**[Methyl Bromide Critical Use Nomination for Preplant Soil Use for
Fruit, Nut and Flower Nurseries]{.smallcaps}**

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| [For Administrative Purposes Only:]{.smallcaps}                       |
|                                                                       |
| **[Date received by Ozone Secretariat:]{.smallcaps}**                 |
|                                                                       |
| YEAR: CUN:                                                            |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| **[Nominating      | # The United States of America                  |
| Par                |                                                 |
| ty:]{.smallcaps}** |                                                 |
+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| **[Brief           | Methyl Bromide Critical Use Nomination for      |
| Descriptive Title  | Preplant Soil Use for Fruit, Nut and Flower     |
| of                 | Nurseries                                       |
| Nominati           |                                                 |
| on:]{.smallcaps}** |                                                 |
+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+

+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| **[Nominating Party  |                                               |
| Contact              |                                               |
| De                   |                                               |
| tails]{.smallcaps}** |                                               |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| Contact Person:      | John E. Thompson, Ph. D.                      |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| Title:               | International Affairs Officer                 |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| Address:             | Office of Environmental Policy                |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
|                      | U.S. Department of State                      |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
|                      | 2201 C Street N.W. Room 4325                  |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
|                      | Washington, DC 20520                          |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
|                      | U.S.A.                                        |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| Telephone:           | \(202\) 647-9799                              |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| Fax:                 | \(202\) 647-5947                              |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| E-mail:              | <ThompsonJE2@state.gov>                       |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
|                      |                                               |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| Following the        |                                               |
| requirements of      |                                               |
| Decision IX/6        |                                               |
| paragraph (a)(1),    |                                               |
| the United States of |                                               |
| America has          |                                               |
| determined that the  |                                               |
| specific use         |                                               |
| detailed in this     |                                               |
| Critical Use         |                                               |
| Nomination is        |                                               |
| critical because the |                                               |
| lack of availability |                                               |
| of methyl bromide    |                                               |
| for this use would   |                                               |
| result in a          |                                               |
| significant market   |                                               |
| disruption.          |                                               |
|                      |                                               |
| X Yes No             |                                               |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+

  ------------------------ -----------------------------------------------
  **[Contact or Expert(s)  
  for Further Technical    
  Details]{.smallcaps}**   

  Contact/Expert Person:   Tina E. Levine, Ph.D.

  Title:                   Division Director

  Address:                 Biological and Economic Analysis Division

                           Office of Pesticide Programs

                           U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

                           Mail Code 7503C

                           Washington, DC 20460

                           U.S.A.

  Telephone:               \(703\) 308-3099

  Fax:                     \(703\) 308-8090

  E-mail:                  <levine.tina@epa.gov>

                           
  ------------------------ -----------------------------------------------

# [List of Documents Sent to the Ozone Secretariat in Official Nomination Package]{.smallcaps}

List all paper and electronic documents submitted by the Nominating
Party to the Ozone Secretariat

+----------------------------------------------+--------+-------------+
| 1.  **[Paper Documents:]{.smallcaps}**       | **     | **Date Sent |
|                                              | Number | to Ozone    |
| > **Title of Paper Documents and             | of     | Se          |
| > Appendices**                               | P      | cretariat** |
|                                              | ages** |             |
+----------------------------------------------+--------+-------------+
|                                              |        |             |
+----------------------------------------------+--------+-------------+
|                                              |        |             |
+----------------------------------------------+--------+-------------+
|                                              |        |             |
+----------------------------------------------+--------+-------------+
|                                              |        |             |
+----------------------------------------------+--------+-------------+

+----------------------------------------------+--------+-------------+
| 2.  **[electronic copies of all paper        | **Size | **Date Sent |
|     documents:]{.smallcaps}**                | of     | to Ozone    |
|                                              | File   | Se          |
| **Title of Electronic Files**                | (kb)** | cretariat** |
+----------------------------------------------+--------+-------------+
|                                              |        |             |
+----------------------------------------------+--------+-------------+
|                                              |        |             |
+----------------------------------------------+--------+-------------+
|                                              |        |             |
+----------------------------------------------+--------+-------------+
|                                              |        |             |
+----------------------------------------------+--------+-------------+

***Table of Contents***

[[Part A: Summary]{.smallcaps} 7](#part-a-summary)

[1. Nominating Party 7](#__RefHeading___Toc65592823)

[2. Descriptive Title of Nomination 7](#__RefHeading___Toc65592824)

[3. Crop and Summary of Crop System 7](#__RefHeading___Toc65592825)

[4. Methyl Bromide Nominated 8](#__RefHeading___Toc65592826)

[5. Brief Summary of the Need for Methyl Bromide as a Critical Use
9](#__RefHeading___Toc65592827)

[6. Summarize Why Key Alternatives Are Not Feasible
10](#__RefHeading___Toc65592828)

[7. Proportion of Crops Grown Using Methyl Bromide
10](#__RefHeading___Toc65592829)

[8. Amount of Methyl Bromide Requested for Critical Use
11](#__RefHeading___Toc65592830)

[9. Summarize Assumptions Used to Calculate Methyl Bromide Quantity
Nominated for Each Region 12](#__RefHeading___Toc65592831)

[[Western Raspberry Nurseries - Part B: Crop Characteristics and Methyl
Bromide Use]{.smallcaps}
13](#western-raspberry-nurseries-part-b-crop-characteristics-and-methyl-bromide-use)

[Western Raspberry Nurseries - 10. Key Diseases and Weeds for which
Methyl Bromide Is Requested and Specific Reasons for this Request
13](#__RefHeading___Toc65592833)

[Western Raspberry Nurseries - 11. Characteristics of Cropping System
and Climate 13](#__RefHeading___Toc65592834)

[Western Raspberry Nurseries. 12. Historic Pattern of Use of Methyl
Bromide, and/or Mixtures Containing Methyl Bromide, for which an
Exemption Is Requested 15](#__RefHeading___Toc65592835)

[[Western Raspberry Nurseries. Part C: Technical Validation]{.smallcaps}
16](#western-raspberry-nurseries.-part-c-technical-validation)

[Western Raspberry Nurseries. 13. Reason for Alternatives Not Being
Feasible 16](#__RefHeading___Toc65592837)

[Western Raspberry Nurseries. 14. List and Discuss Why Registered *(and
Potential)* Pesticides and Herbicides Are Considered Not Effective as
Technical Alternatives to Methyl Bromide:
18](#__RefHeading___Toc65592838)

[Western Raspberry Nurseries - 15. List Present *(and Possible Future)*
Registration Status of Any Current and Potential Alternatives
19](#__RefHeading___Toc65592839)

[Western Raspberry Nurseries - 16. State Relative Effectiveness of
Relevant Alternatives Compared to Methyl Bromide for the Specific Key
Target Pests and Weeds for which It Is Being Requested
19](#__RefHeading___Toc65592840)

[Western Raspberry Nurseries - 17. Are There Any Other Potential
Alternatives Under Development which Are Being Considered to Replace
Methyl Bromide? 21](#__RefHeading___Toc65592841)

[Western Raspberry Nurseries - 18. Are There Technologies Being Used to
Produce the Crop which Avoid the Need for Methyl Bromide?
22](#__RefHeading___Toc65592842)

[Western Raspberry Nurseries - Summary of Technical Feasibility
22](#western-raspberry-nurseries-summary-of-technical-feasibility)

[[California Deciduous Fruit & Nut Tree Growers - Part B: Crop
Characteristics and Methyl Bromide Use]{.smallcaps}
22](#california-deciduous-fruit-nut-tree-growers---part-b-crop-characteristics-and-methyl-bromide-use)

[California Deciduous Fruit & Nut Tree Growers - 10. Key Diseases and
Weeds for which Methyl Bromide Is Requested and Specific Reasons for
this Request 22](#__RefHeading___Toc65592845)

[California Deciduous Fruit & Nut Tree Growers - 11. Characteristics of
Cropping System and Climate 24](#__RefHeading___Toc65592846)

[California Deciduous Fruit & Nut Tree Growers - 12. Historic Pattern of
Use of Methyl Bromide, and/or Mixtures Containing Methyl Bromide, for
which an Exemption Is Requested 26](#__RefHeading___Toc65592847)

[[California Deciduous Fruit & Nut Tree Growers - Part C: Technical
Validation]{.smallcaps}
27](#california-deciduous-fruit-nut-tree-growers.-part-c-technical-validation)

[California Deciduous Fruit & Nut Tree Growers - 13. Reason for
Alternatives Not Being Feasible 27](#__RefHeading___Toc65592849)

[California Deciduous Fruit & Nut Tree Growers - 14. List and Discuss
Why Registered *(and Potential)* Pesticides and Herbicides Are
Considered Not Effective as Technical Alternatives to Methyl Bromide:
29](#__RefHeading___Toc65592850)

[California Deciduous Fruit & Nut Tree Growers - 15. List Present *(and
Possible Future)* Registration Status of Any Current and Potential
Alternatives 29](#__RefHeading___Toc65592851)

[California Deciduous Fruit & Nut Tree Growers - 16. State Relative
Effectiveness of Relevant Alternatives Compared to Methyl Bromide for
the Specific Key Target Pests and Weeds for which It Is Being Requested
30](#__RefHeading___Toc65592852)

[California Deciduous Fruit & Nut Tree Growers - 17. Are There Any Other
Potential Alternatives Under Development which Are Being Considered to
Replace Methyl Bromide? 31](#__RefHeading___Toc65592853)

[California Deciduous Fruit & Nut Tree Growers - 18. Are There
Technologies Being Used to Produce the Crop which Avoid the Need for
Methyl Bromide? 32](#__RefHeading___Toc65592854)

[California Deciduous Fruit & Nut Tree Growers - Summary of Technical
Feasibility
32](#california-deciduous-fruit-nut-tree-growers---summary-of-technical-feasibility)

[[California Nursery Roses]{.smallcaps} - [Part B: Crop Characteristics
and Methyl Bromide Use]{.smallcaps}
33](#california-nursery-roses---part-b-crop-characteristics-and-methyl-bromide-use)

[California Nursery Roses - 10. Key Diseases and Weeds for which Methyl
Bromide Is Requested and Specific Reasons for this Request
33](#__RefHeading___Toc65592857)

[California Nursery Roses - 11. Characteristics of Cropping System and
Climate 33](#__RefHeading___Toc65592858)

[California Nursery Roses - 12. Historic Pattern of Use of Methyl
Bromide, and/or Mixtures Containing Methyl Bromide, for which an
Exemption Is Requested 35](#__RefHeading___Toc65592859)

[[California Nursery Roses - Part C: Technical Validation]{.smallcaps}
36](#california-nursery-roses---part-c-technical-validation)

[California Nursery Roses - 13. Reason for Alternatives Not Being
Feasible 36](#__RefHeading___Toc65592861)

[California Nursery Roses - 14. List and Discuss Why Registered *(and
Potential)* Pesticides and Herbicides Are Considered Not Effective as
Technical Alternatives to Methyl Bromide:
37](#__RefHeading___Toc65592862)

[California Nursery Roses - 15. List Present *(and Possible Future)*
Registration Status of Any Current and Potential Alternatives
38](#__RefHeading___Toc65592863)

[California Nursery Roses - 16. State Relative Effectiveness of Relevant
Alternatives Compared to Methyl Bromide for the Specific Key Target
Pests and Weeds for which It Is Being Requested
38](#__RefHeading___Toc65592864)

[California Nursery Roses - 17. Are There Any Other Potential
Alternatives Under Development which Are Being Considered to Replace
Methyl Bromide? 43](#__RefHeading___Toc65592865)

[California Nursery Roses - 18. Are There Technologies Being Used to
Produce the Crop which Avoid the Need for Methyl Bromide?
43](#__RefHeading___Toc65592866)

[California Nursery Roses - Summary of Technical Feasibility
44](#california-nursery-roses---summary-of-technical-feasibility)

[**[Part D: Emission Control]{.smallcaps}**
45](#__RefHeading___Toc65592868)

[19. Techniques That Have and Will Be Used to Minimize Methyl Bromide
Use and Emissions in the Particular Use 45](#__RefHeading___Toc65592869)

[20. If Methyl Bromide Emission Reduction Techniques Are Not Being Used,
or Are Not Planned for the Circumstances of the Nomination, State
Reasons 45](#__RefHeading___Toc65592870)

[[Part E: Economic Assessment]{.smallcaps}
46](#part-e-economic-assessment)

[21. Costs of Alternatives Compared to Methyl Bromide Over 3-Year Period
46](#__RefHeading___Toc65592872)

[22. Gross and Net Revenue 46](#__RefHeading___Toc65592873)

[Measures of Economic Impacts of Methyl Bromide Alternatives
46](#__RefHeading___Toc65592874)

[Summary of Economic Feasibility 46](#summary-of-economic-feasibility)

[[Part F. Future Plans]{.smallcaps} 48](#part-f.-future-plans)

[23. What Actions Will Be Taken to Rapidly Develop and Deploy
Alternatives for This Crop? 48](#__RefHeading___Toc65592877)

[24. How Do You Plan to Minimize the Use of Methyl Bromide for the
Critical Use in the Future? 48](#__RefHeading___Toc65592878)

[25. Additional Comments on the Nomination
49](#__RefHeading___Toc65592879)

[26. Citations 50](#__RefHeading___Toc65592880)

[[APPENDIX B. Summary of New Applicants]{.smallcaps}
56](#__RefHeading___Toc65592881)

***List of Tables***

[*Part A: Summary* 7](#part-a-summary)

[Table 4.1: Methyl Bromide Nominated 8](#__RefHeading___Toc65592774)

[Table A.1: Executive Summary 10](#__RefHeading___Toc65592775)

[Table 7.1: Proportion of Crops Grown Using Methyl Bromide
10](#table-7.1-proportion-of-crops-grown-using-methyl-bromide)

[Table 8.1: Amount of Methyl Bromide Requested for Critical Use
11](#table-8.1.-amount-of-methyl-bromide-requested-for-critical-use)

[Table A.2: 2006 Sector Nomination 12](#__RefHeading___Toc65592778)

[*Western Raspberry Nurseries - Part B: Crop Characteristics and Methyl
Bromide Use*
13](#western-raspberry-nurseries-part-b-crop-characteristics-and-methyl-bromide-use)

[Western Raspberry Nurseries - Table 10.1: Key Diseases and Weeds and
Reason for Methyl Bromide Request 13](#__RefHeading___Toc65592780)

[Western Raspberry Nurseries. Table 11.1: Characteristics of Cropping
System 14](#__RefHeading___Toc65592781)

[Western Raspberry Nurseries. Table 11.2 Characteristics of Climate and
Crop Schedule 14](#__RefHeading___Toc65592782)

[Western Raspberry Nurseries. Table 12.1 Historic Pattern of Use of
Methyl Bromide 15](#__RefHeading___Toc65592783)

[*[Western Raspberry Nurseries. Part C: Technical
Validation]{.smallcaps}*
16](#western-raspberry-nurseries.-part-c-technical-validation)

[Western Raspberry Nurseries. Table 13.1: Reason for Alternatives Not
Being Feasible 16](#__RefHeading___Toc65592785)

[Western Raspberry Nurseries - Table 14.1: Technically Infeasible
Alternatives Discussion 18](#__RefHeading___Toc65592786)

[Western Raspberry Nurseries -- Table 15.1: Present Registration Status
of Alternatives 19](#__RefHeading___Toc65592787)

[Western Raspberry Nurseries -- Table 16.1: Effectiveness of
Alternatives -- Diseases 20](#__RefHeading___Toc65592788)

[Western Raspberry Nurseries -- Table C.1: Alternatives Yield Loss Data
Summary 21](#__RefHeading___Toc65592789)

[*[California Deciduous Fruit & Nut Tree Growers B - Part B: Crop
Characteristics and Methyl Bromide Use]{.smallcaps}*
22](#california-deciduous-fruit-nut-tree-growers---part-b-crop-characteristics-and-methyl-bromide-use)

[California Deciduous Fruit & Nut Tree Growers - Table 10.1: Key
Diseases and Weeds and Reason for Methyl Bromide Request
23](#__RefHeading___Toc65592791)

[California Deciduous Fruit & Nut Tree Growers - Table 11.1:
Characteristics of Cropping System 24](#__RefHeading___Toc65592792)

[California Deciduous Fruit & Nut Tree Growers - Table 11.2
Characteristics of Climate and Crop Schedule
25](#__RefHeading___Toc65592793)

[California Deciduous Fruit & Nut Tree Growers - Table 12.1 Historic
Pattern of Use of Methyl Bromide 26](#__RefHeading___Toc65592794)

[*[California Deciduous Fruit & Nut Tree Growers]{.smallcaps}* *[- Part
C: Technical Validation]{.smallcaps}*
27](#california-deciduous-fruit-nut-tree-growers.-part-c-technical-validation)

[California Deciduous Fruit & Nut Tree Growers -- Table 13.1: Reason for
Alternatives Not Being Feasible 27](#__RefHeading___Toc65592796)

[California Deciduous Fruit & Nut Tree Growers -- Table 14.1:
Technically Infeasible Alternatives Discussion
29](#__RefHeading___Toc65592797)

[California Deciduous Fruit & Nut Tree Growers -- Table 15.1: Present
Registration Status of Alternatives 29](#__RefHeading___Toc65592798)

[California Deciduous Fruit & Nut Tree Growers -- Table 16.1:
Effectiveness of Alternatives -- Nematodes
30](#__RefHeading___Toc65592799)

[California Deciduous Fruit & Nut Tree Growers -- Table C.1:
Alternatives Yield Loss Data Summary 31](#__RefHeading___Toc65592800)

[*California Nursery Roses [- Part B: Crop Characteristics and Methyl
Bromide Use]{.smallcaps}*
33](#california-nursery-roses---part-b-crop-characteristics-and-methyl-bromide-use)

[California Nursery Roses - Table 10.1: Key Diseases and Weeds and
Reason for Methyl Bromide Request 33](#__RefHeading___Toc65592802)

[California Nursery Roses - Table 11.1: Characteristics of Cropping
System 33](#__RefHeading___Toc65592803)

[California Nursery Roses - Table 11.2 Characteristics of Climate and
Crop Schedule 34](#__RefHeading___Toc65592804)

[California Nursery Roses - Table 11.3 One Year Rose Crop Schedule
34](#__RefHeading___Toc65592805)

[California Nursery Roses - Table 12.1 Historic Pattern of Use of Methyl
Bromide 35](#__RefHeading___Toc65592806)

[*[California Nursery Roses - Part C: Technical Validation]{.smallcaps}*
36](#california-nursery-roses---part-c-technical-validation)

[California Nursery Roses -- Table 13.1: Reason for Alternatives Not
Being Feasible 36](#__RefHeading___Toc65592808)

[California Nursery Roses -- Table 14.1: Technically Infeasible
Alternatives Discussion 37](#__RefHeading___Toc65592809)

[California Nursery Roses -- Table 15.1: Present Registration Status of
Alternatives 38](#__RefHeading___Toc65592810)

[California Nursery Roses -- Table 16.1: Effectiveness of Alternatives
-- Nematodes 39](#__RefHeading___Toc65592811)

[California Nursery Roses -- Table 16.2: Effectiveness of Alternatives
-- Phytophthora 40](#__RefHeading___Toc65592812)

[California Nursery Roses -- Table 16.3: Effectiveness of Alternatives
-- Stunt Nematode 41](#__RefHeading___Toc65592813)

[California Nursery Roses -- Table 16.4: Effectiveness of Alternatives
-- Root Knot Nematode 42](#__RefHeading___Toc65592814)

[California Nursery Roses -- Table C.1: Alternatives Yield Loss Data
Summary 43](#__RefHeading___Toc65592815)

[***[Part D: Emission Control]{.smallcaps}***
45](#__RefHeading___Toc65592816)

[Table 19.1: Techniques to Minimize Methyl Bromide Use and Emissions
45](#table-19.1-techniques-to-minimize-methyl-bromide-use-and-emissions)

[*[Part E: Economic Assessment]{.smallcaps}*
46](#part-e-economic-assessment)

[Table 21.1: Costs of Alternatives Compared to Methyl Bromide Over
3-Year Period 46](#__RefHeading___Toc65592819)

[*[Part F. Future Plans]{.smallcaps}* 48](#part-f.-future-plans)

[APPENDIX A. 2006 Methyl Bromide Usage Numerical Index (BUNI).
52](#__RefHeading___Toc65592821)

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| # Part A: Summary                                                     |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[1. Nominating Party]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592823
  .anchor}**[:]{.smallcaps}**

  The United States of America (U. S.)

  **[2. Descriptive Title of
  Nomination]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592824
  .anchor}**[:]{.smallcaps}**

  Methyl Bromide Critical Use Nomination for Preplant Soil Use for Fruit,
  Nut and Flower Nurseries

  **[3. Crop and Summary of Crop
  System]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592825 .anchor}
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

This nomination is based on requests for critical use of MB by growers
of raspberry, roses, and deciduous tree nursery stock. Nursery producers
must be able to provide stock plants that are pest-free to allow the
establishment of plantings that are of the highest initial quality and
optimize the longevity of orchards or other producing plots. Nurseries
provide plants used by commercial growers of fresh and processed
raspberries, rose bushes, and such diverse fruit crops as apricots
peaches, prunes, nectarines, cherries, plums, apples, pears, Asian pears
(as well as ornamental pears), and nut crops such as almonds, walnuts,
pistachios, pecans, and chestnuts. Approximately 95% of the trees are
fruiting varieties sold to commercial producers (although residential
consumers are also a market); the other 5% are ornamental types used for
landscaping. Nurseries are concentrated in areas conducive to early
plant growth---deciduous trees are primarily produced in California in
the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys in a Mediterranean climate, many
large raspberry nurseries are located in eastern San Joaquin valley and
western Washington where pest-free stock can be grown for markets in the
cooler production areas of northern California and the Pacific
Northwest.

Raspberry nurseries in the western U.S. provide raspberry stock to most
of the growers in North America. Dry climates and soil type make these
areas ideal for nurseries to provide high quality plant stock. Although
there are relatively few raspberry nurseries, they provide all of the
stock used by commercial growers and therefore, have a large impact on
raspberry production overall. MB is used on a total area of
approximately 200 hectares of field beds. However there is a large
return in the benefits of certified pest-free stock to numerous
commercial growers throughout the continent. The raspberry nursery
industry uses flat fumigation techniques similar to that of the
strawberry industry. Raspberry nursery stock is grown using a two year
production cycle beginning with tissue culture and moving to foundation
planting the first year. Winter dormant plants are replanted in
commercial nurseries and harvested after one year.

Deciduous tree nurseries range from 15 to over 600 hectares in field
beds. A typical operation in California ranges between 80 and 120
hectares. The climate and soil make this region an ideal area for tree
nurseries (as well as a major fruit and nut producing region). While
some nurseries concentrate on specific tree crops, most nurseries grow
and sell a variety of different trees. Nursery stock is grown on a
cropping system that includes crop rotation or cover cropping between
tree production cycles; therefore, not all of the nursery is in tree
production in a given year. The tree production cycle can be anywhere
from a single year to several years depending on the type of tree crop
being produced. Nursery production of trees takes from one to four years
in the ground depending on the type being produced. Almonds take one
year and walnuts take at least two years. Also, desired tree size
determines how long it is grown in the nursery. The most common cycle is
for the tree crop to be in the ground for either one or two years. A
typical nursery cycle starts by digging the current tree crop (to be
sold) then planting a cover crop for one or two years, followed by
replanting with a tree crop. In order to prepare the ground for
planting, the fields are disked, deep ripped, leveled, and then
fumigated to meet certification standards set by the California
Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA, 1996). Generally the
fumigation work is contracted out. A shank is used to apply a fumigation
of 75% MB and 25% chloropicrin, typically at a rate of 340 kg per
hectare. At the same time the majority of the nursery growers cover the
treated area with a high barrier tarp. The fumigation is carried out
around August and September, and planting begins in October, and may
continue through January. The deciduous nurseries are subject to
mandates set forth by the CDFA, that trees must be pest free.

