**Scientific Literature References for Anthropogenic Noise Impacts to
Wildlife**

1.  Andryk, T.A. 1983. Ecology of bighorn sheep in relation to oil and
    gas development along the east slope of the Rocky Mountains,
    northcentral Montana. Montana State University. 100 pp.

2.  Arthur, J.D., B. Langhus, D. Epperly, B. Bohm, T. Richmond, and J.
    Halvorson. 2001. Coal bed methane in the Powder River Basin. Pp.
    1-48. *In* Proceedings of the 2001 Ground Water Protection Council
    Annual Forum, Sept. 22-26, 2001, Reno, Nevada.

3.  Baker, W.J. 1987. The effects of oil well sites on forest species of
    birds. Western Michigan University. 67 pp.

4.  Ballard, W. B., M. A. Cronin, and H. A. Whitlaw. 2000. Caribou and
    oil fields. Pages 85-104 I*n* J. C. Truett and S. R. Johnson,
    editors. The natural history of an Arctic oil field: development and
    the biota. Academic Press, New York, New York.

5.  Benson, R.H. 1995. The effect of roadway traffic noise on territory
    selection by golden-cheeked warblers. Bulletin of the Texas
    Ornithological Society 28: 42-51.

6.  Bollinger, J. 1974. Effect of snowmobile noise on deer and rabbits
    in their natural habitat. Michigan State University, Department of
    Park and Recreation Resources. Tech. Report 9.

7.  Bondello, M.C. and B.H. Brattstrom. 1979. The effect of motorcycle
    sounds on the emergence of Couch\'s spadefoot toad, *Scaphiopus
    couchi*. Unpublished Report. U.S. Bureau of Land Management,
    California Desert Program, Riverside, California.

8.  []{.mark}Bowles, A.E. 1995. Responses of wildlife to noise. Pp.
    109-156. *In* Wildlife and recreationists: coexistence through
    management and research. R. L. Knight and K. J. Gutzwiller, editors.
    Island Press, Washington, D.C.

9.  []{.mark}Boyle S. A. and F.B. Samson. 1985. Effects of
    nonconsumptive recreation on wildlife: a review. Wildlife Society
    Bulletin 13(2):110-116.

10. Brandt, K. and M.T. Brown. 1988. Noise impacts on wildlife and
    recreation: literature review and management recommendations.
    Florida Department of Environmental Regulation; Center for Wetlands,
    University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Southwest Florida Water
    Management District, Tallahassee, Florida.

11. []{.mark}Bromley, M. 1985. Wildlife management implications of
    petroleum exploration and development in wildland environments. *In*
    General Technical Report INT-191. U.S. Forest Service, Intermountain
    Research Station, Ogden, Utah.

12. Bury, R.L. 1978. Impacts of snowmobiles on wildlife. Transactions of
    the North American Wildlife Conference 43: 149-156.

13. Dorrance, M.J., P.J. Savage, and D.E. Huff. 1975. Effects of
    snowmobiles on white-tailed deer. Journal of Wildlife Management
    39(3): 563-569

14. Dufour, P. 1974. Effects of noise on wildlife and other animals.
    Memphis State University and United States Environmental Protection
    Agency.

15. Fitzner, R.E. 1980. Behavioral ecology of the Swainson's hawk in
    Washington. Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, Washington. 65
    pp.

16. Fletcher, J.L. and R.G. Busnel. 1978. Effects of noise on wildlife.
    Academic Press, Inc.

17. Fletcher, J.L. 1990. Review of noise and terrestrial species:
    1983-1988. Pp. 181-188. *In* Noise as a public health problem,
    Volume 5: new advances in noise research Part II. B. Berglund and T.
    Lindvall, editors. Swedish Council for Building Research, Stockholm,
    Sweden.

18. []{.mark}Foppen, R. and R. Reijnen. 1994. The effects of car
    traffic on breeding bird populations in woodland. II. Breeding
    dispersal of male willow warblers (*Phylloscopus trochilus*) in
    relation to the proximity of a highway. Journal of Applied Ecology
    31(1): 95-101.

19. []{.mark}Forman, R.T.T. and L.E. Alexander. 1998. Roads and their
    major ecological effects. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
    29: 207-231.

20. []{.mark}Forman, R.T.T. and R.D. Deblinger. 1998. The ecological
    road-effect zone for transportation planning and Massachusetts
    highway example. Pp. 78--96. FL-ER-69-98. Proceedings of the
    International Conference on Wildlife Ecology and Transportation,
    Florida Department of Transportation, Tallahassee.

21. Geber and Anderson. 1967. Cardiac hypertrophy due to chronic
    audiogenic stress in the rat (*Rattus norwegians albinus*) and
    rabbit (*Lepus cuniculum*). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology
    21 (): 273-277.

22. Harmata, A.R. 1991. Impacts of oil and gas development on raptors
    associated with Kevin Rim, Montana. Kevin Rim Raptor Study Group,
    Montana State University, Bozeman. Prepared for U.S. Dept. of
    Interior Bureau of Land Management, Great Falls Resource Area,
    Montana. 37 pp.

23. Harrison, R.T. 1980. Environmental impact of off-road motorcycles.
    Pp. 266-69. *In* Off-road vehicle use: a management challenge.
    R.N.L. Andrews and P.F. Nowak, editors. Office of Environmental
    Quality, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.; School of
    Natural Resources, University of Michigan; University of Michigan
    Extension Service.

