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| ## Illinois Bundleflower {#illinois-bundleflower .Title-Header}       |
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| *Desmanthus illinoensis* (Michx.) MacMill. ex B.L. Rob. & Fernald     |
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| Plant Symbol = DEIL                                                   |
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Contributed by: USDA NRCS Plant Materials Center, Manhattan, Kansas

![](media/image2.jpeg){width="2.9993055555555554in"
height="2.2506944444444446in"}

R. Alan Shadow, NRCS East Texas PMC, Nacogdoches, TX.

##### Alternate Names False sensitive plant, Illinois mimosa and Illinois desmanthus. {#alternate-names-false-sensitive-plant-illinois-mimosa-and-illinois-desmanthus. .Header-3}

##### Uses: Recommended for use in range seedings and for wildlife food and cover. Illinois bundleflower is a nutritious plant and is readily eaten by all classes of livestock, deer and pronghorn antelope. It decreases under heavy grazing and is an important range condition indicator. Its seeds are readily consumed by birds and rodents. It is considered one of the most important native prairie legumes (Stubbendieck and Conard, 1989). It is frequently used in range revegetation projects. Illinois bundleflower was a minor medical plant for Native Americans (Kindscher, 1992). The Omaha and Ponca tribes called it rattle plant because the seeds in the dried pods were used by children as rattles while imitating the dance rituals of adults. Pawnees used the boiled plant leaves to produce a wash which was used to relieve itching. Illinois bundleflower is being studied as a potential human grain crop by the Land Institute of Salina, Kansas (Jackson, 1985). {#uses-recommended-for-use-in-range-seedings-and-for-wildlife-food-and-cover.-illinois-bundleflower-is-a-nutritious-plant-and-is-readily-eaten-by-all-classes-of-livestock-deer-and-pronghorn-antelope.-it-decreases-under-heavy-grazing-and-is-an-important-range-condition-indicator.-its-seeds-are-readily-consumed-by-birds-and-rodents.-it-is-considered-one-of-the-most-important-native-prairie-legumes-stubbendieck-and-conard-1989.-it-is-frequently-used-in-range-revegetation-projects.-illinois-bundleflower-was-a-minor-medical-plant-for-native-americans-kindscher-1992.-the-omaha-and-ponca-tribes-called-it-rattle-plant-because-the-seeds-in-the-dried-pods-were-used-by-children-as-rattles-while-imitating-the-dance-rituals-of-adults.-pawnees-used-the-boiled-plant-leaves-to-produce-a-wash-which-was-used-to-relieve-itching.-illinois-bundleflower-is-being-studied-as-a-potential-human-grain-crop-by-the-land-institute-of-salina-kansas-jackson-1985. .Header-3}

##### Status {#status .Header-3}

Please consult the PLANTS Web site and your State Department of Natural
Resources for this plant's current status (e.g. threatened or endangered
species, state noxious status, and wetland indicator values).

#####  {#section .Header-3}

##### Description {#description .Header-3}

*General*: The Legume family (Fabaceae). Illinois bundleflower is a warm
season, self-pollinating, herbaceous, perennial, leguminous forb.
Multiple stems grow from a woody caudex which is attached to the
perennial root system of this legume species. Stems are glabrous,
angled, longitudinally grooved and erect. The plant stands .6 to 1.3
meters in height. Its bipinnately compound leaves are alternately
attached to the stem. Leaves are sensitive to external stimuli such as
sunlight or touch which causes infolding of the leaflets. Flowers are
white and five parted with 5 sepals, petals and stamens. The peduncles
or stalks supporting the inflorescences are located in the leaf axil.
The white globose heads produce clustered flat scythe-shaped pods which
are slightly spirally twisted. Two to several seeds are contained within
the dry dehiscent pods. The dark brown pods are broadly oblong and flat
being 3 to 4 times longer than wide. Seeds are brown and 3 to 5 mm long,
nearly as wide and mature in August. Kulakow (1999) indicated that
certain accessions of bundleflower exhibited an indehiscent legume pod
which would provide a means of breeding shatter resistant lines of
bundleflower.