Nursery roses are grown in open field plots. A typical crop rotation for
a two year rose crop includes one year fallow, followed by one or two
years of rotational crops, and then a two year rose crop. The two-year
rose crop cycle begins with land preparation (removing the cover crop,
deep cultivation, and fumigation with methyl bromide), followed by
planting the rootstock and T-bud grafting. In late winter of the first
year, the rootstock tops are removed. The rose crop matures by the
second autumn and is then harvested. This cycle varies depending on the
type of rose crop being produced (e.g., two-year roses, one-year minis
and patio trees, or 18-month mini bushes).

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[Methyl Bromide
  Nominated]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592826 .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

**[Table 4.1: Methyl Bromide
Nominated]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592774 .anchor}

  ------------------------ ----------------------- -----------------------
  **[Year]{.smallcaps}**   **[Nomination Amount    **[Nomination Area
                           (kg)]{.smallcaps}**     (ha)]{.smallcaps}**

  **2006**                 **63,225**              **203**
  ------------------------ ----------------------- -----------------------

**.**

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **5[. Brief Summary of the Need for Methyl Bromide as a Critical      |
| Use]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592827 .anchor}             |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| The U. S. Nomination is for areas within this sector where            |
| alternatives are not suitable, either because of legal restrictions,  |
| specific certification requirements, or physical features such as     |
| unacceptable soil moisture. Acreage subject to quarantine and pre     |
| shipment exemption (QPS) is not included. The deciduous fruit and nut |
| tree nurseries in California, and the raspberry nurseries in the      |
| western states of California and Washington produce the majority of   |
| the stock for their respective industries; 95% of their sales are     |
| within California. The majority of the sales go to commercial fruit   |
| growers and the remaining trees are flowering varieties sold          |
| primarily to landscapers. The nematode species of concern in the      |
| nursery industry in Washington and California are *Meloidogyne*       |
| spp*., Pratylenchus* spp*., Trichodorus* spp*., Xiphinema* spp*.,*    |
| and *Criconemelia* spp. Various weed species and fungal pests are     |
| secondary pests in nurseries. Under California regulatory laws,       |
| nursery crops must be "free of especially injurious pests and disease |
| symptoms" in order to qualify for a California Department of Food and |
| Agriculture (CDFA) Nursery Stock Certificate for Interstate and       |
| Intrastate Shipments (CDFA, 1996). If a nursery grower uses MB or if  |
| allowed, 1,3-D, the crop is assumed to be "free of especially         |
| injurious pests and disease symptoms." However, if a grower fumigates |
| with another alternative, or does not fumigate at all and there is    |
| history of nematode problems, the CDFA imposes nematode sampling      |
| requirements, which is at the expense of the grower. If nematodes are |
| found stock will not be certified and grower will incur economic      |
| losses.                                                               |
|                                                                       |
| California nursery roses must meet certification requirements as      |
| well. Roses have deep roots, which require pest control to a depth of |
| 1.5 meters. Rose growers may use 1,3-D if the following conditions    |
| are met: 1) the field has not been previously infested with           |
| nematodes, and 2) soil moisture levels are not higher than 12%, which |
| implies that only sandy soils are approved. In addition, township     |
| caps in California restrict the amount of 1,3-D that can be used in a |
| given area. This issue is especially important for nursery rose       |
| growers, as most production of this crop is concentrated in two       |
| townships where other crops that also use 1,3-D, such as almonds and  |
| carrots, are grown (Trout, 2001).                                     |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

**[Table A.1: Executive
Summary\*]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592775 .anchor}

+-----------------------------+--------------+------------+------------+
| ### Region                  | > ***Western | ***        | ***        |
|                             | > Raspberry  | California | California |
|                             | >            | Deciduous  | Nursery*   |
|                             | Nurseries*** | Fruit &    | *Roses***  |
|                             |              | Nut Tree   |            |
|                             |              | Growers*** |            |
+=============================+==============+============+============+
| ##### [Amount               |              |            |            |
|  of Nomination]{.smallcaps} |              |            |            |
+-----------------------------+--------------+------------+------------+
| ####  2006 Kilograms        | 10,952       | 31,903     | 20,167     |
+-----------------------------+--------------+------------+------------+
| **Application Rate          | 235          | 336        | 328        |
| (kg/ha)**                   |              |            |            |
+-----------------------------+--------------+------------+------------+
| **Area (ha)**               | 47           | 95         | 61         |
+-----------------------------+--------------+------------+------------+
| ##### [Amount of App        |              |            |            |
| licant Request]{.smallcaps} |              |            |            |
+-----------------------------+--------------+------------+------------+
| ####  2006 Kilograms        | 49,879       | 224,528    | 209,975    |
+-----------------------------+--------------+------------+------------+
| **Application Rate \[Active | 253          | 336        | 337        |
| Ingredient\] (AI) (kg/ha)** |              |            |            |
+-----------------------------+--------------+------------+------------+
| **Area (ha)**               | 197          | 668        | 622        |
+-----------------------------+--------------+------------+------------+
| #### [Economics For Next Be |              |            |            |
| st Alternative]{.smallcaps} |              |            |            |
+-----------------------------+--------------+------------+------------+
| **Technically Feasible      | **Best       | **Best     | #          |
| Alternative (s)**           | A            | Alt        | ### Best A |
|                             | lternative** | ernative** | lternative |
+-----------------------------+--------------+------------+------------+
| ####  Yield Loss (%)        | Not included | Not        | Not        |
|                             | as there is  | included   | included   |
|                             | no           | as there   | as there   |
|                             | technically  | is no      | is no      |
|                             | feasible     | t          | t          |
|                             | alternative. | echnically | echnically |
|                             |              | feasible   | feasible   |
|                             |              | al         | al         |
|                             |              | ternative. | ternative. |
+-----------------------------+--------------+------------+------------+
| **Loss per hectare          |              |            |            |
| (US\$/ha)**                 |              |            |            |
+-----------------------------+--------------+------------+------------+
| **Loss per kg Methyl        |              |            |            |
| Bromide (US\$/kg)**         |              |            |            |
+-----------------------------+--------------+------------+------------+
| **Loss as % of Gross        |              |            |            |
| Revenue (%)**               |              |            |            |
+-----------------------------+--------------+------------+------------+
| **Loss as % of Net Revenue  |              |            |            |
| (%)**                       |              |            |            |
+-----------------------------+--------------+------------+------------+

> \* See Appendix A for complete description of how the nominated amount
> was calculated.

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **6. [Summarize Why Key Alternatives Are Not
  Feasible]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592828 .anchor}:

  Nurseries must provide stock that is pest-free in order to meet state
  mandated certification requirements for plant material (CDFA, 1996).
  Where allowed by township cap regulation and where soil type and
  moisture are acceptable, use of products with 1,3-D can provide an
  alternative to MB. Moisture restrictions for 1,3-D may be more limiting
  than township caps. Nurseries with heavy soils or moisture greater than
  12% (especially common in clay soils at depths of 1 to 1.5 meters) are
  not likely to receive certification of nursery stock, because of the
  inability to effectively reduce populations of nematodes or pathogens.
  In these situations MB is critically needed. What is of primary
  importance is pest-free stock that is of sufficient quality to meet
  government standards and comply with standards for intra- and
  interstate plant transit.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **7. (*i*) [Proportion of Crops Grown Using Methyl
  Bromide]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592829 .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

#### 

#### [[Table 7.1: Proportion of Crops Grown Using Methyl Bromide]{.underline}]{.smallcaps}

+-----------------------+----------------------+-----------------------+
| **[Region where       | **[Total crop        | **[Proportion of      |
| Methyl Bromide use is | area]{.smallcaps}**  | total crop area       |
| req                   |                      | treated with methyl   |
| uested]{.smallcaps}** | **[2001 -- 2002      | bromide               |
|                       | average              | (%)]{.smallcaps}**    |
|                       | (ha)]{.smallcaps}**  |                       |
+-----------------------+----------------------+-----------------------+
| ##### Wester          | Not available        | Not available         |
| n Raspberry Nurseries |                      |                       |
+-----------------------+----------------------+-----------------------+
| **California          | Not available        | Not available         |
| Deciduous Fruit & Nut |                      |                       |
| Tree Growers**        |                      |                       |
+-----------------------+----------------------+-----------------------+
| #### Cali             | Not available        | Not available         |
| fornia Nursery Roses  |                      |                       |
+-----------------------+----------------------+-----------------------+
| **[National           | Not available        | Not available         |
| Total:]{.smallcaps}** |                      |                       |
+-----------------------+----------------------+-----------------------+
| **7. (*ii*) [If only  |                      |                       |
| part of the crop area |                      |                       |
| is treated with       |                      |                       |
| methyl bromide,       |                      |                       |
| indicate the reason   |                      |                       |
| why methyl bromide is |                      |                       |
| not used in the other |                      |                       |
| area, and identify    |                      |                       |
| what alternative      |                      |                       |
| strategies are used   |                      |                       |
| to control the target |                      |                       |
| pathogens and weeds   |                      |                       |
| without methyl        |                      |                       |
| bromide               |                      |                       |
| there.]{.smallcaps}** |                      |                       |
+-----------------------+----------------------+-----------------------+
| Nurseries must        |                      |                       |
| provide pest          |                      |                       |
| (pathogens) free      |                      |                       |
| stock and rely on MB  |                      |                       |
| for certification     |                      |                       |
| requirements.         |                      |                       |
+-----------------------+----------------------+-----------------------+
| **7. (*iii*) [Would   |                      |                       |
| it be feasible to     |                      |                       |
| expand the use of     |                      |                       |
| these methods to      |                      |                       |
| cover at least part   |                      |                       |
| of the crop that has  |                      |                       |
| requested use of      |                      |                       |
| methyl bromide? What  |                      |                       |
| changes would be      |                      |                       |
| necessary to enable   |                      |                       |
| this?]{.smallcaps}**  |                      |                       |
+-----------------------+----------------------+-----------------------+
| The critical need for |                      |                       |
| MB exists for         |                      |                       |
| nurseries that are    |                      |                       |
| limited by state      |                      |                       |
| certification         |                      |                       |
| requirements or soil  |                      |                       |
| conditions making     |                      |                       |
| 1,3-D formulations    |                      |                       |
| unacceptable for many |                      |                       |
| cases. Some areas     |                      |                       |
| with light, sandy     |                      |                       |
| soil-types,           |                      |                       |
| appropriate soil      |                      |                       |
| moisture, and no      |                      |                       |
| legal restrictions    |                      |                       |
| might be able to      |                      |                       |
| replace MB with 1,3-D |                      |                       |
| alternatives but this |                      |                       |
| is generally a        |                      |                       |
| limited area.         |                      |                       |
+-----------------------+----------------------+-----------------------+
| **8. [Amount of       |                      |                       |
| Methyl Bromide        |                      |                       |
| Requested for         |                      |                       |
| Critical              |                      |                       |
| Use]{.                |                      |                       |
| smallcaps}**[]{#__Ref |                      |                       |
| Heading___Toc65592830 |                      |                       |
| .anchor}              |                      |                       |
+-----------------------+----------------------+-----------------------+

#### [Table 8.1. Amount of Methyl Bromide Requested for Critical Use]{.smallcaps}

+--------------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+
| # [Region:]{.smallcaps}              | #####   | ##      | ##      |
|                                      |  Wester | ### Cal | ### Cal |
|                                      | n Raspb | ifornia | ifornia |
|                                      | erry Nu |  Decidu |  Nurser |
|                                      | rseries | ous Fru | y Roses |
|                                      |         | it & Nu |         |
|                                      |         | t Tree  |         |
|                                      |         | Growers |         |
+--------------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+
| # [Ye                                | *       | *       | *       |
| ar of Exemption Request]{.smallcaps} | *[2006] | *[2006] | *[2006] |
|                                      | {.small | {.small | {.small |
|                                      | caps}** | caps}** | caps}** |
+--------------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+
| [Kilograms of Methyl                 | 49,879  | 224,528 | 209,975 |
| Bromide]{.smallcaps}                 |         |         |         |
+--------------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+
| [Use: Flat Fumigation or Strip/Bed   | Flat    | Flat    | Flat    |
| Treatment]{.smallcaps}               | Fum     | Fum     | Fum     |
|                                      | igation | igation | igation |
+--------------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+
| **[Formulation]{.smallcaps}**        | 67:33   | 75:25   | 98:2    |
| *(ratio of methyl                    |         |         |         |
| bromide/chloropicrin mixture)* [to   |         |         |         |
| be used for the CUE]{.smallcaps}     |         |         |         |
+--------------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+
| [Total Area to be treated with the   | 197     | 668     | 622     |
| methyl bromide or methyl             |         |         |         |
| bromide/Chloropicrin                 |         |         |         |
| formulation]{.smallcaps} *(ha)*      |         |         |         |
+--------------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+
| [Application rate\*]{.smallcaps}     | 253     | 336     | 337     |
| *(kg/ha)* [for the **Active          |         |         |         |
| Ingredient**]{.smallcaps}            |         |         |         |
+--------------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+
| [Application rate\*]{.smallcaps}     | 375     | 448     | 343     |
| *(kg/ha)* [for the                   |         |         |         |
| **formulation**]{.smallcaps}         |         |         |         |
+--------------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+
| [Dosage rate\*]{.smallcaps}          | 37.5    | 44.8    | 34.3    |
| *(g/m^2^)* [of **formulation** used  |         |         |         |
| to calculate requested kilograms of  |         |         |         |
| methyl bromide]{.smallcaps}          |         |         |         |
+--------------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+

*\* For Flat Fumigation treatment application rate and dosage rate may
be the same.*

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **[9. Summarize Assumptions Used to Calculate Methyl Bromide Quantity |
| Nominated for Each                                                    |
| Region]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592831                   |
| .anchor}**[:]{.smallcaps}**                                           |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| The amount of methyl bromide nominated by the U.S. was calculated as  |
| follows:                                                              |
|                                                                       |
| -   The percent of regional hectares in the applicant's request was   |
|     divided by the total area planted in that crop in the region      |
|     covered by the request.                                           |
|                                                                       |
| -   Hectares counted in more than one application or rotated within   |
|     one year of an application to a crop that also uses methyl        |
|     bromide were subtracted. There was no double counting in this     |
|     sector.                                                           |
|                                                                       |
| -   Growth or increasing production (the amount of area requested by  |
|     the applicant that is greater than that historically treated) was |
|     subtracted.                                                       |
|                                                                       |
| -   Quarantine and pre-shipment (QPS) hectares is the area in the     |
|     applicant's request subject to QPS treatments.                    |
|                                                                       |
| -   Only the acreage experiencing one or more of the following        |
|     impacts were included in the nominated amount: moderate to heavy  |
|     key pest pressure, regulatory impacts, and unsuitable terrain.    |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

**[Table A.2: 2006 Sector
Nomination\*]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592778 .anchor}

+---------+-----------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| ##      |                       | Western   | #####     | C         |
| ### 200 |                       | Raspberry | Californi | alifornia |
| 6 (Sect |                       | Nurseries | a Deciduo | Nursery   |
| or) Nom |                       |           | us Fruit  | Roses     |
| ination |                       |           | & Nut Tre |           |
|         |                       |           | e Growers |           |
+---------+-----------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **Ap    | Requested Hectares    | 197       | 668       | 622       |
| plicant | (ha)                  |           |           |           |
| Request |                       |           |           |           |
| for     |                       |           |           |           |
| 2006**  |                       |           |           |           |
+---------+-----------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
|         | Requested Application | 253       | 336       | 337       |
|         | Rate\--AI (kg/ha)     |           |           |           |
+---------+-----------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
|         | Requested Kilograms   | 49,879    | 224,528   | 209,975   |
|         | (kg)                  |           |           |           |
+---------+-----------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **CUE   | Nominated Hectares    | 47        | 95        | 61        |
| Nomi    | (ha)                  |           |           |           |
| nated** |                       |           |           |           |
|         |                       |           |           |           |
| **for   |                       |           |           |           |
| 2006**  |                       |           |           |           |
+---------+-----------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
|         | Nominated Application | 235       | 336       | 328       |
|         | Rate (kg/ha)          |           |           |           |
+---------+-----------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
|         | Nominated Kilograms   | 10,952    | 31,903    | 20,167    |
|         | (kg)                  |           |           |           |
+---------+-----------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
|         |                       |           |           |           |
+---------+-----------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **2006  | Overall Reduction (%) | 87%       |           |           |
| Sector  |                       |           |           |           |
| Nom     |                       |           |           |           |
| ination |                       |           |           |           |
| T       |                       |           |           |           |
| otals** |                       |           |           |           |
+---------+-----------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
|         | 2006 U.S. CUE         | 63,225    |           |           |
|         | Nomination (kg)       |           |           |           |
+---------+-----------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
|         | Research Amount (kg)  | 1506      |           |           |
+---------+-----------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
|         | **Total 2006 U.S.     | *         |           |           |
|         | Sector Nominated      | *64,731** |           |           |
|         | Kilograms (kg)**      |           |           |           |
+---------+-----------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+

**[\*]{.smallcaps}** See Appendix A for complete description of how the
nominated amount was calculated.

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| # [Western Raspberry Nurse                                            |
| ries Part B: Crop Characteristics and Methyl Bromide Use]{.smallcaps} |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[Western Raspberry Nurseries 10. Key Diseases and Weeds for which
  Methyl Bromide Is Requested and Specific Reasons for this
  Request]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592833 .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

**[Western Raspberry Nurseries. Table 10.1: Key Diseases and Weeds and
Reason for Methyl Bromide
Request]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592780 .anchor}

  -------------------------- ------------------------ ---------------------------------
  **[Region where methyl     **[Key                   **[Specific reasons why methyl
  bromide use is             Pests]{.smallcaps}**     bromide is needed]{.smallcaps}**
  requested]{.smallcaps}**                            

  Western Raspberry          Primarily pathogens:     To meet certification
  Nurseries                  *Phytophthora fragariae* requirements for sale of nursery
                             var. *Rubi* (root rot),  stock within and outside of
                             *Verticillium* spp.      states.
                             (wilt), others including 
                             *Pythium* spp.,          
                             *Rhizoctonia* spp.       
  -------------------------- ------------------------ ---------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[Western Raspberry Nurseries 11. (]{.smallcaps}*i*[) Characteristics
  of Cropping System and
  Climate]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592834 .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

Raspberry nurseries in the western U.S. provide raspberry stock to most
of the growers in North America. There are relatively few raspberry
nurseries, yet they have a large impact on raspberry production overall.
USDA organic standards specifically allow the use of nursery stock
propagated using MB for organic production in recognition of the vital
role vigorous planting stock plays in organic and integrated pest
management systems. This further confirms that the use of MB in
propagation nurseries reduces the need for MB, and other chemical
inputs, in fruiting fields. MB use is concentrated within nurseries
having a total area of approximately 200 hectares.

According to this consortium, "...fallow is part of the two-year cycle.
The production of one acre of raspberry nursery is a 24-month process.
It begins with land preparation in January of year 1. A cover crop is
then grown during the winter, spring and early summer of year 1. In the
summer the cover crop is incorporated into the soil and the land is
prepared for fumigation. There is a brief fallow period in June of year
1 prior to fumigation. The field is fumigated in August of year 1. The
planting beds are constructed in September of year 1. These beds lay
"fallow" through the winter, until February of year 2. The planted crop
will grow until harvest in November and December of year 2. Following
the harvest we begin another cycle in January.

Although the nursery is a 24-month process, some land is fumigated each
year to provide an annual supply of planting stock for our farmers.
Therefore, the amount stated in the application refers to an annual
usage."

**[Western Raspberry Nurseries. Table 11.1: Characteristics of Cropping
System]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592781 .anchor}

+-----------------------------------------+----------------------------+
| ##### [Characteristics]{.smallcaps}     | ### [Western Raspbe        |
|                                         | rry Nurseries]{.smallcaps} |
+-----------------------------------------+----------------------------+
| **[Crop Type:]{.smallcaps}** *(e.g.     | raspberry cane stock       |
| transplants, bulbs, trees or cuttings)* |                            |
+-----------------------------------------+----------------------------+
| **[Annual or Perennial                  | 2-3                        |
| Crop:]{.smallcaps}** *(# of years       |                            |
| between replanting)*                    |                            |
+-----------------------------------------+----------------------------+
| **[Typical Crop Rotation]{.smallcaps}** | 1 year in foundation       |
| *(if any)* **[and use of methyl bromide | nursery, 1 year in         |
| for other crops in the                  | commercial nursery. The    |
| rotation:]{.smallcaps}** *(if any)*     | raspberry nursery industry |
|                                         | utilizes flat fumigation   |
|                                         | techniques similar to that |
|                                         | of the strawberry          |
|                                         | industry. Raspberry        |
|                                         | nursery stock are grown    |
|                                         | using a two year           |
|                                         | production cycle beginning |
|                                         | with tissue culture and    |
|                                         | moving to foundation       |
|                                         | nurseries the first year.  |
|                                         | Winter dormant plants are  |
|                                         | replanted in commercial    |
|                                         | nurseries and harvested    |
|                                         | after one year. Ten        |
|                                         | hectares of plants in a    |
|                                         | foundation nursery will    |
|                                         | serve to plant 100         |
|                                         | hectares of a commercial   |
|                                         | nursery. A commercial      |
|                                         | nursery produces enough    |
|                                         | plants to provide 1200     |
|                                         | hectares of commercial     |
|                                         | fields; therefore, pest    |
|                                         | infestation of nursery     |
|                                         | plants can impact          |
|                                         | significant areas of       |
|                                         | commercial fields.         |
+-----------------------------------------+----------------------------+
| **[Soil Types:]{.smallcaps}** *(Sand,   | light, medium              |
| loam, clay, etc.)*                      |                            |
+-----------------------------------------+----------------------------+
| **[Frequency of methyl bromide          | once in 2-3 years          |
| Fumigation:]{.smallcaps}**              |                            |
|                                         |                            |
| *(e.g. every two years)*                |                            |
+-----------------------------------------+----------------------------+
| **[Other relevant                       | None identified            |
| factors:]{.smallcaps}**                 |                            |
+-----------------------------------------+----------------------------+

**[Western Raspberry Nurseries. Table 11.2 Characteristics of Climate
and Crop Schedule]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592782 .anchor}

<table style="width:100%;">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 17%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Mar</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Apr</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">May</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Jun</span></strong></td>
<td><h6 id="jul"><span class="smallcaps">Jul</span></h6></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Aug</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Sept</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Oct</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Nov</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Dec</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Jan</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Feb</span></strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><h4 id="climatic-zone"><span class="smallcaps">Climatic Zone<br />
</span></h4></td>
<td colspan="12">USDA zones 8a, 9a, 9b</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><span class="smallcaps"><strong>Rainfall</strong>
<em>(</em></span><em>mm<span class="smallcaps">)</span></em></td>
<td>16</td>
<td>72.1</td>
<td>17.3</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>trace</td>
<td>1.0</td>
<td>trace</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>44.7</td>
<td>56.9</td>
<td>9.9</td>
<td>30.5</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><span class="smallcaps"><strong>Outside Temp.</strong>
<em>(C)</em></span></td>
<td>14.4</td>
<td>14.8</td>
<td>20.8</td>
<td>25.7</td>
<td>30.3</td>
<td>27.4</td>
<td>25.1</td>
<td>18.4</td>
<td>13.4</td>
<td>9.6</td>
<td>10.3</td>
<td>10.6</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Fumigation
Schedule</span></strong></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>X</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p><strong><span class="smallcaps">Planting</span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span class="smallcaps">Schedule</span></strong></p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

\*For Fresno, California.

