[References -- 90-day Finding: Petition to List the
Pygmy-Owl]{.underline}

Abbate, D., A. Ditty, S. Richardson, and R. Olding. 1996. Cactus
ferruginous pygmy-owl survey and nest monitoring in the Tucson Basin
area, Arizona: 1996. Final Rep. Internal Enhance. #U95503, Arizona Game
and Fish Dept., Phoenix. 35 pp.

Abbate, D., S. Richardson, R. Wilcox, M. Terrio, and S. Belhumeur. 1999.
Cactus ferruginous pygmy-owl investigations in Pima and Pinal counties,
Arizona: 1997-1998. Arizona Game and Fish Dept. Reg. 5 Wildl. Prog.,
Phoenix. 83 pp.

Abbate, D.J., W.S. Richardson, R.L. Wilcox, and S. Lantz. 2000. Cactus
ferruginous pygmy-owl investigations in Pima and Pinal Counties,
Arizona: 1999. Reg. V Wldlf. Prog. Arizona Game and Fish Dept. Tucson.
37 pp.

Abouhaider, F. 1989. Influence of livestock grazing on saguaro seedling
establishment. M.S. Thesis, Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ. 50 pp.

American Ornithologists Union (AOU). 1957. Checklist of North American
birds. 5^th^ Edition. American Ornithologist Union, Baltimore, MC. 691
pp.

American Ornithologists Union (AOU). 2007. AOU committee on
classification and nomenclature of North and Middle America -- Operating
Procedures and Subspecies; accessed at
[www.aou.org/committees/clc/index.php3](http://www.aou.org/committees/clc/index.php3)

Arizona Game and Fish Department (AGFD). 2007. Comments submitted to the
USFWS on September 24, 2007, on the draft 90-day finding for a petition
to list the cactus ferruginous pygmy-owl as endangered or threatened. 2
pp.

Arizona Game and Fish Department (AGFD). 1996. Wildlife of special
concern in Arizona. Phoenix, Arizona. 22 pp.

Arriaga, L., A.E. Castellanos, E. Moreno, and J. Alarcon. 2004.
Potential ecological

Distribution of alien invasive species and risk assessment: a case study
of

buffel grass in arid regions of Mexico. Conservation Biology 18: 1504 --
1514.

Arizona Daily Star. 2006. Old vs. New in Marana: the low-density,
farm-based town is

Transforming into a bustling suburb. Published: June 22, 2006.

Arizona Daily Star. 2000a. Area home permits passed 7,000 in 1999.
Newspaper article. January 7, 2000.

Arizona Daily Star. 2000b. Suburb rush - newcomers piling into booming
northwest. Newspaper article. April 2, 2000.

Bahre, C.J. 1991. A legacy of change: historic human impact on
vegetation in the Arizona borderlands. Univ. Arizona Press, Tucson. 231
pp.

Belsky, A.J., A. Matzke, and S. Uselman. 1999. Survey of livestock
influences on stream and riparian ecosystems in the western United
States. J. Soil and Water Conserv. (first quarter 1999): 419-431.

Bendire, C.E. 1888. Notes on the habits, nests and eggs of the genus
*Glaucidium* boie. Auk 5:366-372.

Bent, A.C. 1938. Life histories of North American birds of prey, part 2.
U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 170: 434 -- 438.

Brown, D.E. (ed). 1982. Biotic communities of the American
Southwest\--United States and Mexico. Desert Plants 4:1-342.

Burquez, A. and A. Martinez-Yrizar. 1997. Conservation and landscape
transformation in Sonora, Mexico. Journal of the Southwest 39(3&4):
370-398.

Burquez, A., A. Martinez-Yrizar, M. Miller, K. Rojas, M. de Los Angeles
Quintana, D. Yetman. 1998. Mexican grasslands and the changing aridlands
of Mexico: an overview and a case study in northwestern Mexico.
[In]{.underline} B. Tellman, D.M. Finch, C. Edminster, and R. Hamre
(eds). The future of arid grasslands: identifying issues, seeking
solutions. 1996 Oct 9-13; Tucson, AZ. Proceedings RMRS-P-3, Fort
Collins, CO. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky
Mountain Research Station. 392 pp.

