). The mechanisms of several forces of change influencing
southern forests and their effects on social systems, terrestrial and
aquatic ecosystems, and forest health are described. Several broad
findings regarding the future of southern forests and subregions of
conservation concern are identified.

###### Inventory and Monitoring

**32** Bentley, James W.; Johnson, Tony G.; Becker, Charles W. 2002.
**Virginia's timber industry---an assessment** **of timber product
output and use, 1999.** Resour. Bull. SRS-74. Asheville, NC: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 41
p.

In 1999, roundwood output from Virginia\'s forests totaled 492 million
cubic feet, 8 percent more than in 1995. Mill byproducts generated from
primary manufacturers remained stable at 167 million cubic feet. Almost
72 percent of the plant residues were used primarily for fuel and fiber
products. Saw logs were the leading roundwood product at 246 million
cubic feet; pulpwood ranked second at 175 million cubic feet; composite
panels were third at 46 million cubic feet. The number of primary
processing plants increased from 289 in 1995 to 290 in 1999. Total
receipts increased 1 percent to almost 490 million cubic feet.

**33** Hartsell, Andrew J.; Brown, Mark J. 2002. **Forest statistics for
Alabama, 2000.** Resour. Bull. SRS-67. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 76 p.

This report summarizes a 2000 inventory of the forest resources of
Alabama. Major findings are highlighted in text and graphics; detailed
data re presented in 49 tables.

**34** Howell, Michael; Gober, Jim R.; Nix, J. Stephen. 2002.
**Alabama's timber industry---an assessment** **of timber product output
and use, 1999.** Resour. Bull. SRS-75. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 39 p.

In 1999, roundwood output from Alabama's forests totaled 1.2 billion
cubic feet. Mill byproducts generated from primary manufacturers
amounted to 469 million cubic feet. Almost all plant residues were used
primarily for fuel and fiber products. Pulpwood was the leading
roundwood product at 641 million cubic feet; saw logs ranked second at
426 million cubic feet; veneer logs were third at 109 million cubic
feet. The number of primary processing plants was 181. Total receipts
amounted to 1.3 billion cubic feet.

**35** Johnson, Tony G.; Brown, David R. 2002. **North Carolina's timber
industry---an assessment of timber product output and use, 1999.**
Resour. Bull. SRS-73. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 39 p.

In 1999, industrial roundwood output from North Carolina\'s forests
totaled 793 million cubic feet, 9 percent less than in 1997. Mill
byproducts generated from primary manufacturers increased 1 percent to
311 million cubic feet. Almost all plant residues were used primarily
for fuel and fiber products. Saw logs were the leading roundwood product
at 422 million cubic feet; pulpwood ranked second at 272 million cubic
feet; veneer logs were third at 61 million cubic feet. The number of
primary processing plants declined from 280 in 1997 to 278 in 1999.
Total receipts declined 2 million cubic feet to 769 million cubic feet.

**36** Johnson, Tony G.; Harper, Richard A.; Bozo, Michael J. 2002.
**South Carolina's timber industry---an assessment of timber product
output and use, 1999.** Resour. Bull. SRS-70. Asheville, NC: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 34
p.

In 1999, roundwood output from South Carolina's forests totaled 625
million cubic feet, 1 percent less than in 1997. Mill byproducts
generated from primary manufacturers declined 2 percent to 197 million
cubic feet. Almost all plant residues were used primarily for fuel and
fiber products. Pulpwood was the leading roundwood product at 324
million cubic feet; saw logs ranked second at 242 million cubic feet;
veneer logs were third at 54 million cubic feet. The number of primary
processing plants declined from 92 in 1997 to 90 in 1999. Total receipts
declined 5 percent to 587 million cubic feet.

**37** Johnson, Tony G.; Lowe, Larry. 2002. **Kentucky's timber
industry---an assessment of timber product output and use, 1999.**
Resour. Bull. SRS-71. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 45 p.

In 1999, roundwood output from Kentucky\'s forests totaled 220 million
cubic feet, 13 percent more than in 1997. Mill byproducts generated from
primary manufacturers increased 10 percent to 108 million cubic feet.
Ninety-five percent of plant residues were used, primarily for fuel and
fiber products. Saw logs were the leading roundwood product at 179
million cubic feet; pulpwood ranked a distant second at 19 million cubic
feet; other industrial products were third at 14 million cubic feet. The
number of primary processing plants declined from 391 in 1997 to 348 in
1999. Total receipts increased 10 percent to 237 million cubic feet.

**38** Johnson, Tony G.; Steppleton, Carolyn D. 2002. **Southern
pulpwood production, 2000.** Resour. Bull. SRS-69. Asheville, NC: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 34
p.

In 2000, the South's production of pulpwood declined 6 percent to 66.6
million cords. Roundwood production dropped to 44.4 million cords and
accounted for 67 percent of the total pulpwood production. The use of
wood residue increased 2 percent to 22.3 million cords. Alabama
continued to lead the South in total production, number of mills, and
pulping capacity. In 2000, 98 mills were operating and drawing wood from
the 13 Southern States. Southern mills' pulping capacity of 130,337 tons
per day accounted for more than two-thirds of the Nation's total pulping
capacity.