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[Western Raspberry Nurseries]{.smallcaps} 11. (*ii*) [Indicate if any
  of the above characteristics in 11]{.smallcaps}. (*i*) [prevent the
  uptake of any relevant alternatives?]{.smallcaps}**

  Soil moisture is an important determinant of capacity of 1,3-D efficacy
  (5). Moisture above 12% is common below 1 meter depth and reduction of
  1,3-D nematicidal activity results at this moisture level; this is
  especially a problem with nurseries with heavier soils. It is critical
  that nurseries must control pests in the top 1 meter of soil because
  the plant roots extend to this depth. In addition, certification
  requirements make MB critical for many nurseries.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[Western Raspberry Nurseries 12. Historic Pattern of Use of Methyl
  Bromide, and/or Mixtures Containing Methyl Bromide, for which an
  Exemption Is Requested]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592835
  .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

**[Western Raspberry Nurseries. Table 12.1 Historic Pattern of Use of
Methyl Bromide]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592783 .anchor}

+------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| **[For as many   | **1   | **1   | **1   | **2   | **2   | **2   |
| years as         | 997** | 998** | 999** | 000** | 001** | 002** |
| possible as      |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| shown            |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| specify          |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| :]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |       |       |       |
+------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| **[Area          | 100   | 83    | 103   | 111   | 103   | 131   |
| Treate           |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| d]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| *(hectares)*     |       |       |       |       |       |       |
+------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| **[ratio of Flat | Flat  | Flat  | Flat  | Flat  | Flat  | Flat  |
| Fumigation       | Fumig | Fumig | Fumig | Fumig | Fumig | Fumig |
| methyl bromide   | ation | ation | ation | ation | ation | ation |
| use to strip/bed |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| use if strip     |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| treatment is     |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| use              |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| d]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |       |       |       |
+------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| **[Amount of     | 2     | 2     | 2     | 2     | 2     | 3     |
| methyl bromide   | 5,485 | 1,313 | 6,671 | 6,937 | 4,188 | 0,570 |
| active           |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| ingredient       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| use              |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| d]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |       |       |       |
|                  |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| *(total          |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| kilograms)*      |       |       |       |       |       |       |
+------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| **[formulations  | 67:33 | 67:33 | 67:33 | 67:33 | 67:33 | 67:33 |
| of methyl        |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| bromid           |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| e]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |       |       |       |
|                  |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| *( methyl        |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| bromide          |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| /chloropicrin)*  |       |       |       |       |       |       |
+------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| **[Method by     | shank | shank | shank | shank | shank | shank |
| which methyl     | inje  | inje  | inje  | inje  | inje  | inje  |
| bromide          | cted, | cted, | cted, | cted, | cted, | cted, |
| applie           | with  | with  | with  | with  | with  | with  |
| d]{.smallcaps}** | tarp  | tarp  | tarp  | tarp  | tarp  | tarp  |
|                  |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| *(e.g. injected  |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| at 25cm depth,   |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| hot gas)*        |       |       |       |       |       |       |
+------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| **[Application   | 255   | 257   | 258   | 242   | 235   | 234   |
| rate \[Active    |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| Ingredient\]     |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| (]{.smal         |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| lcaps}kg/ha\*)** |       |       |       |       |       |       |
+------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| **[Application   | 385   | 385   | 385   | 360   | 350   | 350   |
| rate             |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| \[formulation\]  |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| (]{.smal         |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| lcaps}kg/ha\*)** |       |       |       |       |       |       |
+------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| **[Actual dosage | 38.5  | 38.5  | 38.5  | 36.0  | 35.0  | 35.0  |
| rate of          |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| formulation      |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| s]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| *(g/m^2^)***[\   |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| *]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |       |       |       |
+------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+

*\* For Flat Fumigation treatment application rate and dosage rate may
be the same.*

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| # [W                                                                  |
| estern Raspberry Nurseries. Part C: Technical Validation]{.smallcaps} |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **Western Raspberry Nurseries [13. Reason for Alternatives Not Being
  Feasible]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592837 .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

**[Western Raspberry Nurseries. Table 13.1: Reason for Alternatives Not
Being Feasible]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592785 .anchor}

+-------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+
| **[Name of  | **[Technical and regulatory\* reasons   | **[Is the    |
| Alte        | for the alternative not being feasible  | alternative  |
| rnative]{.s | or available]{.smallcaps}**             | considered   |
| mallcaps}** |                                         | cost         |
|             |                                         | e            |
|             |                                         | ffective?]{. |
|             |                                         | smallcaps}** |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+
| # [C        |                                         |              |
| hemical Alt |                                         |              |
| ernatives]{ |                                         |              |
| .smallcaps} |                                         |              |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+
| c           | not sufficiently effective to meet      | no           |
| hloropicrin | standards for pest-free nursery stock   |              |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+
| 1,3-dich    | in areas with moisture restrictions     | only where   |
| loropropene | (e.g., \>12% at 1-1.5 meters) (or under | light soils  |
| (1,3-D)     | township caps) would not be able to     | and township |
|             | meet standards for pest-free nursery    | caps allow   |
|             | stock; nurseries with no such           | use          |
|             | restrictions should be able to use      |              |
|             | 1,3-D as an alternative                 |              |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+
| m           | not sufficiently effective to meet      | no           |
| etam-sodium | standards for pest-free nursery stock   |              |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+
| dazomet     | Like metam-sodium is not an effective   | no           |
|             | nematicide. The use of dazomet in       |              |
|             | combination with Telone was examined in |              |
|             | a study submitted by the applicant. The |              |
|             | study showed that although weed         |              |
|             | populations were suppressed, nematode   |              |
|             | populations were not controlled,        |              |
|             | causing stock to be commercially        |              |
|             | unacceptable. When dazomet was used in  |              |
|             | combination with 1,3-D, nematode        |              |
|             | populations were 15 times greater when  |              |
|             | compared to that of a dual application  |              |
|             | of 1,3-D. Importantly, dazomet does not |              |
|             | allow for certification of the stock.   |              |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+
| #### [Non C |                                         |              |
| hemical Alt |                                         |              |
| ernatives]{ |                                         |              |
| .smallcaps} |                                         |              |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+
| co          | A field is planted with tissue culture  | no           |
| ntainerized | plugs. The wide, flat planting beds     |              |
| production  | allow these plants to grow laterally in |              |
|             | all directions and to produce long      |              |
|             | straight roots. The nursery is watered  |              |
|             | using overhead irrigation, this creates |              |
|             | optimal growing conditions over the     |              |
|             | entire surface area of the beds.        |              |
|             |                                         |              |
|             | Switching to containers would require   |              |
|             | much more land area to make up for the  |              |
|             | lack of efficiency in the system. In    |              |
|             | addition, there would be the cost of    |              |
|             | the containers, the cost of the         |              |
|             | planting mix which would have to be     |              |
|             | discarded after each use, and all the   |              |
|             | increased labor costs associated with a |              |
|             | container based system.                 |              |
|             |                                         |              |
|             | At the end of the growing season when   |              |
|             | plants are dormant they are mowed to    |              |
|             | about 20 cm long. The canes are chopped |              |
|             | into small pieces and later they are    |              |
|             | incorporated into the soil to increase  |              |
|             | the organic matter. Then the beds are   |              |
|             | "lifted" and shaken, this removes soil  |              |
|             | from the plants and makes it easier to  |              |
|             | pick the plants up and place them in a  |              |
|             | box for transfer to the trimming        |              |
|             | operation. This system is very          |              |
|             | efficient because the crews can simply  |              |
|             | move up each row with a mower, then the |              |
|             | lifter followed by several workers who  |              |
|             | transfer the plants into the bin for    |              |
|             | movement to the trimming operation.     |              |
|             |                                         |              |
|             | With field grown plants, plants are     |              |
|             | produced with long straight roots. The  |              |
|             | roots are trimmed from the canes at the |              |
|             | trim shed and the trimmed roots are     |              |
|             | long enough to provide the root         |              |
|             | planting material used by the growers.  |              |
|             | Much of the land planted by growers     |              |
|             | comes from these trimmed roots.         |              |
|             | Generally, container-grown plants       |              |
|             | produce shorter or curved roots. New    |              |
|             | canes are produced from adventitious    |              |
|             | root buds, it is likely that any        |              |
|             | reduction in surface area would reduce  |              |
|             | the number and/or quality (size,        |              |
|             | strength) of these new adventitious     |              |
|             | canes.                                  |              |
|             |                                         |              |
|             | Nursery managers have observed that     |              |
|             | when raspberries are grown in pots, the |              |
|             | south or hot side of the pot is not an  |              |
|             | optimal environment for growing         |              |
|             | raspberry roots. Pots are seen where    |              |
|             | there are no roots within a significant |              |
|             | distance of the hot surface of the pot. |              |
|             | This heat further reduces yields and    |              |
|             | increases water demands. Some of the    |              |
|             | largest nurseries are located in the    |              |
|             | eastern San Joaquin Valley of           |              |
|             | California where temperatures can reach |              |
|             | over 40 C in the summer months. While   |              |
|             | the canes and aboveground plant parts   |              |
|             | can tolerate these temperatures, roots  |              |
|             | are not as large and healthy as what is |              |
|             | produced in field systems.              |              |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+
| ####        | Might have role in reducing MB use      | no           |
|  Virtually  | rates while maintaining efficacy due to |              |
| Impermeable | reduced emissions (Guillino et al.,     |              |
|  Film (VIF) | 2002; Martin, 2003). Ongoing studies    |              |
|             | may help assess value of VIF with MB    |              |
|             | and chemical alternatives.              |              |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+
| #### biofu  | Some of these alternatives are          | no           |
| migation, s | important components of an IPM system   |              |
| olarization | and are currently employed by the       |              |
| , steam hea | industry. These practices include field |              |
| t, biologic | sanitation to reduce inoculum, crop     |              |
| al control, | rotation to reduce hosts, and attempts  |              |
|  cover crop | to breed resistance to pathogens.       |              |
| s/mulches,  | However, these alternatives will not    |              |
| crop rotati | meet requirements of CDFA for nursery   |              |
| on, floodin | stock certification either individually |              |
| g and water | or in combinations. Use of flooding is  |              |
|  management | not practical because of the            |              |
| , grafting/ | topographic features of many production |              |
| resistant r | areas and requirements for excessive    |              |
| ootstocks,  | water use. The use of steam also        |              |
| organic ame | requires extremely large quantities of  |              |
| ndments, sa | water and is very slow and expensive to |              |
| nitation, a | perform which would impact planting and |              |
| nd resistan | production intervals for this industry. |              |
| t cultivars | Use of solarization is not practical    |              |
|             | due to the depth of heating required to |              |
|             | eliminate viable weed seed and          |              |
|             | environmental constraints at high       |              |
|             | altitude nurseries including high       |              |
|             | winds. Biological control currently is  |              |
|             | not a feasible alternative; studies     |              |
|             | done with biological control agents at  |              |
|             | Clemson University, South Carolina in   |              |
|             | conjunction with University of          |              |
|             | California-Riverside, have not shown    |              |
|             | sufficient promise to date to expect    |              |
|             | commercial use in the near future.      |              |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+
| ###         |                                         |              |
| # [Combinat |                                         |              |
| ions of Alt |                                         |              |
| ernatives]{ |                                         |              |
| .smallcaps} |                                         |              |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+
| (1,3-D) +   | in areas with moisture restrictions     | only where   |
| c           | (e.g., \>12% at 1-1.5 meters) (or under | light soils  |
| hloropicrin | township caps) would not be able to     | and township |
|             | meet standards for pest-free nursery    | caps allow   |
|             | stock; nurseries with no such           | use          |
|             | restrictions should be able to use      |              |
|             | 1,3-D as an alternative                 |              |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+
| (1,3-D) +   | in areas with moisture restrictions     | only where   |
| m           | (e.g., \>12% at 1-1.5 meters) (or under | light soils  |
| etam-sodium | township caps) would not be able to     | and township |
|             | meet standards for pest-free nursery    | caps allow   |
|             | stock; nurseries with no such           | use          |
|             | restrictions should be able to use      |              |
|             | 1,3-D as an alternative                 |              |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+

*\* Regulatory reasons include local restrictions (e.g. occupational
health and safety, local environmental regulations) and lack of
registration.*

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[Western Raspberry Nurseries. 14. List and Discuss Why
  Registered]{.smallcaps}** *(and Potential)* **[Pesticides and
  Herbicides Are Considered Not Effective as Technical Alternatives to
  Methyl Bromide:]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592838 .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

**[Western Raspberry Nurseries - Table 14.1: Technically Infeasible
Alternatives Discussion]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592786
.anchor}

+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| **[Name of         | ##### [Discussion]{.smallcaps}                  |
| Alternat           |                                                 |
| ive]{.smallcaps}** |                                                 |
+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| None               | Other than options discussed elsewhere, no      |
|                    | alternatives exist for the control of the key   |
|                    | pests when they are present in the soil and/ or |
|                    | afflict the below ground portions of            |
|                    | raspberries.                                    |
+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[Western Raspberry Nurseries -]{.smallcaps} 15. [List Present
  ]{.smallcaps}***(and Possible Future)* **[Registration Status of Any
  Current and Potential
  Alternatives]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592839
  .anchor}**[:]{.smallcaps}**

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

**[Western Raspberry Nurseries. Table 15.1: Present Registration Status
of Alternatives]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592787 .anchor}

+------------+------------------------------+---------------+----------+
| **[Name of | #####                        | **            | **[Date  |
| Altern     |  Present Registration Status | [Registration | of       |
| ative]{.sm |                              | being         | possible |
| allcaps}** |                              | considered by | future   |
|            |                              | national      | regi     |
|            |                              | authorities?  | stration |
|            |                              | (Y/N)]{       | :]{.smal |
|            |                              | .smallcaps}** | lcaps}** |
+------------+------------------------------+---------------+----------+
| sodium     | not registered in U.S., no   | No            | unknown  |
| azide      | registration has been        |               |          |
|            | requested                    |               |          |
+------------+------------------------------+---------------+----------+
| propargyl  | not registered in U.S., no   | No            | unknown  |
| bromide    | registration has been        |               |          |
|            | requested                    |               |          |
+------------+------------------------------+---------------+----------+
| i          | not registered in U.S.       | Yes           | unknown  |
| odomethane |                              |               |          |
+------------+------------------------------+---------------+----------+

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[Western Raspberry Nurseries - 16. State Relative Effectiveness of
  Relevant Alternatives Compared to Methyl Bromide for the Specific Key
  Target Pests and Weeds for which It Is Being
  Requested]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592840 .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

As with other nursery commodities, yield is not the only (and possibly
not the most important) factor in the production of raspberry nursery
stock. What is of primary importance is pest-free stock that is of
sufficient quality to meet government standards and comply with
standards for intra- and interstate plant transit. While disease and
other pest issues also occur with MB treated nurseries, the long time
use of MB has given a level of experience with that compound that is
only beginning to be assessed with alternatives. Consequently, the
industry still has a critical need for MB until lessons gained from
research with alternatives can be transferred to successful
implementation in commercial nursery locations.

**[Western Raspberry Nurseries. Table 16.1: Effectiveness of
Alternatives -- Diseases]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592788
.anchor}

+-----------------------+----+---------------+---+------------+------+
| **[Key Pest:          | #  |               |   |            |      |
| Di                    | ## |               |   |            |      |
| seases]{.smallcaps}** | ## |               |   |            |      |
|                       |  [ |               |   |            |      |
|                       | Av |               |   |            |      |
|                       | er |               |   |            |      |
|                       | ag |               |   |            |      |
|                       | e  |               |   |            |      |
|                       | di |               |   |            |      |
|                       | se |               |   |            |      |
|                       | as |               |   |            |      |
|                       | e  |               |   |            |      |
|                       | %  |               |   |            |      |
|                       | or |               |   |            |      |
|                       |  r |               |   |            |      |
|                       | at |               |   |            |      |
|                       | in |               |   |            |      |
|                       | g  |               |   |            |      |
|                       | an |               |   |            |      |
|                       | d  |               |   |            |      |
|                       | yi |               |   |            |      |
|                       | el |               |   |            |      |
|                       | ds |               |   |            |      |
|                       |  i |               |   |            |      |
|                       | n  |               |   |            |      |
|                       | pa |               |   |            |      |
|                       | st |               |   |            |      |
|                       |  3 |               |   |            |      |
|                       | \~ |               |   |            |      |
|                       | 5  |               |   |            |      |
|                       | ye |               |   |            |      |
|                       | ar |               |   |            |      |
|                       | s] |               |   |            |      |
|                       | {. |               |   |            |      |
|                       | sm |               |   |            |      |
|                       | al |               |   |            |      |
|                       | lc |               |   |            |      |
|                       | ap |               |   |            |      |
|                       | s} |               |   |            |      |
+=======================+====+===============+===+============+======+
| **[Methyl Bromide     | >  | **[Disease (% | > | **[Actual  | > ** |
| formulations and      |  * | or            |   | Yields     | [Cit |
| Altern                | *[ | rating)]{     | * | (          | atio |
| atives]{.smallcaps}** | \# | .smallcaps}** | * | t/ha)]{.sm | n]{. |
|                       | >  |               | [ | allcaps}** | smal |
|                       | of |               | \ |            | lcap |
|                       | >  |               | # |            | s}** |
|                       |  T |               | > |            |      |
|                       | ri |               |   |            |      |
|                       | al |               | o |            |      |
|                       | s] |               | f |            |      |
|                       | {. |               | > |            |      |
|                       | sm |               |   |            |      |
|                       | al |               | T |            |      |
|                       | lc |               | r |            |      |
|                       | ap |               | i |            |      |
|                       | s} |               | a |            |      |
|                       | ** |               | l |            |      |
|                       |    |               | s |            |      |
|                       |    |               | ] |            |      |
|                       |    |               | { |            |      |
|                       |    |               | . |            |      |
|                       |    |               | s |            |      |
|                       |    |               | m |            |      |
|                       |    |               | a |            |      |
|                       |    |               | l |            |      |
|                       |    |               | l |            |      |
|                       |    |               | c |            |      |
|                       |    |               | a |            |      |
|                       |    |               | p |            |      |
|                       |    |               | s |            |      |
|                       |    |               | } |            |      |
|                       |    |               | * |            |      |
|                       |    |               | * |            |      |
+-----------------------+----+---------------+---+------------+------+
| \[1\] MB (263         |    | no pests      | 1 | Runn       | La   |
| kg/ha) + chloropicrin |    | identified    | 2 | ers/mother | rson |
| (129 kg/ha)           |    |               | r | plant      | and  |
|                       |    |               | e | (s         | S    |
| \[2\] chloropicrin    |    |               | p | trawberry) | haw, |
| (140 kg/ha)           |    |               | s |            | 2000 |
|                       |    |               |   | \[1\]      |      |
| \[3\] no fumigation   |    |               |   | 18.0a      |      |
|                       |    |               |   |            |      |
|                       |    |               |   | \[2\]      |      |
|                       |    |               |   | 15.7b      |      |
|                       |    |               |   |            |      |
|                       |    |               |   | \[3\] 7.9c |      |
+-----------------------+----+---------------+---+------------+------+
| \[1\] MB (314         |    | no pests      | 4 | Runn       | La   |
| kg/ha) + chloropicrin |    | identified    | r | ers/mother | rson |
| (78 kg/ha)            |    |               | e | plant      | and  |
|                       |    |               | p | (s         | S    |
| \[2\] chloropicrin    |    |               | s | trawberry) | haw, |
| (191 kg/ha)           |    |               |   |            | 2000 |
|                       |    |               |   | \[1\]      |      |
| \[3\] chloropicrin    |    |               |   | 29.7a      |      |
| (303 kg/ha)           |    |               |   |            |      |
|                       |    |               |   | \[2\]      |      |
| \[4\] no fumigation   |    |               |   | 27.0a      |      |
|                       |    |               |   |            |      |
|                       |    |               |   | \[3\]      |      |
|                       |    |               |   | 29.7a      |      |
|                       |    |               |   |            |      |
|                       |    |               |   | \[4\]      |      |
|                       |    |               |   | 11.2b      |      |
+-----------------------+----+---------------+---+------------+------+
| \[1\] MB (263         |    | no pests      | 2 | Runn       | La   |
| kg/ha) + chloropicrin |    | identified    | 4 | ers/mother | rson |
| (129 kg/ha)           |    |               | r | plant      | and  |
|                       |    |               | e | (s         | S    |
| \[2\] chloropicrin    |    |               | p | trawberry) | haw, |
| (157 kg/ha)           |    |               | s |            | 2000 |
|                       |    |               |   | \[1\]      |      |
| \[3\] chloropicrin    |    |               |   | 18.8a      |      |
| (314 kg/ha)           |    |               |   |            |      |
|                       |    |               |   | \[2\]      |      |
| \[4\] no fumigation   |    |               |   | 16.7b      |      |
|                       |    |               |   |            |      |
|                       |    |               |   | \[3\]      |      |
|                       |    |               |   | 18.9a      |      |
|                       |    |               |   |            |      |
|                       |    |               |   | \[4\]      |      |
|                       |    |               |   | 10.3c      |      |
+-----------------------+----+---------------+---+------------+------+
| \[1\] MB (263         |    | no pests      | 1 | Runn       | La   |
| kg/ha) + chloropicrin |    | identified    | 2 | ers/mother | rson |
| (129 kg/ha)           |    |               | r | plant      | and  |
|                       |    |               | e | (s         | S    |
| \[2\] chloropicrin    |    |               | p | trawberry) | haw, |
| (168 kg/ha)           |    |               | s |            | 2000 |
|                       |    |               | ( | \[1\]      |      |
| \[3\] chloropicrin    |    |               | M | 39.2a      |      |
| (336 kg/ha)           |    |               | B |            |      |
|                       |    |               | t | \[2\]      |      |
| > \[4\] 1,3-D (134    |    |               | r | 28.6bc     |      |
| > kg/ha) +            |    |               | t |            |      |
| > chloropicrin (314   |    |               | , | \[3\]      |      |
| > kg/ha)              |    |               | 1 | 33.8abc    |      |
|                       |    |               | 1 |            |      |
| \[5\] 1,3-D (361      |    |               | r | \[4\]      |      |
| kg/ha) + chloropicrin |    |               | e | 35.8ab     |      |
| (155 kg/ha)           |    |               | p |            |      |
|                       |    |               | s | \[5\]      |      |
| \[6\] no fumigation   |    |               | ) | 33.0bc     |      |
|                       |    |               |   |            |      |
|                       |    |               |   | \[6\]      |      |
|                       |    |               |   | 15.8d      |      |
+-----------------------+----+---------------+---+------------+------+

N.B.: some studies were with strawberry research, a crop with similar
pest problems and because of the large size of the industry, a greater
resource for research data.

