REGIONAL

TOSS-UP

1\) BIOLOGY *Multiple Choice* Which of the following is NOT caused by a
bacteria:

W\) whooping cough

X\) scarlet fever

Y\) cat scratch fever

Z\) yellow fever

ANSWER: Z) YELLOW FEVER

# BONUS

1\) BIOLOGY *Short Answer* What are the predominant immunoglobulin
classes produced during primary immune and secondary immune responses
respectively?

ANSWER: IgM & IgG (ACCEPT: IMMUNOGLOBULIN M & IMMUNOGLOBULIN G)

(accept in any order)

# TOSS-UP

2\) CHEMISTRY *Multiple Choice* A molecule that has a central atom
surrounded by 2 single bonds and 3 unshared pairs of electrons will most
likely have which of the following shapes:

W\) square pyramidal

X\) seesaw

Y\) T-shaped

Z\) linear

ANSWER: Z) LINEAR

# BONUS

2\) CHEMISTRY *Short Answer* As predicted by the Periodic Table, arrange
the following 4 elements in order of increasing electronegativity:
sodium; hydrogen; magnesium; lithium

ANSWER: SODIUM; LITHIUM; MAGNESIUM; HYDROGEN

**TOSS-UP**

3\) PHYSICS *Short Answer* What stress is considered to be the exact
opposite of tensile stress?

ANSWER: COMPRESSIVE

# BONUS

3\) PHYSICS *Short Answer* In a nucleus where a neutron changes to a
proton, an electron, and an antineutrino, what specific type of decay
has it experienced?

ANSWER: BETA MINUS

# TOSS-UP

4\) ASTRONOMY *Short Answer* If a star was named V332, what would the
letter "V" indicate?

ANSWER: VARIABLE STAR (ACCEPT: VARIABLE, LUMINOSITY CHANGES, ETC.)

# BONUS

4\) ASTRONOMY *Short Answer* Which 2 of the following 5 stars are red
giants or red supergiants: Sirius, Arcturus, Vega, Rigel, Betelgeuse

ANSWER: ARCTURUS; BETELGEUSE

**TOSS-UP**

5\) MATH *Short Answer* Convert $\frac{\pi}{\text{10}}$ radians into
degrees:

ANSWER: 18°

# BONUS

5\) MATH *Short Answer* Simplify the following expression in its
simplest radical form:

$$\left( 2\sqrt{5} - 3 \right)\left( 4\sqrt{5} - 6 \right)$$

ANSWER: 58 -- 24$\sqrt{5}$

# TOSS-UP

6\) EARTH SCIENCE *Multiple Choice* Drumlins are most useful in
determining:

W\) age of bacteria microfossils

X\) ice-age atmospheric conditions from wind deposited sediments

Y\) direction of a retreating glacier

Z\) farthest extent of spruce and pine forests

ANSWER: Y) DIRECTION OF A RETREATING GLACIER

# BONUS

6\) EARTH SCIENCE *Short Answer* During what Epoch of the Cenozoic Era
was the most recent ice age on Earth?

ANSWER: PLEISTOCENE (ACCEPT: PLEISTOCENE ICE AGE)

**TOSS-UP**

7\) GENERAL SCIENCE *Multiple Choice* In computer terminology, the
acronym MAPI refers to:

W\) email

X\) graphics applications

Y\) storage

Z\) printing protocols

ANSWER: W) EMAIL

# BONUS

7\) GENERAL SCIENCE *Short Answer* What is the compiled format of Java
programs that generally have a dot class extension?

ANSWER: BYTECODE

­­­­­­­

# TOSS-UP

8\) BIOLOGY *Multiple Choice* Which of the following will most likely
give the best 3-D resolution of a rag weed pollen grain:

W\) bright field microscopy

X\) scanning electron microscopy

Y\) dark field microscopy

Z\) transmission electron microscopy

ANSWER: X) SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

# BONUS

8\) BIOLOGY *Short Answer* What is the major muscle most typically
involved in a rotator cuff problems in humans?

ANSWER: SUPRASPINATUS MUSCLE

**TOSS-UP**

9\) CHEMISTRY *Short Answer* What is the general term for hydrocarbons
that have rings but no multiple bonds?

ANSWER: CYCLOALKANES (ACCEPT: CYCLIC ALKANES)

# BONUS

9\) CHEMISTRY *Multiple Choice* Which of the following is a polar
molecule:

W\) KrF~2~

X\) OF~2~

Y\) CO~2~

Z\) BeH~2~

ANSWER: X) OF~2~

# TOSS-UP

10\) PHYSICS *Short Answer* The isotope of what element contributes the
most in millirems of radiation exposure in the food of the average
American?

ANSWER: POTASSIUM 40

# BONUS

10\) PHYSICS *Short Answer* Including friction, if the actual mechanical
advantage of a ramp is 4, what is the efficiency of the ramp if it is 10
feet long and rises to 2 feet?

ANSWER: 80% (ACCEPT: 0.8)

**TOSS-UP**

11\) ASTRONOMY *Multiple Choice* Alpha Centauri is best noted as the
star cluster closest to the sun but it is actually made of:

W\) two yellow stars and a red dwarf

X\) one red giant and a brown dwarf

Y\) one super blue giant and two yellow stars

Z\) four yellow stars

ANSWER: W) TWO YELLOW STARS AND A RED DWARF

# BONUS

11\) ASTRONOMY *Short Answer* What is the name of the red dwarf orbiting
the two yellow stars that are part of alpha Centauri?

ANSWER: PROXIMA CENTAURI

# TOSS-UP

12\) MATH *Multiple Choice* Which of the following algebraic expressions
is NOT a polynomial:

W\) 2^5^x^4^

X\) 4x + 5x^3^

Y\) 4x^−2^

Z\) x^2^-- xy + 3

ANSWER: Y) 4x^−2^

# BONUS

12\) MATH *Short Answer* A fish swims downstream for 180 minutes. It
turns around and swims against the same current and after 240 minutes it
is still 6 miles short of its starting point. If the speed of the
current was 4 miles per hour, what is the speed, in miles per hour, of
the fish in still water?

ANSWER: 22 MPH

(Solution: 3(x + 4) = 6 + 4(x -- 4); x = 22 mph)

**TOSS-UP**

13\) EARTH SCIENCE *Multiple Choice* The slow circulation of the soft,
gum-like rock within the asthenosphere, is accomplished by which of the
following processes:

W\) conduction

X\) convection

Y\) radiation

Z\) insolation

ANSWER: W) CONDUCTION

# BONUS

13\) EARTH SCIENCE *Short Answer* Solar energy goes back to space from
the Earth system in what two ways?

ANSWER: REFLECTION AND EMISSION (ACCEPT: REFLECTED AND EMITTED, ETC.)

#  

# TOSS-UP

14\) GENERAL SCIENCE *Multiple Choice* Which of the following is the
round magnetic plate that makes up part of a computer's hard drive:

W\) palette

X\) platform

Y\) platter

Z\) pancake

ANSWER: Y) PLATTER

# BONUS

14\) GENERAL SCIENCE *Multiple Choice* All the copper on Earth is
believed by most scientists to have been originally created by which of
the following:

W\) fusion in stars like our Sun

X\) fission in stars like our Sun

Y\) radioactive decay on Earth

Z\) supernova explosions

ANSWER: Z) SUPERNOVA EXPLOSIONS

**TOSS-UP**

15\) BIOLOGY *Multiple Choice* Parkinson's is to the substantia nigra
(read as: NEYE-grah), as Type 1 diabetes is to:

W\) panpiniform plexus

X\) pancreatic apha cells

Y\) islets of langerhans (read as: EYE-lets of LANG-er-hans)

Z\) glucose

ANSWER: Y) ISLETS OF LANGERHANS

# BONUS

15\) BIOLOGY *Short Answer* Based on what primary physical difference
does gel filtration column chromatography separate proteins?

ANSWER: SIZE

# TOSS-UP

16\) CHEMISTRY *Short Answer* H~2~O~2~ is to the molecular formula of
hydrogen peroxide as HO is to what?

ANSWER: EMPERICAL FORMULA (ACCEPT: EMPIRICAL)

# BONUS

16\) CHEMISTRY *Multiple Choice* All single bonds are:

W\) pi bonds

X\) sigma bonds

Y\) omega bonds

Z\) delta bonds

ANSWER: X) SIGMA BONDS

**TOSS-UP**

17\) PHYSICS *Multiple Choice* In what test of hardness does the size of
an indentation in a material left by a steel ball give a measure of
hardness:

W\) Whitworth scale

X\) Brinell test

Y\) Rockwell test

Z\) case test

ANSWER: X) BRINELL TEST

# BONUS

17\) PHYSICS *Short Answer* Rounded to the nearest whole number, what is
the speed, in meters per second, of a 5 gram cherry revolving in
horizontal uniform circular motion at the end of a 2 meter string with a
frequency of 2 revolutions per second. Use pi rounded to the second
decimal place.