Burquez-Montijo, A., M. E. Miller, and A. Martinez-Yrizar. 2002. Mexican
grasslands, thornscrub, and the transformation of the Sonoran Desert by
invasive exotic buffelgrass *(Pennisetum ciliare*[)]{.underline}.
[In]{.underline} B. Tellman (ed) Invasive exotic species in the Sonoran
region. The University of Arizona Press and The Arizona-Sonora Desert
Museum. 424 pp.

Carothers, S.W. 1977. Importance, preservation, and management of
riparian habitats: an overview, pp. 2-4 *in* Importance, preservation,
and management of riparian habitats: a symposium (R.R. Johnson and D.A.
Jones, tech. coords.). GTR-RM-43; USDA For. Serv., Rocky Mountain Forest
and Range Exper. Stat., Fort Collins, CO.

Caughley, G. and A. Gunn. 1996. Conservation biology in theory and
practice. Blackwell Science Inc. 459 pp.

Center for Biological Diversity and Defenders of Wildlife (CBD and DOW).
2007. Petition to list the cactus ferruginous pygmy-owl as a threatened
or endangered species under the Endangered Species Act. Received March
15, 2007. 51 pp.

Clement, N., S.J. Rey, N.A. Fuentes, and A. Brugues. 2003. The
U.S.-Mexican border economy in the NAFTA era: implications for the
environment *in* The U.S.-Mexican border environment: economy and
environment for a sustainable border region: now and in 2020. Southwest
Center for Environmental Research and Policy Monograph Series 3: 55-69.

Cohn, J.P. 2007. The environmental impacts of a border fence. BioScience
57: 96.

Coleman, J.S., S.A. Temple, and S.R. Craven. Cats and wildlife: a
conservation dilemma. University of Wisconsin, Cooperative Extension
Publication accessed at:

<http://wildlife.wisc.edu/extension/catfly3.htm>. 5 pp.

Coues, E. 1872. A new bird to the United States. American Naturalist 6:
370.

Deloya, M.C. 1985. Riparian ecosystems in Mexico: current status and
future direction, pp. 9 -- 12 *in* Proceedings of the Riparian
Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling Conflicting Uses symposium,
April 16 -- 18, 1985 in Tucson, Arizona.

DES. 1997. July 1, 1997 to July 1, 2050 Arizona county population
projections at:

<http://www.workforce.az.gov/admin/uploadedPublications/526_coproj97.xls>

East Valley Tribune 2005. Florence wonders if small-town charm can
survive a

Steamroller of development. Newspaper article from 6/25/2005.

Evans, D. 1995. Feline poachers. Point Reyes Bird Observatory, Summer
1995: 4 -- 5.

Ewing, R., J. Kostyack, D. Chen, B. Stein, and M. Ernst. 2005.
Endangered by sprawl: how runaway development threatens America's
wildlife. National Wildlife Foundation, Smart Growth America, and
NatureServe, Washington, D.C. 53 pp.

Fisher, A.K. 1893. The hawks and owls of the United States in their
relation to agriculture. U.S. Gov. Print. Off., Washington DC. 210 pp.

Flesch, A.D. 2003. Distribution, abundance, and habitat of cactus
ferruginous pygmy-owls in Sonora, Mexico. M.S. Thesis. University of
Arizona, Tucson, AZ. 161 pp.

Flesch, A.D. and R.J. Steidl. 2006. Population trends and implications
for monitoring cactus ferruginous pygmy-owls in northern Mexico. Journal
of Wildlife Management 70(3): 867 -- 871.

Flesch, A.D. and R.J. Steidl. 2006. Population trends of ferruginous
pygmy-owls in northern Mexico and implications for Tumacacori and other
Arizona park units. Final Report. School of Natural Resources,
University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ. 22 pp.