**[Western Raspberry Nurseries. Table C.1: Alternatives Yield Loss Data
Summary]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592789 .anchor}

*More important than yield for raspberry nurseries, as well as other
nurseries, is their dependence on certification of stock as 'pest-free'
in order to meet state requirements to sell to commercial outlets.*

+-----------------------+---------------+-----------------+------------+
| ##### [Alt            | ##### [List   | ##### [Ra       | **[Best    |
| ernative]{.smallcaps} |  Type of Pest | nge of Yield Lo | Estimate   |
|                       | ]{.smallcaps} | ss]{.smallcaps} | of Yield   |
|                       |               |                 | Loss]{.sm  |
|                       |               |                 | allcaps}** |
+-----------------------+---------------+-----------------+------------+
| 1,3-D (225 kg/ha)+    | (fungal)      | 2-15% (ref.:    | 14%        |
| chloropicrin (123     | pathogens     | CDFA, 1996;     |            |
| kg/ha)                |               | Gullino et al., |            |
|                       | (strawberry   | 2002)           |            |
|                       | nursery)      |                 |            |
+-----------------------+---------------+-----------------+------------+
| chloropicrin (300     | (fungal)      | 5-16% (ref.:    | 9%         |
| kg/ha)                | pathogens     | CDFA, 1996;     |            |
|                       |               | Gullino et al., |            |
|                       | (strawberry   | 2002)           |            |
|                       | nursery)      |                 |            |
+-----------------------+---------------+-----------------+------------+
| metam-sodium (350     | (fungal)      | 13-57% (Gullino | 30%        |
| kg/ha)                | pathogens     | et al., 2002)   |            |
|                       |               |                 |            |
|                       | (strawberry   |                 |            |
|                       | nursery)      |                 |            |
+-----------------------+---------------+-----------------+------------+
| ##### [O              |               |                 | 9% plus    |
| verall Loss Estimate  |               |                 | cer        |
| for All Alternatives  |               |                 | tification |
| to Pests]{.smallcaps} |               |                 | issues     |
+-----------------------+---------------+-----------------+------------+

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **[Western Raspberry Nurseries - 17. Are There Any Other Potential    |
| Alternatives Under Development which Are Being Considered to Replace  |
| Methyl Bromide?]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592841 .anchor} |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Raspberry nurseries have spent \$100,000 on research, including       |
| \$20,000 on screening resistance for *Phytophthora* and               |
| *Verticillium*, and over \$60,000 over the last decade studying       |
| various alternatives in the large Watsonville, California area.       |
| Studies are also ongoing to discover how application methods can      |
| improve efficacy of chemical alternatives such as 1,3-D and           |
| metam-sodium, and mixes of chemicals. Moisture constraints, both too  |
| much and too little, can reduce efficacy of effective chemicals such  |
| as 1,3-D, especially when soil textures are not optimal for their     |
| physical chemistry.                                                   |
|                                                                       |
| The use of virtually impermeable film (VIF) may offer a means of      |
| reducing MB use rates while maintaining efficacy and production goals |
| . Work is being conducted to determine if this type of film is        |
| feasible in the U.S. from a technical standpoint (e.g., does it hold  |
| up physically in field conditions? can it be glued to acceptable      |
| specifications?, etc.) and economically feasible (e.g., cost of       |
| material, cost of application). However, the efficacy of VIF for U.S. |
| agriculture may be different than that for Europe (Federal Register,  |
| 1998). There is also interest in examining the effects of certain     |
| fertilizer salts (e.g., ammonium thiosulfate, see Gan and Yates,      |
| 1998), which may act as barriers to volatile compounds (e.g., 1,3-D,  |
| MB) when applied to the soil surface, thus reducing emissions and     |
| improving efficacy.                                                   |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[Western Raspberry Nurseries 18. Are There Technologies Being Used to
  Produce the Crop which Avoid the Need for Methyl
  Bromide?:]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592842 .anchor}

  In some conditions alternative chemicals are used and research is
  ongoing to increase efficacy, as has been described above.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| # [[Western Raspberry                                                 |
|  Nurseries Summary of Technical Feasibility]{.underline}]{.smallcaps} |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| The raspberry nursery industry faces the same problems that other     |
| nurseries face in their need to produce nearly pest-free plant stock  |
| to their respective growers. Quality of stock plants may have a       |
| greater place in the requirements of the nursery managers than        |
| quantity since there can be an exponential increase in pest pressure  |
| when infested nursery stock is transferred to production fields.      |
| Therefore, the threshold for nurseries to manage pest problems is     |
| higher than might be for field production and critical need for       |
| effective pest management tools is paramount. Because locations of    |
| nurseries vary and soil, climate, and water conditions are variable,  |
| some alternatives may be acceptable substitutes for MB under low pest |
| pressure. However, for the industry to succeed, currently there are   |
| no alternatives that will allow nurserymen to have confidence that    |
| their production goals can be met without MB, at least until research |
| indicates that alternatives are feasible. As highlighted in two       |
| exhaustive meta-analyses studies (Larson and Shaw, 2000; Shaw and     |
| Larson, 2000), alternatives are not currently available to meet this  |
| sector's production needs.                                            |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| # [California Deciduous Fruit & Nut Tree Growers]{.smallcaps          |
| } - [Part B: Crop Characteristics and Methyl Bromide Use]{.smallcaps} |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[California Deciduous Fruit & Nut Tree Growers - 10. Key Diseases and
  Weeds for which Methyl Bromide Is Requested and Specific Reasons for
  this Request]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592845 .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

**[California Deciduous Fruit & Nut Tree Growers]{.smallcaps}. [Table
10.1: Key Diseases and Weeds and Reason for Methyl Bromide
Request]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592791 .anchor}

+--------------+--------------------+---------------------------------+
| **[Region    | **[Key             | **[Specific reasons why methyl  |
| where methyl | pe                 | bromide is                      |
| bromide use  | sts]{.smallcaps}** | needed]{.smallcaps}**           |
| is           |                    |                                 |
| requested]{. |                    |                                 |
| smallcaps}** |                    |                                 |
+--------------+--------------------+---------------------------------+
| California   | **Nuts:**          | Nurseries providing stock for   |
| Deciduous    | Nematod            | orchards are required to        |
| Fruit & Nut  | es---*Pratylenchus | provide the stock that is       |
| Tree Growers | vulnus* (root      | pest-free (and particularly     |
|              | lesion),           | nematode-free). MB is           |
|              | *Meloidogyne* spp. | particularly effective in       |
|              | (root knot),       | penetrating soil depths to      |
|              | *Helicotylenchus   | reduce (frequently eliminate)   |
|              | dihystera*         | nematode populations and        |
|              | (spiral),          | therefore allow movement of     |
|              | *Xiphinema         | nursery stock intra-and         |
|              | americanum*        | interstate. The alternative     |
|              | (dagger).          | 1,3-dichloropropene is usually  |
|              |                    | an effective nematicide, but    |
|              | **Stone Fruit:**   | it's use is restricted in       |
|              | Nematodes-         | California and may not be       |
|              | --*Helicotylenchus | available to all the nurseries  |
|              | dihystera*         | that require effective pest     |
|              | (spiral),          | management tools to meet        |
|              | *Tylenchus         | certification. Compounds        |
|              | mexicanus*         | producing methyl isothiocyanate |
|              | (Tylenchus),       | (MITC) have been tested as      |
|              | *Tylenchorhynchus* | possible alternatives (e.g.,    |
|              | spp. (stunt),      | metam-sodium and dazomet) but   |
|              | *Trichodorus* spp. | nematode control was not        |
|              | (stubby root)      | sufficient beyond a short (6    |
|              |                    | month) time period, not long    |
|              |                    | enough to meet certification    |
|              |                    | requirements. Furthermore,      |
|              |                    | because of strict legal         |
|              |                    | requirements, only MB (and in   |
|              |                    | some localities, 1,3-D)         |
|              |                    | applications are acceptable for |
|              |                    | quarantine specifications.      |
|              |                    |                                 |
|              |                    | The goal in the orchard nursery |
|              |                    | industry is 99.9% control when  |
|              |                    | sampled within 30-60 days after |
|              |                    | treatment, so certification can |
|              |                    | be met when stock is harvested  |
|              |                    | 18 months later (McKenry,       |
|              |                    | 2000). Generally, less than 98% |
|              |                    | control in the 30-60 day        |
|              |                    | sampling period, will yield     |
|              |                    | unacceptable stock plants.      |
|              |                    | Field moisture is a carefully   |
|              |                    | monitored factor. A site (e.g., |
|              |                    | walnut nursery in Davis,        |
|              |                    | California) with silty clay     |
|              |                    | loam over sandy loam or clay    |
|              |                    | loam has moisture differential  |
|              |                    | with the lighter textured soils |
|              |                    | holding more moisture (\>12%),  |
|              |                    | which can impede distribution   |
|              |                    | of an alternative such as 1,3-D |
|              |                    | (McKenry, 2000) and make it     |
|              |                    | ineffective. In California      |
|              |                    | deciduous tree nurseries,       |
|              |                    | approximately 30% have silt or  |
|              |                    | clay loam soils requiring MB.   |
|              |                    | The remaining 70% have sand or  |
|              |                    | sandy loam soils. Approximately |
|              |                    | one half of these areas have a  |
|              |                    | critical need for MB due to     |
|              |                    | moisture requirements.          |
|              |                    | Therefore, according to the     |
|              |                    | applicant, approximately 65% of |
|              |                    | nursery soils in California     |
|              |                    | have a critical need for MB.    |
|              |                    | Township caps for 1,3-D may     |
|              |                    | further limit the use of the    |
|              |                    | best alternative.               |
+--------------+--------------------+---------------------------------+

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[California Deciduous Fruit & Nut Tree Growers - 11.
  (]{.smallcaps}*i*[) Characteristics of Cropping System and
  Climate]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592846 .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

Deciduous tree nurseries range from 15 to over 600 hectares in size. The
median operation in California ranges between 80 and 120 hectares. While
some nurseries concentrate on specific tree crops, most nurseries grow
and sell a variety of different trees. Nursery stock is grown on a
cropping system that includes crop rotation or cover cropping between
tree production cycles; therefore, not all of the nursery is in tree
production in a given year.

**[California Deciduous Fruit & Nut Tree Growers - Table 11.1:
Characteristics of Cropping
System]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592792 .anchor}

+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| ##### [Characteristics]{.smallcaps}    | ### [Cali                   |
|                                        | fornia Deciduous Fruit & Nu |
|                                        | t Tree Growers]{.smallcaps} |
+========================================+=============================+
| **[Crop Type:]{.smallcaps}** *(e.g.    | nursery tree stock          |
| transplants, bulbs, trees or           |                             |
| cuttings)*                             |                             |
+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| **[Annual or Perennial                 | perennial (1 to 2 years in  |
| Crop:]{.smallcaps}** *(# of years      | nursery)                    |
| between replanting)*                   |                             |
+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| **[Typical Crop                        | The tree production cycle   |
| Rotation]{.smallcaps}** *(if any)*     | can be anywhere from 1 year |
| **[and use of methyl bromide for other | to several years depending  |
| crops in the rotation:]{.smallcaps}**  | on the type of tree crop.   |
| *(if any)*                             | Nursery production of trees |
|                                        | takes from 1-4 years.       |
|                                        | Almonds take one year,      |
|                                        | walnuts take at least two   |
|                                        | years. Also, desired tree   |
|                                        | size determines how long it |
|                                        | is grown in the nursery. A  |
|                                        | typical cycle is for the    |
|                                        | tree crop to be in the      |
|                                        | ground for either 1 or 2    |
|                                        | years. A typical nursery    |
|                                        | cycle starts by digging the |
|                                        | current tree crop (to be    |
|                                        | sold) then planting a cover |
|                                        | crop for 1 or 2 years,      |
|                                        | followed by replanting with |
|                                        | a tree crop. Fields are     |
|                                        | disked, deep ripped,        |
|                                        | leveled, and then fumigated |
|                                        | to meet certification       |
|                                        | standards set by the        |
|                                        | California Department of    |
|                                        | Food and Agriculture (CDFA, |
|                                        | 1996). A shank is used to   |
|                                        | apply a fumigation of 75%   |
|                                        | MB and 25% chloropicrin,    |
|                                        | typically at a rate of 340  |
|                                        | kg per hectare. The treated |
|                                        | area is covered with a high |
|                                        | barrier tarp. The           |
|                                        | fumigation is carried out   |
|                                        | around August and           |
|                                        | September, and planting     |
|                                        | begins in October, and may  |
|                                        | continue through January.   |
|                                        | The deciduous nurseries are |
|                                        | subject to mandates set     |
|                                        | forth by the CDFA, that     |
|                                        | trees must be pest-free.    |
+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| **[Soil Types:]{.smallcaps}** *(Sand,  | mostly sandy loam (also     |
| loam, clay, etc.)*                     | sandy clay loam, sandy      |
|                                        | loam, silt loam, clay       |
|                                        | loam); light soils (20%),   |
|                                        | medium (50%), heavy (30%)   |
+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| **[Frequency of methyl bromide         | typically once in 3-5       |
| Fumigation:]{.smallcaps}** *(e.g.      | years, depending on crop    |
| every two years)*                      |                             |
+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| **[Other relevant                      | Nursery stock is inspected  |
| factors:]{.smallcaps}**                | by county agricultural      |
|                                        | commissioners through the   |
|                                        | California Department of    |
|                                        | Food and Agriculture        |
|                                        | (CDFA). Stock must be       |
|                                        | "found free of especially   |
|                                        | injurious pests and disease |
|                                        | symptoms" to qualify for    |
|                                        | the CDFA Nursery Stock      |
|                                        | Certificate for Interstate  |
|                                        | and Intrastate Shipments.   |
|                                        | MB is the only approved     |
|                                        | fumigant for fields with a  |
|                                        | known history of nematodes, |
|                                        | unknown history, or         |
|                                        | moderate to heavy clay      |
|                                        | content soils. While 1,3-D  |
|                                        | is a legally acceptable     |
|                                        | treatment in some areas,    |
|                                        | township restrictions and   |
|                                        | physical limitations (e.g., |
|                                        | moisture greater than 12%   |
|                                        | in many soils reduces       |
|                                        | efficacy of 1,3-D) can      |
|                                        | reduce its use.             |
+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+

**[California Deciduous Fruit & Nut Tree Growers - Table 11.2
Characteristics of Climate and Crop
Schedule]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592793 .anchor}

<table style="width:100%;">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 17%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Mar</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Apr</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">May</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Jun</span></strong></td>
<td><h6 id="jul-1"><span class="smallcaps">Jul</span></h6></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Aug</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Sept</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Oct</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Nov</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Dec</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Jan</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Feb</span></strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><h4 id="climatic-zone-1"><span class="smallcaps">Climatic Zone<br />
</span> </h4></td>
<td colspan="12">USDA zones 8a, 9a, 9b</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><span class="smallcaps"><strong>Rainfall</strong>
<em>(</em></span><em>mm<span class="smallcaps">)</span></em></td>
<td>16</td>
<td>72.1</td>
<td>17.3</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>trace</td>
<td>1.0</td>
<td>trace</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>44.7</td>
<td>56.9</td>
<td>9.9</td>
<td>30.5</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><span class="smallcaps"><strong>Outside Temp.</strong>
<em>(C)</em></span></td>
<td>14.4</td>
<td>14.8</td>
<td>20.8</td>
<td>25.7</td>
<td>30.3</td>
<td>27.4</td>
<td>25.1</td>
<td>18.4</td>
<td>13.4</td>
<td>9.6</td>
<td>10.3</td>
<td>10.6</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Fumigation
Schedule</span></strong></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p><strong><span class="smallcaps">Planting</span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span class="smallcaps">Schedule</span></strong></p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

\*For Fresno, California.

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[California Deciduous Fruit & Nut Tree Growers]{.smallcaps} - 11.
  (*ii*) [Indicate if any of the above characteristics in
  11]{.smallcaps}. (*i*) [prevent the uptake of any relevant
  alternatives?]{.smallcaps}**

  Soil moisture content of greater than 12% reduces efficacy of 1,3-D.
  Soils that are so dry are unusual at 1.5 meters (the depth required to
  be nematode-free) (CDFA, 1996) especially with moderate to heavy
  subsoils. Approximately 65% of nurseries require MB to meet
  certification requirements (especially in wet years). Areas with light
  soils and dry conditions generally have good results from 1,3-D (where
  township caps allow its use) and combinations with chloropicrin and/or
  metam-sodium. (See Section 10, above.)
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[California Deciduous Fruit & Nut Tree Growers]{.smallcaps} - [12.
  Historic Pattern of Use of Methyl Bromide, and/or Mixtures Containing
  Methyl Bromide, for which an Exemption Is
  Requested]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592847 .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

Approximately 30% of nursery soils are clay or silt loam and require MB,
while one half of the remaining sand or sandy loam soils do not meet the
moisture requirements of less than 12% for use of 1,3-D. Therefore,
approximately 65% of the nurseries have a critical need for MB. MB,
1,3-D and some solarization treatments are the only approved fumigants
for treatment of nematodes in nurseries to meet California Department of
Food and Agriculture standards. However, MB is critical to the
production of nematode-free stock where 1,3-D is not feasible
(approximately 65% of the area) because of incompatible soil moisture or
soil type, or township cap limitations.

**[California Deciduous Fruit & Nut Tree Growers]{.smallcaps} - [Table
12.1 Historic Pattern of Use of Methyl
Bromide]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592794 .anchor}

+---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| **[For as     | **     | **     | **     | **     | **     | **     |
| many years as | 1997** | 1998** | 1999** | 2000** | 2001** | 2002** |
| possible as   |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| shown         |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| specify:]{    |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| .smallcaps}** |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+===============+========+========+========+========+========+========+
| **[Area       | 652    | 632    | 698    | 639    | 633    | not    |
| Treated]{     |        |        |        |        |        | re     |
| .smallcaps}** |        |        |        |        |        | ported |
| *(hectares)*  |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| **[ratio of   | Flat   | Flat   | Flat   | Flat   | Flat   | not    |
| Flat          | Fumi   | Fumi   | Fumi   | Fumi   | Fumi   | re     |
| Fumigation    | gation | gation | gation | gation | gation | ported |
| methyl        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| bromide use   |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| to strip/bed  |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| use if strip  |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| treatment is  |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| used]{        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| .smallcaps}** |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| **[Amount of  | 2      | 2      | 2      | 2      | 2      | not    |
| methyl        | 15,592 | 01,208 | 22,433 | 07,755 | 12,689 | re     |
| bromide       |        |        |        |        |        | ported |
| active        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| ingredient    |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| used]{        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| .smallcaps}** |        |        |        |        |        |        |
|               |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| *(total kg)*  |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| **            | 75:25  | 75:25  | 75:25  | 75:25  | 75:25  | not    |
| [formulations |        |        |        |        |        | re     |
| of methyl     |        |        |        |        |        | ported |
| bromide]{     |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| .smallcaps}** |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| *(e.g. methyl |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| bromide 98:2; |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| methyl        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| bromide       |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| /chloropicrin |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| 70:30)*       |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| **[Method by  | shank  | shank  | shank  | shank  | shank  | not    |
| which methyl  | in     | in     | in     | in     | in     | re     |
| bromide       | jected | jected | jected | jected | jected | ported |
| applied]{     | with   | with   | with   | with   | with   |        |
| .smallcaps}** | tarp   | tarp   | tarp   | tarp   | tarp   |        |
| *(e.g.        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| injected at   |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| 25cm depth,   |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| hot gas)*     |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| *             | 331    | 319    | 318    | 325    | 336    | not    |
| *[Application |        |        |        |        |        | re     |
| rate \[Active |        |        |        |        |        | ported |
| Ingredient\]  |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| (]{.smallca   |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| ps}kg/ha\*)** |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| *             | 441    | 425    | 425    | 433    | 448    | not    |
| *[Application |        |        |        |        |        | re     |
| rate          |        |        |        |        |        | ported |
| \[            |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| formulation\] |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| (]{.smallca   |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| ps}kg/ha\*)** |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| **[Actual     | 44.1   | 42.5   | 42.5   | 43.3   | 44.8   | not    |
| dosage rate   |        |        |        |        |        | re     |
| of            |        |        |        |        |        | ported |
| f             |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| ormulations]{ |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| .smallcaps}** |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| *(g/          |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| m^2^)***[\*]{ |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| .smallcaps}** |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+

> *\* For Flat Fumigation treatment application rate and dosage rate may
> be the same.*

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| # [California Deciduous Fruit & Nut                                   |
| Tree Growers]{.smallcaps}. [Part C: Technical Validation]{.smallcaps} |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[California Deciduous Fruit & Nut Tree Growers]{.smallcaps} - [13.
  Reason for Alternatives Not Being
  Feasible]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592849 .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

**[California Deciduous Fruit & Nut Tree Growers]{.smallcaps}. [Table
13.1: Reason for Alternatives Not Being
Feasible]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592796 .anchor}

+-------------+---+-----------------------------------------+---+--------------+
| **[Name of  |   | **[Technical and regulatory\* reasons   | * |              |
| Alte        |   | for the alternative not being feasible  | * |              |
| rnative]{.s |   | or available]{.smallcaps}**             | [ |              |
| mallcaps}** |   |                                         | I |              |
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+=============+===+=========================================+===+==============+
| # [C        |   |                                         |   |              |
| hemical Alt |   |                                         |   |              |
| ernatives]{ |   |                                         |   |              |
| .smallcaps} |   |                                         |   |              |
+-------------+---+-----------------------------------------+---+--------------+
| dazomet,    |   | Not effective nematicides. The use of   | n |              |
| m           |   | dazomet in combination with Telone was  | o |              |
| etam-sodium |   | examined in a study submitted by the    |   |              |
|             |   | applicant. The study showed that        |   |              |
|             |   | although weed populations were          |   |              |
|             |   | suppressed, nematode populations were   |   |              |
|             |   | not controlled, causing stock to be     |   |              |
|             |   | commercially unacceptable. When dazomet |   |              |
|             |   | was used in combination with 1,3-D,     |   |              |
|             |   | nematode populations were 15 times      |   |              |
|             |   | greater when compared to that of a dual |   |              |
|             |   | application of 1,3-D. Importantly,      |   |              |
|             |   | dazomet and metam-sodium will not allow |   |              |
|             |   | for certification of the seedling       |   |              |
|             |   | without additional expense to the       |   |              |
|             |   | grower.                                 |   |              |
+-------------+---+-----------------------------------------+---+--------------+
| #### [      |   |                                         |   |              |
| Non Chemica |   |                                         |   |              |
| l Alternati |   |                                         |   |              |
| ves *standa |   |                                         |   |              |
| rd nursery  |   |                                         |   |              |
| practices s |   |                                         |   |              |
| eek to redu |   |                                         |   |              |
| ce pest pro |   |                                         |   |              |
| blems with  |   |                                         |   |              |
| general ipm |   |                                         |   |              |
|  programs.  |   |                                         |   |              |
| However, fo |   |                                         |   |              |
| r this sect |   |                                         |   |              |
| or non-chem |   |                                         |   |              |
| ical altern |   |                                         |   |              |
| atives are  |   |                                         |   |              |
| not technic |   |                                         |   |              |
| ally feasib |   |                                         |   |              |
| le because  |   |                                         |   |              |
| of californ |   |                                         |   |              |
| ia certific |   |                                         |   |              |
| ation requi |   |                                         |   |              |
| rements for |   |                                         |   |              |
|  nematode-f |   |                                         |   |              |
| ree plant s |   |                                         |   |              |
| tock and to |   |                                         |   |              |
| wnship caps |   |                                         |   |              |
|  and buffer |   |                                         |   |              |
|  zone restr |   |                                         |   |              |
| ictions.*]{ |   |                                         |   |              |
| .smallcaps} |   |                                         |   |              |
+-------------+---+-----------------------------------------+---+--------------+
| ####        | M |                                         |   | #### no      |
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+-------------+---+-----------------------------------------+---+--------------+
| #### Biofum | S |                                         |   | #### no      |
| igation, so | o |                                         |   |              |
| larization, | m |                                         |   |              |
|  steam heat | e |                                         |   |              |
| , biologica | o |                                         |   |              |
| l control,  | f |                                         |   |              |
| cover crops | t |                                         |   |              |
| /mulches, c | h |                                         |   |              |
| rop rotatio | e |                                         |   |              |
| n, flooding | s |                                         |   |              |
|  and water  | e |                                         |   |              |
| management, | a |                                         |   |              |
|  grafting/r | l |                                         |   |              |
| esistant ro | t |                                         |   |              |
| otstocks, o | e |                                         |   |              |
| rganic amen | r |                                         |   |              |
| dments, san | n |                                         |   |              |
| itation, an | a |                                         |   |              |
| d resistant | t |                                         |   |              |
|  cultivars. | i |                                         |   |              |
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|             | a |                                         |   |              |
|             | r |                                         |   |              |
|             | f |                                         |   |              |
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|             | t |                                         |   |              |
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|             | . |                                         |   |              |
+-------------+---+-----------------------------------------+---+--------------+
| ###         |   |                                         |   |              |
| # [Combinat |   |                                         |   |              |
| ions of Alt |   |                                         |   |              |
| ernatives]{ |   |                                         |   |              |
| .smallcaps} |   |                                         |   |              |
+-------------+---+-----------------------------------------+---+--------------+
| 1,3-D +     |   | Only feasible in limited areas. In most | n |              |
| c           |   | affected areas, especially those with   | o |              |
| hloropicrin |   | moderate to heavy soils or subsoils,    |   |              |
|             |   | moisture at depths of 1.5 meters (depth |   |              |
|             |   | required for nematode-free              |   |              |
|             |   | certification) (CDFA, 1996) is usually  |   |              |
|             |   | \>12%, which significantly reduces      |   |              |
|             |   | efficacy of 1,3-D. This situation would |   |              |
|             |   | occur in at least 65% of affected       |   |              |
|             |   | soils. While some research trials       |   |              |
|             |   | indicate that these alternatives can be |   |              |
|             |   | effective in nematode control in        |   |              |
|             |   | certain nursery areas (e.g., Schneider  |   |              |
|             |   | et al., 2002b; Westerdahl et al.,       |   |              |
|             |   | 2002), for the nursery sector as a      |   |              |
|             |   | whole the certification standard is so  |   |              |
|             |   | high that only limited nursery areas    |   |              |
|             |   | will be able to use 1,3-D/mixes if      |   |              |
|             |   | certification requirements are to be    |   |              |
|             |   | satisfied. Therefore, there is still a  |   |              |
|             |   | critical need for the use of MB for     |   |              |
|             |   | production of nursery-grown orchard     |   |              |
|             |   | stock. According to one calculation     |   |              |
|             |   | (Martin et al., 2003), overall in       |   |              |
|             |   | California 33% of the area previously   |   |              |
|             |   | fumigated with MB could not be treated  |   |              |
|             |   | with 1,3-D due to current township      |   |              |
|             |   | caps, regardless of efficacy. Caps,     |   |              |
|             |   | combined with limitations due to        |   |              |
|             |   | unacceptable soil moisture make         |   |              |
|             |   | alternatives unlikely to replace the    |   |              |
|             |   | critical need of MB for at least a      |   |              |
|             |   | large portion of this nursery sector.   |   |              |
+-------------+---+-----------------------------------------+---+--------------+
| 1,3-D +     |   |                                         | n |              |
| chl         |   |                                         | o |              |
| oropicrin + |   |                                         |   |              |
| m           |   |                                         |   |              |
| etam-sodium |   |                                         |   |              |
+-------------+---+-----------------------------------------+---+--------------+
| 1,3-D +     |   |                                         | n |              |
| m           |   |                                         | o |              |
| etam-sodium |   |                                         |   |              |
+-------------+---+-----------------------------------------+---+--------------+
| 1,3-D +     |   |                                         | n |              |
| dazomet     |   |                                         | o |              |
+-------------+---+-----------------------------------------+---+--------------+