ANSWER: 25

(Solution: T = 1/2 = 0.5; V = (2)(π)(r)/t = (2)(3.14)(2)/0.5 = 25.12)

# TOSS-UP

18\) ASTRONOMY *Multiple Choice* Which of the following is a far more
comprehensive listing of celestial objects than the Messier catalogue:

W\) the 2000 Royal Astronomical sky survey

X\) the New General catalogue

Y\) the Index caelum

Z\) the Index Catalogue du Galactica

ANSWER: X) THE NEW GENERAL CATALOGUE

# BONUS

18\) ASTRONOMY *Multiple Choice* Most of the stars in the sky that
appear to be single stars are actually:

W\) galaxies

X\) optical doubles

Y\) twins or triplets linked by gravity

Z\) large star clusters of thousands of stars

ANSWER: Y) TWINS OR TRIPLETS LINKED BY GRAVITY

**TOSS-UP**

19\) MATH *Short Answer* In terms of π, what angle between 0 and 2π is
coterminal with 18π?

ANSWER: 0

# BONUS

19\) MATH *Short Answer* Expand and simplify the following expression as
completely as possible: *x*^3^ -- *y*^3^

ANSWER: (*x* -- *y*)( *x*^2^ + *xy* + *y*^2^)

# TOSS-UP

20\) EARTH SCIENCE *Multiple Choice* Which of the following is the best
example of subsidence:

W\) snow avalanche

X\) beach erosion

Y\) collapse of an earthen dam

Z\) sinkhole

ANSWER: Z) SINKHOLE

# BONUS

20\) EARTH SCIENCE *Short Answer* Name the two main Periods, in order
from the oldest to the most recent, that are subdivisions of the
Cenozoic Era:

ANSWER: TERTIARY AND QUATERNARY (must be in order)

**TOSS-UP**

21\) GENERAL SCIENCE *Multiple Choice* Which of the following dietary
sources provides the most docosahexanoic (read as:
doe-KHO-sah-hex-an-oic) and arachidonic (read as: ah-RACK-ih-don-ic)
acids needed for proper brain development:

W\) organ meats

X\) shellfish

Y\) non-organ meats

Z\) warm water fish

ANSWER: X) SHELLFISH

# BONUS

21\) GENERAL SCIENCE *Short Answer* What is the name of the program that
a personal computer's microprocessor uses to get the computer system
started after you power it up?

ANSWER: BIOS (ACCEPT: BASIC INPUT/OUTPUT SYSTEM)

# TOSS-UP

22\) BIOLOGY *Multiple Choice* What nucleated cell would be the most
common in normal peripheral blood:

W\) erythrocytes

X\) monocytes

Y\) lymphocytes

Z\) eosinophiles

ANSWER: Y) LYMPHOCYTES

# BONUS

22\) BIOLOGY *Short Answer* What specific biome is often quite large,
has a high mean temperature, high yearly rainfall, and poor soil?

ANSWER: TROPICAL RAIN FOREST

**TOSS-UP**

23\) CHEMISTRY *Multiple Choice* Which of the following ARE considered
chiral objects:

W\) balls

X\) screws

Y\) forks

Z\) nails

ANSWER: X) SCREWS

# BONUS

23\) CHEMISTRY *Multiple Choice* A molecule with sp hybridization has
bond angles of:

W\) 90°

X\) 109.5°

Y\) 120°

Z\) 180°

ANSWER: Z) 180°

# TOSS-UP

24\) PHYSICS *Multiple Choice* Which of the following is the reverse of
pair production:

W\) two photons act to produce an electron

X\) an electron and a neutrino produce a photon

Y\) an electron collides with a positron and mass is converted into
energy of photons

Z\) an incident pair of photons cause the production of a pair of
electrons and positrons

ANSWER: Y) AN ELECTRON COLLIDES WITH A POSITRON AND MASS IS CONVERTED
INTO ENERGY OF PHOTONS

# BONUS

24\) PHYSICS *Short Answer* Given in Newtons, what is the centripetal
force that is required to cause a 20 kilogram body to move at 2 meters
per second in uniform circular motion with a radius of 5 meters?

ANSWER: 16 (ACCEPT: 16 NEWTONS)

(Solution: CF = m v ^2^ / r = 20 x 2^2^ / 5 = 16 )

**TOSS-UP**

25\) BIOLOGY *Short Answer* The drug AZT primarily targets what enzyme
peculiar to retroviruses?

ANSWER: REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE

# BONUS

25\) BIOLOGY *Multiple Choice* What is the resting membrane potential in
a typical human axon:

W\) 45 millivolts

X\) 0 millivolts

Y\) - 45 millivolts

Z\) -70 millivolts

ANSWER: Z) -70 MILLIVOLTS