*Distribution*: For current distribution, please consult the Plant
Profile page for this species on the PLANTS Web site. *Desmanthus
illinoensis* is the most widely distributed of *Desmanthus* species in
the United States. It ranges southward from South Dakota and Minnesota
through Colorado, New Mexico and Texas, and eastward to Ohio, Kentucky,
Tennessee, and the Carolinas and into Florida.

*Habitat*: It is found on rocky, open wooded slopes, prairies, ravines,
stream banks, roadsides and waste places. The great diversity of
habitats in which it is found indicates a wide temperature and moisture
tolerance (Lattig, 1961).

##### Adaptation {#adaptation .Header-3}

Natural populations are most often found in prairie remnants, glades,
sloughs, woodlands edges, and

##### disturbed areas in the east. In the west it is found in moist alkaline bottoms, rocky open woods, grasslands, and along streams and rivers. Latting (1963) indicated that soil acidity or alkalinity did not appear to be a significant edaphic factor in the distribution of Illinois bundleflower, since stands were found in more or less equal abundance on both sandstone and limestone parent material soils. It thrives on medium textured soils and is tolerant of most except coarse sands and heavy clays. It has fair tolerance to burning in the dormant state and will grow less vigorously in shady situations. More vigorous and more abundant growth is realized in 50+ cm rain fall zones. Good drought tolerance can be expected in open communities with reduced levels of competition. Bundleflower is normally found in association with native warm season grasses such as: *Andropogon gerardii, Sorghastrum nutans, Panicum virgatum,* and *Schizachyrium scoparium.*  {#disturbed-areas-in-the-east.-in-the-west-it-is-found-in-moist-alkaline-bottoms-rocky-open-woods-grasslands-and-along-streams-and-rivers.-latting-1963-indicated-that-soil-acidity-or-alkalinity-did-not-appear-to-be-a-significant-edaphic-factor-in-the-distribution-of-illinois-bundleflower-since-stands-were-found-in-more-or-less-equal-abundance-on-both-sandstone-and-limestone-parent-material-soils.-it-thrives-on-medium-textured-soils-and-is-tolerant-of-most-except-coarse-sands-and-heavy-clays.-it-has-fair-tolerance-to-burning-in-the-dormant-state-and-will-grow-less-vigorously-in-shady-situations.-more-vigorous-and-more-abundant-growth-is-realized-in-50-cm-rain-fall-zones.-good-drought-tolerance-can-be-expected-in-open-communities-with-reduced-levels-of-competition.-bundleflower-is-normally-found-in-association-with-native-warm-season-grasses-such-as-andropogon-gerardii-sorghastrum-nutans-panicum-virgatum-and-schizachyrium-scoparium. .Header-3}

##### Establishment {#establishment .Header-3}

##### It is easily established from seed, and seed is commercially available (Stubbendieck and Conard, 1989). Bundleflower may be seeded alone at a drill depth of 1.27 to 2.54 cm deep on heavier, moister soil and sandy or drier soils, respectively. Plant into a prepared seed bed or dead stubble for mulch may help establishment. Additional mulch and irrigation will aid establishment on critical sites or tough mine spoil sites. Plantings made in early to mid spring time would provide the seedlings optimum moisture, while late fall or winter planting would pre-chill and stimulate better germination of "hard" legume seed. Lattig (1961) did treatment experiments with fresh seed of Illinois bundleflower to study germination differences. Her treatments included: control, freeze/thaw, hot water, sulfuric acid, and scarification of the fresh seed. She found that scarification and sulfuric acid treatments increased germination of the bundleflower seed. Her experiments found that hot water and freeze/thaw treatments actually reduced germination compared to the control (no treatment).  {#it-is-easily-established-from-seed-and-seed-is-commercially-available-stubbendieck-and-conard-1989.-bundleflower-may-be-seeded-alone-at-a-drill-depth-of-1.27-to-2.54-cm-deep-on-heavier-moister-soil-and-sandy-or-drier-soils-respectively.-plant-into-a-prepared-seed-bed-or-dead-stubble-for-mulch-may-help-establishment.-additional-mulch-and-irrigation-will-aid-establishment-on-critical-sites-or-tough-mine-spoil-sites.-plantings-made-in-early-to-mid-spring-time-would-provide-the-seedlings-optimum-moisture-while-late-fall-or-winter-planting-would-pre-chill-and-stimulate-better-germination-of-hard-legume-seed.-lattig-1961-did-treatment-experiments-with-fresh-seed-of-illinois-bundleflower-to-study-germination-differences.-her-treatments-included-control-freezethaw-hot-water-sulfuric-acid-and-scarification-of-the-fresh-seed.-she-found-that-scarification-and-sulfuric-acid-treatments-increased-germination-of-the-bundleflower-seed.-her-experiments-found-that-hot-water-and-freezethaw-treatments-actually-reduced-germination-compared-to-the-control-no-treatment. .Header-3}