*\* Regulatory reasons include local restrictions (e.g. occupational
health and safety, local environmental regulations) and lack of
registration.*

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[California Deciduous Fruit & Nut Tree Growers - 14. List and Discuss
  Why Registered]{.smallcaps}** *(and Potential)* **[Pesticides and
  Herbicides Are Considered Not Effective as Technical Alternatives to
  Methyl Bromide:]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592850 .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

**[California Deciduous Fruit & Nut Tree Growers - Table 14.1:
Technically Infeasible Alternatives
Discussion]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592797 .anchor}

+---------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| **[Name of                | ##### [Discussion]{.smallcaps}           |
| A                         |                                          |
| lternative]{.smallcaps}** |                                          |
+---------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| None                      | Other than options discussed elsewhere,  |
|                           | no alternatives exist for the control of |
|                           | the key pests when they are present in   |
|                           | the soil and/ or afflict the below       |
|                           | ground portions of deciduous fruit and   |
|                           | nut trees.                               |
+---------------------------+------------------------------------------+

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[California Deciduous Fruit & Nut Tree Growers]{.smallcaps} - 15.
  [List Present ]{.smallcaps}***(and Possible Future)* **[Registration
  Status of Any Current and Potential
  Alternatives]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592851
  .anchor}**[:]{.smallcaps}**

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

**[California Deciduous Fruit & Nut Tree Growers]{.smallcaps} - [Table
15.1: Present Registration Status of
Alternatives]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592798 .anchor}

  ---------------------------- ----------------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------
  **[Name of                   **[Present Registration       **[Registration being  **[Date of possible future
  Alternative]{.smallcaps}**   Status]{.smallcaps}**         considered by national registration:]{.smallcaps}**
                                                             authorities?           
                                                             (Y/N)]{.smallcaps}**   

  sodium azide                 not registered in U.S., no    No                     unknown
                               registration has been                                
                               requested                                            

  propargyl bromide            not registered in U.S., no    No                     unknown
                               registration has been                                
                               requested                                            

  iodomethane                  not registered in U.S.        Yes                    unknown
  ---------------------------- ----------------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[California Deciduous Fruit & Nut Tree Growers]{.smallcaps} - [16.
  State Relative Effectiveness of Relevant Alternatives Compared to
  Methyl Bromide for the Specific Key Target Pests and Weeds for which It
  Is Being Requested]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592852
  .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

**[California Deciduous Fruit & Nut Tree Growers]{.smallcaps}. [Table
16.1: Effectiveness of Alternatives --
nematodes.]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592799 .anchor}

+-------------------------+-------------+--------------------+---------+
| **[Key Pest:            |             |                    |         |
| N                       |             |                    |         |
| ematodes]{.smallcaps}** |             |                    |         |
+-------------------------+-------------+--------------------+---------+
| **[Methyl Bromide       | > **[\# of  | **[Disease (% or   | > **[Ci |
| formulations and        | >           | rati               | tation] |
| Alte                    |  Trials]{.s | ng)]{.smallcaps}** | {.small |
| rnatives]{.smallcaps}** | mallcaps}** |                    | caps}** |
+-------------------------+-------------+--------------------+---------+
| \[1\] untreated         | mean of 6   | **Rootknot         | Sc      |
|                         | reps. in    | nematode           | hneider |
| \[2\] MB (568 kg/ha)    | vine, tree, | population/cc soil | et al., |
| \[Tarped\]              | berry field | sampled at 120-150 | 2002b   |
|                         | nursery     | cm depth**         |         |
| \[3\] 1,3-D (272        | trial       |                    |         |
| kg/ha) + chloropicrin   |             | \[1\] 21.3a        |         |
| (155 kg/ha) \[Telone    |             |                    |         |
| 35, Untarped\]          |             | \[2\] 0b           |         |
|                         |             |                    |         |
| \[4\] 1,3-D (312        |             | \[3\] 0b           |         |
| kg/ha) + chloropicrin   |             |                    |         |
| (177 kg/ha) \[Telone    |             | \[4\] 2.2b         |         |
| 35, Tarped\]            |             |                    |         |
|                         |             | \[5\] 0b           |         |
| \[5\] chloropicrin (400 |             |                    |         |
| kg/ha) \[Untarped\]     |             | \[6\] 0b           |         |
|                         |             |                    |         |
| \[6\] chloropicrin (455 |             |                    |         |
| kg/ha) \[Tarped\]       |             |                    |         |
+-------------------------+-------------+--------------------+---------+
| \[1\] untreated         | 4 reps,     | **Percent control  | Wes     |
|                         | trial       | of citrus nematode | terdahl |
| \[2\] MB (285 kg/ha)    | Malin,      | (bioindicator)     | et al., |
| \[Tarped, Fall\]        | Oregon,     | compared to        | 2002    |
|                         | 2001; loamy | untreated:**       |         |
| \[3\] MB (285 kg/ha)    | sand;       |                    |         |
| \[Tarped, Spring\]      | moisture 2% | \[2\] 93% (some    |         |
|                         | at surface, | survival at 80 cm  |         |
| \[4\] metam-sodium (425 | 19% at 1    | depth)             |         |
| kg/ha injected + 329    | meter)      |                    |         |
| kg/ha overlay rotovate) |             | \[3\] 93% (some    |         |
| \[Tarped\]              |             | survival at 80 cm  |         |
|                         |             | depth)             |         |
| \[5\] metam-sodium (425 |             |                    |         |
| kg/ha injected + 329    |             | \[4\] 81%          |         |
| kg/ha overlay rotovate) |             | (survival at 65-80 |         |
| \[Untarped\]            |             | cm depth)          |         |
|                         |             |                    |         |
|                         |             | \[5\] 73% %        |         |
|                         |             | (survival below 5  |         |
|                         |             | cm depth)          |         |
+-------------------------+-------------+--------------------+---------+
| \[1\] untreated         | 4 reps,     | **Percent control  | Sc      |
|                         | a           | of citrus and      | hneider |
| \[2\] MB (455 kg/ha)    | rtificially | rootknot nematodes | et al., |
| \[shank, Tarped\]       | inoculated  | compared to        | 2003a   |
|                         | soils with  | untreated:**       |         |
| \[3 1,3-D (445 kg/ha)   | rootknot    |                    |         |
| \[drip Telone II EC;    | and citrus  | \[2\] 100% (at all |         |
| Tarped\]                | nematodes   | depths)            |         |
|                         | to depths   |                    |         |
|                         | of 30 cm,   | \[3\] significant  |         |
|                         | 90 cm, and  | nematode           |         |
|                         | 150 cm      | populations at 150 |         |
|                         |             | cm; control at 30  |         |
|                         |             | cm was "excellent" |         |
+-------------------------+-------------+--------------------+---------+

**[California Deciduous Fruit & Nut Tree Growers - Table C.1:
Alternatives Yield Loss Data
Summary]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592800 .anchor}

*Yield is not a sufficient measure of critical need for MB for this
industry or to determine economic feasibility in this sector since the
issue is one of constraints due to the quality of the plant stock and
the ability to have such stock certified as pest-free in order to sell
to commercial users.*

+------------------+---------------+----------------+-----------------+
| ##### [Alternat  | ##### [List   | ##### [Rang    | **[Best         |
| ive]{.smallcaps} |  Type of Pest | e of Yield Los | Estimate of     |
|                  | ]{.smallcaps} | s]{.smallcaps} | Yield           |
|                  |               |                | Loss            |
|                  |               |                | ]{.smallcaps}** |
+------------------+---------------+----------------+-----------------+
| 1,3-D (312       | nematodes     | Not applicable | Not applicable  |
| kg/ha)+          |               |                |                 |
| chloropicrin     |               |                |                 |
| (177 kg/ha)      |               |                |                 |
+------------------+---------------+----------------+-----------------+
| 1,3-D (312       | nematodes     | Not applicable | Not applicable  |
| kg/ha)           |               |                |                 |
| +chloropicrin    |               |                |                 |
| (177 kg/ha) +    |               |                |                 |
| metam-sodium     |               |                |                 |
| (350 kg/ha)      |               |                |                 |
+------------------+---------------+----------------+-----------------+
| 1,3-D +          | nematodes     | Not applicable | Not applicable  |
| metam-sodium     |               |                |                 |
| (350 kg/ha)      |               |                |                 |
+------------------+---------------+----------------+-----------------+
| ##### [          |               |                | Not applicable; |
| Overall Loss Est |               |                | certification   |
| imate for All Al |               |                | issues          |
| ternatives to Pe |               |                |                 |
| sts]{.smallcaps} |               |                |                 |
+------------------+---------------+----------------+-----------------+

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **[California Deciduous Fruit & Nut Tree Growers]{.smallcaps} - [17.  |
| Are There Any Other Potential Alternatives Under Development which    |
| Are Being Considered to Replace Methyl                                |
| Bromide?]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592853 .anchor}        |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Between 1999 and 2000, the California fruit, vine, and nut industries |
| have spent \$378,467 on numerous research projects. From 2002-2003,   |
| \$262,002 were granted to researchers by this industry. In addition,  |
| an equal amount has been granted by government and universities.      |
|                                                                       |
| Research for MB alternatives has been conducted in earnest by the     |
| nursery industry since at least 1990, initially to find alternatives  |
| to 1,3-D, whose registration had been cancelled (Martin, 2003). Upon  |
| reinstatement in 1994, studies began to examine1,3-D formulations and |
| mixes that could provide acceptable nematode control under conditions |
| (especially critical moisture conditions) common to commercial        |
| nursery sites that would meet certification requirements and reduce   |
| or replace the use of MB (Martin, 2003; McKenry, 2000). Successful    |
| treatment with 1,3-D depends on enough surface moisture to allow      |
| penetration into the soil, but less than 12% moisture (difficult to   |
| achieve with heavier soils at depths over 1 meter). Consequently,     |
| while experiments are continuing, the "learning curve" is             |
| significant, and the critical need for methyl bromide exists in many  |
| nurseries, for technical limitations of soil-type and moisture, and   |
| township limitations of 1,3-D (CDFA, 1996; Martin, 2003).             |
|                                                                       |
| Studies with new emulsifiable formulations of 1,3-D and chloropicrin  |
| , such as Inline may improve efficacy by removing technical           |
| limitations of shank injected 1,3-D. However, township caps, buffer   |
| zones, and limitations due to physical characteristics of soils are   |
| still important issues to successful nursery production.              |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[California Deciduous Fruit & Nut Tree Growers - 18. Are There
  Technologies Being Used to Produce the Crop which Avoid the Need for
  Methyl Bromide?:]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592854 .anchor}

  1,3-D can be effective in some situations, where soil, moisture, and
  legal caps are not limiting.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| # [[California Deciduous Fruit & Nut Tree Growers]{.sma               |
| llcaps} - [Summary of Technical Feasibility]{.smallcaps}]{.underline} |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| The primary concern for the deciduous tree nursery industry is their  |
| need to have their stock certified according to the strict standards  |
| set for inter-and intrastate movement of plant material. According to |
| the government oversight authorities (CDFA, 1996) MB, and in certain  |
| cases, 1,3-D, are the only treatments that are recognized as able to  |
| satisfactorily control nematodes, the primary pest of deciduous tree  |
| nurseries. The issue with critical use of MB is the circumstance of   |
| many nurseries whose soil type or other conditions (e.g., township    |
| caps, buffer zone limitations) precludes the use of 1,3-D             |
| formulations. Consequently, MB is still considered a critical tool    |
| for this industry's ability to maintain its production and market     |
| goals. In those areas with light soils and no legal restrictions,     |
| 1,3-D formulations may suffice to meet certification requirements.    |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| # [California Nursery Ros                                             |
| es - Part B: Crop Characteristics and Methyl Bromide Use]{.smallcaps} |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[California Nursery Roses - 10. Key Diseases and Weeds for which
  Methyl Bromide Is Requested and Specific Reasons for this
  Request]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592857 .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

**[California Nursery Roses - Table 10.1: Key Diseases and Weeds and
Reason for Methyl Bromide
Request]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592802 .anchor}

  -------------------------- ------------------------ ---------------------------------
  **[Region where methyl     **[Key disease(s) and    **[Specific reasons why methyl
  bromide use is             weed(s) to genus and, if bromide is needed]{.smallcaps}**
  requested]{.smallcaps}**   known, to species        
                             level]{.smallcaps}**     

  California Nursery Roses   Root knot nematode       California Nursery Stock
  (primarily in the San      (*Meloidogyne hapla*);   regulations state that nursery
  Joaquin Valley -- 55 to    lesion nematode          stock must be commercially clean
  65% of U.S. rose plant     (*Pratylencus            with respect to established pests
  production is located      penetrans*); pin         of general distribution. County
  around Wasco, Kern County, nematode (*Paratylenchus agricultural officials may
  CA)                        hamatus*); *Verticillium certify a crop based on the
                             dahlia*; *Pythium* spp.; completion of a prescribed
                             *Agrobacterium           fumigation regime, such as the
                             tumefaciens*; weeds      use of methyl bromide (CDFA,
                             (including *Cyperus*     1996). In addition, control must
                             spp.)                    to a depth of 1.5 meters, and
                                                      methyl bromide is uniquely suited
                                                      for this situation.
  -------------------------- ------------------------ ---------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[California Nursery Roses - 11. (]{.smallcaps}*i*[) Characteristics
  of Cropping System and
  Climate]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592858 .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

**[California Nursery Roses - Table 11.1: Characteristics of Cropping
System]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592803 .anchor}

+-----------------------------------------+----------------------------+
| ##### [Characteristics]{.smallcaps}     | ### [California            |
|                                         | Nursery Roses]{.smallcaps} |
+-----------------------------------------+----------------------------+
| **[Crop Type:]{.smallcaps}** *(e.g.     | Transplant production      |
| transplants, bulbs, trees or cuttings)* |                            |
+-----------------------------------------+----------------------------+
| **[Annual or Perennial                  | Perennial (see below)      |
| Crop:]{.smallcaps}** *(# of years       |                            |
| between replanting)*                    |                            |
+-----------------------------------------+----------------------------+
| **[Typical Crop Rotation]{.smallcaps}** | Typically, crop rotation   |
| *(if any)* **[and use of methyl bromide | for a two year rose crop   |
| for other crops in the                  | includes one year fallow,  |
| rotation:]{.smallcaps}** *(if any)*     | followed by one or two     |
|                                         | years of rotational crops, |
|                                         | and then a two year rose   |
|                                         | crop. This rotation varies |
|                                         | depending on the type of   |
|                                         | rose crop being produced   |
|                                         | (i.e., two-year roses,     |
|                                         | one-year minis and patio   |
|                                         | trees, or an 18-month mini |
|                                         | bush).                     |
+-----------------------------------------+----------------------------+
| **[Soil Types:]{.smallcaps}** *(Sand,   | Medium soil with 0 to 2%   |
| loam, clay, etc.)*                      | organic matter.            |
+-----------------------------------------+----------------------------+
| **[Frequency of methyl bromide          | Once every 4 to 5 years (a |
| Fumigation:]{.smallcaps}**              | typical grower fumigates   |
|                                         | and plants approximately   |
| *(e.g. every two years)*                | 20-25% of the acreage he   |
|                                         | or she controls each       |
|                                         | year).                     |
+-----------------------------------------+----------------------------+
| **[Other relevant                       | The perennial nature of    |
| factors:]{.smallcaps}**                 | the crop requires pest     |
|                                         | control to a depth of 1.5  |
|                                         | meters. Certification      |
|                                         | requires commercially      |
|                                         | clean stock. In tree       |
|                                         | nursery production, there  |
|                                         | must be 99.9% nematode     |
|                                         | control in the first 30 to |
|                                         | 60 days to meet this       |
|                                         | requirement (McKenry,      |
|                                         | 2000).                     |
+-----------------------------------------+----------------------------+

**[California Nursery Roses - Table 11.2 Characteristics of Climate and
Crop Schedule+]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592804 .anchor}

<table style="width:100%;">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 17%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Mar</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Apr</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">May</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Jun</span></strong></td>
<td><h6 id="jul-2"><span class="smallcaps">Jul</span></h6></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Aug</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Sept</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Oct</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Nov</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Dec</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Jan</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Feb</span></strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><h4 id="climatic-zone-2"><span class="smallcaps">Climatic Zone<br />
</span></h4></td>
<td colspan="12">USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 9a</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><span class="smallcaps"><strong>Rainfall</strong>
<em>(</em></span><em>mm<span class="smallcaps">)*</span></em></td>
<td>16.0</td>
<td>72.1</td>
<td>17.3</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>Trace</td>
<td>1.0</td>
<td>Trace</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>44.7</td>
<td>56.9</td>
<td>9.9</td>
<td>30.5</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><span class="smallcaps"><strong>Outside Temp.</strong>
<em>(C)*</em></span></td>
<td>14.4</td>
<td>14.8</td>
<td>20.8</td>
<td>25.7</td>
<td>30.3</td>
<td>27.4</td>
<td>25.1</td>
<td>18.4</td>
<td>13.4</td>
<td>9.6</td>
<td>10.3</td>
<td>10.6</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Fumigation
Schedule</span></strong></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>Land prep</td>
<td>X</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p><strong><span class="smallcaps">Planting</span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span class="smallcaps">Schedule</span></strong></p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Key Market
Window</span></strong></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

\+ The planting and fumigation schedule are for 1 year roses. The
schedules vary for other rose crops.

\*Data for Jan-Aug, 2003 and Sep-Dec 2002 for Fresno, California.

For a particular parcel of land, the overall cycle is shown below (Table
11.3). This schedule will vary depending on the type of rose crop grown.
For example, two year rose crops would be grown an additional year
before harvesting.