Flesch, A.D. and R.J. Steidl. 2007. Association between roadways and
cactus ferruginous pygmy-owls in northern Sonora, Mexico. Final Report.
Arizona Department of Transportation, Contract No. KR02-1957TRN, JPA
02-156, Tucson, Arizona.

53 pp.

Friedmann H., L. Griscom, and R.T. Moore. 1950. Birds of Mexico. Part I.
Pac. Coast Avifauna 29. 145 pp.

Ganez, A.Y., I.K. Barker, R. Lindsay, A. Dibernardo, K. McKeever, and B.
Hunter. 2004. West nile virus outbreak in North American owls, Ontario,
2002. Emerging Infectious Diseases
([www.cdc.gov.eid](http://www.cdc.gov.eid/)) 10: 2135 -- 2142.

Galvin, P., D.C. Carlton, M. Pyott, R. Silver, and K. Suckling. 1992.
Petition to list the

ferruginous pygmy-owl, Glaucidium brasilianum cactorum, as a federally

endangered species. Luna, New Mexico. 14 pp.

Gilman, M.F. 1909. Some owls along the Gila River in Arizona. Condor
11:145-150.

Heidrich, V.P., C. König, and M. Wink. 1995. Bioakustik, taxonomie und
molekulare systematic amerikanischer sperlingskäuze (Strigidae:
*Glaucidium* spp.). Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturk., Ser.A, Nr. 534: 1 -- 47.

Heslin, T.K. 1995. Exotic plants and fire in the Sonoran desert. Report
to Arizona State Parks Department. Phoenix, Arizona. 14 pp.

Holechek, J.L., R. Valdez, S.D. Schemnitz, R.D. Pieper, and C.A. Davis.
1982. Manipulation of grazing to improve or maintain wildlife habitat.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 10: 204 -- 210.

Howell, A.B. 1916. Some results of a winter's observations in Arizona.
Condor 18: 209 -- 214.

Hubbard, J.P. 1978. Revised check-list of the birds of New Mexico. N. M.
Ornithol.

> Soc. Publ. 6. 40 pp.

Hunter, W.C. 1988. Status of the cactus ferruginous pygmy-owl
(*Glaucidium brasilianum cactorum*) in the United States and Northern
Mexico. Unpubl. rep., USDI Fish and Wildl. Serv., Phoenix, AZ. 13 pp.

Jahrsdoerfer, S.E. and D.M. Leslie, Jr. 1988. Tamaulipan brushland of
the Lower Rio Grande Valley of South Texas: description, human impacts,
and management options. USDI Fish and Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 88(36). 64
pp.

Johnson, R.R. and S.W. Carothers. 2007. A scientific analysis of the
March 15, 2007, petition to list the cactus ferruginous pygmy-owl as a
threatened or endangered species. Comments submitted to the USFWS on May
2, 2007. 69 pp.

Johnson, R.R., and L.T. Haight. 1985. Status of the ferruginous
pygmy-owl in the southwestern United States. Abstracts, 103rd Stated
Meeting of the American Ornithologists\' Union, Arizona State
University, Tempe, Arizona. 20 pp.

Johnson, R.R., L.T. Haight, and J.M. Simpson. 1979. Owl populations and
species status in the southwestern United States. Pp. 40-59 *in* Owls of
the west: their ecology and conservation (P. Schaffer and S.M. Ehler,
eds.). Proceed. Natl. Audubon Soc. Symposium, George Whittel Education
Center, Tiburon, CA.

Johnson, R.R., L.T. Haight, and J.M. Simpson. 1987. Endangered habitats
versus endangered species: a management challenge. Pp. 89-96 in
Management and preservation of endangered birds in riparian ecosystems
(S. A. Laymon, ed.). West. Birds 18:1-96.

Johnson, R.R., J.L. Cartron, L.T. Haight, R.B. Duncan, and K.J.
Kingsley. 2003. Cactus

ferruginous pygmy-owl in Arizona, 1872 -- 1971. The Southwest Naturalist
48(3):

389 -- 401.