##### Management {#management .Header-3}

##### Posler et al. (1993) found that the inclusion of legumes improved crude protein (CP) concentrations of forages compared to that of grasses alone. However, forage samples containing the legumes roundhead lespedeza and Illinois bundleflower showed lower *In vitro* dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) than grasses alone. This may be influenced by the amount of tannins accumulated by the legume species. Tannin concentration can limit digestibility of forages in high concentrations. Fischbach et al. (2005a) found that preliminary tannin analysis of Illinois bundleflower leaves contained 63 g catechin {#posler-et-al.-1993-found-that-the-inclusion-of-legumes-improved-crude-protein-cp-concentrations-of-forages-compared-to-that-of-grasses-alone.-however-forage-samples-containing-the-legumes-roundhead-lespedeza-and-illinois-bundleflower-showed-lower-in-vitro-dry-matter-digestibility-ivdmd-than-grasses-alone.-this-may-be-influenced-by-the-amount-of-tannins-accumulated-by-the-legume-species.-tannin-concentration-can-limit-digestibility-of-forages-in-high-concentrations.-fischbach-et-al.-2005a-found-that-preliminary-tannin-analysis-of-illinois-bundleflower-leaves-contained-63-g-catechin .Header-3}

##### equivalent (CE) tannins per kg dry matter (DM) compared with leaf values of 1 and 139 g CE per kg DM for alfalfa and sericea lespedeza. Fischbach et al, (2005a) also speculated that lignin may also be a factor in Illinois bundleflowers limited digestibility. {#equivalent-ce-tannins-per-kg-dry-matter-dm-compared-with-leaf-values-of-1-and-139-g-ce-per-kg-dm-for-alfalfa-and-sericea-lespedeza.-fischbach-et-al-2005a-also-speculated-that-lignin-may-also-be-a-factor-in-illinois-bundleflowers-limited-digestibility. .Header-3}

##### Fischbach et al. (2005b) indicated that forage yields were high enough to make bundleflower a viable mid summer forage species in Minnesota, but that persistence in the winter months could be a problem.  {#fischbach-et-al.-2005b-indicated-that-forage-yields-were-high-enough-to-make-bundleflower-a-viable-mid-summer-forage-species-in-minnesota-but-that-persistence-in-the-winter-months-could-be-a-problem. .Header-3}