**[California Nursery Roses - Table 11.3 Multi-year Rose Crop
Schedule]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592805 .anchor}

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 12%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">spr*</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">sum</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">fal</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">wnt</span></strong></td>
<td><h6 id="spr"><span class="smallcaps">spr</span></h6></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">sum</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">fal</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">wnt</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">spr</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">sum</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">fal</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">wnt</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">spr</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">sum</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">fal</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">wnt</span></strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Fumigation
Schedule</span></strong></td>
<td></td>
<td>X</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Planting
Schedule</span></strong></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>X</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Harvest
Schedule</span></strong></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Fallow</span></strong></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Cover Crop</span></strong></td>
<td>X</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

\* spr = spring; sum = summer; fal = fall; wnt = winter

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[California Nursery Roses --]{.smallcaps} 11. (*ii*) [Indicate if any
  of the above characteristics in 11]{.smallcaps}. (*i*) [prevent the
  uptake of any relevant alternatives?]{.smallcaps}**

  No characteristics were identified that would prevent the uptake of any
  relevant alternative.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[California Nursery Roses - 12. Historic Pattern of Use of Methyl
  Bromide, and/or Mixtures Containing Methyl Bromide, for which an
  Exemption Is Requested]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592859
  .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

**[California Nursery Roses - Table 12.1 Historic Pattern of Use of
Methyl Bromide]{.smallcaps}** []{#__RefHeading___Toc65592806 .anchor}

+------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| **[For as many   | **1   | **1   | **1   | **2   | **2   | **2   |
| years as         | 997** | 998** | 999** | 000** | 001** | 002** |
| possible as      |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| shown            |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| specify          |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| :]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |       |       |       |
+------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| **[Area          | 611   | 600   | 609   | 647   | 645   | 584   |
| Treate           |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| d]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| *(hectares)*     |       |       |       |       |       |       |
+------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| **[ratio of Flat | Flat  | Flat  | Flat  | Flat  | Flat  | Flat  |
| Fumigation       | Fumig | Fumig | Fumig | Fumig | Fumig | Fumig |
| methyl bromide   | ation | ation | ation | ation | ation | ation |
| use to strip/bed |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| use if strip     |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| treatment is     |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| use              |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| d]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |       |       |       |
+------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| **[Amount of     | 20    | 20    | 20    | 21    | 21    | 18    |
| methyl bromide   | 5,613 | 1,803 | 4,933 | 7,588 | 9,938 | 3,396 |
| active           |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| ingredient       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| use              |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| d]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |       |       |       |
|                  |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| *(total          |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| kilograms)*      |       |       |       |       |       |       |
+------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| **[formulations  | 98:2  | 98:2  | 98:2  | 98:2  | 98:2  | 98:2  |
| of methyl        |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| bromid           |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| e]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |       |       |       |
|                  |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| *( methyl        |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| bromide          |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| /chloropicrin)*  |       |       |       |       |       |       |
+------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| **[Method by     | Sh    | Sh    | Sh    | Sh    | Sh    | Sh    |
| which methyl     | anked | anked | anked | anked | anked | anked |
| bromide          | 10    | 10    | 10    | 10    | 10    | 10    |
| applie           | i     | i     | i     | i     | i     | i     |
| d]{.smallcaps}** | nches | nches | nches | nches | nches | nches |
|                  | deep  | deep  | deep  | deep  | deep  | deep  |
| *(e.g. injected  | and   | and   | and   | and   | and   | and   |
| at 25cm depth,   | t     | t     | t     | t     | t     | t     |
| hot gas)*        | arped | arped | arped | arped | arped | arped |
+------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| **[Application   | 336   | 336   | 336   | 336   | 341   | 314   |
| rate \[Active    |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| Ingredient\]     |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| (]{.smal         |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| lcaps}kg/ha\*)** |       |       |       |       |       |       |
+------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| **[Application   | 343   | 343   | 343   | 343   | 343   | 343   |
| rate             |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| \[formulation\]  |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| (]{.smal         |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| lcaps}kg/ha\*)** |       |       |       |       |       |       |
+------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| **[Actual dosage | 34.3  | 34.3  | 34.3  | 34.3  | 34.3  | 34.3  |
| rate of          |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| formulation      |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| s]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| *(g/m^2^)***[\   |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| *]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |       |       |       |
+------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+

*\* For Flat Fumigation treatment application rate and dosage rate may
be the same.*

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| #                                                                     |
| [California Nursery Roses - Part C: Technical Validation]{.smallcaps} |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[California Nursery Roses - 13. Reason for Alternatives Not Being
  Feasible]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592861 .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

**[California Nursery Roses -- Table 13.1: Reason for Alternatives Not
Being Feasible]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592808 .anchor}

+-------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+
| **[Name of  | **[Technical and regulatory\* reasons   | **[Is the    |
| Alte        | for the alternative not being feasible  | alternative  |
| rnative]{.s | or available]{.smallcaps}**             | considered   |
| mallcaps}** |                                         | cost         |
|             |                                         | e            |
|             |                                         | ffective?]{. |
|             |                                         | smallcaps}** |
+=============+=========================================+==============+
| # [C        |                                         |              |
| hemical Alt |                                         |              |
| ernatives]{ |                                         |              |
| .smallcaps} |                                         |              |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+
| 1,3-Dich    | 1,3-D is technically feasible in some   | No           |
| loropropene | situations, such as areas with sandy    |              |
|             | soils where the soil moisture can be    |              |
|             | reduced to 12 percent or less.          |              |
|             | According to California certification   |              |
|             | regulations, this alternative is not    |              |
|             | acceptable on soils known to be         |              |
|             | infested with nematodes (CDFA, 1996).   |              |
|             |                                         |              |
|             | Nematodes were not controlled at deeper |              |
|             | depths in several studies. In a tree    |              |
|             | nursery study, nematodes were           |              |
|             | controlled at deeper depths with 1,3-D  |              |
|             | and its combinations. Control is        |              |
|             | comparable to methyl bromide in sandier |              |
|             | soils because the soil moisture can be  |              |
|             | reduced to 12 percent or less (McKenry, |              |
|             | 2000; McKenry, 2001). In a nursery rose |              |
|             | trial, preliminary results demonstrate  |              |
|             | that only methyl bromide can control    |              |
|             | the entire nematode complex to the      |              |
|             | depth required (Schneider et al,        |              |
|             | 2002a). Results with 1,3-D are          |              |
|             | inconsistent, as other studies have     |              |
|             | shown control of nematodes with 1,3-D   |              |
|             | plus chloropicrin. 1,3-D plus           |              |
|             | chloropicrin did not control            |              |
|             | *Verticillium dahliae,* *Pythium* spp., |              |
|             | or weeds in a rose trial (Karlick et    |              |
|             | al, 1998).                              |              |
|             |                                         |              |
|             | Township caps are in place for 1,3-D.   |              |
|             | Almost all of California nursery        |              |
|             | growers are located within two          |              |
|             | townships in one county, and rose       |              |
|             | growers compete for the use of 1,3-D    |              |
|             | with growers of almonds, carrots, and   |              |
|             | other crops for this acreage (Trout,    |              |
|             | 2001). Buffer zones of 300 feet apply   |              |
|             | in California, reducing the amount of   |              |
|             | acreage that can be treated with 1,3-D. |              |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+
| Dazomet     | Dazomet is not a technically feasible   | No.          |
| (Basamid)   | alternative because it does not         |              |
|             | adequately control target pests at deep |              |
|             | enough levels in the soil in a rose     |              |
|             | trial (Schneider et al, 2002a). Dazomet |              |
|             | and metam-sodium are both MITC          |              |
|             | generating substances and the inability |              |
|             | of MITC from metam sodium to penetrate  |              |
|             | deep enough at the maximum allowed      |              |
|             | application rate is likely to also be   |              |
|             | true for dazomet.                       |              |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+
| M           | Metam-sodium is not a technically       | No.          |
| etam-sodium | feasible alternative alone because it   |              |
|             | results in nursery rose shipments that  |              |
|             | are not certifiable. Research indicates |              |
|             | that a non-certifiable crop occurs      |              |
|             | because metam-sodium did not move deep  |              |
|             | enough into the soil (at the 1.2 to 1.5 |              |
|             | meter depth metam sodium did not        |              |
|             | control the nematodes) (Schneider et    |              |
|             | al, 2002a). Metam sodium provides       |              |
|             | inconsistent control (McKenry, 1999).   |              |
|             | Metam sodium also does not control      |              |
|             | *Pythium* spp. (Karlick et al, 1998).   |              |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+
| #### [Non C |                                         |              |
| hemical Alt |                                         |              |
| ernatives]{ |                                         |              |
| .smallcaps} |                                         |              |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+
| So          | Under proper climatic conditions,       | No.          |
| larization, | solarization will control pests to a    |              |
| Steam       | depth of 30 cm. This depth is far short |              |
| Ste         | of the 1.5 meters required for nursery  |              |
| rilization, | roses (Pizano, 2001; Braun and Supkoff, |              |
| Biological  | 1994). In addition, these treatments    |              |
| Control     | would not allow a nursery rose grower   |              |
|             | to meet the California certification    |              |
|             | standard (CDFA, 1996).                  |              |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+
| General     | Although these "not in-kind"            | No.          |
| IPM,        | alternatives are being used by nursery  |              |
| Graftin     | rose growers to reduce pest pressure,   |              |
| g/Resistant | in general, by themselves and in        |              |
| Root        | combination, each have not been         |              |
| stock/Plant | successful at achieving adequate pest   |              |
| Breeding,   | control. In addition, these "not        |              |
| Physical    | in-kind" alternatives alone would not   |              |
| Removal/    | allow a nursery rose grower to meet the |              |
| Sanitation, | California certification standard.      |              |
| Resistant   |                                         |              |
| Cultivars   |                                         |              |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+
| Subs        | Use of "plug plants" is not technically | No.          |
| trates/Plug | feasible for nursery growers because    |              |
| Plants      | virtually all production is by grafting |              |
|             | onto resistant rootstock, not by the    |              |
|             | use of cuttings.                        |              |
|             |                                         |              |
|             | Substrate production in CA is           |              |
|             | technically infeasible for two reasons. |              |
|             | One, roses are a deep rooted crop. Rose |              |
|             | rootstock is grown for 18 months        |              |
|             | (called 1-year by the market) or 2      |              |
|             | years resulting in root systems of 3    |              |
|             | feet. The containers do not allow full  |              |
|             | development of the root systems which   |              |
|             | then reduces the rigor/vigor of the     |              |
|             | plant. Second, production in CA is      |              |
|             | technically infeasible based on the     |              |
|             | scale of production. Plants are spaced  |              |
|             | 6\" apart on thousands of acres.        |              |
|             | Research would need to be conducted to  |              |
|             | determine the commercial feasibility of |              |
|             | a change of this magnitude to a         |              |
|             | soilless culture.                       |              |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+
| ###         |                                         |              |
| # [Combinat |                                         |              |
| ions of Alt |                                         |              |
| ernatives]{ |                                         |              |
| .smallcaps} |                                         |              |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+
| 1,3-Dichlo  | See the regulatory and technical        | No           |
| ropropene + | limitations for 1,3-Dichloropropene     |              |
| c           | above.                                  |              |
| hloropicrin |                                         |              |
| and/or      |                                         |              |
| metam       |                                         |              |
| sodium      |                                         |              |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+

*\* Regulatory reasons include local restrictions (e.g. occupational
health and safety, local environmental regulations) and lack of
registration.*

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[California Nursery Roses - 14. List and Discuss Why
  Registered]{.smallcaps}** *(and Potential)* **[Pesticides and
  Herbicides Are Considered Not Effective as Technical Alternatives to
  Methyl Bromide:]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592862 .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

**[California Nursery Roses -- Table 14.1: Technically Infeasible
Alternatives Discussion]{.smallcaps}** []{#__RefHeading___Toc65592809
.anchor}

+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **[Name of      | ##### [Discussion]{.smallcaps}                     |
| Alternative     |                                                    |
| ]{.smallcaps}** |                                                    |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| Iodomethane +   | Iodomethane plus chloropicrin appears to be the    |
| chloropicrin    | best solution to replace the use of methyl         |
|                 | bromide. Studies have shown the control of all     |
|                 | nematode genera found on roses at a depth of 1.5   |
|                 | meters (Schneider et al, 2002a). This treatment is |
|                 | likely to require some additional weed control     |
|                 | measures, but does provide weed control that is    |
|                 | comparable to methyl bromide in many cases. This   |
|                 | alternative is not registered.                     |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[California Nursery Roses -]{.smallcaps} 15. [List Present
  ]{.smallcaps}***(and Possible Future)* **[Registration Status of Any
  Current and Potential
  Alternatives]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592863
  .anchor}**[:]{.smallcaps}**

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

**[California Nursery Roses -- Table 15.1: Present Registration Status
of Alternatives]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592810 .anchor}

  ---------------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------- ------------------------------
  **[Name of                   **[Present Registration        **[Registration being  **[Date of possible future
  Alternative]{.smallcaps}**   Status]{.smallcaps}**          considered by national registration:]{.smallcaps}**
                                                              authorities?           
                                                              (Y/N)]{.smallcaps}**   

  Iodomethane                  Not registered                 Yes                    Unknown

  Sodium azide                 Not registered                 Registration package   Unknown
                                                              not submitted          

  Propargyl bromide            Not registered                 Registration package   Unknown
                                                              not submitted          
  ---------------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------- ------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[California Nursery Roses - 16. State Relative Effectiveness of
  Relevant Alternatives Compared to Methyl Bromide for the Specific Key
  Target Pests and Weeds for which It Is Being
  Requested]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592864 .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

Research on MB alternatives for the nursery rose industry is described.
Growers need to achieve nematode control to a depth of 1.5 meters to
meet regulation requirements. Other pests, such as *Verticillium*,
*Pythium*, and weeds also need to be controlled. Some studies on tree
nurseries have been included since growers must meet the same
certification requirement for stock. Not all studies contained yield
information, pest pressure, and comparison to methyl bromide or
statistical analyses.

**Evaluation of Alternatives to Methyl Bromide for Roses (Schneider et
al, 2002a; Schneider et al, 2003b).** Preliminary data from a study by
the Agricultural Research Service, USDA were submitted. Nematodes were
sampled in 250 cc soil at the following depths: 0-12 inches (0-0.3
meters), 12-24 inches (0.3-0.6 meters), 24-36 inches (0.6-0.9 meters),
36-48 inches (0.9-1.2 meters), and 48-60 inches (1.2-1.5 meters). Stunt
nematode (*Tylenchorhynchus spp.*) was predominantly found at the site,
but populations of root knot nematode (*Meloidogyne spp.*) and stubby
root nematode (*Paratrichodorus spp.*) were also present at low levels.
The only alternatives that provided control to the lowest depth (1.2 to
1.5 meters) were methyl bromide and iodomethane drip applications,
although these results were not statistically different from many of the
other alternatives. The following year, additional data were collected,
including weed ratings. Methyl bromide had the best weed rating of all
the alternatives. Additional data, including summer/fall nematode and
fungal populations in the soil and plant quality at harvest, are yet to
be collected. The results are shown in Tables 16.3 and 16.4.

**Jackson and Perkins Fumigant Tests, 2003.** Preliminary data submitted
by Jackson and Perkins Operation, Inc. showed yield losses of 2--8% for
metam-sodium (Vapam HL, 701 L/ha), yield losses of 5% for 1,3-D (Telone
II, 309 L/ha), and for methyl bromide (336 kg/ha) yield gains of up to
10% to yield losses of 6% The data submitted gave yields compared to
historic yields for numerous rose varieties. The first year results
indicated that there was no nematode pressure in the trials. There was
no statistical analysis on the results.

Other studies submitted were conducted on orchard and vineyard crops.
Some the results are included in the tables below. These studies
demonstrate that the alternative do not provide the same level of
nematode control as methyl bromide to the depth required.

**[California Nursery Roses -- Table 16.1: Effectiveness of Alternatives
-- Nematodes]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592811 .anchor}

+-------------------------+------------+--------------------+-------+---+
| **[Key Pest:            | ##### [    |                    |       |   |
| N                       | Average di |                    |       |   |
| ematodes]{.smallcaps}** | sease % or |                    |       |   |
|                         |  rating an |                    |       |   |
|                         | d yields i |                    |       |   |
|                         | n past 3\~ |                    |       |   |
|                         | 5 years]{. |                    |       |   |
|                         | smallcaps} |                    |       |   |
+-------------------------+------------+--------------------+-------+---+
| **[Methyl Bromide       | > **[\# of | **[Total \#        |       |   |
| formulations and        | > Replica  | Nematodes at a     |       |   |
| Alte                    | tions]{.sm | depth across all   |       |   |
| rnatives]{.smallcaps}** | allcaps}** | replica            |       |   |
|                         |            | tes]{.smallcaps}** |       |   |
|                         |            |                    |       |   |
|                         |            | >                  |       |   |
|                         |            | [(T]{.smallcaps}he |       |   |
|                         |            | > results have     |       |   |
|                         |            | > been added       |       |   |
|                         |            | > across the 4     |       |   |
|                         |            | > replicates --    |       |   |
|                         |            | > there is no      |       |   |
|                         |            | > statistical      |       |   |
|                         |            | > analysis on      |       |   |
|                         |            | > these results).  |       |   |
+-------------------------+------------+--------------------+-------+---+
|                         |            | **[De              | **[\# |   |
|                         |            | pth]{.smallcaps}** | of    |   |
|                         |            |                    | Nema  |   |
|                         |            |                    | todes |   |
|                         |            |                    | ]{.sm |   |
|                         |            |                    | allca |   |
|                         |            |                    | ps}** |   |
+-------------------------+------------+--------------------+-------+---+
| MB + CP (75/25) 535     | 4          | > 0-1 feet (0-0.3  | 0     |   |
| lb/ac (599 kg/ha),      |            | > meters)          |       |   |
| tarped                  |            | >                  | 0     |   |
|                         |            | > 1-2 feet         |       |   |
|                         |            | > (0.3-0.6 meters) | 0     |   |
|                         |            | >                  |       |   |
|                         |            | > 2-3 feet         | 2     |   |
|                         |            | > (0.6-0.9 meters) |       |   |
|                         |            | >                  | 15    |   |
|                         |            | > 3-4 feet         |       |   |
|                         |            | > (0.9-1.2 meters) |       |   |
|                         |            | >                  |       |   |
|                         |            | > 4-5 feet         |       |   |
|                         |            | > (1.2-1.5 meters) |       |   |
+-------------------------+------------+--------------------+-------+---+
| Dual application Telone | 4          | > 0-1 feet (0-0.3  | 2     |   |
| C-35 @ 65 gpa (608      |            | > meters)          |       |   |
| L/ha) or approx. 650    |            | >                  | 1     |   |
| lb/acre (728 kg/ha)     |            | > 1-2 feet         |       |   |
|                         |            | > (0.3-0.6 meters) | 0     |   |
|                         |            | >                  |       |   |
|                         |            | > 2-3 feet         | 2     |   |
|                         |            | > (0.6-0.9 meters) |       |   |
|                         |            | >                  | 47    |   |
|                         |            | > 3-4 feet         |       |   |
|                         |            | > (0.9-1.2 meters) |       |   |
|                         |            |                    |       |   |
|                         |            | 4-5 feet (1.2-1.5  |       |   |
|                         |            | meters)            |       |   |
+-------------------------+------------+--------------------+-------+---+
| 1,3-D (330 lb/ac (370   | 4          | > 0-1 feet (0-0.3  | > 5   |   |
| kg/ha)) then metam      |            | > meters)          | >     |   |
| sodium drench (110      |            | >                  | > 0   |   |
| lb/ac (123 kg/ha))      |            | > 1-2 feet         | >     |   |
|                         |            | > (0.3-0.6 meters) | > 1   |   |
|                         |            | >                  | >     |   |
|                         |            | > 2-3 feet         | > 40  |   |
|                         |            | > (0.6-0.9 meters) | >     |   |
|                         |            | >                  | > 103 |   |
|                         |            | > 3-4 feet         |       |   |
|                         |            | > (0.9-1.2 meters) |       |   |
|                         |            | >                  |       |   |
|                         |            | > 4-5 feet         |       |   |
|                         |            | > (1.2-1.5 meters) |       |   |
+-------------------------+------------+--------------------+-------+---+
| 1,3-D (330 lb/ac (370   | 4          | > 0-1 feet (0-0.3  | > 0   |   |
| kg/ha)) then Basamid    |            | > meters)          | >     |   |
| drench (200 lb/ac (224  |            | >                  | > 0   |   |
| kg/ha))                 |            | > 1-2 feet         | >     |   |
|                         |            | > (0.3-0.6 meters) | > 0   |   |
|                         |            | >                  | >     |   |
|                         |            | > 2-3 feet         | > 2   |   |
|                         |            | > (0.6-0.9 meters) |       |   |
|                         |            | >                  | 16    |   |
|                         |            | > 3-4 feet         |       |   |
|                         |            | > (0.9-1.2 meters) |       |   |
|                         |            | >                  |       |   |
|                         |            | > 4-5 feet         |       |   |
|                         |            | > (1.2-1.5 meters) |       |   |
+-------------------------+------------+--------------------+-------+---+
| Non-treated check       | 4          | > 0-1 feet (0-0.3  | 98    |   |
|                         |            | > meters)          |       |   |
|                         |            | >                  | 455   |   |
|                         |            | > 1-2 feet         |       |   |
|                         |            | > (0.3-0.6 meters) | 416   |   |
|                         |            | >                  |       |   |
|                         |            | > 2-3 feet         | 836   |   |
|                         |            | > (0.6-0.9 meters) |       |   |
|                         |            | >                  | 216   |   |
|                         |            | > 3-4 feet         |       |   |
|                         |            | > (0.9-1.2 meters) |       |   |
|                         |            |                    |       |   |
|                         |            | 4-5 feet (1.2-1.5  |       |   |
|                         |            | meters)            |       |   |
+-------------------------+------------+--------------------+-------+---+

McKenry, 2000 (this study was conducted on tree nurseries).

**[California Nursery Roses -- Table 16.2: Effectiveness of Alternatives
-- Phytophthora]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592812 .anchor}

+--------------------------------+-----+----------------+------+------+
| **[Key Pest: Phytophthora      | ##  |                |      |      |
| citricola]{.smallcaps}**       | ### |                |      |      |
|                                |  [A |                |      |      |
|                                | ver |                |      |      |
|                                | age |                |      |      |
|                                |  di |                |      |      |
|                                | sea |                |      |      |
|                                | se  |                |      |      |
|                                | % o |                |      |      |
|                                | r r |                |      |      |
|                                | ati |                |      |      |
|                                | ng  |                |      |      |
|                                | and |                |      |      |
|                                |  yi |                |      |      |
|                                | eld |                |      |      |
|                                | s i |                |      |      |
|                                | n p |                |      |      |
|                                | ast |                |      |      |
|                                |  3\ |                |      |      |
|                                | ~5  |                |      |      |
|                                | yea |                |      |      |
|                                | rs] |                |      |      |
|                                | {.s |                |      |      |
|                                | mal |                |      |      |
|                                | lca |                |      |      |
|                                | ps} |                |      |      |
+--------------------------------+-----+----------------+------+------+
| **[Methyl Bromide formulations | >   | [**Total       |      |      |
| and                            |  ** | Number of      |      |      |
| Alternatives]{.smallcaps}**    | [\# | colonies       |      |      |
|                                | >   | formed out of  |      |      |
|                                |  of | 10 inoculum    |      |      |
|                                | >   | pieces plated  |      |      |
|                                | Rep | at certain     |      |      |
|                                | lic | depths Across  |      |      |
|                                | ati | all            |      |      |
|                                | ons | Replicates**   |      |      |
|                                | ]{. | (]{.           |      |      |
|                                | sma | smallcaps}*max |      |      |
|                                | llc | \# is 40 -- 4  |      |      |
|                                | aps | reps x10       |      |      |
|                                | }** | pieces. No     |      |      |
|                                |     | statistical    |      |      |
|                                |     | analysis on    |      |      |
|                                |     | these          |      |      |
|                                |     | results)*      |      |      |
+--------------------------------+-----+----------------+------+------+
|                                |     | **[Depth]      | *    |      |
|                                |     | {.smallcaps}** | *[\# |      |
|                                |     |                | of   |      |
|                                |     |                | Col  |      |
|                                |     |                | onie |      |
|                                |     |                | s]{. |      |
|                                |     |                | smal |      |
|                                |     |                | lcap |      |
|                                |     |                | s}** |      |
+--------------------------------+-----+----------------+------+------+
| MB + CP (75/25) 535 lb/ac (599 | 4   | 0.5 feet (0.2  | 0    |      |
| kg/ha), tarped                 |     | meters)        |      |      |
|                                |     |                | 10   |      |
|                                |     | 2.0 feet (0.6  |      |      |
|                                |     | meters)        | 40   |      |
|                                |     |                |      |      |
|                                |     | 4.0 feet (1.2  |      |      |
|                                |     | meters)        |      |      |
+--------------------------------+-----+----------------+------+------+
| Dual application Telone C-35 @ | 4   | 0.5 feet (0.2  | 0    |      |
| 65 gpa (608 L/ha) or approx.   |     | meters)        |      |      |
| 650 lb/acre (728 kg/ha)        |     |                | 0    |      |
|                                |     | 2.0 feet (0.6  |      |      |
|                                |     | meters)        | 20   |      |
|                                |     |                |      |      |
|                                |     | 4.0 feet (1.2  |      |      |
|                                |     | meters)        |      |      |
+--------------------------------+-----+----------------+------+------+
| 1,3-D (330 lb/ac (370 kg/ha))  | 4   | 0.5 feet (0.2  | 5    |      |
| then metam sodium drench (110  |     | meters)        |      |      |
| lb/ac (123 kg/ha))             |     |                | 20   |      |
|                                |     | 2.0 feet (0.6  |      |      |
|                                |     | meters)        | 38   |      |
|                                |     |                |      |      |
|                                |     | 4.0 feet (1.2  |      |      |
|                                |     | meters)        |      |      |
+--------------------------------+-----+----------------+------+------+
| 1,3-D (330 lb/ac (370 kg/ha))  | 4   | 0.5 feet (0.2  | 0    |      |
| then Basamid drench (200 lb/ac |     | meters)        |      |      |
| (224 kg/ha))                   |     |                | 0    |      |
|                                |     | 2.0 feet (0.6  |      |      |
|                                |     | meters)        | 40   |      |
|                                |     |                |      |      |
|                                |     | 4.0 feet (1.2  |      |      |
|                                |     | meters)        |      |      |
+--------------------------------+-----+----------------+------+------+
| Non-treated check              | 4   | 0.5 feet (0.2  | 37   |      |
|                                |     | meters)        |      |      |
|                                |     |                | 30   |      |
|                                |     | 2.0 feet (0.6  |      |      |
|                                |     | meters)        | 30   |      |
|                                |     |                |      |      |
|                                |     | 4.0 feet (1.2  |      |      |
|                                |     | meters)        |      |      |
+--------------------------------+-----+----------------+------+------+

McKenry, 2000 (This study was conducted on tree nurseries).