Jones, K.B. 1981. Effects of grazing on lizard abundance and diversity
in western Arizona. Southwest. Nat. 26:107-115.

König, C., F. Weick, and J.H. Becking. 1999. Owls: a guide to the owls
of the world. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT. 462 pp.

Krueper, D.J. 1996. Effects of livestock management on southwestern
riparian ecosystems. Pp. 281-301 *in* Desired future conditions for
southwestern riparian ecosystems: bringing interests and concerns
together. Sept. 18-22, 199, Albuquerque, NM. (D.M. Finch and P.W.
Stengel, tech. coords.). GTR-RM-GTR-272; USDA For. Serv., Rocky Mountain
Forest and Range Exper. Stat. Fort Collins, CO.

Kusler, J.A. 1985. A call for action: protection of riparian habitat in
the arid and semi-arid West. Pp. 6-8 *in* Riparian ecosystems and their
management: reconciling conflicting uses, first North American Riparian
Conference (R.R. Johnson et al., tech. coords.). GTR-RM-120; USDA For.
Serv., Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Exper. Stat., Fort Collins, CO.

Marris, E. 2006. Wildlife caught in the crossfire of U.S. immigration
battle. Nature 442:

338 -- 339.

Millsap, B.A. and R.R. Johnson. 1988. Status report: Ferruginous
pygmy-owl. pp. 137-139 *in* Southwest raptor management symposium and
workshop proceedings (R.L. Glinski, B. G. Pendleton, M. B. Moss, M. N.
La Franc, Jr., B. A. Millsap, and S. W. Hoffman, eds.). Natl. Wildl.
Fed. Washington, DC.

Monson, G. and A.R. Phillips. 1981. Annotated checklist of the birds of
Arizona. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona. 240 pp.

Nabhan, G.P. and A.R. Holdsworth. 1998. Regional overview, pp. 34 -- 36
*in* State of the

Sonoran desert biome: uniqueness, biodiversity, threats, and adequacy of
protection in the Sonoran bioregion. The Wildlands Project, Tucson,
Arizona.

79 pp.

Navarro-Sigüenza, A.G. and A.T. Peterson. 2004. An alternative species
taxonomy of the birds of Mexico. Biota Neotropica 4(2): 1 -- 13.

Ohmart, R.D., 1994. The effects of human-induced changes on the avifauna
of western riparian habitats. *in* A century of avifaunal change in
western North America. Stud. Avian Biol. 15:273-285.

Pima Association of Governments (PAG). 2003. Permit and population
statistics. www.pagnet.org/population/data/Est2001-2003.htm

Phillips, A.R., J.T. Marshall, Jr., and G. Monson. 1964. The birds of
Arizona. Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson. 212 pp.

Pineiro, R.C. 2001. The future of the U.S.-Mexico border: population,
development, water. Workshop held May 2001 in Tijuana, Mexico. Accessed
at www.wilsoncenter.org

Proudfoot, G.A. and R.R. Johnson. 2000. Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl
([Glaucidium brasilianum]{.underline}). In The Birds of North America,
no. 498 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). Birds of North America, Inc.,
Philadelphia, PA. 20 pp.

Proudfoot, G.A. and R.D. Slack. 2001. Comparisons of ferruginous
ptgmy-owl mtDNA at local and international scales. Report to Charles H.
Huckelberry, Pima County, Contract Agreement #07-30-T-125759-0399. 11
pp. + figures.

Proudfoot, G.A., J.L. Usener, and P.D. Teel. 2005. Ferruginous
pygmy-owls: a new host for *Protocalliphora sialia* and *Hesperocimex
sonorensis* in Arizona. Wilson Bulletin 117(2): 185 -- 188.

Proudfoot, G.A., R.L. Honeycutt, and R.D. Slack. 2006a. Mitochondrial
DNA variation and phylogeography of the ferruginous pygmy-owl
(*Glaucidium brasilianum*). Conservation Genetics 7: 1 -- 12.

Proudfoot, G.A., R.L. Honeycutt, R.D. Slack, and M.F. Ingraldi. 2006b.
Variation in microsatellites of the ferruginous pygmy-owl (*Glaucidium
brasilianum*). Conservation Genetics 7: 945 -- 956.

Proudfoot, G.A., P.D. Teel, and R.M. Mohr. 2006c. Ferruginous pygmy-owl
(*Glaucidium brasilianum*) and eastern screech owl (*Megascops asio*):
new hosts for *Philornis mimicola* (Diptera: Muscidae) and *Ornithodoros
concanensis* (Acari: Argasidae). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 42(4): 873
-- 876.

Rosenberg, K.V., R.D. Ohmart, W.C. Hunter and B.W. Anderson. 1991. Birds
of the lower Colorado River Valley. Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson. 416
pp.

Russell, S.M. and G. Monson. 1998. The birds of Sonora. Univ. of Arizona
Press, Tucson. 360 pp.

Schaldach, W.J., Jr. 1963. The avifauna of Colima and adjacent Jalisco,
Mexico. W. Fdn. of Vert. Zool. 1 (1): 1-100.

Smith, G., J.L. Holochek, and M. Cardenas. 1996. Wildlife numbers on
excellent and good condition Chihuahuan Desert rangelands: an
observation. Journal of Range Management 49(6): 489 -- 493.

State of Arizona. 1990. Final report and recommendations of the
Governor\'s riparian habitat task force. Executive Order 89-16. Streams
and riparian resources. October 1990. Phoenix, AZ. 28 pp.

Szaro, R.C. 1989. Riparian forest and scrubland community types of
Arizona and New Mexico. Desert Plants 9: 70 -- 138.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) 2007. Endangered species permit
annual reports -- cactus ferruginous pygmy-owl survey and research
reports (1997 -- 2007). Arizona Ecological Services Office, Tucson
Suboffice, Tucson, AZ.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2005a. Biological opinion for
the construction of Route 232 on the Tohono O'odham Nation, Pima County,
Arizona. AESO/SE 02-21-050F-0262, July 12, 2005. Phoenix, AZ. 26 pp.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2005b. Biological opinion for
the construction of the Tangerine Hills residential development in the
Town Marana. AESO/SE 02-21-04-F-0105, February 11, 2005, Phoenix, AZ. 52
pp.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2005c. Biological opinion for
the construction of the Cascada mixed-use master planned community.
AESO/SE 02-21-05-F-0607, December 15, 2005, Phoenix, AZ. 54 pp.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2005d. Biological opinion for
the construction of the Willow Ridge residential and commercial
development. AESO/SE 02-21-05-F-0608, December 15, 2005, Phoenix, AZ. 48
pp.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2004. Memo from Steve Spangle,
AESO Field Supervisor to the Region 2 Assistant Regional Director on
July 23, 2004 outlining the need to take proactive measures to protect
hatch-year pygmy-owls due to reduced productivity and increased
mortality as a result of long-term drought.

2 pp.

U.S. General Accounting Office (USGAO). 1988. Public rangelands: some
riparian areas restored but widespread improvement will be slow. Report
to Congressional Requesters (GAO/RCED-88-105), U.S. General Accounting
Office, Washington D.C. 79 pp.

Van Devender, T.R., and M.A. Dimmit. 2000. Desert Grasses.
[In]{.underline} S. J. Phillips and P. W. Comus (eds) A Natural History
of the Sonoran Desert. Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum Press and University
of California Press. 628 pp.

van Rossem, A.J. 1945. A distributional survey of the birds of Sonora,
Mexico. Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool. La. St. Univ. 21: 1 -- 379.

Winter, L. and G.E. Wallace. 2006. Impacts of feral and free-ranging
cats on bird species of conservation concern: a five-state review of New
York, New Jersey, Florida, California, and Hawaii. The American Bird
Conservancy, The Plains, VA. 27 pp.