##### Pests and Potential Problems {#pests-and-potential-problems .Header-3}

##### Rabbits, rodents, grasshoppers and leafhoppers selectively attack legumes and especially seedling stands. Mankin (1969) indicated that *Cercospora desmanthi* a leaf spot causing fungus was isolated from Illinois bundleflower in Brookings, South Dakota. Latting (1963) found that seed heads were heavily infested with larvae and adults of a small beetle of the family Bruchidae, Order Coleoptera. The larvae were located within the seed, a single larvae fitting snugly within each seed case. Seed loss by the bruchid species *Acanthoscelides* can be quite heavy at times. {#rabbits-rodents-grasshoppers-and-leafhoppers-selectively-attack-legumes-and-especially-seedling-stands.-mankin-1969-indicated-that-cercospora-desmanthi-a-leaf-spot-causing-fungus-was-isolated-from-illinois-bundleflower-in-brookings-south-dakota.-latting-1963-found-that-seed-heads-were-heavily-infested-with-larvae-and-adults-of-a-small-beetle-of-the-family-bruchidae-order-coleoptera.-the-larvae-were-located-within-the-seed-a-single-larvae-fitting-snugly-within-each-seed-case.-seed-loss-by-the-bruchid-species-acanthoscelides-can-be-quite-heavy-at-times. .Header-3}

##### Environmental Concerns {#environmental-concerns .Header-3}

##### There were no environmental concerns expressed about this leguminous, native prairie plant. It is compatible and competitive with climax grasses of the tall grass prairie. {#there-were-no-environmental-concerns-expressed-about-this-leguminous-native-prairie-plant.-it-is-compatible-and-competitive-with-climax-grasses-of-the-tall-grass-prairie. .Header-3}

##### Seeds and Plant Production {#seeds-and-plant-production .Header-3}

##### Seed yield and seed size differences were characteristics that DeHaan et al. (2003) found in accessions of northern Illinois bundleflower tested in Minnesota. DeHaan et al. (2003) stated that seed and forage yield and forage quality of unimproved accessions is remarkably high, indicating that Illinois bundleflower could become an economically important species with a modest plant breeding effort. Seed fields can be harvested by direct combining and seed processed by a fanning mill. Seed production records at the Manhattan Plant Materials Center indicate that purity of harvested seed is routinely 98 percent or greater and germination numbers of 75 to 92 percent (includes both germination and hard seed) are not uncommon. There are approximately 216,000 seed per kg which is about 85,000 seed per pound for this species. Illinois bundleflower has demonstrated seed yield potential in Minnesota of 1350 kg per ha per year (Fischbach et al. 2005b). Call (1985) indicated that Illinois bundleflower seed stored longer than one year at 16 degrees C and 40 percent relative humidity should be scarified prior to planting since hard seededness apparently increased under these storage conditions. Beyhaut et al. (2006) sought inoculant {#seed-yield-and-seed-size-differences-were-characteristics-that-dehaan-et-al.-2003-found-in-accessions-of-northern-illinois-bundleflower-tested-in-minnesota.-dehaan-et-al.-2003-stated-that-seed-and-forage-yield-and-forage-quality-of-unimproved-accessions-is-remarkably-high-indicating-that-illinois-bundleflower-could-become-an-economically-important-species-with-a-modest-plant-breeding-effort.-seed-fields-can-be-harvested-by-direct-combining-and-seed-processed-by-a-fanning-mill.-seed-production-records-at-the-manhattan-plant-materials-center-indicate-that-purity-of-harvested-seed-is-routinely-98-percent-or-greater-and-germination-numbers-of-75-to-92-percent-includes-both-germination-and-hard-seed-are-not-uncommon.-there-are-approximately-216000-seed-per-kg-which-is-about-85000-seed-per-pound-for-this-species.-illinois-bundleflower-has-demonstrated-seed-yield-potential-in-minnesota-of-1350-kg-per-ha-per-year-fischbach-et-al.-2005b.-call-1985-indicated-that-illinois-bundleflower-seed-stored-longer-than-one-year-at-16-degrees-c-and-40-percent-relative-humidity-should-be-scarified-prior-to-planting-since-hard-seededness-apparently-increased-under-these-storage-conditions.-beyhaut-et-al.-2006-sought-inoculant .Header-3}