**39** Johnson, Tony G.; Wells, John L. 2002. **Georgia's timber
industry---an assessment of timber product output and use, 1999.**
Resour. Bull. SRS-68. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 40 p.

In 1999, industrial roundwood output from Georgia's forests totaled 1.24
billion cubic feet, 3 percent less than in 1997. Mill byproducts
generated from primary manufacturers declined 1 percent to 474 million
cubic feet. Almost all plant residues were used, primarily for fuel and
fiber products. Pulpwood was the leading roundwood product at 594
million cubic feet; saw logs ranked second at 509 million cubic feet;
veneer logs were third at 75 million cubic feet. The number of primary
processing plants increased from 186 in 1997 to 188 in 1999. Total
receipts declined 7 percent to 1.3 billion cubic feet.

**40** Reams, Gregory A.; McRoberts, Ronald E.; Van Deusen, Paul C.,
eds. 2001. **Proceedings of the second annual Forest Inventory and
Analysis symposium**. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-47. Asheville, NC: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station.
143 p.

This publication documents progress in developing techniques in remote
sensing, statistics, information management, and analysis required for
full implementation of the national Forest Inventory and Analysis
program's annual forest inventory system.

###### Foundation Programs

**41** Floyd, Myron F; Johnson, Cassandra Y. 2002. **Coming to terms
with environmental justice in outdoor recreation: a conceptual
discussion with research implications.** Leisure Sciences. 24: 59-77.

Much of the research on environmental justice centers on environmental
hazards. This article offers an overview of the emergence of
environmental justice issues in outdoor recreation management and
research. The authors argue that a major challenge to future research on
environmental justice in outdoor recreation is clarifying definitions of
environmental justice and generating awareness of the different
dimensions of environmental justice. The authors also examine recent
empirical studies of environmental justice issues related to outdoor
recreation and other resource amenities. Based on an overview of the
literature and these recent studies, the authors set forth some broad
outlines to guide future research.

**42** Grace, J.M., III. 2002. **Effectiveness of vegetation in erosion
control from forest road sideslopes.** 45(3): 681-685.

Forest roads have been identified as the major contributor to sediment
production from forested lands, accounting for perhaps as much as 90
percent of all sediment produced. In recent years, increased concern and
societal pressure has focused on the impacts of forest roads and the
effectiveness of erosion control measures. In addition, the
re--introduction of native species for erosion control has become a
priority on many forestlands. This study evaluates the effectiveness of
a wood excelsior erosion mat, native species vegetation, and exotic
species vegetation treatments in erosion control from forest road
sideslopes in the Talladega National Forest in Alabama over a 4--year
period. In comparison to bare soil control plots, treatments
significantly reduced sediment and runoff yield from the road
sideslopes. Mean sediment yield from the native species vegetation,
exotic species vegetation, and erosion mat treatments were 1.1, 0.45,
and 0.80 g m^--2^ mm^--1^ , respectively. The native species vegetation
was as effective as the exotic species vegetation and erosion mat in
reducing sediment yield from the forest road sideslopes.

**43** Perry, Roger W.; Brown, Raymond E.; Rudolph, D. Craig. 2001.
**Mutual mortality of great horned owl and southern black racer: a
potential risk of raptors preying on snakes.** Wilson Bulletin. 113 (3):
345-347.

We encountered a dead southern black racer snake *(Coluber constrictor
priapus)* coiled around a dead great horned owl *(Bubo virginianus).* We
suggest the owl was strangled by the snake before the snake died of
wounds inflicted by the owl. There are previous reports of intense
physical struggle between great horned owls (and other raptors) and
large constrictors, but this is the first documented report of mutual
mortality between a great horned owl and a snake.

**44** Schelhas, John. 2002. **Activities of the Alabama Consortium on
forestry education and research, 1993---1999.** Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-49.
Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern
Research Station. 32. p.

The Alabama Consortium on Forestry Education and Research was
established in 1992 to promote communication and collaboration among
diverse institutions involved in forestry in the State of Alabama. It
was organized to advance forestry education and research in ways that
could not be accomplished by individual members alone. This report tells
the story of the consortium's first 8 years, documenting its
collaborative projects and accomplishments. It contains the historical
record of the development of consortium objectives and priorities, as
well as details about collaborative research projects and publications
in two areas: socioeconomic relationships between forests and people,
and forest operations.

**45** Schiff, Nathan; Flemming, Anthony J.; Quicke, Donald L. J. 2001.
**Spermatodesmata of the sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta): evidence for
multiple increases in sperm bundle size.** Journal of Hymenoptera
Research. 10 (2): 119-125.

We present the first survey of spermatodesmata (bundles of spermatozoa
connected at the head by an extracellular "gelatinous" matrix) across
the sawfly superfamilies. Spermatodes­mata occur in all examined taxa
within the sawfly grade (Xyelidae-Orussidae inclusive), but are not
found in the Apocrita. Using DAPI staining, the numbers of individual
sperm per spermatodesm were calculated and the values obtained are
mapped on to the current phylogenetic hypothesis. The plesiomorphic
spermatodesm in the Hymenoptera, based on that observed in the
putatively basal family Xyelidae, contains relatively few sperm,
approximately 16. However, in the Tenthredinoidea and in the Siricidae,
far larger numbers are found, reaching up to 256 in the Cimbicidae.