**[California Nursery Roses -- Table 16.3: Effectiveness of Alternatives
-- Stunt Nematode]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592813 .anchor}

+-----------------------+----+------------+------------+------------+
| **[Key Pest: Stunt    | *  |            |            |            |
| Ne                    | *D |            |            |            |
| matode]{.smallcaps}** | is |            |            |            |
|                       | ea |            |            |            |
|                       | se |            |            |            |
|                       | (% |            |            |            |
|                       | or |            |            |            |
|                       | r  |            |            |            |
|                       | at |            |            |            |
|                       | in |            |            |            |
|                       | g) |            |            |            |
|                       | Me |            |            |            |
|                       | an |            |            |            |
|                       | of |            |            |            |
|                       | 6  |            |            |            |
|                       | re |            |            |            |
|                       | pl |            |            |            |
|                       | ic |            |            |            |
|                       | at |            |            |            |
|                       | io |            |            |            |
|                       | ns |            |            |            |
|                       | ** |            |            |            |
+-----------------------+----+------------+------------+------------+
| **[Methyl Bromide     | >  | **[0-12    | **[24-36   | **[48-60   |
| formulations and      |  * | inches (0  | inches     | inches     |
| Altern                | *[ | -- 0.3     | (0.6-0.9   | (1.2 --    |
| atives]{.smallcaps}** | \# | me         | me         | 1.5        |
|                       | >  | ters)]{.sm | ters)]{.sm | me         |
|                       | of | allcaps}** | allcaps}** | ters)]{.sm |
|                       | >  |            |            | allcaps}** |
|                       |  R |            |            |            |
|                       | ep |            |            |            |
|                       | s] |            |            |            |
|                       | {. |            |            |            |
|                       | sm |            |            |            |
|                       | al |            |            |            |
|                       | lc |            |            |            |
|                       | ap |            |            |            |
|                       | s} |            |            |            |
|                       | ** |            |            |            |
+-----------------------+----+------------+------------+------------+
| Untreated             | 6  | 1.0 b\*    | 29.8 a     | 5.8 ab     |
+-----------------------+----+------------+------------+------------+
| Methyl bromide -- 350 | 6  | 0.0 b      | 0.0 b      | 0.0 c      |
| lb/acre (392 kg/ha),  |    |            |            |            |
| tarped -- noble plow  |    |            |            |            |
+-----------------------+----+------------+------------+------------+
| 30% Iodomethane 70%   | 6  | 0.0 b      | 0.0 b      | 0.4 bc     |
| Chloropicrin -- 400   |    |            |            |            |
| lb/acre (448 kg/ha),  |    |            |            |            |
| tarped -- noble plow  |    |            |            |            |
+-----------------------+----+------------+------------+------------+
| Telone C35 -- 48      | 6  | 0.0 b      | 0.9 b      | 6.2 ab     |
| gal/acre (449 L/ha)   |    |            |            |            |
| -- noble plow         |    |            |            |            |
+-----------------------+----+------------+------------+------------+
| Telone C35 -- 48      | 6  | 0.0 b      | 0.3 b      | 3.5 abc    |
| gal/acre (449 L/ha);  |    |            |            |            |
| untarped -- telone    |    |            |            |            |
| rig                   |    |            |            |            |
+-----------------------+----+------------+------------+------------+
| Inline -- 50 gal/acre | 6  | 0.0 b      | 0.3 b      | 2.4 abc    |
| (468 L/ha), drip      |    |            |            |            |
+-----------------------+----+------------+------------+------------+
| Telone EC -- 35       | 6  | 0.0 b      | 0.9 b      | 6.9 ab     |
| gal/acre (327 L/ha),  |    |            |            |            |
| drip                  |    |            |            |            |
+-----------------------+----+------------+------------+------------+
| Chloropicrin -- 200   | 6  | 0.0 b      | 3.0 b      | 13.3 a     |
| lb/acre (224 kg/ha),  |    |            |            |            |
| drip                  |    |            |            |            |
+-----------------------+----+------------+------------+------------+
| Chloropicrin -- 400   | 6  | 0.0 b      | 1.4 b      | 4.8 abc    |
| lb/acre (448 kg/ha),  |    |            |            |            |
| drip                  |    |            |            |            |
+-----------------------+----+------------+------------+------------+
| Chloropicrin -- 200 + | 6  | 0.0 b      | 0.0 b      | 4.2 abc    |
| 200 lb/acre (224 +    |    |            |            |            |
| 224 kg/ha), drip      |    |            |            |            |
+-----------------------+----+------------+------------+------------+
| 30% Iodomethane 70% - | 6  | 0.0 b      | 0.0 b      | 0.0 c      |
| 400 lb/acre (448      |    |            |            |            |
| kg/ha), drip          |    |            |            |            |
+-----------------------+----+------------+------------+------------+
| 50% Iodomethane 50%   | 6  | 0.2 b      | 0.0 b      | 0.0c       |
| Chloropicrin -- 300   |    |            |            |            |
| lb/acre (336 kg/ha),  |    |            |            |            |
| drip                  |    |            |            |            |
+-----------------------+----+------------+------------+------------+
| Metam sodium -- 75    | 6  | 0.2 b      | 0.0 b      | 10.0 a     |
| gal/acre (701 L/ha)   |    |            |            |            |
| (42% a.i.), drip      |    |            |            |            |
+-----------------------+----+------------+------------+------------+
| Iota (a bacterial     | 6  | 5.5 a      | 47.8 a     | 7.9 ab     |
| suspension from       |    |            |            |            |
| FUSION 360, Turlock,  |    |            |            |            |
| CA)                   |    |            |            |            |
+-----------------------+----+------------+------------+------------+

Schneider et al, 2002b

\* Statistical analysis conducted on log transformed (ln(n+1)) data.
Data presented are the antilogs of the means.

Stunt Nematode Populations per 250cc soil sampled at planting in a
commercial rose trial. Results at other depths (12-24 inches (0.3-0.6
meters) and 36-48 inches (0.9-1.2 meters) are also available in the
study.

**[California Nursery Roses -- Table 16.4: Effectiveness of Alternatives
-- Root Knot Nematode]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592814
.anchor}

+-----------------------+----+-------------------+-------------------+
| **[Key Pest: Root     | ## |                   |                   |
| Knot                  | ## |                   |                   |
| Ne                    | #  |                   |                   |
| matode]{.smallcaps}** | [R |                   |                   |
|                       | oo |                   |                   |
|                       | t  |                   |                   |
|                       | Kn |                   |                   |
|                       | ot |                   |                   |
|                       |  N |                   |                   |
|                       | em |                   |                   |
|                       | ta |                   |                   |
|                       | od |                   |                   |
|                       | e  |                   |                   |
|                       | Po |                   |                   |
|                       | pu |                   |                   |
|                       | la |                   |                   |
|                       | ti |                   |                   |
|                       | on |                   |                   |
|                       | s  |                   |                   |
|                       | pe |                   |                   |
|                       | r  |                   |                   |
|                       | 10 |                   |                   |
|                       | 0  |                   |                   |
|                       | cc |                   |                   |
|                       |  s |                   |                   |
|                       | oi |                   |                   |
|                       | l  |                   |                   |
|                       | sa |                   |                   |
|                       | mp |                   |                   |
|                       | le |                   |                   |
|                       | d  |                   |                   |
|                       | at |                   |                   |
|                       |  P |                   |                   |
|                       | la |                   |                   |
|                       | nt |                   |                   |
|                       | in |                   |                   |
|                       | g  |                   |                   |
|                       | in |                   |                   |
|                       |  a |                   |                   |
|                       |  C |                   |                   |
|                       | om |                   |                   |
|                       | me |                   |                   |
|                       | rc |                   |                   |
|                       | ia |                   |                   |
|                       | l  |                   |                   |
|                       | Ro |                   |                   |
|                       | se |                   |                   |
|                       |  T |                   |                   |
|                       | ri |                   |                   |
|                       | al |                   |                   |
|                       |  M |                   |                   |
|                       | ar |                   |                   |
|                       | ch |                   |                   |
|                       |  2 |                   |                   |
|                       | 00 |                   |                   |
|                       | 3] |                   |                   |
|                       | {. |                   |                   |
|                       | sm |                   |                   |
|                       | al |                   |                   |
|                       | lc |                   |                   |
|                       | ap |                   |                   |
|                       | s} |                   |                   |
+-----------------------+----+-------------------+-------------------+
| **[Methyl Bromide     | >  | **[Disease (% or  |                   |
| formulations and      |  * | ratin             |                   |
| Altern                | *[ | g)]{.smallcaps}** |                   |
| atives]{.smallcaps}** | \# |                   |                   |
|                       | >  | **[\# of          |                   |
|                       | of | Nematodes (soil   |                   |
|                       | >  | sampled to a      |                   |
|                       |  R | depth of 24       |                   |
|                       | eP | inches (0.6       |                   |
|                       | s] | meters            |                   |
|                       | {. | ))]{.smallcaps}** |                   |
|                       | sm |                   |                   |
|                       | al |                   |                   |
|                       | lc |                   |                   |
|                       | ap |                   |                   |
|                       | s} |                   |                   |
|                       | ** |                   |                   |
+-----------------------+----+-------------------+-------------------+
|                       |    | **[Me             | **[Ran            |
|                       |    | an]{.smallcaps}** | ge]{.smallcaps}** |
+-----------------------+----+-------------------+-------------------+
| Untreated             | 6  | 18.0 a            | 0-805             |
+-----------------------+----+-------------------+-------------------+
| Methyl bromide -- 350 | 6  | 0 c               | 0-0               |
| lb/acre (392 kg/ha),  |    |                   |                   |
| tarped -- noble plow  |    |                   |                   |
+-----------------------+----+-------------------+-------------------+
| 30% Iodomethane 70%   | 6  | 0 c               | 0-0               |
| Chloropicrin -- 400   |    |                   |                   |
| lb/acre (448 kg/ha),  |    |                   |                   |
| tarped -- noble plow  |    |                   |                   |
+-----------------------+----+-------------------+-------------------+
| Telone C35 -- 48      | 6  | 0.8 bc            | 0-32              |
| gal/acre (449 L/ha)   |    |                   |                   |
| -- noble plow         |    |                   |                   |
+-----------------------+----+-------------------+-------------------+
| Telone C35 -- 48      | 6  | 6.4 ab            | 0-354             |
| gal/acre (449 L/ha);  |    |                   |                   |
| untarped -- telone    |    |                   |                   |
| rig                   |    |                   |                   |
+-----------------------+----+-------------------+-------------------+
| Inline -- 50 gal/acre | 6  | 0 c               | 0-0               |
| (468 L/ha), drip      |    |                   |                   |
+-----------------------+----+-------------------+-------------------+
| Telone EC -- 35       | 6  | 0 c               | 0-0               |
| gal/acre (327 L/ha),  |    |                   |                   |
| drip                  |    |                   |                   |
+-----------------------+----+-------------------+-------------------+
| Chloropicrin -- 200   | 6  | 0 c               | 0-0               |
| lb/acre (224 kg/ha),  |    |                   |                   |
| drip                  |    |                   |                   |
+-----------------------+----+-------------------+-------------------+
| Chloropicrin -- 400   | 6  | 0 c               | 0-0               |
| lb/acre (448 kg/ha),  |    |                   |                   |
| drip                  |    |                   |                   |
+-----------------------+----+-------------------+-------------------+
| Chloropicrin -- 200 + | 6  | 0 c               | 0-0               |
| 200 lb/acre (224 +    |    |                   |                   |
| 224 kg/ha), drip      |    |                   |                   |
+-----------------------+----+-------------------+-------------------+
| 30% Iodomethane 70% - | 6  | 0 c               | 0-0               |
| 400 lb/acre (448      |    |                   |                   |
| kg/ha), drip          |    |                   |                   |
+-----------------------+----+-------------------+-------------------+
| 50% Iodomethane 50%   | 6  | 0 c               | 0-0               |
| Chloropicrin -- 300   |    |                   |                   |
| lb/acre (336 kg/ha),  |    |                   |                   |
| drip                  |    |                   |                   |
+-----------------------+----+-------------------+-------------------+
| Metam sodium -- 75    | 6  | 0.5 bc            | 0-12              |
| gal/acre (701 L/ha)   |    |                   |                   |
| (42% a.i.), drip      |    |                   |                   |
+-----------------------+----+-------------------+-------------------+
| Iota (a bacterial     | 6  | 10.8 a            | 0-213             |
| suspension from       |    |                   |                   |
| FUSION 360, Turlock,  |    |                   |                   |
| CA)                   |    |                   |                   |
+-----------------------+----+-------------------+-------------------+

Schneider et al, 2003b

Statistical analyses conducted on log transformed (log(n+1)) data. Data
presented are antilogs of the means, as well as the range of values.
Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the
*P*=.05 level.

**[California Nursery Roses -- Table C.1: Alternatives Yield Loss Data
Summary]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592815 .anchor}

*Although yield and quality losses may occur due to key pests, the only
studies for nursery roses are ongoing. Because these studies are in
progress and the crop is perennial, yield losses have not been
determined. However, the crop must meet certification requirements or
the stock will not be accepted. The pests must be controlled or the
growers will not be able to sell their product.*

+------------------+---------------+----------------+-----------------+
| ##### [Alternat  | ##### [List   | ##### [Rang    | **[Best         |
| ive]{.smallcaps} |  Type of Pest | e of Yield Los | Estimate of     |
|                  | ]{.smallcaps} | s]{.smallcaps} | Yield           |
|                  |               |                | Loss            |
|                  |               |                | ]{.smallcaps}** |
+------------------+---------------+----------------+-----------------+
| See paragraph    | Nematodes     | Not applicable | Not applicable  |
| above.           |               |                |                 |
+------------------+---------------+----------------+-----------------+
| ##### [          |               |                | Not applicable; |
| Overall Loss Est |               |                | certification   |
| imate for All Al |               |                | issues          |
| ternatives to Pe |               |                |                 |
| sts]{.smallcaps} |               |                |                 |
+------------------+---------------+----------------+-----------------+

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **[California Nursery Roses - 17. Are There Any Other Potential       |
| Alternatives Under Development which Are Being Considered to Replace  |
| Methyl Bromide?]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592865 .anchor} |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| The industry is developing technologies to improve efficacy of        |
| alternatives such as deep injection methods, soil moisture management |
| by improving drip technologies, experience with virtually impermeable |
| films to increase efficacy and decrease emissions. Between 2001 and   |
| 2003, \$60,000 was devoted to nursery rose alternatives research at   |
| USDA and on farm research.                                            |
|                                                                       |
| Iodomethane will control the target pests but is not currently        |
| registered.                                                           |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **[California Nursery Roses - 18. Are There Technologies Being Used   |
| to Produce the Crop which Avoid the Need for Methyl                   |
| Bromide?:]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592866 .anchor}       |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1,3-D can be used in some situations, such as areas with sandy soils  |
| where the soil moisture can be reduced to 12 percent or less.         |
| According to California certification regulations, this alternative   |
| is not acceptable on soils known to be infested with nematodes (CDFA, |
| 1996). Township caps also limit the use of this alternative. A grower |
| that tried using 1,3-D found that weeds were not controlled           |
| satisfactorily.                                                       |
|                                                                       |
| Some growers are able to control their planting ground for long       |
| periods of time thus avoiding crops and weeds that are hosts to       |
| nematodes. However, re-infestation is always a threat through         |
| contaminated irrigation water, runoff water, or weeds. In addition,   |
| the income from the rotational crop, often a cereal crop, is about    |
| 1/3 of that received for roses.                                       |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| # [[California Nurse                                                  |
| ry Roses - Summary of Technical Feasibility]{.underline}]{.smallcaps} |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Although 1,3-D with chloropicrin has been demonstrated as an          |
| effective alternative in some situations, in many cases it does not   |
| control the target pests. In soils with moisture levels above 12      |
| percent, 1,3-D does not provide control of nematodes. In addition,    |
| 1,3-D does not control *Verticillium dahilae*, *Pythium* spp., or     |
| weeds. Also, there are regulatory limitations to the use of 1,3-D.    |
| Growers must meet certification requirements. Only under specific     |
| circumstances, such as an area with sandy soils (moisture levels      |
| below 12 percent) with no known nematode problems, may this           |
| alternative be used. In addition, township caps may limit the         |
| availability of this alternative to growers, especially since nursery |
| roses are primarily produced in two townships, where other crops that |
| use 1,3-D are also grown.                                             |
|                                                                       |
| Other alternatives, such as metam sodium and dazomet do not provide   |
| consistent control of target pests to a depth of 1.5 meters.          |
|                                                                       |
| Although iodomethane provides good control of the target pests, it is |
| not currently registered.                                             |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[[Part D: Emission
  Control]{.underline}]{.smallcaps}**[[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592868
  .anchor}]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592816 .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **19. [Techniques That Have and Will Be Used to Minimize Methyl Bromide
  Use and Emissions in the Particular
  Use]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592869 .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

#### [Table 19.1: Techniques to Minimize Methyl Bromide Use and Emissions]{.smallcaps}

  ------------------------- ---------------------- -------------------------- ---------------------------- ----------------------------
  **[Technique or Step      **[VIF or High Barrier **[methyl bromide dosage   **[Increased % chloropicrin  **[Less frequent
  Taken]{.smallcaps}**      Films]{.smallcaps}**   reduction]{.smallcaps}**   in methyl bromide            application]{.smallcaps}**
                                                                              formulation]{.smallcaps}**   

  **[What use/emission      Currently some growers Most nurseries have        From 2% to 33% or 25% (for   No
  reduction methods are     use HDPE tarps. VIF    reduced MB amounts to      some nurseries)              
  presently                 might be a feasible    lower rate formulations.                                
  adopted?]{.smallcaps}**   means of reducing      Between 1997 and 2001, the                              
                            emissions if physical  U.S. has achieved a 36%                                 
                            properties of VIF can  reduction in use rates.                                 
                            be improved,                                                                   
                            especially the ability                                                         
                            to successfully and                                                            
                            consistently roll the                                                          
                            film over beds without                                                         
                            breakage and ability                                                           
                            to glue the material.                                                          

  **[What further           Research is underway   Research is underway to    Research is underway to      Not likely
  use/emission reduction    to develop use in      develop use of a 50% MB    develop use of a 50% MB      
  steps will be taken for   commercial production  formulation where pest     formulation where pest       
  the methyl bromide used   systems                pressure allows.           pressure allows.             
  for critical                                                                                             
  uses?]{.smallcaps}**                                                                                     

  **[Other                  Unidentified           Unidentified               Unidentified                 Fumigation once every 2 -- 3
  measures]{.smallcaps}**                                                                                  years
  *(please describe)*                                                                                      
  ------------------------- ---------------------- -------------------------- ---------------------------- ----------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[20. If Methyl Bromide Emission Reduction Techniques Are Not Being
  Used, or Are Not Planned for the Circumstances of the Nomination, State
  Reasons]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592870 .anchor}

  Reduction technology is being addressed by this sector. For example,
  VIF products, use of advanced delivery techniques, such as deep
  injection, to make alternative chemicals more effective at deeper soil
  levels, and reduction in use rate of MB to 50:50. While new mixtures
  and formulations can be effective at controlling target pests,
  especially at low pest pressure, the long term efficacy of these
  mixtures is unknown.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| # [Part E: Economic Assessment]{.smallcaps}                           |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **21. [Costs of Alternatives Compared to Methyl Bromide Over 3-Year
  Period]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592872 .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

**Table 21.1: [Costs of Alternatives Compared to Methyl Bromide Over
3-Year Period]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592819 .anchor}

This table is not included since none of the alternatives are
technically feasible. See Summary of Economic Feasibility below.

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **22. [Gross and Net
  Revenue]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592873 .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

**Table 22.1: Year 1 Gross and Net Revenue**

**Table 22.2: Year 2 Gross and Net Revenue**

**Table 22.3: Year 3 Gross and Net Revenue**

These tables are not included since none of the alternatives are
technically feasible. See Summary of Economic Feasibility below.

  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[[Measures of Economic Impacts of Methyl Bromide
  Alternatives]{.underline}]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592874
  .anchor}

  ------------------------------------------------------------------------

**[Western Raspberry Nurseries - Table E.1: Economic Impacts of Methyl
Bromide Alternatives]{.smallcaps}**

**[California Deciduous Fruit & Nut Tree Growers - Table E.2: Economic
Impacts of Methyl Bromide Alternatives]{.smallcaps}**

**[California Nursery Roses - Table E.3: Economic Impacts of Methyl
Bromide Alternatives]{.smallcaps}**

These tables are not included since none of the alternatives are
technically feasible. See Summary of Economic Feasibility below.

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ######### Summary of Economic Feasibility                             |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| An economic analysis was not done because most of the losses cannot   |
| be quantified because there are no data to substantiate the magnitude |
| of these losses.                                                      |
|                                                                       |
| **Certification requirements**. The requested amount of methyl        |
| bromide in the U. S. nomination includes only those areas where 1,3   |
| dichloropropene (1,3-D) would not meet the certification requirements |
| or would be limited by township caps. The requirement that the        |
| nursery stock be certified as pest free is what makes the             |
| alternatives economically infeasible. Under California regulatory     |
| laws, nursery crops must be "free of especially injurious pests and   |
| disease symptoms" in order to qualify for a California Department of  |
| Food and Agriculture (CDFA) Nursery Stock Certificate for Interstate  |
| and Intrastate Shipments (CDFA, 1996). If an approved fumigation is   |
| not used in the nursery, a costly nematode sampling procedure is      |
| imposed by CDFA, and if nematodes are found all nursery stock in an   |
| area should be destroyed resulting in a complete loss. Methyl bromide |
| meets the certification guidelines. Also, in certain soil conditions, |
| 1,3-D meets certification guidelines; however, California township    |
| caps imposed by the CDPR (California Department of Pesticide          |
| Regulation) may limit the use of 1,3-D.                               |
|                                                                       |
| If an approved fumigation is not used and a nematode sampling         |
| procedure is imposed by CDFA, it is likely that nematodes would be    |
| found because:                                                        |
|                                                                       |
| -   1,3 D is less effective in soil conditions where 1,3 D does not   |
|     meet the certification guidelines, or                             |
|                                                                       |
| -   There is no effective nematicide if 1,3 D cannot be used due to   |
|     California township caps.                                         |
|                                                                       |
| If nematodes are found and the nursery stock cannot be certified      |
| "free of especially injurious pests and disease symptoms", then a     |
| total loss is likely because the nursery stock:                       |
|                                                                       |
| -   Would not qualify for a CDFA Nursery Stock Certificate for        |
|     Interstate and Intrastate Shipments,                              |
|                                                                       |
| -   Would probably not be marketable, since resale for planting is    |
|     severely restricted by the CDFA.                                  |
|                                                                       |
| -   Should be destroyed to prevent further infestation.               |
|                                                                       |
| **Yield loss**. It is likely that yield losses would also occur where |
| soil conditions are not ideal, but little data are available. The     |
| yield loss could be 100% if the nursery stock cannot be certified as  |
| pest free.                                                            |
|                                                                       |
| **Reduced pesticide use**. An effective fumigation results in a       |
| growth response that allows an initial growth spurt. This growth      |
| response helps maintain a healthy plant, which is able to better      |
| handle the stress induced by pathogens and pests. A healthier plant   |
| consequently requires a fewer number of pesticide sprays during the   |
| season.                                                               |
|                                                                       |
| **Beyond the nursery**. Healthier plants and trees provide benefits   |
| beyond the nursery in terms of higher yields of fruit and nuts and    |
| reduced infestations. One hectare of nursery stock provides these     |
| benefits to many hectares producing fruits and nuts.                  |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| # [Part F. Future Plans]{.smallcaps}                                  |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **[23. What Actions Will Be Taken to Rapidly Develop and Deploy       |
| Alternatives for This                                                 |
| Crop?]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592877 .anchor}           |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Primarily, development of technologies to improve efficacy of         |
| alternatives such as deep injection methods, soil moisture management |
| by improving drip technologies, experience with virtually impermeable |
| films to increase efficacy and decrease emissions, while allowing     |
| reasonable cost effectiveness. Even where MB is considered critical,  |
| an improvement in efficient delivery techniques will result in        |
| reduction of MB use requirements. For roses, future research is       |
| planned for nematodes, *Pythium* and weeds. For 2001-2003, \$60,000   |
| is devoted to alternatives research at USDA and on farm research.     |
| Raspberry nurseries have spent \$100,000 on research, including       |
| \$20,000 on screening resistance for *Phytophthora* and               |
| *Verticillium*, and over \$60,000 over the last decade studying       |
| various alternatives in the large Watsonville, California area.       |
| Between 1999 and 2000, the California fruit, vine, and nut industries |
| have spent \$378,467 on numerous research projects. From 2002-2003,   |
| \$262,002 were granted to researchers by this industry. In addition,  |
| an equal amount has been granted by government and universities.      |
|                                                                       |
| The amount of methyl bromide requested for research purposes is       |
| considered critical for the development of effective alternatives.    |
| Without methyl bromide for use as a standard treatment, the research  |
| studies can never address the comparative performance of              |
| alternatives. This would be a serious impediment to the development   |
| of alternative strategies. The U.S. government estimates that orchard |
| seedlings research will require 1506 kg per year of methyl bromide    |
| for 2005 and 2006. This amount of methyl bromide is necessary to      |
| conduct research on alternatives and is in addition to the amounts    |
| requested in the submitted CUE applications. One example of the       |
| research is a two year field study testing the comparative            |
| performance of methyl bromide, 1,3-D, iodomethane, sodium azide,      |
| resistant cultivars, and fallow for control of nematodes and weeds.   |
| Another example is a five year field study comparing methyl bromide   |
| to 1,3-D, chloropicrin, iodomethane, fallow, cover crops,             |
| solarization, and other treatments for control of nematodes and soil  |
| borne pathogens.                                                      |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[24. Are There Plans to Minimize the Use of Methyl Bromide for the
  Critical Use in the
  Future?]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592878 .anchor}

  As stated in Section 23, minimizing use of MB can be achieved through
  the development of technologies to improve efficacy of alternatives
  such as deep injection methods, soil moisture management by improving
  drip technologies, experience with virtually impermeable films to
  increase efficacy and decrease emissions, and still have reasonable
  cost effectiveness. Even where MB is considered critical, an
  improvement in efficient delivery techniques will result in reduction
  of MB use requirements. As described in Section 23, considerable
  resources are being devoted to finding MB alternatives. Plans to
  develop VIF, deep injection, 1,3-D efficacy, and reduction of MB use
  rates are all ongoing. Transferring these technologies to field
  situations requires additional time. Until these alternatives can be
  relied, MB is critical for this sector. The U.S. wants to note that our
  usage rate is among the lowest in the world in requested sectors and
  represents efforts of both the government and the user community over
  many years to reduce use rates and emissions. We will continue to work
  with the user community in each sector to identify further
  opportunities to reduce methyl bromide use and emissions.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[25. Additional Comments on the
  Nomination?]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592879 .anchor}

  This methyl bromide critical use exemption nomination for raspberry,
  rose, and deciduous tree nurseries has been reviewed by the United
  States government and meets the guidelines of The *Montreal Protocol on
  Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer*. This use is considered
  critical because there are no technically and economically feasible
  alternatives or substitutes available for nurseries that have heavy
  soils, are restricted by township caps of 1,3-D, and/or have state
  mandated certification standards that require the use of MB in
  situations where 1,3-D is not allowed or effective. The loss of MB
  under these circumstances would, therefore, result in a significant
  market disruption and provides the basis for nomination of this sector
  for critical use exemption of MB.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[26. Citations]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592880 .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

Braun, A. L. and D. M. Supkoff, 1994. Options to Methyl Bromide for the
Control of Soil-Borne Diseases and Pests in California with Reference to
the Netherlands. Pest Management Analysis and Planning Program,
California Department of Pesticide Regulation.

California Department of Food and Agriculture. 1996. Approved treatment
and handling procedures to ensure against nematode pest infestation of
nursery stock. California Code of Regulations, Title 3, Section 3060, et
seq. Nursery Inspection Procedures Manual, Item #12. 18 pp.
<http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/phpps/pe/NIPM.htm>;
http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/phpps/pe/nipm_pdfs/nipm_7.pdf

Federal Register, February 5, 1998, 40 CFR, part 82. Control of methyl
bromide emissions through use of tarps.
http://frwebgate5.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/waisgate.cgi?WAISdocID=826484320000+6+0+0&WAISaction=retrieve.

Gan, J. and Yates, S. R. 1998. Ammonium thiosulfate fertilizer reduces
methyl bromide emissions from soil. Methyl Bromide Alternatives, USDA,
ARS. vol 4 (3), July,1998.
<http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/np/mba/july98/ammonium.htm>

Gullino, M. L., Minuto, A., Camponogara, A., Minuto, G., and Garibaldi,
A. 2002. soil disinfestations in Italy: status two years before the
phase-out of methyl bromide. Annual International Research Conference on
Methyl Bromide Alternatives (2002). <http://mbao.org/>

Jackson and Perkins Operations, Inc. 2003. in-house trials.

Karlick, J., J. Becker, U. Schuch, G. Browne, 1998, Beyond Methyl
Bromide: Development and Implementation of Integrated Bare Root Rose
Production Systems.

Larson, K. D. and Shaw, D. V. 2000. Soil fumigation and runner plant
production: A synthesis of four years of strawberry nursery field
trials. HortScience 35: 642-646.

Martin, F. N. 2003. Development of alternative strategies for management
of soilborne pathogens currently controlled with methyl bromide. Annual
Review of Phytopathology 41:325-350.

McKenry, M. V. 2000. Evaluation of alternatives to methyl bromide for
soil fumigation at commercial fruit and nut tree nurseries. Contractor
for California Association of Nurseryman. Prepared for California
Department of Pesticide Regulation. (See CUE 03-0035 request package of
California Fruit and Nut Growers Consortium.)

McKenry, M. 2001. Performance of metam sodium drenched to six different
replant sites. Annual International Research Conference on Methyl
Bromide Alternatives (2001). <http://mbao.org/>

McKenry, M. V. 1999. The replant problem and its management. Contractor
for California Association of Nurseryman. Prepared for California
Department of Pesticide Regulation. Catalina Publishing, Fresno,
California, USA. (See CUE 03-0035 request package of California Fruit
and Nut Growers Consortium.)

Pizano, M. 2001. Floriculture and the Environment: Growing Flowers
without Methyl Bromide, United Nations Environment Programme.

Schneider, S., E. Rosskopf, J. Leesch, D. Chellemi, C. Bull, and M.
Mazzola. 2003a. United States Department of Agriculture -- Agricultural
Research Service Research on Alternatives to Methyl Bromide: Pre-plant
and Post-harvest, Pest Management Science 59: 814-826.

Schneider, S., T. Trout, J. Gerik, D. Ramming, and H. Ajwa. 2003b.
Methyl Bromide Alternatives for Perennial Field Nurseries -- 1^st^ and
2^nd^ Year Performance, Proceeding from the 2003 Annual International
Research Conference on Methyl Bromide Alternatives and Emissions
Reductions. www.mbao.org

Schneider, S., J. Gerik, Trout, T. 2002a. Evaluation of Alternatives to
Methyl Bromide for Roses (Presentation), USDA ARS Parlier.

Schneider, S., Trout, T., Gerik, J. and Ajwa, H. 2002b. Methyl bromide
alternatives for tree, vine, and rose field nurseries. Annual
International Research Conference on Methyl Bromide Alternatives (2002).
<http://mbao.org/>

Schneider, S., Ajwa, H., Trout, T., and Sims, J. 2000. Alternatives for
vineyard replant and grapevine nurseries. Annual International Research
Conference on Methyl Bromide Alternatives (2000). <http://mbao.org/>

Shaw, D. V. and Larson, K. D. 2000. A meta-analysis of strawberry yield
response to preplant soil fumigation with combinations of methyl
bromide---chloropicrin and four alternative systems.

Trout, T. 2001. Impact of Township Caps on Telone Use in California.
(See CUE 03-0028 request package of California Rose Nurseries.)

Westerdahl, B. B., Buchner, R. P., Loftus, R., and Loftus, T. 2002.
Tarped metam sodium for nematode and weed control in nurseries. Annual
International Research Conference on Methyl Bromide Alternatives (2002).
<http://mbao.org/>

**APPENDIX A. 2006 Methyl Bromide Usage Numerical Index
(BUNI**).[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65592821 .anchor}

![](media/image1.wmf)

**Footnotes for Appendix A:**

Values may not sum exactly due to rounding.

1.  **[Average Hectares in the US]{.underline}** -- Average Hectares in
    the US is the average of 2001 and 2002 total hectares in the US in
    this crop when available. These figures were obtained from the USDA
    National Agricultural Statistics Service.

2.  **[% of Average Hectares Requested]{.underline}** - Percent (%) of
    Average Hectares Requested is the total area in the sector's request
    divided by the Average Hectares in the US. Note, however, that the
    NASS categories do not always correspond one to one with the sector
    nominations in the U.S. CUE nomination (e.g., roma and cherry
    tomatoes were included in the applicant's request, but were not
    included in NASS surveys). Values greater than 100 percent are due
    to the inclusion of these varieties in the U.S. CUE request that
    were not included in the USDA NASS: nevertheless, these numbers are
    often instructive in assessing the requested coverage of
    applications received from growers.

3.  **[2006 Amount of Request]{.underline}** -- The 2006 amount of
    request is the actual amount requested by applicants given in total
    pounds active ingredient of methyl bromide, total acres of methyl
    bromide use, and application rate in pounds active ingredient of
    methyl bromide per acre. U.S. units of measure were used to describe
    the initial request and then were converted to metric units to
    calculate the amount of the US nomination.

4.  **[2001 & 2002 Average Use]{.underline}** -- The 2001 & 2002 Average
    Use is the average of the 2001 and 2002 historical usage figures
    provided by the applicants given in total pounds active ingredient
    of methyl bromide, total acres of methyl bromide use, and
    application rate in pounds active ingredient of methyl bromide per
    acre. Adjustments are made when necessary due in part to unavailable
    2002 estimates in which case only the 2001 average use figure is
    used.

5.  **[Quarantine and Pre-Shipment]{.underline}** -- Quarantine and
    pre-shipment (QPS) hectares is the percentage (%) of the applicant's
    request subject to QPS treatments.

6.  **[Regional Hectares, 2001 & 2002 Average Hectares]{.underline}** --
    Regional Hectares, 2001 & 2002 Average Hectares is the 2001 and 2002
    average estimate of hectares within the defined region. These
    figures are taken from various sources to ensure an accurate
    estimate. The sources are from the USDA National Agricultural
    Statistics Service and from other governmental sources such as the
    Georgia Acreage estimates.

7.  [**Regional Hectares, Requested Acreage %**]{.underline} - Regional
    Hectares, Requested Acreage % is the area in the applicant's request
    divided by the total area planted in that crop in the region covered
    by the request as found in the USDA National Agricultural Statistics
    Service (NASS). Note, however, that the NASS categories do not
    always correspond one to one with the sector nominations in the U.S.
    CUE nomination (e.g., roma and cherry tomatoes were included in the
    applicant's request, but were not included in NASS surveys). Values
    greater than 100 percent are due to the inclusion of these varieties
    in the U.S. CUE request that were not included in the USDA NASS:
    nevertheless, these numbers are often instructive in assessing the
    requested coverage of applications received from growers.

8.  **[2006 Nomination Options]{.underline}** -- 2006 Nomination Options
    are the options of the inclusion of various factors used to adjust
    the initial applicant request into the nomination figure.

9.  **[Subtractions from Requested Amounts]{.underline}** --
    Subtractions from Requested Amounts are the elements that were
    subtracted from the initial request amount.

10. **[Subtractions from Requested Amounts, 2006 Request]{.underline}**
    -- Subtractions from Requested Amounts, 2006 Request is the starting
    point for all calculations. This is the amount of the applicant
    request in kilograms.

11. **[Subtractions from Requested Amounts, Double
    Counting]{.underline}** - Subtractions from Requested Amounts,
    Double Counting is the estimate measured in kilograms in situations
    where an applicant has made a request for a CUE with an individual
    application while their consortium has also made a request for a CUE
    on their behalf in the consortium application. In these cases the
    double counting is removed from the consortium application and the
    individual application takes precedence.

12. **[Subtractions from Requested Amounts, Growth or 2002 CUE
    Comparison]{.underline}** - Subtractions from Requested Amounts,
    Growth or 2002 CUE Comparison is the greatest reduction of the
    estimate measured in kilograms of either the difference in the
    amount of methyl bromide requested by the applicant that is greater
    than that historically used or treated at a higher use rate or the
    difference in the 2006 request from an applicant's 2002 CUE
    application compared with the 2006 request from the applicant's 2003
    CUE application.

13. **[Subtractions from Requested Amounts, QPS]{.underline}** -
    Subtractions from Requested Amounts, QPS is the estimate measured in
    kilograms of the request subject to QPS treatments. This subtraction
    estimate is calculated as the 2006 Request minus Double Counting,
    minus Growth or 2002 CUE Comparison then multiplied by the
    percentage subject to QPS treatments. *Subtraction from Requested
    Amounts, QPS = (2006 Request -- Double Counting -- Growth)\*(QPS %)*

14. **[Subtraction from Requested Amounts, Use Rate
    Difference]{.underline}** -- Subtractions from requested amounts,
    use rate difference is the estimate measured in kilograms of the
    lower of the historic use rate or the requested use rate. The
    subtraction estimate is calculated as the 2006 Request minus Double
    Counting, minus Growth or 2002 CUE Comparison, minus the QPS amount,
    if applicable, minus the difference between the requested use rate
    and the lowest use rate applied to the remaining hectares.

15. **[Adjustments to Requested Amounts]{.underline}** -- Adjustments to
    requested amounts were factors that reduced to total amount of
    methyl bromide requested by factoring in the specific situations
    were the applicant could use alternatives to methyl bromide. These
    are calculated as proportions of the total request. We have tried to
    make the adjustment to the requested amounts in the most appropriate
    category when the adjustment could fall into more than one category.

16. **[(%) Karst topography]{.underline}** -- Percent karst topography
    is the proportion of the land area in a nomination that is
    characterized by karst formations. In these areas, the groundwater
    can easily become contaminated by pesticides or their residues.
    Regulations are often in place to control the use of pesticide of
    concern. Dade County, Florida, has a ban on the use of 1,3D due to
    its karst topography.

17. **[(%) 100 ft Buffer Zones]{.underline}** -- Percentage of the
    acreage of a field where certain alternatives to methyl bromide
    cannot be used due the requirement that a 100 foot buffer be
    maintained between the application site and any inhabited structure.

18. **[(%) Key Pest Impacts]{.underline}** - Percent (%) of the
    requested area with moderate to severe pest problems. Key pests are
    those that are not adequately controlled by MB alternatives. For
    example, the key pest in Michigan peppers, *Phytophthora* spp.
    infests approximately 30% of the vegetable growing area. In southern
    states the key pest in peppers is nutsedge.

19. **[Regulatory Issues (%)]{.underline}** - Regulatory issues (%) is
    the percent (%) of the requested area where alternatives cannot be
    legally used (e.g., township caps) pursuant to state and local
    limits on their use.

20. **[Unsuitable Terrain (%)]{.underline}** -- Unsuitable terrain (%)
    is the percent (%) of the requested area where alternatives cannot
    be used due to soil type (e.g., heavy clay soils may not show
    adequate performance) or terrain configuration, such as hilly
    terrain. Where the use of alternatives poses application and
    coverage problems.

21. **[Cold Soil Temperatures]{.underline}** -- Cold soil temperatures
    is the proportion of the requested acreage where soil temperatures
    remain too low to enable the use of methyl bromide alternatives and
    still have sufficient time to produce the normal (one or two) number
    of crops per season or to allow harvest sufficiently early to obtain
    the high prices prevailing in the local market at the beginning of
    the season.

22. **[Combined Impacts (%)]{.underline}** - Total combined impacts are
    the percent (%) of the requested area where alternatives cannot be
    used due to key pest, regulatory, soil impacts, temperature, etc. In
    each case the total area impacted is the conjoined area that is
    impacted by any individual impact. The effects were assumed to be
    independently distributed unless contrary evidence was available
    (e.g., affects are known to be mutually exclusive). For example, if
    50% of the requested area had moderate to severe key pest pressure
    and 50% of the requested area had karst topography, then 75% of the
    area was assumed to require methyl bromide rather than the
    alternative. This was calculated as follows: 50% affected by key
    pests and an additional 25% (50% of 50%) affected by karst
    topography.

23. **[Qualifying Area]{.underline}** - Qualifying area (ha) is
    calculated by multiplying the adjusted hectares by the combined
    impacts.

24. **[Use Rate]{.underline}** - Use rate is the lower of requested use
    rate for 2006 or the historic average use rate.

25. **[CUE Nominated amount]{.underline}** - CUE nominated amount is
    calculated by multiplying the qualifying area by the use rate.

26. **[Percent Reduction]{.underline}** - Percent reduction from initial
    request is the percentage of the initial request that did not
    qualify for the CUE nomination.

27. **[Sum of CUE Nominations in Sector]{.underline}** -
    Self-explanatory.

28. **[Total US Sector Nomination]{.underline}** - Total U.S. sector
    nomination is the most likely estimate of the amount needed in that
    sector.

29. **[Dichotomous Variables]{.underline}** -- dichotomous variables are
    those which take one of two values, for example, 0 or 1, yes or no.
    These variables were used to categorize the uses during the
    preparation of the nomination.

30. **[Strip Bed Treatment]{.underline}** -- Strip bed treatment is
    'yes' if the applicant uses such treatment, no otherwise.

31. **[Currently Use Alternatives]{.underline}** -- Currently use
    alternatives is 'yes' if the applicant uses alternatives for some
    portion of pesticide use on the crop for which an application to use
    methyl bromide is made.

32. **[Research/ Transition Plans]{.underline}** -- Research/ Transition
    Plans is 'yes' when the applicant has indicated that there is
    research underway to test alternatives or if applicant has a plan to
    transition to alternatives.

33. **[Tarps/ Deep Injection Used]{.underline}** -- Because all
    pre-plant methyl bromide use in the US is either with tarps or by
    deep injection, this variable takes on the value 'tarp' when tarps
    are used and 'deep' when deep injection is used.

34. **[Pest-free cert. Required]{.underline}** - This variable is a
    'yes' when the product must be certified as 'pest-free' in order to
    be sold

35. **[Other Issues]{.underline}**.- Other issues is a short reminder of
    other elements of an application that were checked

36. **[Change from Prior CUE Request]{.underline}**- This variable takes
    a '+' if the current request is larger than the previous request, a
    '0' if the current request is equal to the previous request, and a
    '-' if the current request is smaller that the previous request.

37. **[Verified Historic Use/ State]{.underline}**- This item indicates
    whether the amounts requested by administrative area have been
    compared to records of historic use in that area.

38. **[Frequency of Treatment]{.underline}** -- This indicates how often
    methyl bromide is applied in the sector. Frequency varies from
    multiple times per year to once in several decades.

39. **[Economic Analysis]{.underline}** -- provides summary economic
    information for the applications.

40. **[Loss per Hectare]{.underline}** -- This measures the total loss
    per hectare when a specific alternative is used in place of methyl
    bromide. Loss comprises both the monetized value of yield loss
    (relative to yields obtained with methyl bromide) and any additional
    costs incurred through use of the alternative. It is measured in
    current US dollars.

41. **[Loss per Kilogram of Methyl Bromide]{.underline}** -- This
    measures the total loss per kilogram of methyl bromide when it is
    replaced with an alternative. Loss comprises both the monetized
    value of yield loss (relative to yields obtained with methyl
    bromide) and any additional costs incurred through use of the
    alternative. It is measured in current US dollars.

42. **[Loss as a % of Gross revenue]{.underline}** -- This measures the
    loss as a proportion of gross (total) revenue. Loss comprises both
    the monetized value of yield loss (relative to yields obtained with
    methyl bromide) and any additional costs incurred through use of the
    alternative. It is measured in current US dollars.

43. **[Loss as a % of Net Operating Revenue]{.underline}** -This
    measures loss as a proportion of total revenue minus operating
    costs. Loss comprises both the monetized value of yield loss
    (relative to yields obtained with methyl bromide) and any additional
    costs incurred through use of the alternative. It is measured in
    current US dollars. This item is also called net cash returns.

44. **[Quality/ Time/ Market Window/Yield Loss (%)]{.underline}** --
    When this measure is available it measures the sum of losses
    including quality losses, non-productive time, missed market windows
    and other yield losses when using the marginal strategy.

45. **[Marginal Strategy]{.underline}** -This is the strategy that a
    particular methyl bromide user would use if not permitted to use
    methyl bromide.

**[APPENDIX B. Summary of New Applicants]{.smallcaps}**

A number of new groups applied for methyl bromide for 2005 during this
application cycle, as shown in the table below. Although in most cases
they represent additional amounts for sectors that were already
well-characterized sectors, in a few cases they comprised new sectors.
Examples of the former include significant additional country (cured,
uncooked) ham production; some additional request for tobacco transplant
trays, and very minor amounts for pepper and eggplant production in lieu
of tomato production in Michigan.

For the latter, there are two large requests: cut flower and foliage
production in Florida and California ('Ornamentals') and a group of
structures and process foods that we have termed 'Post-Harvest NPMA'
which includes processed (generally wheat-based foods), spices and
herbs, cocoa, dried milk, cheeses and small amounts of other
commodities. There was also a small amount requested for field-grown
tobacco.

The details of the case that there are no alternatives which are both
technically and economically feasible are presented in the appropriate
sector chapters, as are the requested amounts, suitably adjusted to
ensure that no double-counting, growth, etc. were included and that the
amount was only sufficient to cover situations (key pests, regulatory
requirements, etc.) where alternatives could not be used.

The amount requested by new applicants is approximately 2.5% of the 1991
U.S. baseline, or about 1,400,000 pounds of methyl bromide, divided 40%
for pre-plant uses and 60% for post-harvest needs.

The methodology for deriving the nominated amount used estimates that
would result in the lowest amount of methyl bromide requested from the
range produced by the analysis to ensure that adequate amounts of methyl
bromide were available for critical needs. We are requesting additional
methyl bromide in the amount of about 500,000 Kg, or 2% or the 1991 U.S.
baseline, to provide for the additional critical needs in the pre-plant
and post-harvest sector.

  -------------------------------------- -- -------------------------------
  **Applicant Name**                        **2005 U.S. CUE Nomination
                                            (lbs)**

  California Cut Flower Commission          400,000

  National Country Ham Association          1,172

  Wayco Ham Company                         39

  California Date Commission                5,319

  National Pest Management Association      319,369

  Michigan Pepper Growers                   20,904

  Michigan Eggplant Growers                 6,968

  Burley & Dark Tobacco Growers USA -       2,254
  Transplant Trays                          

  Burley & Dark Tobacco Growers USA -       28,980
  Field Grown                               

  Virginia Tobacco Growers - Transplant     941
  Trays                                     

  Michigan Herbaceous Perennials            4,200

  Ozark Country Hams                        240

  Nahunta Pork Center                       248

  American Association of Meat              296,800
  Processors                                

  Total lbs                                 **1,087,434**

  Total kgs                                 **493,252**
  -------------------------------------- -- -------------------------------