##### quality rhizobia for this legume among isolates collected from the natural range of this legume species in the American Midwest. The study by Beyhaut et al. (2006) placed the predominate microsymbiont recovered from the nodules of *Desmanthus illinoensis* within the species *Rhizobium* *giardinii* which had not previously been recovered from native legumes in the USA.  {#quality-rhizobia-for-this-legume-among-isolates-collected-from-the-natural-range-of-this-legume-species-in-the-american-midwest.-the-study-by-beyhaut-et-al.-2006-placed-the-predominate-microsymbiont-recovered-from-the-nodules-of-desmanthus-illinoensis-within-the-species-rhizobium-giardinii-which-had-not-previously-been-recovered-from-native-legumes-in-the-usa. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-1 .Header-3}

##### Cultivars, Improved, and Selected Materials (and area of origin) {#cultivars-improved-and-selected-materials-and-area-of-origin .Header-3}

Contact your local Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly Soil
Conservation Service) office for more information. Look in the phone
book under "United States Government." The Natural Resources
Conservation Service will be listed under the subheading "Department of
Agriculture."

'Sabine,' Illinois bundleflower is a cooperative cultivar release by the
USDA-NRCS, Knox City Plant Materials Center (PMC), Texas Parks and
Wildlife Department and the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station.
Sabine was collected from a native stand near Crystal Beach, Texas.
Sabine is hardy from southern Texas to southern Oklahoma. The plant is
used for range seeding mixtures, wildlife food, and is an excellent
legume for use in mixtures on reclaimed surface mined areas. Foundation
seed is available from the Foundation Seed Service, Vernon, Texas.

Reno Germplasm Illinois bundleflower is a tested class release by the
USDA-NRCS, Manhattan PMC in Manhattan, Kansas. Reno originated from seed
collected from native plants growing near Lake Cheney in Reno County,
Kansas.

Reno germplasm has application for use in Oklahoma, Kansas, and the
eastern 2/3 of Nebraska.

The plant is recommended for use in rangeland restoration, wildlife
habitat improvement, critical area seeding treatments, and in roadside,
park, and recreational areas for beautification and stabilization.
Generation 2 seed, equivalent to foundation seed, is available from
USDA, NRCS PMC at Manhattan, Kansas.

##### References {#references .Header-3}

##### Beyhaut, E., E. Tlusty, P. van Berkum, and P. H. Graham. 2006. *Rhizobium giardinii* is the microsymbiont of Illinois bundleflower (*Desmanthus* *illinoensis* (Michx.) Macmillan) in the Midwestern prairies. *Can. J. Mirobiol*. 52:903-907. {#beyhaut-e.-e.-tlusty-p.-van-berkum-and-p.-h.-graham.-2006.-rhizobium-giardinii-is-the-microsymbiont-of-illinois-bundleflower-desmanthus-illinoensis-michx.-macmillan-in-the-midwestern-prairies.-can.-j.-mirobiol.-52903-907. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-2 .Header-3}

##### Call, C.A. 1985. Storage Life of Illinois Bundleflower and Western Indigo Seed. *J. of Range* *Man.* 38: 500-503.  {#call-c.a.-1985.-storage-life-of-illinois-bundleflower-and-western-indigo-seed.-j.-of-range-man.-38-500-503. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-3 .Header-3}

##### DeHaan, L.R., N.J. Elke, C.C. Sheaffer, R.L. DeHaan, and D.L. Wyse. 2003. Evaluation of Diversity among and within Accessions of Illinois Bundleflower. *Crop Science*. 43:1528-1537.  {#dehaan-l.r.-n.j.-elke-c.c.-sheaffer-r.l.-dehaan-and-d.l.-wyse.-2003.-evaluation-of-diversity-among-and-within-accessions-of-illinois-bundleflower.-crop-science.-431528-1537. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-4 .Header-3}

##### Fischbach, J.A., P.R. Peterson, N.J. Ehlke, D.L. Wyse, and C.C. Sheaffer. 2005a. Illinois Bundleflower Forage Potential in the Upper Midwest USA: II. Forage Quality. *Agron. J.* 97:895-903 {#fischbach-j.a.-p.r.-peterson-n.j.-ehlke-d.l.-wyse-and-c.c.-sheaffer.-2005a.-illinois-bundleflower-forage-potential-in-the-upper-midwest-usa-ii.-forage-quality.-agron.-j.-97895-903 .Header-3}

#####  {#section-5 .Header-3}

##### Fischbach, J.A., P.R. Peterson, C.C. Sheaffer, N.J. Elke, J. Byun, and D.L. Wyse. 2005b. Illinois Bundleflower Forage Potential in the Upper Midwest USA: I Yield, Regrowth, and Persistence. *Agron. J.* 97:886-894. {#fischbach-j.a.-p.r.-peterson-c.c.-sheaffer-n.j.-elke-j.-byun-and-d.l.-wyse.-2005b.-illinois-bundleflower-forage-potential-in-the-upper-midwest-usa-i-yield-regrowth-and-persistence.-agron.-j.-97886-894. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-6 .Header-3}

##### Jackson, W. 1985. *New Roots for Agriculture.* Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. {#jackson-w.-1985.-new-roots-for-agriculture.-lincoln-university-of-nebraska-press. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-7 .Header-3}

##### Kindscher, K. 1992. *Medicinal Wild Plants of the Prairie: An Ethnobotanical Guide.* Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.  {#kindscher-k.-1992.-medicinal-wild-plants-of-the-prairie-an-ethnobotanical-guide.-lawrence-university-press-of-kansas. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-8 .Header-3}

##### Kulakow, P.A. 1999. Variation in Illinois bundleflower (*Desmanthus illinoensis* (Michaux) MacMillan): A potential perennial grain crop. *Euphytica*. 110:7-20. {#kulakow-p.a.-1999.-variation-in-illinois-bundleflower-desmanthus-illinoensis-michaux-macmillan-a-potential-perennial-grain-crop.-euphytica.-1107-20. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-9 .Header-3}

##### Latting, J. 1961. The biology of *Desmanthus* *Illinoensis*. *Ecology*. 42:487-493. {#latting-j.-1961.-the-biology-of-desmanthus-illinoensis.-ecology.-42487-493. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-10 .Header-3}

##### Mankin, C.J. 1969. Fungus Diseases on Non-grass Plants in South Dakota. Tech. Bull. 36. South Dakota State University Ag. Exper. Stat.  {#mankin-c.j.-1969.-fungus-diseases-on-non-grass-plants-in-south-dakota.-tech.-bull.-36.-south-dakota-state-university-ag.-exper.-stat. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-11 .Header-3}

##### Posler, G.L., A.W. Lenssen, and G.L. Fine. 1993. Forage Yield, Quality, Compatibility, and Persistence of Warm-Season Grass-Legume Mixtures. *Agron. J.* 85:554 -560. {#posler-g.l.-a.w.-lenssen-and-g.l.-fine.-1993.-forage-yield-quality-compatibility-and-persistence-of-warm-season-grass-legume-mixtures.-agron.-j.-85554--560. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-12 .Header-3}

##### Stubbendieck, J. and E.C. Conard. 1989. *Common Legumes of the Great Plains*. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. {#stubbendieck-j.-and-e.c.-conard.-1989.-common-legumes-of-the-great-plains.-lincoln-university-of-nebraska-press. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-13 .Header-3}

##### Prepared By and Species Coordinator {#prepared-by-and-species-coordinator .Header-3}

Richard Wynia, USDA NRCS Manhattan Plant Materials Center, Manhattan, KS

##### Edited: 080108 jsp {#edited-080108-jsp .Header-4}

For more information about this and other plants, please contact your
local NRCS field office or Conservation District, and visit the PLANTS
Web site\<[http://plants.usda.gov](http://plants.usda.gov/)\> or the
Plant Materials Program Web site
\<[http://Plant-Materials.nrcs.usda.gov](http://Plant-Materials.nrcs.usda.gov/)\>

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*To file a complaint of discrimination write USDA, Director, Office of
Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence
Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call 202-720-5964 (voice or
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*Read about [Civil Rights at the Natural Resources Conservation
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