24. Harte, J. 2001. Methane boom could be bust for wildlife.
    Communications Dept., University of Wyoming, Laramie. 3 pp.

25. []{.mark}Hirvonen, H. 2001. Impacts of highway construction and
    traffic on a wetland bird community. Pp. 369-372. Proceedings of the
    International Conference on Wildlife Ecology and Transportation,
    September 24-28, 2001, Keystone, Colorado.

26. Ingelfinger, F. M. 2001. The effects of natural gas development on
    sagebrush steppe passerines in Sublette County, Wyoming. Thesis,
    University of Wyoming, Laramie.

27. Marler, P., M. Konishi, A. Lutjen, and M.S. Waser. 1973. Effects of
    continuous noise on avian hearing and vocal development. Proceedings
    of the National Academy of Science 70: 1393-1396.

28. McReynolds, H.E. and R.E. Radtke. 1978. The impact of motorized
    humans on the wildlife of forested lands. Pp. 102-17. *In* Wildlife
    and people. C. M. Kilpatrick, editor. Proceedings of the 1978
    John S. Wright Forestry Conference, February 23-24, 1978, Purdue
    University, West Lafayette, Indiana.

29. []{.mark}Nash, R.F., G.G. Gallup, Jr., and M.K. McClure. 1970. The
    immobility reaction in leopard frogs (*Rana pipiens*) as a function
    of noise-induced fear. Psychonomic Science 21(3): 155-156.

30. O\'Farrell, T.P. 1981. Biological assessment: possible impacts of
    exploratory drilling in section 18B, Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 2,
    Kern County, California, on the endangered San Joaquin kit fox,
    blunt-nosed leopard lizard, and other sensitive species. E G & G
    Energy Measurements, Inc., Goleta, California.

31. []{.mark}Reijnen, R., R. Foppen, and H. Meeuwsen. 1996. The effects
    of traffic on the density of breeding birds in Dutch agricultural
    grasslands. Biological Conservation 75(3): 255-260.

32. []{.mark} Reijnen, R. R. Foppen, C. Ter Braak, and J.
    Thissen. 1995. The effects of car traffic on breeding bird
    populations in woodland. III. Reduction of density in relation to
    the proximity of main roads. Journal of Applied Ecology 32(1):
    187-202.

33. []{.mark} Reijnen, R. R. Foppen, and G. Veenbaas. 1997. Disturbance
    by traffic of breeding birds: evaluation of the effect and
    considerations in planning and managing road corridors. Biodiversity
    and Conservation 6(4): 567-581.

34. []{.mark}Richardson, C.T. and C.K. Miller. 1997. Recommendations
    for protecting raptors from human disturbance: a review. Wildlife
    Society Bulletin 25(3): 634-638.

35. Scom, A., J.G. Bollinger, and O.J. Rongstand. 1972. Studying the
    effects of snowmobile noise on wildlife. Internoise Proceedings ():
    236-241.

36. []{.mark}Stone, E. R. 2000. Separating the noise from the noise. A
    finding in support of the \"niche hypothesis\", that birds are
    influenced by human induced noise in natural habitats. Anthrozoos
    13(4): 225-231.

37. Suter, G.W., H, and J.L. Joness. 1981. Criteria for golden eagle,
    ferruginous hawk, and prairie falcon nest site protection. Journal
    of Raptor Research 15: 12-18.

38. []{.mark}U.S. Department of Energy. 2001. Impact study of
    compressor noise on passerine birds \[Web Page\]. Project Fact
    Sheet. Project ID: FEW 49263. Argonne National Laboratory for
    National Petroleum Technology Office, Office of Fossil Energy, U.S.
    Department of Energy, Tulsa, Oklahoma. 2 pp. Located at
    <http://dominoweb.fossil.energy.gov/domino/apps/fred/fred.nsf/0/0a3af21ed4aea81705256b0900561281?OpenDocument>.
    Accessed September 11, 2003.

39. Van der Zande, A.N., W.J. ter Keurs, and W.J. van der Weijden. 1980.
    The impact of roads on the densities of four bird species in an open
    field habitat---evidence of a long distance effect. Biological
    Conservation 18: 299-321.

40. []{.mark}Väre, S. 2001. Follow-up research of moose and other wild
    animals at Pernaja European Highway E18. Pg. 625. Proceedings of the
    International Conference on Wildlife Ecology and Transportation,
    September 24-28, 2001, Keystone, Colorado*.*

41. Ward, A.L., J.J. Cupal, A.L. Lea, C.A. Oakley, and R.W. Weeks. 1973.
    Elk behavior in relation to cattle grazing, forest recreation, and
    traffic. Proceedings of the Thirty-eighth North American Wildlife
    Conference 38: 327-337.

42. []{.mark}Whittaker, D. and R.L. Knight. 1998. Understanding
    wildlife responses to humans. Wildlife Society Bulletin 26(2):
    312-317.

43. Zander, R.A. 1999. Development, environmental analysis, and
    mitigation of coal bed methane activity in the Powder River Basin of
    Wyoming. Pp. 47-57. *In* 1999 International Coalbed Methane
    Symposium, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa.