**BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT FOR ROUTINE PROGRAMMATIC TRAIL MAINTENANCE AND
RECONSTUCTION ACTIVITIES**

**ON THE SAWTOOTH NATIONAL FOREST**

Prepared by: Date: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

John Chatel

Forest Fisheries Biologist

Prepared by: Date: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

David Skinner

Wildlife Biologist

Reviewed by: Date: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Tom Bandolin

Forest Wildlife Biologist

Prepared by: Date: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Deb Taylor

Northzone Botanist

Reviewed by: Date: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Kim Pierson

Forest Botanist

Table of Contents

**I. Summary** 2

**II. Introduction** 5

A.  **Listed Species, Critical Habitat and Essential Fish Habitat**
    \...5

B.  **Geographic Scope** 7

**III. Current Management Direction** 8

**IV. Description of the Proposed Action** 9

**V. Description of Affected Species** 19

**VI. Existing Condition** 64

**VII. Effects of Proposed Action on Listed Species** 67

**VIII. Cumulative Effects** 90

**IX. Determinations and Rationales** 91

**X. Literature Cited** 94

**XI. Appendices**

**Appendix A --** Project Design Criteria and Pertinent LRMP Management
Direction 105

**Appendix B** -- Wood Debris Risks Tables and Maps by Subbasin 108

**Appendix C** - Stream Crossing Structure Replacement Design Criteria
118

**I. SUMMARY**

  --------------------------- ---------------------------- -------------------
  **Species**                 **Status**                   **Determination**

  Gray Wolf                   ESA Endangered (nonessential NLAA
                              experimental)                

  Bald Eagle                  ESA Threatened               NLAA

  Canada Lynx                 ESA Threatened               NLAA

  Snake River sockeye salmon  ESA Endangered               NLAA

  Snake River spring/summer   ESA Threatened               NLAA
  Chinook salmon                                           

  Snake River steelhead       ESA Threatened               NLAA

  Columbia River bull trout   ESA Threatened               NLAA

  Ute ladies\'-tresses        ESA Threatened               No Effect

  Slender moonwort            Candidate                    No Effect

  Spotted Bat                 USFS Sensitive               May impact
                                                           individuals

  Townsend\'s Big-eared Bat   USFS Sensitive               May impact
                                                           individuals

  Wolverine                   USFS Sensitive               May impact
                                                           individuals

  Fisher                      USFS Sensitive               No Impact

  Common Loon                 USFS Sensitive               No Impact

  Mountain Quail              USFS Sensitive               No Impact

  Northern Goshawk            USFS Sensitive               May impact
                                                           individuals

  Boreal Owl                  USFS Sensitive               May impact
                                                           individuals

  Flammulated Owl             USFS Sensitive               May impact
                                                           individuals

  Great gray Owl              USFS Sensitive               May impact
                                                           individuals

  Northern Three-toed         USFS Sensitive               May impact
  Woodpecker                                               individuals

  White-headed Woodpecker     USFS Sensitive               May impact
                                                           individuals

  Spotted Frog                USFS Sensitive               May impact
                                                           individuals

  Wood River Sculpin          USFS Sensitive               May impact
                                                           individuals

  Westslope Cutthroat trout   USFS Sensitive               May impact
                                                           individuals

  Greater Sage-Grouse         USFS Sensitive               No Impact

  Pygmy Rabbit                USFS Sensitive               No Impact

  Peregrine Falcon            USFS Sensitive               May impact
                                                           individuals

                                                           
  --------------------------- ---------------------------- -------------------

  ------------------------------ --------------------------- -------------------
  **Species**                    **Status**                  **Determination**

  White Cloud Milkvetch          USFS Sensitive              No Impact

  Stanley\'s Whitlow-grass       USFS Sensitive              No Impact

  Guardian Buckwheat             USFS Sensitive              No Impact

  Bugleg Goldenweed              USFS Sensitive              No Impact

  Least Phacelia                 USFS Sensitive              No Impact

  Marsh\'s Bluegrass             USFS Sensitive              No Impact

  Stanley Thalspi                USFS Sensitive              No Impact

  Northern Sagewort              USFS Proposed Sensitive     No Impact

  Challis Milkvetch              USFS Proposed Sensitive     No Impact

  Prairie Moonwort               USFS Proposed Sensitive     No Impact

  Least Moonwort                 USFS Proposed Sensitive     No Impact

  Brewer\'s Sedge                USFS Proposed Sensitive     No Impact

  Pale Sedge                     USFS Proposed Sensitive     No Impact

  Mt. Shasta Sedge               USFS Proposed Sensitive     No Impact

  Pointed Draba                  USFS Proposed Sensitive     No Impact

  Spoon-leaved Sundew            USFS Proposed Sensitive     No Impact

  Blandow\'s Helodium            USFS Proposed Sensitive     No Impact

  Kellogg's Bitterroot           USFS Proposed Sensitive     No Impact

  Krukeberg's Sword-fern         USFS Proposed Sensitive     No Impact

  Jones\' Primrose               USFS Proposed Sensitive     No Impact

  Farr\'s Willow                 USFS Proposed Sensitive     No Impact

  Wedge-leaf Saxifrage           USFS Proposed Sensitive     No Impact

  Nodding Saxifrage              USFS Proposed Sensitive     No Impact

  Petalless Campion              USFS Proposed Sensitive     No Impact

  Yellowstone draba              USFS Proposed Sensitive     No Impact

  Idaho Douglasia                SNF Proposed Watch          No Impact

  Bryum moss                     SNF Proposed Watch          No Impact

  Buxbaum\'s sedge               SNF Watch                   No Impact

  Maritime sedge                 SNF Proposed Watch          No Impact

  Lemhi milkvetch                SNF Proposed Watch          No Impact

  Park milkvetch                 SNF Proposed Watch          No Impact

  Tall Swamp onion               SNF Watch                   No Impact

  Giant hellaborine orchid       SNF Watch                   No Impact
  ------------------------------ --------------------------- -------------------

####### II. INTRODUCTION

The Sawtooth National Forest proposes to conduct routine trail
maintenance (i.e. summer and winter) and reconstruction of the trails
within the Sawtooth NRA, Ketchum and Fairfield Ranger Districts,
allowing these activities to proceed each year without further analysis.
This Biological Assessment (BA) addresses the effects of these actions
on eight threatened and endangered wildlife species, one candidate under
the Endangered Species Act of 1973 as amended (ESA), and 25 species on
the sensitive species list of Region 4 of the Forest Service. This BA
also evaluates potential effects of programmatic actions on Essential
Fish Habitat (EFH) in Idaho, in accordance with applicable requirements
of section 305(b) of the Magnuson-Stevens Act, implementing regulations
in 50 CFR Part 600.920. EFH is coincident with designated critical
habitat for Chinook salmon in the analysis area.

This Biological assessment/Biological Evaluation (BA/BE) includes a
number of individual actions which, when grouped together, represent
programs that may occur at many individual sites across the landscape,
on a routine basis or sporadically, and over multiple years. This
programmatic approach provides the Sawtooth National Forest with a
consistent methodology and appropriate criteria for documenting,
evaluating and monitoring their activities.

This BA/BE would be in effect for the next five years at which time
updates would be made based on monitoring results. Additionally,
amendments would be made as new information on species and species
status is obtained or as new effects from the action are observed.

**B. Listed Species, Critical Habitat and Essential Fish Habitat**

This BA/BE evaluates and describes potential effects of programmatic
actions on the following ESA-listed fish species and their proposed and
designated critical habitat regulated by NOAA Fisheries: Snake River
spring/summer Chinook salmon and designated critical habitat, Snake
River steelhead and designated critical habitat, and Snake River sockeye
salmon and designated critical habitat (Table 1). Chinook salmon
addressed within this BA occur within 4 populations (Salmon River Valley
Creek, Upper Salmon River above Redfish Lake, Salmon River East Fork,
and Upper Salmon River below Redfish Lake) identified by the Interior
Columbia Basin Technical Recovery Team (TRT) (2003). Steelhead addressed
within this BA are within two populations (SREFS and SRUMA) identified
by the TRT.

This BA/BE evaluates potential effects of programmatic actions on
Essential Fish Habitat (EFH) in Idaho, in accordance with applicable
requirements of section 305(b) of the Magnuson-Stevens Act, implementing
regulations in 50 CFR Part 600.920. EFH is coincident with designated
critical habitat for Chinook salmon in the analysis area.

This BA/BE evaluates and describes potential effects on the Columbia
River bull trout Distinct Population Segment (DPS), which are regulated
by the USFWS (Table 1). Bull trout addressed in this BA are within 4
core areas (Anderson Ranch -- SF Boise Subbasin, Upper South Fork
Payette River, Arrowrock -- MF/NF Boise Subbasin and Upper Salmon
Subbasin) in two recovery units designated in the Draft Bull Trout
Recovery Plans (USDI FWS 2002, 2004).

This BA/BE evaluates and describes potential effects on the following
ESA-listed wildlife species: bald eagle, Canada lynx, and gray wolf. The
BA also evaluates potential effects on ESA-listed plant species that may
be directly affected by the programmatic actions, including: Ute's
ladies-tresses and slender moonwort (candidate). All of the above bird,
mammal, and plant species are regulated by the USFWS (Table 2). Region 4
Sensitive species are also addressed here.

**Table 1.** **Listing status and critical habitat element references
for ESA-listed fish species considered in this consultation**.

+--------------------------+------------------------+------------------+
| **Species ESU**          | #####                  | #########        |
|                          | # Status; Listing Date | Critical Habitat |
+--------------------------+------------------------+------------------+
| Snake River              | Threatened; April 22,  | October 25,      |
| spring/summer Chinook    | 1992; 57 FR 14653      | 1999; 64 FR      |
| salmon (*O.              |                        | 57399            |
| tshawytscha*)            |                        |                  |
+--------------------------+------------------------+------------------+
| Snake River sockeye      | Endangered; Nov. 20,   | December 28,     |
| salmon (*O. nerka*)      | 1991; 56 FR 58619      | 1993; 58 FR      |
|                          |                        | 68543            |
+--------------------------+------------------------+------------------+
| Snake River steelhead    | Threatened; August 18, | September 2,     |
| (*O. mykiss*)            | 1997; 62 FR 43937      | 2005; 70 FR      |
|                          |                        | 52630            |
+--------------------------+------------------------+------------------+
| Columbia River bull      | Threatened; June 10,   | N/A              |
| trout (*Salvelinus       | 1998; 63 FR 31647      |                  |
| confluentus*)            |                        |                  |
+--------------------------+------------------------+------------------+

**Table 2. Listing status for ESA-listed wildlife and plant species
considered in this consultation.**

  -------------------------- --------------------------------------------
  **Species**                **Status; Listing Date**

  Ute's ladies-tresses       Threatened; January 17, 1992; 57 FR 2053
  *(Spiranthes diluvialis)*  

  Slender moonwort           Candidate\*\*; June 6, 2001; 66FR
  *(Botrychium lineare)*     

  Bald eagle *(Haliaeetus    Threatened; August 12, 1995; 50 FR 36000
  leucocephalus)*            

  Canada lynx *(Lynx         Threatened; March 24, 2000; 65 FR 16052
  canadensis)*               

  Gray wolf *(Canis lupis)*  Experimental Nonessential South of I-90,
                             Threatened North of I-90; November 22, 1994;
                             59 FR 60264 and 59 FR 60279
  -------------------------- --------------------------------------------

\*\*On May 10, 2000, the slender moonwort (*Botrychium lineare*) was
proposed for listing. In June 2001, the USFWS determined that while the
species warrants protection under the ESA, it is precluded from listing
because of other priorities. As such, the slender moonwort is considered
a candidate species, and has no special protection under the ESA.
However, the USFWS suggests the effects to the species continue to be
disclosed in biological assessments and included in planning processes.

**C. Geographic Scope**

**Project Area -** The project area covers lands administered by the
Sawtooth National Forests. Potential effects to the listed fish,
wildlife, and plants and/or designated critical habitat would originate
within the Forest or Public Land boundaries in these drainages.

**Action Area -** There are seven subbasins in the action area,
encompassing all areas potentially affected directly or indirectly by
the Federal Action (Table 3). Because of the potential for downstream
and cumulative effects within watersheds, the action areas encompass
entire subwatersheds (6^th^ Field HUCs) where the listed fish, wildlife,
and plants and proposed or designated critical habitat occur. The
subwatersheds comprising the action area often extend outside of
administrative unit boundaries. Information on each subbasin is included
in the Environmental Baseline section. Table 3 displays each subbasin,
fourth-level hydrologic unit code (HUC), and the associated ESA-listed
species that may be affected.

Table 3. Subbasins within the action area occupied by ESA-listed or
Forest Service designated sensitive fish, wildlife, and plant species.

+-----------+----------------+--------+------------------------------+
| Basin     | Subbasin Name  | 4th    | Species                      |
| Name      |                | HUC    |                              |
+===========+================+========+==============================+
| Middle    | N, Middle Fork | 17     | **Fish:** bull trout         |
| Snake     | Boise          | 050111 |                              |
|           |                |        | **Wildlife:** gray wolf,     |
| (Boise    |                |        | Canada lynx\*, bald eagle,   |
| River)    |                |        | spotted bat\*, Townsend's    |
|           |                |        | big-eared bat\*, wolverine,  |
|           |                |        | fisher\*, mountain quail,    |
|           |                |        | Northern goshawk, boreal     |
|           |                |        | owl\*, flammulated owl,      |
|           |                |        | Northern three-toed          |
|           |                |        | woodpecker\*, white-headed   |
|           |                |        | woodpecker, spotted frog,    |
|           |                |        | Greater sage-grouse, pygmy   |
|           |                |        | rabbit\*, peregrine falcon   |
|           |                |        |                              |
|           |                |        | **Plants:** Tall Swamp       |
|           |                |        | Onion, Giant hellaborine     |
|           |                |        | orchid, Bugleg haplopappus,  |
|           |                |        | Kellogg\'s bitterroot, Least |
|           |                |        | phacelia                     |
+-----------+----------------+--------+------------------------------+
|           | South Fork     | 17     |                              |
|           | Boise          | 050113 |                              |
+-----------+----------------+--------+------------------------------+
| Middle    | South Fork     | 17     | **Fish:** bull trout         |
| Snake     | Payette        | 050120 |                              |
|           |                |        | **Wildlife:** gray wolf,     |
| (Payette  |                |        | Canada lynx\*, bald eagle,   |
| River)    |                |        | spotted bat\*, Townsend's    |
|           |                |        | big-eared bat\*, wolverine,  |
|           |                |        | fisher, mountain quail,      |
|           |                |        | Northern goshawk, boreal     |
|           |                |        | owl, flammulated owl, great  |
|           |                |        | gray owl, Northern           |
|           |                |        | three-toed woodpecker,       |
|           |                |        | white-headed woodpecker,     |
|           |                |        | spotted frog, peregrine      |
|           |                |        | falcon\*                     |
|           |                |        |                              |
|           |                |        | **Plants:** Kellogg\'s       |
|           |                |        | bitteroot                    |
+-----------+----------------+--------+------------------------------+
| Upper     | Big Wood River | 17     | **Fish:** Wood River sculpin |
| Snake     |                | 040219 |                              |
|           |                |        | **Wildlife:** gray wolf,     |
|           |                |        | Canada lynx\*, bald eagle,   |
|           |                |        | spotted bat\*, Townsend's    |
|           |                |        | big-eared bat, wolverine,    |
|           |                |        | fisher\*, mountain quail\*,  |
|           |                |        | Northern goshawk, boreal     |
|           |                |        | owl, flammulated owl,        |
|           |                |        | Northern three-toed          |
|           |                |        | woodpecker, spotted frog,    |
|           |                |        | Greater sage-grouse, pygmy   |
|           |                |        | rabbit\*, peregrine falcon   |
|           |                |        |                              |
|           |                |        | **Plants:** Bugleg           |
|           |                |        | haplopappus, Marsh\'s        |
|           |                |        | bluegrass, Wedge-leaf        |
|           |                |        | saxifrage, Nodding           |
|           |                |        | saxifrage, Petal-less        |
|           |                |        | campion, Stanley Thlaspi     |
+-----------+----------------+--------+------------------------------+
|           | Little Wood    | 17     |                              |
|           | River          | 040221 |                              |
+-----------+----------------+--------+------------------------------+
|           | Camas Creek    | 17     |                              |
|           |                | 040220 |                              |
+-----------+----------------+--------+------------------------------+
| Salmon    | Upper Salmon   | 17     | **Fish:** spring/fall        |
| River     |                | 060201 | Chinook, steelhead, bull     |
|           |                |        | trout, sockeye, westslope    |
|           |                |        | cutthroat                    |
|           |                |        |                              |
|           |                |        | **Wildlife:** gray wolf,     |
|           |                |        | Canada lynx, bald eagle,     |
|           |                |        | spotted bat\*, Townsend's    |
|           |                |        | big-eared bat\*, wolverine,  |
|           |                |        | fisher, common loon,         |
|           |                |        | Northern goshawk, boreal     |
|           |                |        | owl, flammulated owl, great  |
|           |                |        | gray owl, Northern           |
|           |                |        | three-toed woodpecker,       |
|           |                |        | spotted frog, Greater        |
|           |                |        | sage-grouse, pygmy rabbit\*, |
|           |                |        | peregrine falcon             |
|           |                |        |                              |
|           |                |        | **Plants**: slender          |
|           |                |        | moonwort, Northern sagewort, |
|           |                |        | Challis milkvetch, Lemhi     |
|           |                |        | milkvetch, Park milkvetch,   |
|           |                |        | White Cloud milkvetch, Bryum |
|           |                |        | moss, Brewer\'s sedge,       |
|           |                |        | Buxbaum\'s sedge, Shasta     |
|           |                |        | sedge, Pale sedge, Mt.       |
|           |                |        | Shasta sedge, Idaho          |
|           |                |        | Douglasia, Pointed/rockcress |
|           |                |        | draba, Yellowstone draba,    |
|           |                |        | Stanley\'s whitlow-grass,    |
|           |                |        | Spoon-leaved sundew,         |
|           |                |        | Guardian buckwheat, Bugleg   |
|           |                |        | haplopappus, Blandow\'s      |
|           |                |        | helodium, Kellogg\'s         |
|           |                |        | bitterroot, Sword fern,      |
|           |                |        | Silvery/Jones\' primrose,    |
|           |                |        | Farr\'s willow, Stanley      |
|           |                |        | Thlaspi                      |
+-----------+----------------+--------+------------------------------+

\* Potential habitat exists, but no recent observations or records of
the species exist.

> **III. CURRENT MANAGEMENT DIRECTION**

The Endangered Species Act Section 7(a)(2) requires that each federal
agency shall insure that any action authorized, funded, or carried out
by such agency is not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of
any endangered species or threatened species or result in the
destruction or adverse modification of habitat.

The revised Sawtooth Forest Land and Resource Management Plan (FLRMP)
outlines management direction for the Sawtooth National Forest in
Chapter III, including direction for Forest-wide desired conditions,
goals, objectives, standards, and guidelines for the management of
habitat for threatened, endangered, and proposed species (FLRMP III
8-15). Standard TEST01 states, "The Forest shall consult with the NMFS
and Fish and Wildlife Service as needed, and appropriate, to comply with
consultation requirements under the Endangered Species Act and
Magnuson-Stevens Act." The Forest Service Manual directs the Forest
Service to avoid all adverse impacts on threatened and endangered
species and their habitats except when it is possible to compensate
through alternatives identified in a biological opinion rendered by the
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FSM 2670.31).

Forest Service Manual 2670.32 directs the Forest to avoid or minimize
impacts to species whose viability has been identified as a concern, and
therefore listed as sensitive by the Regional Forester. If impacts
cannot be avoided then the Forest must analyze the significance of the
potential adverse effects on the population or its habitat within the
area of concern and on the species as a whole. Impacts may be allowed
but the decision must not result in a trend toward federal listing.

In January 2000, an interagency team consisting of U.S. Forest Service,
Bureau of Land Management, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service members
released a Canada Lynx Conservation Assessment and Strategy (USDA Forest
Service). This document provides direction for management of lynx
habitat on federal lands. The conservation measures discussed in the
document are the basis for analysis of effects of projects on Canada
lynx during consultations. This document also directs Forests to develop
Lynx Analysis Units (LAU) and define foraging and denning habitat within
each LAU. On the Sawtooth National Forest, LAUs were derived by
aggregating 6^th^ level Hydrologic Units and lynx habitat was derived
using vegetation layers from satellite imagery and GIS mapping
techniques. Additionally, watershed biological assessments of the
effects of ongoing projects to Canada lynx were completed in February
2003. As part of these analyses, baseline conditions for each LAU were
described and evaluated as to their ability to conserve lynx. Effects of
new projects will be evaluated in relation to these baseline conditions,
using an effects matrix, which was developed in November of 2003.

LRMP standards and guidelines that relate specifically to the proposed
action can be found in Appendix A.

> **IV. DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED ACTION**

###### 

The Sawtooth National Forest proposes to conduct routine trail
maintenance (i.e. summer and winter) and reconstruction of the trails
within the Sawtooth NRA, Ketchum and Fairfield Ranger Districts,
allowing these activities to proceed each year without further analysis.
This biological assessment (BA) would be in effect for the next five
years at which time updates would be made based on monitoring results.
Additionally, amendments would be made as new information on species and
species status is obtained. The activities include the routine annual
maintenance as well as site specific maintenance activities that occur
on a less frequent basis, but which are necessary to maintain the trail
use, tread integrity, and proper drainage.

## Routine Trail Maintenance

Trail maintenance activities are defined as maintaining a currently
managed trail facility in its existing location. Maintenance is
conducted to prevent resource damage and provide a safe environment for
trail users. Maintenance activities generally fall into five groups: 1)
tread maintenance; 2) drainage maintenance; 3) trailway maintenance; 4)
structures; and 5) traffic services (FSH 2309.18). Trail maintenance
does not include trail relocation or major repairs due to slumps and
slides. Forest Service personnel and user groups conduct maintenance.

## Specific Trail Maintenance Activities

## Summer tread maintenance - Work consists of removing and disposing of exposed rocks and roots from the tread using hand and powered tools, and blasting. It also includes the removal of slough and berm material that has accumulated on the trailbed. Rocks and roots are scattered away from watercourses. Slough and berm material is either used to fill in depressions in the trail tread or is placed on the downslope side of the trail so as to not interfere with drainage.

Slide maintenance consists of the removal and disposal of slide material
from the trailbed and the restoration of all sections of the trail that
have been damaged. Suitable material from the slide can be used to
surface the trail tread for short segments adjacent to the slide. Excess
and unsuitable material is placed and spread beyond the downslope edge
of the trail at a depth of less than 1 foot and so as not to obstruct
drainage. Damaged sections of the trail tread are regraded and restored
to a width and finish that conforms to adjacent undamaged segments.

**Winter tread maintenance** - Specific trails are maintained annually
for snowmobile and cross-country skiing use. Maintenance consists of
mowing or brushing the trail right-of-way prior to and after snowfall,
compacting the snow with a snowcat to create a firm base, and grooming
the snow surface with a blade and tiller attached to a snow cat to
smooth out ruts and holes. Trails are typically groomed once every two
or three days depending on use.

**Drainage maintenance** - Work consists of cleaning culverts,
waterbars, drainage dips, ditches, stream fords, and other drainage
measures; directing water from the trail where washing of the trailbed
is or has been occurring; and draining low spots in the trailbed that
tend to hold water. It also includes the construction of additional
waterbars. Debris that is blocking or diverting water from drainage
structures is removed and scattered away from watercourses. Ditches are
cleaned to permit the free flow of water into culverts and away from the
trail. Debris and soil are removed from catch basins and from inside
culverts, and missing or loose rocks in culvert headwalls are replaced.
Any deposited material is cleaned from waterbars and drainage dips and
from their leadoff areas, and any rocks, logs, or other material used in
the waterbars and drainage dips are restored or replaced.

Turnpike maintenance consists of maintaining trail turnpikes (raised
sections) in flat, poorly draining areas by reinforcing the trail tread
with rock, aggregate, puncheon, and/or geosynthetic materials.

Maintenance at stream fords consists of removing step rocks, logs, and
debris to avoid the accumulation of excessive deposition. In minor
stream fords, where excessive deposition has already accumulated, that
threatens to cause the capture of the stream by the trail, or other
similar major impact, deposition is removed from the channel within the
ford to approximately natural channel grade and geometry. Where
approaches become mired, rutted, or entrenched, rock, aggregate, or
puncheon is imported to maintain the integrity of the approach and
protect channel conditions.

## 

## Trailway maintenance

[Logging out]{.underline} consists of removing logs, downed trees, and
uprooted stumps from the clearing limits (typically 4 feet each side of
the centerline of the trail). Logs that extend across or into the
clearing limits are kept as intact as possible. Logs that are blocking
stream fords or are causing the trail to wash out are typically moved or
kept as intact as possible.

[Falling of hazard trees]{.underline} consists of falling unstable
\"leaners\" or dead trees so decayed that they are in imminent danger of
falling. It also includes bucking of hazard trees that are felled and
scattering of slash, if within the clearing limits of the trail.

[Brushing]{.underline} consists of removing brush, small trees, shrubs,
and limbs within the clearing limits. Limbs are cut as flush with the
tree trunk as possible, in a manner that will not tear or strip bark
from the tree. Brush and shrubs are cut as near flush to the ground
surface as possible. Debris from brushing is scattered outside and below
the clearing limits and away from stream channels, ditches, culvert
inlets, and other locations where debris would prevent the free flow of
water away from the trail.

[Switchback maintenance]{.underline} consists of replacing or
maintaining retaining walls, trail tread, barriers, and drainage ditches
on existing switchbacks. It also includes measures such as placement of
brush and barriers to discourage trail users from cutting switchbacks.
Missing rocks in retaining walls are replaced, and barriers are repaired
or replaced as necessary.

Minor streambank stabilization (less than 5 feet) would occur where the
stream has eroded portions of the trail bed. Stabilization would consist
of bringing in rock, or tree or brush revetment and placing it by hand
along the stream bank. Along low gradient, adjustable channels,
stabilization emphasizes bio-engineering methods to reestablish natural
deep-rooted vegetation. Rock and revetment may be added and adjusted by
hand annually as needed.

Structure (Culverts and Bridges) installation and maintenance - This
work includes replacing or installing cross drain culverts to improve
drainage along ditchlines, springs, and wetlands or culverts crossing
smaller first and second order non-fish bearing streams. Culverts would
seldom be larger than 24 inches in diameter. Bridge maintenance
includes: (1) removal of material from the bridge deck surfaces,
abutments and piers; (2) bolt, cable and hardware
tightening/adjustments; (3) filling in holes in the bridge approaches;
(4) replacing rotted or damaged bridge surface logs or lumber
components; (5) stabilizing the soil surface on approaches, and approach
drainage: and (6) sanding and painting.

**[This programmatic does not include the placement or replacement of
bridges. It also does not include the placement of replacement of
culverts in fish bearing streams.]{.underline}** These activities are
already covered programmatically by the "Stream Crossing Structure
Replacement and Removal Activities Affecting ESA-listed Species"
biological assessment completed on June 9, 2005 for Idaho National
Forests (Payette, Boise, Sawtooth, Salmon-Challis, Nez Perce, and
Clearwater National Forests). Activities included in this programmatic
include:

-   Culvert, Bridge or Ford Replacement with a Bridge

-   Culvert Removal and Associated Channel Rehabilitation

-   Culvert or Ford Replacement with a Culvert or Open-Bottomed Arch

-   Culvert Replacement with Low-Water Trail Ford

-   Programmatic Project Maintenance

All design criteria and monitoring described in the "Stream Crossing
Structure Replacement" programmatic (Appendix C) must be followed to
avoid further Section 7 consultation.

**Traffic services** - This work consists of refastening existing signs
to existing sign support posts, resetting existing sign support posts,
and installing new signs and sign support posts. Sign support posts are
reset to a plumb position and firmly tamped into place. Signs are
reattached, and bolts or lag screws are tightened.

## Summer Trail Reconstruction and Realignment

Deferred maintenance needs exist that go beyond that which can be
addressed through routine annual maintenance. In order to protect the
capital investment and/or avoid excessive annual maintenance or
environmental costs, many trail segments require reconstruction or
relocation. The routine aspects of these more intensive efforts are
included here.

Trail crews typically reconstruct as many localized problem segments
along the same route as possible to make the most efficient use of their
time. Trail reconstruction includes many of the same activities
described under trail maintenance (tread, drainage, trailway, and
structure maintenance) using hand or power tools. Blasting may also be
used to remove rocks, stumps, and hazard trees. Blasting is only
conducted by contractors or by employees trained and certified in the
use of explosives. Sometimes short sections of trail will need to be
relocated when reconstruction is inadequate to address the problems. All
reroutes and reconstruction activities will be reviewed by district
specialists prior to fieldwork. Under this programmatic consultation, up
to 5 miles of trail per district could be relocated or realigned
annually to address resource or safety concerns. Further relocation
actions will need to be presented to district resource specialists to
determine if the proposed action and associated effects fall within
those described in this BA. Proposed relocations should be coordinated
with district resource specialists to determine if the proposed action
and associated effects fall within those described in this BA.

## Amount and Timing of Annual Maintenance/Reconstruction Activities

The amount of trail maintenance varies from year to year depending on
budget, crews and contracts available, and other projects competing for
crew time. Trail maintenance activities may occur at any time of the
year when trails are accessible and free of snow. Trail maintenance
predominantly occurs in late spring and summer months (i.e. June to
August). Trail maintenance typically progresses from lower elevation
trails to higher elevation trails, as the trails become free of snow and
before the peak recreation use season. Other priority and more remote
trails are then maintained throughout the summer. The lesser-used trails
are maintained if time and budgets allows near the end of the season
(September and October). Deferred maintenance (reconstruction) usually
occurs mid summer through fall. Trail relocation (greater than 100 feet
in length) would only occur after July 15 to avoid migratory and
sensitive bird nesting seasons and deer and elk fawning/calving unless a
survey by a wildlife biologist indicates that the proposed relocation
would not affect these species.

Trail maintenance activities are typically of short duration at any one
location. A trail maintenance crew will typically maintain several miles
of trail per day. At particular locations, such as slides or bridges
with more intensive maintenance needs, maintenance activities may last
several hours to a couple of days.

Trail maintenance activities in the fall and winter are usually confined
to brush cutting and mowing, drainage maintenance, and grooming trails.

Table 4. Average, annual trail maintenance and reconstruction by
district

+------+------+------+---------+--------+--------+---------+------+
| >    | > T  | > T  | > Miles | >      | > A    | >       | >    |
| Dist | otal | otal | > of    |  Miles | verage | Average |  Ave |
| rict | > M  | > M  | >       | > of   | >      | > Miles | rage |
|      | iles | iles |  Summer | >      |  Miles | > of    | > M  |
|      | > of | > of | >       | Winter | > of   | >       | iles |
|      | > Su | > Wi |  Trails | >      | >      |  Annual | > of |
|      | mmer | nter | > in    | Trails | Annual | >       | > An |
|      | > Tr | > Tr | > R     | > in   | >      |  Summer | nual |
|      | ails | ails | iparian | > Ri   | Summer | > Trail | > Wi |
|      | > by | > by | > Conse | parian | >      | >       | nter |
|      | >    | >    | rvation | >      |  Trail | Reconst | >    |
|      | Dist | Dist | >       | Conser | >      | ruction | Groo |
|      | rict | rict | Areas\* | vation |  Maint |         | ming |
|      |      |      |         | > A    | enance |         |      |
|      |      |      |         | reas\* |        |         |      |
+------+------+------+---------+--------+--------+---------+------+
| >    | >    | > 38 | > 130   | > 12   | > 200  | > 1     | > 38 |
|  Ket |  361 |      |         |        | > (4   | > (1-2) |      |
| chum |      |      |         |        | 7-225) |         |      |
+------+------+------+---------+--------+--------+---------+------+
| > F  | >    | > 77 | > 239   | > 28   | > 350  | > 1     | > 57 |
| airf |  498 |      |         |        | > (19  | >       |      |
| ield |      |      |         |        | 8-400) | (0.5-2) |      |
+------+------+------+---------+--------+--------+---------+------+
| >    | >    | >    | > 245   | > 46   | > 318  | > 2     | >    |
| SNRA |  702 |  182 |         |        | > (22  | > (1-5) |  168 |
|      |      |      |         |        | 1-480) |         |      |
+------+------+------+---------+--------+--------+---------+------+

-   RCAs based on default buffers in forest plan (300' perennial streams
    and 150' intermittent streams)

## Monitoring 

Monitoring will be conducted to determine how well the project design
criteria (PDCs) are being implemented. PDCs are intended to protect
aquatic and terrestrial resources by ensuring that the actions fall
within a specific range of effects.

Two coordination meetings each year between trail crew leaders and
district specialists shall occur. In the spring prior to trail
maintenance activities, a meeting of the trail crew and resource
specialists will be held. The purpose of the meeting would be to discuss
the upcoming field season trail maintenance and reconstruction
objectives, identify PDCs, share any potential resource concerns, and
identify necessary field reviews. In Fall a meeting will be held to
discuss accomplished maintenance and monitoring results. Periodic
coordination with district specialists should also occur as new
information is available throughout the field season.

Monitoring would be conducted by project leaders and reported through
district monitoring procedures. During the period of this programmatic
consultation (BA), two reconstruction/realignment projects would be
reviewed in the field with unit resource specialists (with invitations
also extended to Level 1 members). Ideally, at least one of these
reviews would occur during the first or second season of implementation,
while the activity is being conducted, and with the responsible
crews/program leaders. Field reviews would evaluate whether projects are
implemented as planned and qualitatively assess whether the PDCs are
effectively minimizing effects to listed, proposed, and candidate
species and their habitat.

Districts will report the total miles of trail maintained and
reconstructed/realigned within each financial year to the Level 1 team.
Each district will also enter totals in the NOAA Fisheries PCTS IV
on-line site.

Based upon the annual field review and other applicable information,
additional PDCs may be developed to ensure that the anticipated effects
from the activities are not exceeded. If PDCs can't be met or need to be
revisited, the Districts or Level 1 Team will identify changes and make
necessary corrections.

Programmatic Design Criteria for Summer and Winter Trail Activities

Tread maintenance and minor streambank stabilization

Borrowing of substrate from streams is not permitted.

Cobble, gravel, and other borrow sources may be utilized when less than
500 total square feet is disturbed, and rehabilitated when finished, and
when located at least 150 feet from any stream. If within 150 feet,
cobble, gravel, and other borrow sources may be utilized when at least
30 feet of riparian vegetation, on flat topography, exists between the
source and the stream.

Gravel or barrow material source sites with noxious weed species present
should not be used, unless effective treatment or other mitigation
measures are implemented.

Source sites for gravel and barrow material shall be inspected for
noxious weeds before materials are used or transported.

Color photo guides with the Forest's noxious weeds will be provided to
every trail crew to aid in identification of noxious weed infestations.
An introduction in the identification of common noxious weeds will be
included as part of annual crew orientation.

Trail work on or near stream crossings will be done with emphasis on
retention of vegetation for stabilizing banks, minimizing sediment
introduction, a providing a stable, non-eroding crossing.

Minor streambank stabilization (less than 5 feet) would occur where the
stream has eroded portions of the trail bed. Stabilization would consist
of bringing in material (i.e. rock, small trees, etc.) and placing it by
hand along the stream bank. Along low gradient channels, stabilization
will emphasize methods to reestablish natural deep-rooted vegetation.
Rock may be added and adjusted by hand annually as needed. More
extensive work on or near streams should be coordinated in advance with
the appropriate district specialists.

Dispose of small slide and slump materials in stable areas well away
from stream channels, drainage ways, or wet areas (at least 30 feet of
riparian vegetation, on flat topography between the disposal site and
stream).

Proper drainage structures with adequate spacing of waterbars will be
designed and maintained to minimize surface erosion.

Fords will be maintained to prevent creation of a low-water fish
barriers by having similar grade and bankfull width as the channel while
maintaining adequate water velocities to allow fish passage.

Routine trail maintenance would be evaluated annually in relation to
known wolf, lynx, and wolverine den sites and bald eagle, peregrine
falcon, and goshawk nests. These dens and nests would be protected from
disturbance from trail maintenance activities on a case by case basis as
coordinated with the district wildlife specialist. Any new den or nest
site of these species would be reported to the district wildlife
biologist.

During the implementation period of this programmatic consultation (5
years), there will be no net distance increase of winter trails (greater
than outlined in Lynx BA's for Ongoing Activities).

**Brushing associated with trailway maintenance**

Minimize brushing (e.g., loss of shade, bank stability, etc.) when
trails occur within riparian areas by leaving as much of an uncut
vegetation buffer between the trail and stream as possible.

Clearing of downed trees and snags during trailway maintenance

When fallen trees across trails or fords are cleared, use methods to
keep trees in as large of pieces as possible where it is safe and
feasible to do so. Potential alternatives to cutting may include moving
with a winch or on hiker only trails notching steps.

Woody material that have fallen across trails and extends into stream
channels will have only that portion of the material obstructing trail
use removed, leaving the portion extending into the stream channel.

Woody materials that have fallen across or accumulated at stream fords
may be removed when necessary for public safety or to avoid other
damaging consequences such as an accumulation of deposition and/or
stream capture by the trail.

Woody materials that have accumulated at trail culverts or bridges
should be kept as intact as possible when removed and be placed
downstream of the structure where it is safe and feasible.

When hazard trees near trails are felled using directional falling
techniques, mimic the natural pattern and distribution of downed wood
within the area. Other alternatives to cutting hazard trees may also be
utilized including blasting or toppling with a winch. These methods
provide more trees with rootwads for wildlife and fish habitat.

Look for active nests/nest cavities prior to falling snags. If an active
nest or nest cavity is found within a snag, delay falling until after
July 31.

**Blasting associated with trailway maintenance**

Subsurface blasting requiring mechanized or hand drilling will be
avoided within 300 feet of T&E fish-bearing streams due to risks of
transmitting overpressures through bedrock in magnitudes that could
cause mortality to incubating eggs, unemerged fry and fish swim
bladders. Exceptions to this may be granted following discussion by a
fisheries biologist. Fisheries biologists should consider the following
information when discussing a closer distance:

**From USDA FS and USDI BLM 2003, Supplement to Programmatic BA for Road
Maintenance on Public Lands Administered by the Salmon-Challis Forest,
and BLM Salmon, Challis, and Idaho Falls Field Offices in the Upper
Salmon River Basin and Lost River Subbasin:**

  ----------------------- -----------------------------------------------
  Explosive Charge Weight Distance from stream necessary to protect fish
  (pounds)                from swim bladder effects and egg disturbances
                          (feet)

  0.5                     30

  1.0                     50

  2.0                     80

  5.0                     120

  10.0                    170

  25.0                    270

  100.0                   530

  500.0                   1180
  ----------------------- -----------------------------------------------

Non-explosive or micro-explosive alternatives such as Betonamit
([www.betonamit.co.za/](http://www.betonamit.co.za/)) should be used
where possible to reduce resource impacts. This noiseless, shock-free,
non-toxic product is poured into pre-drilled holes and after a few hours
exerts tremendous expansive pressure causing even the hardest rock to be
broken into smaller more manageable pieces.

No blasting within 1 mile of a known peregrine falcon, bald eagle, or
goshawk nest or a known wolf, lynx, or wolverine den prior to July 31.
No blasting within ½ mile of cliffs or predicted wolverine denning
habitat before July 15 (avoid potential disturbance to bats, mountain
goats, wolverines, and raptors during critical seasons). Maps of
predicted wolverine denning habitat would be shared with trail crew
leaders. Where feasible consult a district wildlife biologist prior to
blasting for site review.

Blasting areas should be reviewed by a forest Botanist to ensure TEPSC
occupied habitat is avoided or mitigated.

**Inchannel work associated with trailway maintenance**

In-channel work can be implemented during July 1 - August 1, in streams
where adult ESA listed fish or their spawning habitat may be present.
Outside of this period, work in such streams may proceed only where
spawning surveys have been conducted by a trained observer, just prior
to the activity, and no spawning is observed in the vicinity of the
project. In such circumstances additional sediment controls should be
applied.

Handling of hazardous materials

Extreme care will be taken when handling hazardous materials. Personnel
will be trained under established Forest Service Procedures.

Sorbent pads (capable of absorbing petroleum products) will be kept on
hand during maintenance activities to minimize the risk of hazardous
waste spills.

When lead-based paints are removed, introduction of these materials into
streamcourses is prevented by using containment barriers below bridges
being treated.

Wood treated with **creosote,** **copper naphthenate** or
**pentachlorophenol** should be visually inspected when they arrive on
site. Materials which display excessive bleeding (oil-type) or surface
deposits should be rejected and the supplier contacted for replacement.

All sawing and drilling of treated wood should be disposed away from the
water when practical, taking steps to collect, contain and prevent dust
and shavings from entering the water or soil. Dispose of all scraps and
sawdust in an appropriate upland site.

Application of additional wood sealants in the field should be done well
away from the water if at all possible. If over-water treatment is
necessary, steps should be taken (such as using tarps) to collect any
surplus treatment for removal and disposal.

Trail Reconstruction and Realignment

All reroutes and larger reconstruction projects would be coordinated and
reviewed with district specialists prior to fieldwork to make sure they
fit in the programmatic.

Trail realignments would generally not add trail length within riparian
conservation areas unless an overall expected benefit to riparian
resources could be demonstrated.

When implementing reconstruction and realignments within riparian
conservation areas, practices would be utilized to minimize ground
disturbance, retain sediments on site, and promote rapid revegetation.

Obliterate and rehabilitate social trails, unnecessary sections of
braided trails, abandoned routes, or other unauthorized trails as is
desirable and/or feasible after trail reconstruction or realignment.

Work outside of the existing trail tread would require review and
possible field survey by a Forest Service Botanist. Actions in occupied
ESA Listed, Sensitive, or Watch plant species habitat will be avoided if
the long-term persistence of those species would be adversely affected.
Activities within occupied ESA Listed, Sensitive, or Watch plant species
habitat would include mitigation measures to ensure that habitat is
maintained or restored.

Where possible, preserve snags during trail reroutes by avoiding trail
construction through areas of concentrated dead and downed trees.

Work outside of the existing trail tread greater than 100 feet in
distance, would require coordination and review with a wildlife
specialist. These reviews may require field assessments. Generally,
trail realignment would not move trails nearer to known bald eagle,
goshawk, boreal owl, flammulated owl, peregrine falcon, or great gray
owl nests or nearer to known wolverine, lynx, or wolf dens, unless a
overall benefit to the security of these species can be demonstrated.
Specific buffers would be prescribed by the wildlife biologist reviewing
the trail reroute.

Trail relocations would only occur after July 15 to avoid migratory and
sensitive bird nesting seasons and deer and elk fawning/calving unless a
survey by a wildlife biologist indicates that the proposed relocation
would not affect these species.

Trail reroutes that would likely result in increased recreational use of
trails and a corresponding increase in cumulative effects and
disturbance to wildlife would require a separate analysis.

Trail reroutes will be evaluated in relation to lynx denning habitat. If
the existing trail section is within field verified denning habitat and
the reroute is ¼ mile or less from the existing trail, then no further
analysis would be necessary. All efforts will be made to locate trails
outside of denning habitat. Where this criterion cannot be met, a
specific separate analysis would need to be prepared.

Realignments or re-routes of winter trails would only be allowed where
the net distance of trail is not increased or trail reroute does not go
through mapped lynx habitat.

Work outside of the existing trail tread would require review and
consultation with the heritage specialist.

Rehabilitation and restoration actions requiring seeding would utilize
native and appropriate species. The species would be determined by a
Forest Service Botanist.

Materials used in rehabilitation should be noxious weed free and comply
with the 1995 weed free forage.

Activities associated with trail maintenance or reconstruction shall
include measures to reduce the potential for spread and establishment of
noxious weed infestations.

Annual coordination with the noxious weed treatment crew will occur to
ensure that no work is carried out in known infestations without proper
prior treatment.

> **V. DESCRIPTION OF AFFECTED SPECIES**

[]{.mark}

##### A. Federally Threatened and Endangered Species

**Gray Wolf** (Canis lupus)

**Distribution/Abundance**

A revised recovery plan was approved by FWS in 1987 (USDI FWS 1987). It
identified a recovered wolf population as being at least 10 breeding
pairs of wolves, for 3 consecutive years, in each of three recovery
areas (northwestern Montana, central Idaho, and Yellowstone National
Park). A population of this size distributed among the three recovery
areas would be comprised of about 300 wolves (Smith et al. 2004). The
plan recommended natural recovery in Montana and Idaho. If two wolf
packs did not become established in central Idaho within 5 years, the
plan recommended that conservation measures other than natural recovery
be considered. The plan recommended use of the Act's Section 10(j)
Authority to reintroduce experimental wolves. By establishing a
nonessential experimental population, more liberal management practices
could be implemented to address potential negative impacts or concerns
regarding the reintroduction. The final EIS was filed with the
Environmental Protection Agency on May 4, 1994, and the notice of
availability was published on May 9, 1994. The EIS considered five
alternatives: 1) Reintroduction of Wolves Designated as Experimental; 2)
Natural Recovery (No action); 3) No Wolves; 4) Wolf Management Committee
Recommendations; and 5) Reintroduction of Wolves Designated as
Non-experimental. FWS proposed to reintroduce wolves into Yellowstone
National Park and central Idaho as experimental, non-essential
populations. In 1995 and 1996, 35 wolves were introduced into central
Idaho. As of 2003, there were an estimated 345 wolves in the central
Idaho recovery area. Similarly, 14 wolves were released into Yellowstone
National Park in 1995, 17 more were released in 1996, and another 10
were released in 1997. Within 2 years, the wolves released in 1995 and
1996 divided into four packs and produced 23 pups. The wolves released
in 1997 were divided among nine packs and produced 64 pups in 13
litters. At the end of 2003, at least 174 wolves divided among 13 to 14
packs, 2 groups of wolves of undefined status, and 2 lone wolves were
reported as having some portion of their territory within Yellowstone
National Park. Thirteen of the packs were considered breeding (Smith et
al. 2004).

The wolf was considered extirpated from the western portion of the
conterminous United States by about 1930. The gray wolf is native to
most of North America north of Mexico City, except for the southeastern
United States, where a similar species, the red wolf (*Canis rufus*), is
found. The gray wolf occupied nearly every area in North America that
supported populations of hoofed mammals (ungulates). The gray wolf
occurred historically in the northern Rocky Mountains, including
mountainous portions of Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho. For 50 years prior
to 1986, no detection of wolf reproduction was found in the Rocky
Mountain portion of the United States. Reproducing wolf populations were
not known to occur in Idaho. Wolves have occasionally been sighted in
Idaho, but did not constitute a population as defined by scientific
experts (USDI FWS 1994a). Historical reports suggest that wolves may
have produced young in Idaho; however, based on extensive surveys and
interagency monitoring efforts (USDI FWS 1994), no wolf population
persisted in Idaho. Wolves were reintroduced into central Idaho and
Yellowstone National Park in 1995 and 1996. Generally these animals have
flourished and there are numerous reproducing packs in both areas.
Today, about 664 gray wolves are present in the northern Rocky Mountains
of Montana, Idaho, and Wyoming (USDI FWS 2003).

**Habitat Requirements**

The gray wolf has no particular habitat preference and is highly
adaptable to a variety of habitats. The gray wolf does, however, require
areas with low human population, low road density, and high prey density
(ideally large, wild ungulates). Wolves live in dens or caves and are
known to use the same den year after year. Wolf packs usually live
within a specific territory ranging in size from 50 to more than 1,000
square miles, depending upon availability of prey and seasonal prey
movements (USDI FWS 2003). Summer home ranges are generally smaller than
the winter ranges. Gray wolves are highly social and predominantly live
in packs with a dominance hierarchy. Some wolves, known as lone wolves,
remain alone but rarely rear pups. Packs usually consist of 2 to 8
members and include a mating dominant pair (alpha pair), their
offspring, and other non-breeding adults. Wolves begin mating around 2
to 3 years of age and are known to establish mates for life. Within a
pack, only the dominant male and female mate and rear offspring.

Wolves are good hunters and wide ranging predators. They can travel
extensive distances after prey and can also attain speeds as high as 45
miles per hour for short distances. Gray wolves prefer to hunt
ungulates, but when ungulate populations are low or seasonally
unavailable, wolves are also known to eat beaver, snowshoe hare,
rodents, and carrion. Carcasses of animals killed by wolves support a
number of species including ravens, foxes, wolverines, vultures, and
even bears and bald eagles. Wolves also help to regulate the balance
between ungulates and their food supply. Riparian areas in parts of
Yellowstone National Park are recovering from years of overuse by elk
because wolves keep elk from congregating in riparian zones. This
indirectly supports smaller herbivores such as beavers, small rodents,
and song birds by increasing their available food supply and habitat
(USDI FWS 2003).

**Factors of Decline**

The critical components of habitat suitable for gray wolves are the
presence of a suitable prey base and relatively low levels of human
activity. Wolves require high ungulate populations, secluded denning and
rendezvous sites, and large remote areas with low potential for human
interactions. The population decline of the gray wolf was a direct
result of intense human settlement, conflict with domestic livestock,
lack of understanding of gray wolf ecology and habits, human fear and
superstitions, and the intensive control programs designed to
exterminate the gray wolf (USDI FWS 2003). These conflicts continue to
cause the loss of wolf habitat as a result of land development, and
direct reduction in gray wolf populations because of poisoning,
trapping, and hunting the gray wolf in parts of its range in North
America.

One of the most prevalent impacts to gray wolf populations is
human-induced mortality. Intensive State and Federal predator control
programs were maintained from the early 1900's through the 1950's.
During this time, one of the primary objectives was the extermination of
wolves, coyotes, wildcats, and cougars (USDI FWS 2003). The use of
nonselective methods such as snares or poisons to control predators pose
a threat to gray wolf populations in certain areas. It is inevitable
that livestock depredation will increase as reintroduced populations
begin to increase in size, leading to lethal control of individuals or
packs.

Another important potential threat to gray wolf populations is
development and degradation of their habitat. Gray wolves depend upon
ungulate populations as prey. Therefore, activities and projects
resulting in the net loss or degradation of lands heavily used by
ungulate populations (for example, fawning or calving grounds and winter
range) can adversely impact gray wolf populations. In addition,
increased interaction between humans and wolves is likely to lead to
additional gray wolf fatalities. Wolf packs can be sensitive to human
disturbance and development within approximately 1 mile of wolf dens or
rendezvous sites, resulting in potential adverse effects on gray wolf
populations (USDI FWS 2003). Disturbances near dens during the denning
season may cause dens to be abandoned. Younger pups can die if dens are
abandoned because they cannot regulate their own body temperature.

**Gray Wolf Status and Distribution within the Sawtooth National
Forest**

The Sawtooth NRA contains part of the Idaho Gray Wolf Recovery Area, and
the Fairfield and Ketchum Ranger Districts are adjacent to the Idaho
Gray Wolf Recovery Area. In January of 1995, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service reintroduced 15 wolves into Central Idaho. An additional 20
wolves were released in January of 1996. Since the releases, two packs
(Stanley and White Clouds) established with all or part of their
territories on the Sawtooth NRA. During the spring of 2000, one of those
packs was destroyed because of livestock depredation. Currently the SNRA
has one pack that has denned for the past several years in the Sawtooth
Valley on the west side of the White Clouds (Galena Pack). Additionally
there are up to 5 other packs that use part of the SNRA for hunting or
traveling.

Confirmed breeding of wolves (Soldier Mountain Pack) occurred on the
Fairfield Ranger District in 2000 and 2003-2005. The den site for the
Soldier Mountain Pack is within the Lick Creek drainage. There is a
single track trail open to motorized two-wheeled vehicles, horses,
bicycles, and foot traffic within a ½ mile of the den site. This trail
generally opens to public use after May 1 annually if snow conditions
allow. The trail received very little human use until later in the
summer with most of the use during the hunting season. The Soldier
Mountain Pack tends to winter in the vicinity of the Big Smoky Elk Feed
Site and along Little Smoky Creek, and summer in the West Fork of Big
Smoky Creek drainage. Other confirmed wolf activity from other packs
(Bennett Mountain Pack and Steel Mountain Pack) has occurred on the
Fairfield Ranger District in 2004-2006.

Breeding of wolves occurred on the Ketchum Ranger District in 2005
(Hyndman Pack) but the alpha female was killed by Wildlife Services due
to depredation on livestock later that year. It is currently unknown if
a viable wolf pack now exists on the District, but it is likely. Wolves
have been observed in many locations across the Ketchum Ranger District
2002-2006.

**Bald Eagle** (*Haliaeetus leucocephalus*)

Habitat Requirements

Bald eagles are most common along coasts, major rivers, lakes and
reservoirs (USDI FWS 1986), and require accessible prey and trees for
suitable nesting and roosting habitat (Stalmaster 1987). Food
availability, such as aggregations of waterfowl or salmon runs, is a
primary factor attracting bald eagles to wintering areas and influences
the distribution of nests and territories (Stalmaster 1987; Keister et
al. 1987). During the breeding season, Bald Eagles eat mainly fish. They
also eat waterfowl, shorebirds, upland birds, and small mammals. Eagles
are opportunistic foragers, especially during the winter, when they will
eat whatever is available, including live fish, waterfowl, small
mammals, and carrion. Wintering Bald Eagles tend to congregate near
bodies of unfrozen water and roost communally. Major rivers and large
reservoirs constitute the majority of winter habitats used, although the
temporary presence of high-quality foods may entice eagles to areas far
removed from aquatic zones. Roost sites are usually located in
stands/clumps of mature or old conifers or cottonwoods.

Factors of Decline

Several factors contributed to past bald eagle population declines. The
major factor leading to the decline of the bald eagle was lowered
reproductive success following the introduction of the pesticide DDT in
1947. DDE (the environmental metabolite of DDT) residues caused eggshell
thinning which led to broken eggs (60 FR 36000, July 12, 1995).
Additional factors in the decline included other pesticides and heavy
metal contamination, illegal shooting, electrocution, impact injuries,
lead poisoning, general loss of habitat, and increasing levels of human
disturbance as human populations increased.

Current threats to the bald eagle include biological, physical, and
social factors. Disease, lack of food, and bad weather (especially
shortly after hatching) can result in the death of many eaglets; it is
estimated that only half of the birds that fledge will survive their
first year. Poor food conditions during the breeding season severely
depresses reproductive success. Poor food conditions during the winter
affects both young and mature birds, but takes an especially heavy toll
on young-of-the-year birds. Currently, the most significant factor
affecting the continued recovery of the bald eagle is habitat
destruction and disturbance by humans. Motor boats, drift boats, and
fishermen on the shore or on ice can disrupt eagle activity patterns.
One of the two major threats to the bald eagle at present and for the
foreseeable future is destruction and degradation of its habitat (the
other major threat is environmental contaminants). Habitat loss occurs
through direct cutting of trees for shoreline development, human
disturbance associated with recreational use of shorelines and
waterways, and contamination of waterways from point and non-point
sources of pollution (60 FR 36000, July 12, 1995).

**Bald Eagle Status and Distribution within the Sawtooth National
Forest**

There is one known nest on the Sawtooth National Forest on the South
Fork of the Boise River on the Fairfield Ranger District discovered in
2005. This nest is within a few hundred feet of a trail that connects
dispersed campsites near Kelly Flat and a popular motorcycle trail
(Virginia Gulch). The trail is open to two wheeled motorized vehicles,
horseback riding, bicycling, and foot traffic. The trail opens to the
public on May 1 annually but may not be used until later on some years
if snow still occurs at the site at that time. Most use of the trail
occurs between July 1 and November. This is a new nest site and the
effects of trail use or maintenance has not yet been sufficiently
determined. The eagles successfully fledged one juvenille in 2005. A
site specific Bald Eagle Nest Site Management Plan will be developed for
this nest as per Sawtooth Forest Plan Objective TEOB16 (FLRMP III-9).

There is no documented breeding by bald eagles on the Sawtooth NRA or
Ketchum Ranger District to date, but potential nesting habitat exists.
Given the current upward trend of bald eagle populations in the state,
it is likely nesting will occur in the future. The morainal lakes on the
Sawtooth NRA provides suitable habitat for nesting and currently
provides spring and fall habitat for bald eagles with many sightings
reported during these periods. The Salmon River and Big Wood River also
provides potential nesting habitat, and eagles have been observed during
all seasons along these rivers. The Fairfield Ranger District provides
breeding and wintering habitat for bald eagles, primarily along the
South Fork Boise River. Bald eagles have been observed along the South
Fork of the Boise River and Big Smoky Creek during late fall and winter
in addition to activity near the known nest in spring and summer.

**Canada Lynx** (*Lynx canadensis*)

**Distribution/Abundance of the Species**

The historical and present range of the lynx north of the contiguous
United States includes Alaska and that part of Canada that extends from
the Yukon and Northwest Territories south across the United States
border and east to New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. In the contiguous
United States, lynx historically occurred in the Cascades Range of
Washington and Oregon; the Rocky Mountain Range in Montana, Wyoming,
Idaho, eastern Washington, eastern Oregon, northern Utah, and Colorado;
the western Great Lakes Region; and the northeastern United States
region from Maine southwest to New York (65 FR 16052).

Snowshoe hares (*Lepus americanus*) are the primary prey of lynx. Other
prey species include red squirrel (*Tamiasciurus hudsonicus*), grouse
(*Bonasa umbellus*, *Dendragopus* spp., *Lagopus* spp.), flying squirrel
(*Glaucomys sabrinus*), ground squirrel (*Spermophilus* *parryii*, *S.
richardsonii*), porcupine (*Erethrizon dorsatum*), beaver (*Castor
canadensis*), mice (*Peromyscus* spp.), voles (*Microtus* spp.), shrews
(*Sorex* spp.), fish, and ungulates as carrion or occasionally as prey
(Koehler 1990, O'Donoghue et al. 1998).

**Habitat Requirements**

Habitat requirements for lynx have been addressed in detail in several
publications (Ruggerio et al. 1994, Ruediger et al. 2000, and USDI FWS
2000). Canada lynx are associated with conifer forests that are southern
extensions of northern boreal forest, a pattern that conforms to our
biological understanding of lynx habitat (McKelvey 2000; Ruediger et al.
2000). Lynx habitat quality is believed to be lower in the southern
periphery of its range, because landscapes are more heterogeneous in
terms of topography, climate and vegetation (Buskirk et al. 2000). In
Oregon and Washington, lynx habitat is correlated very closely with
subalpine fir vegetation types.

Canada lynx are specialized predators and their distribution coincides
with the snowshoe hare. Studies in the southern portion of lynx range
(Koehler 1990, Apps 2000) documented starvation as a primary cause of
adult lynx mortality. The same studies reported low kitten survival. The
LCAS provided guidance on maintenance of young, dense conifer vegetation
to support higher densities of snowshoe hare. The LCAS also discussed
the importance of mature, multiple-storied conifer vegetation that has
dense horizontal cover at snow/ground level to snowshoe hare. These two
vegetation conditions, young, dense conifer and older, multi-storied
stands, are very important to lynx because they support conditions
suitable to higher densities of snowshoe hare.

Lynx require late-successional forests that contain cover for kittens
(especially deadfalls) and for den sites (Koehler and Brittell 1990).
Breeding occurs in late March to early April, and young are born in late
May or early June.

**Factors of Decline**

Major risk factors for lynx include direct human threat (shooting,
trapping, vehicle collisions), as well as forage and denning cover
habitat modifications (USDI FWS 2000). Lynx have evolved a competitive
advantage in deep snow environments due to their large paws that allow
them to hunt prey where other predators cannot because of snow
conditions. However, snow trails compacted by human activity may allow
other predators to access prey in deep snow conditions where
historically they were excluded. Advances in snowmobile capabilities
have raised concerns about intrusion into previously isolated areas.
Human access into lynx habitat during winter can also increase threats,
because lynx tracks can be detected by traversing vast forest areas in a
short period of time by snowmobile. The legal harvest of lynx was closed
in Idaho in 1996.

Building new roads in lynx habitat can result in more routes that can be
accessed during winter. These routes could be used by snowmobiles even
if new roads are designated as closed to motorized public travel during
other seasons. Lynx use roads for travel, which may make them more
vulnerable to human-caused mortality.

The biological assessment and biological opinion (BA/BO) on the effects
of current National Forest Land and Resource Management Plans on the
Canada lynx identified 15 criteria to evaluate lynx conservation. The BO
stated if any of the 15 criteria were not met, the plans were considered
deficient for lynx conservation. Eight of the 15 criteria were
specifically mentioned for the Northern Rocky Mountains Geographic Area,
in which the SWI Ecogroup occurs (USDI FWS 2000).

The 15 evaluation criteria where management direction was considered
deficient or lacking are: denning habitat, foraging habitat, habitat
conversions, thinning, fire management, landscape patterns, forest
roads, developed recreation, non-winter dispersed recreation, minerals
and energy, connectivity, land adjustments, coordination, and
monitoring. The eight that were specifically highlighted for the
Northern Rocky Mountain Geographic Area which the SWI Ecogroup is within
are:

Aggressive fire suppression strategies in some locations may be limiting
the availability of foraging habitat within these areas;

Human access due to roads increase the risk of incidental trapping or
shooting;

Weak in providing guidance for new or existing recreation developments;

Allowing snow compaction and snow plowing of roads, which facilitate the
movement of lynx competitors and predators;

Weak direction for maintaining habitat connectivity;

Weak direction for providing direction for coordinating management
between ownerships and agencies;

Lack of direction monitoring lynx, snow shoe hares, and their habitats;

Reduction in the extent of area where ecological processes are allowed
to occur, further fragmenting habitat.

The Final Rule stated that current plans have inadequacy or existing
regulatory mechanisms, and specifically lack guidance for the
conservation of lynx in the National Forest Land and Resource Management
Plans, threatening the lynx (Federal Register Volume 65, No. 58).

**Canada Lynx** **Status and Distribution within the Sawtooth National
Forest**

Current status of lynx across the north end of the Sawtooth National
Forest is unknown. The most recent record of lynx on the north end of
the Sawtooth National Forest is on the Sawtooth NRA and is of confirmed
tracks (Ray Vizgirdas, pers. comm.; ID CDC) during the winter of 1998 in
Eureka Gulch west of Alturas Lake and during the winter of 1997 in the
Fishhook Creek drainage. In Lewis and Wenger (1998), there are several
references of lynx sightings in the Sawtooth Mountains and Stanley Basin
from 1960s and 1970s. From 1999 -- 2001 the National Lynx Detection
Protocol was conducted on the Sawtooth NRA. Hair samples were collected
from these transects and all samples returned negative for lynx hair.
According to CDC, a lynx was observed in Newman Creek on the Ketchum
Ranger District in 1991. No lynx have been observed on the Fairfield
Ranger District since 1916.

Watershed biological assessments on the effects of ongoing projects to
Canada lynx were completed for the Sawtooth National Forest in February
2003. As part of these analyses, baseline conditions for each LAU were
described and evaluated as to their ability to conserve lynx. The
baseline matrices describing existing conditions of lynx habitat within
the LAUs on the Sawtooth NRA, Ketchum, and Fairfield Ranger Districts
can be found in six different Biological Assessments. These BAs are on
file at the ranger district offices and the Boise Field Office of the
FWS.

# Snake River Sockeye

**Life History -** Sockeye salmon (*Oncorhynchus nerka*) are an
anadromous salmonid native to northwestern North America, northeastern
Asia, and the Pacific Ocean. Within the Sawtooth National Recreation
Area the Snake River run of sockeye occurs. The sockeye salmon has a
steel-blue to bluish-green back with silvery sides and a white belly. It
lacks distinct spots but may have speckles on its back. At spawning time
both sexes turn bright red on the back and the male\'s snout becomes
long and hooked. The body is elongate and streamlined. Adult sockeye
salmon generally range in size from 20-25 inches.

This species commonly occurs in two forms, an anadromous form and a
non-anadromous or resident, freshwater form referred to as "kokanee". A
third form, known as residual, are progeny of sockeye, but are
non-anadromous themselves (Schmitten et al. 1995).

Snake River sockeye begin their spawning migration in June and spawn in
the fall, peaking in October. They spawn on shoals or beaches of lakes
or inlet and outlet streams of lakes. Fry emerge from spawning shoals in
early spring the following year. After emergence fry move into the lake
and remain there for one to two years when transformation to smolts
occurs (Foerster 1968). Length of stay in the nursery lake depends on
growth rate of the individual. Growth rate is determined by many factors
including competition, food availability, water temperature, thermal
stratification, lake turbidity, and length of growing season (Gustafson
et al. 1997). Downstream migration of sockeye reared in the Sawtooth
National Recreation Area begins in late April and generally peaks in mid
May.

Sockeye require cool, clear, silt-free streams and lakes during the egg
through juvenile stages of their lives. Spawning sites chosen by adults
generally contain medium to small sized gravel, with a limited amount of
coarse sand (Foerster 1968). As adults, sockeye live in the north
Pacific Ocean off the coast of Alaska, Canada, Washington, and Oregon.

Snake River runs of sockeye salmon have almost been extirpated due to
man-made causes.

###### Factors of Decline - The final rule listing sockeye salmon identifies the factors of decline for this species (56 FR 58619). The final rule addresses effects to habitat or range within the context of hydropower development, identifying factors such as blockage of habitat, turbine-related mortality, and increased delay of juvenile migration. Down river migration of smolts has declined drastically due to construction and operation of the major dams on the Columbia and Snake Rivers. Juvenile mortalities occur from dam turbines, effects of dissolved gas below dams, as well as from increased predation and loss of migratory motivation in the reservoirs where flow is reduced. Loss of adults has primarily been due to dam construction and operation, and irrigation diversions that block upstream passage. Also noted is increased predation on juvenile salmon due to residualism in reservoirs and increased predator populations due to ideal foraging areas created by impoundments, and increased delay of adults on their way to spawning grounds. 

Water withdrawal and storage, irrigation diversions and blockage of
habitat for agriculture and other purposes are also noted as
contributing to the destruction of Snake River sockeye salmon habitat.
Spawning habitat has also been eliminated in some places and degraded in
others from land use practices such as logging, road construction,
mining, and livestock grazing.

Earlier commercial harvests in the lower Columbia River, and harvest on
the spawning grounds were identified in the rule as primary factors in
the decline of Snake River sockeye.

**Sockeye Status, Distribution, and Designated Critical Habitat within
the Sawtooth National Recreation Area -** Within the Sawtooth National
Recreation Area, sockeye spawned historically in Stanley, Alturas,
Pettit, Yellowbelly, and Redfish lakes in the upper Salmon watershed.
This run represents the longest migration (900 miles) and southern most
extent of any natural sockeye population in the world. Runs declined
drastically beginning in 1955 and by 1962 were eliminated from Stanley
and Pettit lakes (Chapman et al. 1990). At Redfish Lake Creek, adult
counts dropped from 4,361 in 1955 to fewer than 500 after 1957 (Bjornn
et al. 1968). A total of 16 wild sockeye salmon returned to Redfish Lake
between 1991 and 2000.

Continued decline in adult returns to the Sawtooth Valley led to the
Redfish Lake sockeye Evolutionarily Significant Unit (ESU) being listed
as endangered in 1991 (56 FR 58619). At that time Snake River sockeye
were spawning only in Redfish Lake. Recovery objectives and
accomplishments to date led to inclusion of Pettit and Alturas Lakes as
spawning and rearing habitat. Stanley Lake may see objectives
implemented, but no plans currently include Yellowbelly Lake. Figure 1
displays sockeye returning to the Sawtooth Valley Subpopulation since
1991. Prior to 1999 all returns were wild sockeye returning to Redfish
Lake Creek weir. In 1999 the first marked returns from the NMFS/IDFG
captive broodstock supplementation occurred, returning to either Redfish
Lake Creek weir or the Sawtooth Hatchery weir.

*Figure 1: Adult Sockeye Returning to Sawtooth Valley Subpopulation
(IDFG annually)*

![](media/image1.wmf)

**Sawtooth Valley** - Historically, sockeye occupied Alturas Lake,
Pettit, Yellowbelly, and Redfish Lakes (Evermann 1896). Sockeye are
believed to have been eradicated from Pettit and Yellowbelly Lakes with
the construction of the rough fish barriers in 1962. Monitoring of
Alturas Lake Creek in 1994 detected numerous outmigrants from possible
residual sockeye forms remaining in Alturas Lake (Teuscher and Taki
1995). Rough fish barriers were removed from Pettit Lake Creek in 1996,
and from Yellowbelly in 2000. Reintroduction efforts have been underway
in Alturas and Pettit Lakes since 1997 with juvenile, fertilized eggs,
and adult releases.

Redfish Lake continues to be the focus of recovery and research efforts,
with adult and juvenile traps, acclimation net pens, adult and juvenile
outplants, etc. primarily occurring there. It is believed sockeye were
historically primarily inlet spawners in Alturas Lake and shoal spawners
in Redfish. It is not known what spawning strategy was used in Pettit
and Yellowbelly Lakes, but likely shoal and stream strategies,
respectively. However, it is likely that multiple strategies were used
in most lakes to varying degrees. The ESU includes both the anadromous
and residual shoal spawning form in Redfish Lake. It does not include
the residual form, or stream spawning kokanee, in any other lake.

An intensive recovery program is underway in an attempt to restore
sockeye salmon in the upper Salmon River drainage. In 1999, seven
hatchery-produced, age-3 adult sockeye returned to the Sawtooth
Hatchery. Three of these adults were released to spawn naturally, and
four were taken into the IDFG captive broodstock program. In 2000, 257
hatchery-produced, age-4 sockeye salmon returned to the Stanley basin.
These fish were redistributed to Redfish, Alturas, and Pettit Lakes,
with 43 adults incorporated into the IDFG captive broodstock program at
the Eagle Hatchery.

Although not specifically designated in the 1991 listing, Snake River
sockeye salmon produced in the captive broodstock program are included
in the listed ESU. Given the dire status of the wild population (16 wild
and 264 hatchery-produced adult sockeye returned to the Stanley basin
between 1990 and 2000), NMFS considers the captive broodstock and its
progeny essential for recovery. Under their interim policy on artificial
propagation (58 FR 17573), the progeny of fish from a listed population
that are propagated artificially are considered part of the listed
species and are protected under ESA.

**Valley Creek** - Historically, sockeye occupied Stanley Lake (Evermann
1896). Sockeye are believed to have been eradicated from Stanley Lake
and the Valley Creek subpopulation with the construction of the Stanley
Lake Rough Fish Barrier in 1967. Monitoring of Stanley Lake Creek in
1994 detected no outmigrants from possible residual sockeye forms
remaining in Stanley Lake (Teuscher and Taki 1995). This suggests
sockeye are likely extinct within the Valley Creek subpopulation. It is
unknown if historically sockeye spawning occurred within the shoals of
Stanley Lake, or within the inlet, or both.

**Lower and Upper Canyon** -- This area contains migratory habitat for
sockeye within the Salmon River in route to lakes upstream within the
Sawtooth Valley and Valley Creek. Historically, sockeye occupied Alturas
Lake, Pettit, Yellowbelly, and Redfish Lakes and Stanley Lakes upstream
(Evermann 1896).

**Snake River Spring/Summer Chinook**

**Life History -** Chinook salmon (*Oncorhynchus tshawytscha*) is an
anadromous salmonid native to western North America and the Pacific
Ocean. This species consists of spring, summer, and fall races depending
on time of primary passage over Bonneville Dam (Mathews and Waples
1991). Spring chinook cross the Dam March to May, summer from June to
July and fall from August to September (Burner 1951). Only Snake River
spring/summer chinook salmon occur within the Sawtooth National
Recreation Area.

Currently within the Columbia River Basin, spring/summer chinook occur
in only 28% of their historic range. Most populations that remain are
severely depressed and at risk. Runs of spring/summer chinook at the
site which is now lower Granite Dam on the Snake River have gone from
1.5 million in the late 1880s to 1,882 counted in 1994 (Lee et al.
1997). Additionally, many of the remaining stocks have been influenced
by hatchery-reared stock. Production of wild anadromous fish in the
Columbia River Basin has declined by 95% from historic levels
(Huntington et al. 1994).

Chinook salmon spend most of their adult lives in the ocean, but return
inland to freshwater streams to spawn. Individuals that return to the
Sawtooth National Recreation Area swim 900 plus miles to reach their
spawning habitats. Adult spring chinook that spawn within the Sawtooth
National Recreation Area initiate their migration in early spring and
begin arriving at staging areas in mid-June. Spawning occurs from the
first of August through the end of August. Summer chinook that spawn
within the Sawtooth National Recreation Area begin their migration in
mid summer and begin arriving at staging areas in mid-July. Spawning
occurs late August through September. Spawning adults within the upper
Salmon River are typically 3-6 years of age. Fry emerge from March to
May with most remaining in their natal streams until the fall, then
migrate downstream to mainstems or large tributaries to overwinter.
Generally transformation to smolts begins the following spring with
seaward migration initiated in May.

Habitat requirements for chinook salmon vary by life stage and season.
Freshwater habitat variables that determine abundance and distribution
are cover type, water temperature, substrate size and quality, channel
morphology and stream size (Lee et al. 1997). Instream cover such as
deep pools, wood, or undercut banks is important for adults prior to
spawning. Temperature is important in determining when and where
spawning occurs. Generally water temperatures must fall to approximately
16°C before spawning is initiated (Healey 1985). Clean gravel substrates
are also required for spawning to occur. Survival and emergence of fry
is influenced by temperature, fine sediment and flow (Chapman 1988). Egg
and fry survival can be negatively influenced by redd disturbance,
excavation, and bottom scour. When fry emerge from eggs they concentrate
in shallow, slow water near stream margins (Hillman et al. 1989). They
move to deeper pools with cover as they grow. During this rearing period
suspended fine sediment can affect growth and survival (Hicks et al.
1991). During the parr stage, chinook seek areas that are segregated
from other salmonids, generally low gradient, meandering streams (Scully
et al. 1990). Temperature is also important during this period with
upper limits of 25 °C.

###### ![](media/image2.png){width="4.2492125984251965in" height="4.316535433070866in"}Factors of Decline - The final rule listing spring/summer and fall chinook salmon identifies the factors of decline for this species (57 FR 14653). The final rule addresses effects to habitat or range within the context of hydropower development, identifying factors such as blockage and inundation of habitat, turbine-related mortality, and increased delay of juvenile migration. Also noted are increased predation on juvenile salmon in reservoirs and increased delay of adults on their way to spawning grounds. Additionally, increased predator populations due to ideal foraging areas created by impoundments are identified as contributing to decline. 

Water withdrawal and storage, irrigation diversions, siltation and
pollution from sewage, farming, grazing, logging and mining are also
listed in the rule as degrading Snake River spring/summer salmon
habitat.

Hydropower development in the Columbia River Basin has resulted in
migration blockage and inundation of habitat, predator populations have
increased due to hydroelectric development that has created ideal
foraging areas, and water withdrawal and storage, irrigation diversions,
grazing, logging, mining and other activities have modified and
destroyed habitat and curtailed the range of these species. Ocean and
river harvest, and inadequate regulatory mechanisms are other factors
affecting chinook salmon abundance.

The final rule acknowledges an increase in predation due to
hydroelectric development that created ideal foraging areas. Predation
and competition have also contributed to the decline. Northern
pikeminnow have become adapted to the slackwater habitat created by the
dams and are a major predator of juvenile salmonids (Beamesdorfer and
Rieman 1991). An increase in predation by pinnepeds has been noted for
all northwest salmonid fisheries. The rule notes that the extent to
which predation is a factor in decline is unknown.

The final rule concludes that, under the circumstance of low abundance,
hatchery programs have contributed to the further decline of wild Snake
River spring/summer chinook salmon through the taking of fish for
broodstock programs, behavioral, and genetic interactions, competition,
predation and the spread of disease.

**Chinook Status, Distribution, and Designated Critical Habitat within
the Sawtooth National Recreation Area**

**Sawtooth Valley** -- Figure 2 displays documented observations of
adult chinook since listing have occurred within the Salmon River. Many
juvenile chinook observations have been documented within tributaries.
Since juvenile presence is closely tied to the extent of spawning the
previous year, distribution appears highly variable year to year.

Figure 3 displays aerial redd counts conducted in the Upper Salmon River
trend area by Idaho Department of Fish and Game (IDFG) since 1991. The
Upper Salmon River trend area includes IDFG transects NS-15a, NS-15b,
NS-15c, and NS-16 \-- roughly the Salmon River upstream from Redfish
Lake Creek to the former irrigation diversion near the confluence with
Taylor Creek. This survey is conducted as an index only \-- that is,
conducted for these specific reaches during a similar time period each
year (first week of September). Additional redds can exist,
unidentified, both temporally as well as spatially. Also note that
trends do not necessarily reflect conditions within the entire
subpopulation. Whereas greater chinook spawning has occurred in the
Salmon River in recent years (particularly near the Sawtooth Hatchery)
spawning within the headwaters and tributaries has remained relatively
unchanged.

*Figure 3: IDFG Aerial Redd Counts for Upper Salmon River Trend Area
(Hassemer 1993, and IDFG Annually)*

![](media/image3.wmf)

**Valley Creek** - Most documented observations of chinook since listing
have occurred within Valley Creek. Chinook observations within
tributaries have rarely extended much beyond low gradient reaches near
their mouths. Since juvenile presence is directly tied to the extent of
spawning the previous year, distribution is highly variable year to
year.

Figure 4 displays aerial redd counts conducted in the Upper and Lower
Valley Creek trend areas by Idaho Department of Fish and Game (IDFG)
since 19851991. The Upper Valley Creek Trend Area includes IDFG
transects NS-3a and NS-3b \-- roughly Valley Creek from Stanley Lake
Creek upstream to the East Fork Valley Creek. The Lower Valley Creek
Trend Area includes IDFG transect NS-4 -- mouth to Stanley Lake Creek.
This survey is conducted as an index only \-- that is, conducted for
these specific reaches during a similar time period each year (first
week of September). Additional redds can exist, unidentified, both
temporally as well as spatially.

*Figure 4: IDFG Aerial Redd Counts for Valley Creek (Hassemer 1993, and
IDFG Annually)*

![](media/image4.wmf)

**Lower and Upper Canyon** -- Most documented observations of adult
chinook within the Upper and Lower Canyon subpopulation, since listing,
have occurred within the Salmon River. Many juvenile chinook
observations have been documented within tributaries. Since juvenile
presence is directly tied to the extent of spawning the previous year,
distribution is highly variable year to year.

Figure 5 displays aerial redd counts conducted in the Lower Salmon trend
area by Idaho Department of Fish and Game (IDFG) since 1991. The Lower
Salmon trend area includes IDFG transects NS-17 through NS-21 \--
roughly the Salmon River from it's confluence with the Lemhi River to
it's confluence with Redfish Lake Creek. All but a small fraction of
these redds occurred above the confluence with the East Fork. This
survey is conducted as an index only \-- that is, conducted for these
specific reaches during a similar time period each year (first week of
September). Additional redds can exist, unidentified, both temporally as
well as spatially.

*Figure 5: IDFG Aerial Redd Counts for Lower Salmon River Trend Area
(Hassemer 1993, and IDFG, annually)*

![](media/image5.wmf)

**East Fork Salmon River** -- In 1978 chinook spawning surveys were
conducted on the upper East Fork above the Bowery GS, including 2 miles
of the South Fork, as well as on Germania Creek from the mouth to the
falls. Spawning was observed throughout all of these reaches. However,
since 1978 spawning in the upper East Fork, above the gorge near Bowery
Creek, had not been documented. Yet, with the relatively large run in
2002, chinook spawning was again observed in the upper reach.

Figure 6 displays aerial redd counts conducted in the Upper East Fork
trend area by Idaho Department of Fish and Game (IDFG) since 1991. This
trend area includes IDFG transects NS-1a and NS-1b, roughly the East
Fork from 3.5 miles below Big Boulder Creek to the Bowery Guard Station.
Results displayed for NS-1b are influenced by the IDFG use of a weir
(the division between 1a and 1b) in spawning years 1991 to 2000, except
1998. Also note that this survey is conducted as an index only -- that
is, conducted for these specific reaches during a similar time period
each year (first week of September). Additional redds can exist,
unidentified, both temporally as well as spatially.

*Figure 6: IDFG Aerial Redd Counts for Upper East Fork Trend Area
(Hassemer 1993, and IDFG, annually)*

![](media/image6.wmf)

**Snake River Steelhead**

**Life History -** Steelhead (*Oncorhynchus mykiss*) are an anadromous
form of rainbow/redband trout. Two subspecies occur within the Columbia
River Basin, though only the inland subspecies (*O. m. mykiss*) occurs
in Idaho. Two forms of the subspecies, winter and summer, are present.
Winter-run steelhead enter freshwater 3-4 months prior to spawning and
summer-run steelhead enter freshwater 9-10 months prior. Summer-run are
referred to as either \"A\" run or \"B\" run based on the time of
passage over the major Columbia River dams. Steelhead are bluish to
olive green in color with a silvery belly and small, irregular black
spots on the back and most fins. Adult fish grow to 20-30 inches in
length.

Currently steelhead are the most widely distributed anadromous salmonid,
but are extinct within a large portion of their historical range. The
current known range of steelhead is approximately 46% of historical, and
many of the existing populations are depressed. Existing populations
consist of four main types: wild, natural (non-indigenous progeny
naturally spawning, hatchery, and mix of hatchery and natural fish).
Production of wild fish has declined 95% within the Columbia River Basin
and most existing populations are supported by hatchery and natural fish
due to widespread hatchery mitigation production programs (Lee et al.
1997). The majority of the current upper Salmon River steelhead in the
Sawtooth National Recreation Area are progeny of introduced hatchery
stocks from the Snake River. When Hell\'s Canyon Dam was constructed in
the 1960s, the US Fish and Wildlife Service, Army Corps of Engineer, US
Forest Service, Bonneville Power Administration, Bureau of Reclamation,
and Idaho Department of Fish and Game attempted to mitigate the affects
of the dam by establishing a hatchery-managed, sport fishery in the
upper Salmon.

Life histories of steelhead are variable due to both genetic and
environmental factors (Bulkey 1967, Withler 1966). Mature adult
summer-run steelhead ascend the Columbia River from May through October
and winter-run from November through April. Steelhead within the upper
Salmon River watershed are summer-run, A-run, one year ocean steelhead
from Hell\'s Canyon stock (Paul Valcarce pers. comm.). These fish return
to fresh water during June through September, on their migration inland
toward spawning areas. The adults overwinter in the larger rivers, and
resume migration in early spring to natal, spawning streams. Spawning in
the upper Salmon occurs during April and May. Unlike B-run steelhead
which migrate downstream, A-run steelhead die after spawning. Incubation
and emergence are dependent on temperature. Spawning in the upper Salmon
typically occurs during May and June. Progeny emerge from redds in
summer (Kent Ball per. comm.). The juveniles usually spend two to three
years in freshwater before migrating to the ocean, where they spend up
to four years before returning to spawn. The transformation to smolt
form generally takes place from April to mid-June. It is influenced by
photo-period and fish size (Hoar 1976). Steelhead my become
non-anadromous if confined above barriers or in very cold waters (Mullan
et al. 1992).

Habitat requirements of steelhead vary by season and life stage.
Spawning occurs in sorted gravels for both mainstream and tributary
waters. Like other salmonids they require cool water with silt-free
gravel for spawning. Fry move to shallow, slow-moving channel edges for
rearing and move to deeper swifter water as they grow. In winter
juveniles select areas of low water velocity and seek concealment under
cobbles.

Historic use by steelhead of the upper Salmon River is uncertain. Idaho
Department of Fish and Game refers to all steelhead not originating from
the Sawtooth Hatchery as \"natural\" but not \"wild\", due to extensive
influence from steelhead management throughout the headwaters (Paul
Valcarce pers. comm.). Undoubtedly, steelhead occupied habitats of the
upper Salmon River, but their population size and extent relative to
salmon is uncertain (Kent Ball per. comm.).

###### Factors of Decline - Much of the same effects as discussed with chinook have contributed to the decline of Snake River steelhead. However, hatchery influences occurred much earlier and to a greater extent than to chinook. By the late 1960's hatchery production of steelhead surpassed natural production in the Columbia River Basin (NWPPC 1986). The rule notes that hatchery programs, implemented in an attempt to mitigate the loss of habitat, have impacted native naturally reproducing stocks through competition, genetic introgression, and disease transmission and may reduce the production and survival of naturally reproducing steelhead. 

Inadequate dam passage is one of the principle factors contributing to
steelhead population declines. The construction and operation of the
Columbia and Snake rivers are considered the major cause of decline of
anadromous fish generally (CBFWA 1990). Dams have altered habitat and
changed flows causing a significant disruption to migration and direct
mortality. Nine mainstream dams occur along steelhead migration routes.
Each dam causes delays in both upstream and downstream migration. During
downstream migration, smolts may be injured, disoriented, or killed as
they pass through turbines in the dams.

Habitat loss and degradation is another factor affecting steelhead.
Forestry, agriculture, mining, and urbanization are listed in the final
rule as factors that have degraded, simplified and fragmented habitat.
Water diversions for agriculture, flood control, domestic and hydropower
purposes are noted as having greatly reduced or eliminated historically
accessible habitat. Loss of habitat complexity has also contributed to
the decline of steelhead. Sedimentation from land use activities was
specifically mentioned as a primary cause of habitat degradation in the
range of this species.

The final rule speaks to recreational fisheries and mentions the problem
in the mainstem Columbia where listed steelhead migrate at the same time
and are subject to the same fisheries as unlisted, hatchery produced
steelhead, coho, and chinook.

![](media/image7.png){width="4.322834645669292in"
height="4.386220472440945in"}The rule mentions a number of diseases,
parasites, bacteria, and viruses that steelhead are exposed to that are
known to affect steelhead. Increased predator populations exist because
of introductions of non-native species and habitat modifications,
increasing the level of predation experienced by salmonids in general.
Species such as northern pikeminnow have exploited habitat created by
dams along the Columbia River and Snake River and are major predators to
anadromous salmonids. Dams have created habitat for other nonnative
predators and competitors of steelhead as well (Beamesdorfer and Rieman
1991). Pinniped predation is mentioned as well.

The final rule concludes that natural climatic conditions have
exacerbated the problems associated with degraded and altered riverine
an estuarine habitats. Drought is recognized as having reduced already
limited spawning, rearing, and migration habitat.

###### Steelhead Status and Distribution within the Sawtooth National Recreation Area

**Upper Salmon**---Two steelhead populations were identified in the
Upper Salmon watershed. From the mouth of the East Fork Salmon River
upstream, including tributaries, all steelhead are grouped into the
Salmon River Upper Mainstem (SRUMA) population. All steelhead in the
East Fork Salmon River and mainstem Salmon River and tributaries
downstream to the watershed boundary are part of the East Fork Salmon
River (SREFS) population. Both populations are classified as A-run.
Adult abundance information for these populations is limited to
information from hatchery weirs located on the upper Salmon River and
East Fork Salmon River. Both weirs are high in the drainages and
intercept only a small portion of the wild spawning populations. Both
populations have remained below 50 adults for all years on record except
the 2002 return to Sawtooth Fish Hatchery, which approached 100 adults.
Age 1 parr density was low during the early 1990s but has increased in
recent years.

**Sawtooth Valley** - Steelhead observations, although not common, have
been documented within the Sawtooth Valley subpopulation. Since juvenile
presence is closely tied to the extent of spawning the previous year,
distribution appears highly variable year to year. No spawning counts
for steelhead are conducted within the Sawtooth Valley subpopulation.
Figure 8 displays "natural" steelhead returning to the Sawtooth
Hatchery.

*Figure 8: Naturally produced steelhead from hatchery stock returning to
the Sawtooth Hatchery (IDFG annually)*

![](media/image8.wmf)

**Valley Creek** - Steelhead observations, although not common, have
been documented within Valley Creek and several tributaries. Since
juvenile presence is directly tied to the extent of spawning the
previous year, distribution is highly variable year to year. No spawning
counts for steelhead are conducted within the Valley Creek
subpopulation. Figure 8 displays "natural" steelhead returning to the
Sawtooth Hatchery within the adjacent Sawtooth Valley subpopulation.

**Lower and Upper Canyon** -- Steelhead observations, although not
common, have been documented within the Upper and Lower Canyon
Subpopulations. Since juvenile presence is directly tied to the extent
of spawning the previous year, distribution is highly variable year to
year. No spawning counts for steelhead are conducted within the
Subpopulations. As a general indicator, Figure 3 displays "natural"
steelhead returning to the Sawtooth Hatchery approximately 4 miles
upstream of the Upper Canyon Subpopulation.

**East Fork Salmon River** -- Steelhead observations, although not
common, have been documented within the East Fork. For several years the
Shoshone-Bannock Tribes have supplemented steelhead production in Big
Boulder and West Pass Creeks with hatch boxes. Juveniles have been
observed during habitat surveys, but are indistinguishable from wild
rainbow/redband. No spawning surveys for steelhead are conducted. As a
general indicator of population trend, Figure xx displays "natural"
steelhead returning to a weir on the East Fork utilized by the IDFG,
Sawtooth Hatchery, approximately 3 ½ miles below Big Boulder Creek.

*Figure 9: Naturally produced steelhead from hatchery stock returning to
the East Fork Weir 1991-2002 (IDFG annually).*

![](media/image9.wmf)

# Columbia River Bull Trout

**Life History** - The general life history of bull trout (*Salvelinus
confluentus*) is characteristic of chars. For years, bull trout and
Dolly Varden (*Salvelinus malma Girard*) were combined under one name
(*Salvelinus malma Walbaum*). In 1991, they were identified as two
distinct species.

Migratory life histories have been lost or limited throughout the range
(for example, Goetz 1994; Jakober 1995; Montana Bull Trout Scientific
Committee, 1995; Pratt and Huston 1993; Ratliff and Howell 1992; Rieman
and McIntyre 1993, 1995). There is evidence of declining trends in some
populations (Mauser et al. 1988; Pratt and Huston 1993; Schill 1992;
Weaver 1992) and extirpations of local populations are reportedly
widespread. Bull trout are known or predicted to occur in 45 percent of
watersheds in the historic range and to be absent in 55 percent.

Two distinct life-history forms, migratory and resident, occur
throughout the range of bull trout (Pratt 1992; Rieman and McIntyre
1993). Migratory forms rear in natal tributaries before moving to larger
rivers (fluvial form) or lakes (adfluvial form) or the ocean
(anadromous) to mature. Migratory bull trout may use a wide range of
habitats ranging from 2nd to 6th order streams and varying by season and
life stage. Seasonal movements may range up to 300 km as migratory fish
move from spawning and rearing areas into overwinter habitat in
downstream reaches of large basins (Bjornn and Mallet 1964; Elle et al.
1994). The resident form may be restricted to headwater streams
throughout life. Both forms are believed to exist together in some
areas, but migratory fish may dominate populations where corridors and
subadult rearing areas are in good condition (Rieman and McIntyre 1993).

Bull trout appear to have more specific habitat requirements than other
salmonids (Rieman and McIntyre 1993). Habitat characteristics including
water temperature, stream size, substrate composition, cover and
hydraulic complexity have been associated with the distribution and
abundance (Dambacher et al., 1997; Jakober 1995; Rieman and McIntyre
1993). Bull trout have repeatedly been associated with the coldest
stream reaches within basins. Upper tolerance limits appear to be
12-15°C (Goetz 1994, Ratliff 1992). Temperature also appears to be a
critical factor in the spawning and early life history of bull trout.
Bull trout in Montana spawned when temperatures dropped below 9 to 10°C
(Fraley and Shepard 1989). Survival of bull trout eggs varies with water
temperature (McPhail and Murray 1979) with 4-6°C apparently optimum
(Weaver and White 1985). Temperature may be strongly influenced by land
management (Henjum et al. 1994) and climate change; both effects may
play an important role in the persistence of bull trout.

Bull trout are more strongly tied to the stream bottom and substrate
than other salmonids (Pratt 1992). Substrate composition has repeatedly
been correlated with the occurrence and abundance of juvenile bull trout
(Dambacher et al., 1997; Rieman and McIntyre 1993) and spawning site
selection by adults (Graham et al. 1981; McPhail and Murray 1979). Fine
sediments can influence incubation survival and emergence success
(Weaver and White 1985), but might also limit access to substrate
interstices that are important cover during rearing and overwintering
(Goetz 1994; Jakober 1995).

###### Factors of Decline - The final rule listing bull trout identifies the factors of decline for this species (63 FR 31647). The final rule listing bull trout identifies dams, forest management practices, livestock grazing, agriculture, and agricultural diversions and mining as activities that degrade and continue to threaten bull trout and their habitat. 

The decline of Columbia River bull trout is primarily due to habitat
degradation and fragmentation, blockage of migration corridors, poor
water quality, past fishery management practices and the introduction of
non-native species (63 FR 31647). Grazing, road construction and
maintenance, past over harvest, inadequacy of existing regulatory
mechanisms, and isolation and habitat fragmentation have played a part
in the decline of bull trout and their habitat. Widespread introductions
of non-native fishes have caused local bull trout declines and
extirpations.

Isolation and fragmentation influence the status of bull trout.
Historically bull trout populations were well connected throughout the
Basin. Habitat available to bull trout has been fragmented, and in many
cases populations have been isolated entirely. Dams have isolated whole
subbasins throughout the Basin (see for example, Brown 1992; Kanda et
al., 1997; Pratt and Huston 1993; Rieman and McIntyre 1995). Irrigation
diversions, culverts, and degraded mainstem habitats have eliminated or
seriously depressed migratory life histories effectively isolating
resident populations in headwater tributaries (Brown 1992; Montana Bull
Trout Scientific Committee, 1995; Ratliff and Howell 1992; Rieman and
McIntyre 1993). Loss of suitable habitat through watershed disturbance
may also increase the distance between good or refuge habitats and
strong populations thus reducing the likelihood of effective dispersal
(Frissel et al. 1993).

The bull trout final rule concludes that negative effects of
interactions with introduced non-native species may be the most
pervasive threat to bull trout in the Columbia Basin. Introductions of
non-natives that compete or hybridize with bull trout, fragmentation and
isolation of subpopulations due to habitat changes caused by human
activities, and subpopulation extirpations due to naturally occurring
events (droughts and floods) as factors affecting the continued
existence of bull trout. Brook trout are seen as an especially important
problem (Kanda et al., 1997; Leary et al. 1993) and may progressively
displace bull trout through hybridization and higher reproductive
potential (Leary et al. 1993). Brook trout now occur in the majority of
the watersheds representing the current range of bull trout.

![](media/image10.jpeg){width="5.7637795275590555in"
height="4.875196850393701in"}**Bull Trout Status and Distribution within
the Sawtooth National Forest**

Within the Salmon River Basin, bull trout generally move into natal
tributaries beginning in July and August and spawn in mid- to late
September and October (Tom Curret IDFG, pers. comm.). However, in the
headwaters of the Salmon River, within the Sawtooth National Recreation
Area, spawning is thought to generally initiate in late August and early
September, and in some of the highest elevations, in early to mid
August. Hatching occurs in winter or early spring, but alevins may stay
in the gravel for an extended period after yolk absorption (McPhail and
Murray 1979). Growth, maturation, and longevity vary with environment,
first spawning is often noted after age four, with individuals living 10
or more years (Rieman and McIntyre 1993).

**Sawtooth Valley** - Both resident and migratory or fluvial bull trout
are present in the Sawtooth Valley (USFS 1999a). A migratory/adfluvial
form is known common in Alturas and Redfish Lake inlets, and may be
present in Pettit Lake. The Alturas Lake inlet has adfluvial bull trout
and one of the largest local populations in the Sawtooth Valley (USRITAT
1998). An adfluvial form may have historically existed in Yellowbelly
Lake Creek above the Lake, but is not currently known present. Fishhook
Creek above Redfish Lake and Alturas Lake Creek above Alturas Lake are
the only "strong" local populations known to exist within the Sawtooth
Valley subpopulation, however, little is known about several others. The
most persistent groups are likely located within headwater segments.

Bull trout have been observed in the lower and middle reaches of Fourth
of July, Champion, and Pole Creeks within the last seven years (USFS
1999).

![](media/image11.jpeg){width="4.124409448818898in"
height="4.874409448818898in"}**Valley Creek -** A migratory/adfluvial
form may have historically existed in Stanley lake Creek above the Lake,
but is not currently present. Bull trout have been found in Elk Creek.
However, no strong local populations exist. The most persistent groups
are likely located within headwater segments of some drainages.

**Lower and Upper Canyon** -- Both resident and migratory/fluvial life
forms are thought to be present. The strongest and secure population is
believed to be within Warm Springs Creek, but observations have also
occurred in Slate Creek. The most persistent groups are likely located
within headwater segments.

**East Fork Salmon River** -- Both resident and migratory/fluvial life
forms are thought to be present. Populations are known to persist in
several tributaries including Big Boulder, Little Boulder, West Pass,
Germania, Upper East Fork, and Bowery Creeks (Figure 10). Interestingly,
an isolated population persists above the falls in Germania Creek. High
densities of bull trout have been documented in tributaries to the East
Fork Salmon River in Big Boulder, Herd, and Warms Spring creeks
(Anderson et al. 2002).

**Middle and North Fork Boise River** - Resident and migratory bull
trout still occur throughout the Middle Fork and North Fork Boise River
subbasin, but have been isolated from the Snake River by Diversion Dam
built in 1908 and then later Arrowrock Dam. Reservoir habitat created by
the dam has allowed the expression of adfluvial forms. The abundance,
diversity, and migration of bull trout have been affected by dams,
habitat modifications and introduced species. On the Sawtooth Nation
Forest, bull trout have been found in the Upper NF Boise River, Queens
River, Johnson Creek, and Little Queens within the last seven years
(Figure 11). Bull trout have not been found in the Upper MF Boise River,
but potential habitat exists.

![](media/image12.jpeg){width="5.464566929133858in"
height="5.9992125984251965in"}Competition and hybridization with brook
trout is a concern. Brook trout occur throughout the subbasin and are a
hindrance to bull trout recovery. Bull trout population characteristics
are functioning at risk for the reasons stated above.

**South Fork Boise River** -- This subbasin contains areas identified in
the 1998 BO (USDI FWS 1998) as bull trout priority subwatersheds within
the Columbia River Basin. This subbasin is in the Southwest Idaho bull
trout recovery unit, in the Boise River subunit. It encompasses the
Anderson Ranch and Arrowrock core areas (USDI FWS 2002). A core area
represents the closest approximation of a biologically functioning unit
upon which to gauge recovery within a recovery unit.

Bull trout occur in discrete habitat patches in the S.F. Boise River
subbasin (Figure xx), but have been isolated from other subbasins by
Arrowrock and Anderson Ranch Dams. Resident and migratory forms persist.
Reservoir habitat created by the dams has allowed the expression of
adfluvial forms. Bull trout residing in Arrowrock Reservoir are subject
to impacts from reservoir operations (Flatter 2000). Bull trout become
entrained below Arrowrock Dam and are prevented from reaching suitable
spawning areas unless efforts are made to trap and move the fish.

Bull trout occupy 15 of 48 (31%) patches in this subbasin on the
Sawtooth National Forest (Figure 12). Habitat conditions are
"functioning at risk" over much of the subbasin potentially decreasing
survival, brook trout have been introduced increasing the risk of
hybridization and loss of genetic diversity, and the distribution of
remaining strong populations is concentrated in but a few headwater
subwatersheds making the overall population less resilient to natural
and managed disturbances. Overall, bull trout populations are
functioning at risk due to the presence of brook trout and other habitat
impacts noted above.

![](media/image13.jpeg){width="4.2492125984251965in"
height="5.6429133858267715in"}

**South Fork Payette River** - Bull trout still occur throughout the
South Fork Payette River subbasin, but have been isolated from the Snake
River by Black Canyon Dam. Primarily resident fish occur, with low
numbers of migratory fish. Currently within the Sawtooth National Forest
there are three subwatersheds known to support bull trout. Bull trout
have been found within the last seven years in Baron and Trail Creeks.
Goat Creek was sampled in 1998 and 2004, but bull trout were not found
above or below the barrier falls. Larger fluvial bull trout likely occur
in the mainstem SF Payette River.

Competition and hybridization with brook trout is a concern because
brook trout are common in most subwatersheds on the forest. During the
2004 sampling, two streams were found to have both bull trout and brook
trout (Trail and Baron Creeks). In both streams, bull/brook trout
hybrids were observed.

In Trail Cr., brook trout were only found in the lower portions of the
patch and high gradient cascades may protect the upstream bull trout
population from further hybridization. Nevertheless, the upstream bull
trout population persists in a very short stream section (upstream bull
trout distribution is limited by a large falls), so population stability
may be limited. In the Baron patch, no barriers are present and brook
trout appear to be widely distributed.

**Ute ladies\'-tresses** (*Spiranthes diluvialis*)

#### Habitat Requirements 

Ute ladies\'-tresses occurs in relatively low-elevation riparian,
spring, and lakeside wetland meadows in these general areas of the
interior western United States: near the base of the eastern slope of
the Rocky Mountains in southeast Wyoming and north-central and central
Colorado; in the upper Colorado River Basin; along the Wasatch Front and
westward in the eastern Great Basin, in north-central and western Utah,
and extreme eastern Nevada. In 1994, the range was expanded north by
discoveries in central Wyoming and western Montana, and in 1996, Ute
ladies\'-tresses was discovered in southeast Idaho, along the Snake
River.

Ute ladies\'-tresses is a perennial orchid with one or multiple stems
growing 8- 20 inches tall from thick, tuberous roots. Its narrow leaves
grow from the base of the stern and reach a length of about 11 inches.
It has 3-15 white or ivory flowers spiralling upward and around the stem
(spike). Flowers are oriented perpendicular to the stem, lateral sepals
are gaping from the base of the flower. The oval or lance-shaped
(lanceolate) lip is exposed in side view and somewhat constricted in the
middle. The unfused (free) sepals rarely make an evident hood (Heidel
1997, adapted from Ute ladies'-tresses Recovery Team 1995). The orchid
blooms from early August through mid-September.

Reproduction is strictly sexual, with ground- and log-nesting bumblebees
as the primary pollinators. Successful conservation of this orchid will
require protecting suitable habitat and pollinator habitat in and around
orchid populations.

Ute ladies\'-tresses is endemic to moist soils in mesic or wet meadows
near springs, lakes, and perennial streams. The elevation range of known
habitat is 700 to 7000 feet. Most of the occurrences are along riparian
edges, gravel bars, old oxbows, moist to wet meadows along perennial
streams and rivers, although some localities are near freshwater lakes
or springs. Ute ladies\'-tresses appears to be well adapted to
disturbances caused by water movement through flood plains over time. It
occurs primarily in areas where the vegetation is relatively open and
not very dense. It often grows on point bars and other recently created
riparian habitat. The orchid appears to require permanent
sub-irrigation, with the water table holding steady throughout the
growing season and into late summer and early autumn. This species is
considered a general riparian species (US FWS, 1995).

#### Factors of Decline 

A major threat to the orchid has been result of habitat alteration due
to increased demands of water by agriculture and municipal uses, which
resulted in dams, reservoirs, and water diversions. Other threats
include increased recreational use of riparian areas, changes in grazing
patterns and invasion of exotic plant species. Vulnerable in parts of
range to loss of pollinators, and control of rodent predators. The
riparian habitat on which this species depends has been drastically
modified by urbanization and stream channelization for agriculture and
development. Most surviving populations are small and appear to be
relict in nature.

Other threat factors cited for listing were loss and modification of
habitat and the hydrological conditions of existing and potential
habitat. The orchid's pattern of distribution in small, scattered
groups, restricted habitat, and low reproductive rate under natural
conditions make it vulnerable to both natural and human-caused
disturbances. A draft recovery plan was issued in 1995 (USDI FWS 1995).

**Ute ladies\'-tresses Status and Distribution within the Sawtooth
National Forest**

Potential habitat for Ute ladies'-tresses orchid is found on the
Sawtooth National Forest, However, no occupied habitat has yet been
discovered. Populations appear to fluctuate dramatically from year to
year, making it difficult to assess population status and distribution.
This has held true during studies conducted on the Idaho population
since its discovery. The genus *Spiranthes* also undergoes a dormant
period that may last 7-10 years, apparently with no evidence of above
ground structures. Nothing is known about the dormancy-triggering
mechanisms. In order to locate this species, potential habitat should be
surveyed every year before ground-disturbing activities take place.

**Slender Moonwort** (*Botrychium lineare*)

In July 1999, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service was petitioned to add
the slender moonwort to the List of Threatened and Endangered Plant
Species. The Service published the 90-day petition finding and initiated
a 12-month status review in May 2000. In June 2001, they published a
finding that supported listing slender moonwort, but was precluded by
work on higher priority listing actions and placed on the candidate
species list (*Federal Register June 6, 2001 Vol. 66, number 109*).

#### Habitat Requirements

Slender moonwort is a small perennial fern with a pale green leaf
(trophophore) 2-7 inches long. Leaf segments are typically linear and
divided or forded at the ends. The sporophore (spore-bearing structure)
is 1 to 2 times the length of the trophophore with a single main axis.

The habitat for the slender moonwort has been described as "deep grass
and forbs of meadows, under trees in woods, and on shelves on limestone
cliffs, mainly at higher elevations" (Wagner and Wagner 1994), but they
also state that to describe a typical habitat for this species would be
problematic since the known sites are so different. A specific habitat
description for the species is problematic because of its current and
historically disjunct distribution ranging from sea level in Quebec to
9,840 feet in Boulder County, Colorado. *Botrychium* spores are small
and lightweight enough to be carried by air currents. This dispersal
mechanism may explain the broad and often disjunct distribution patterns
exhibited by moonworts (Vanderhorst 1997).

This species is found in a variety of montane forest or meadow habitats.
Three of the known Montana slender moonwort populations occur on
roadsides in early seral habitat (i.e., open habitat dominated by
low-growing forbs (herbs) rather than shrubs or trees).

Other slender moonwort sites occur in grass- to forb-dominated openings
in forests characterized by cone‑bearing trees such as pine, spruce, and
fir species.

All *Botrychium* species are believed to be obligately dependent on
mycorrhizal fungi throughout their life cycle. A fungal associate is
present within the plant at the earliest stages of development, and
there are no reports of successful completion of the *Botrychium's* life
cycle without mycorrhizal fungi. Very little information exists
regarding the specificity or habitat requirements of the mycorrhizal
fungi that are associated with moonworts (Vanderhorst 1997). Similar to
orchids, *Botrychium* species can remain dormant for 1 or more years,
and cannot be identified with certainty in their immature stages.

#### Factors of Decline

Biologists have determined that slender moonwort is threatened by
herbicide spraying, uncontrolled spread of nonnative plants and by
ground-disturbing activities such as livestock grazing, urban
development, timber harvest, road-building and various types of
recreation. Remaining populations of the slender moonwort are so small
that a natural disaster such as fire or drought also could destroy them.

###### Slender Moonwort Status and Distribution within the Sawtooth National Forest

Slender moonwort is known to occur in Idaho, Oregon, Montana, Colorado,
and Washington. A population of slender moonwort was found on the
Sawtooth National Forest in July 2001. This population occurs on open,
rocky alpine slopes of Railroad ridge at nearly 10,000 feet. No
additional occurrences of this species have been located on Sawtooth
National Forests. Potential habitat does exist on the forest however,
and efforts to examine potential habitat have been undertaken.

##### B. Region Four Sensitive Species

**Spotted Bat** (*Euderma maculatum*) - There are no documented
sightings of the spotted bat on the north end of the Sawtooth National
Forest, but potential habitat is present. Spotted bats have been
detected on the Middle Fork of the Salmon River, just north of the
Sawtooth NRA.

Spotted bats forage nocturnal, and feed mainly on moths in open
ponderosa pine stands, marshy areas and open pastures. They roost in
rock crevices on steep cliff faces (Watkins 1977; Wai-Ping and Fenton
1989). Spotted bats hibernate during the winter and emerge in early
spring.

**Townsend\'s Big-eared Bat** (*Corynorhinus townsendii*) - Townsend\'s
big-eared bats have been found in the Warm Springs drainage on the
Ketchum Ranger District. No other documented sightings of Townsend\'s
big-eared bats have been made on the north end of the Sawtooth National
Forest, but extensive surveys have not been conducted and potential
habitat exists.

Townsend\'s big-eared bats are nocturnal insectivores feeding primarily
on moths along forest edges. They roost in crevices of rocky outcrops,
caves, old mines or buildings. Unlike many species, which seek refuge in
crevices, Townsend\'s big-eared bat forms highly visible clusters on
open surfaces making this extremely vulnerable to disturbance (Christy
and West 1993). Townsend\'s big-eared bats hibernate during the winter
and emerge in early spring.

**Wolverine** (*Gulo gulo*) - A study of wolverines in central Idaho was
conducted by the Idaho Fish and Game Department from 1992-1995. This
work documented that several wolverines occurred within the north end of
the Sawtooth National Forest on each district, and many trails are
located within potential natal denning habitat (Copeland 1996).

Wolverines are primarily scavengers and forage on carcasses of large
ungulates such as elk, deer, mountain goats, and bighorn sheep. They
also may hunt for snowshoe hares, marmots, mice, voles, ground
squirrels, and grouse but will also eat fruits, berries, and insects
when other prey is unavailable (Hash 1987).

Home range sizes of wolverines are highly influenced by prey remains and
other food sources. Individual animals generally have very large ranges
and can cover large distances in very little time. In central Idaho home
ranges average 384 square kilometers (148 square miles) for females and
1582 square kilometers (582 square miles) and may have overlapping
ranges. They use several habitats and have been located in low
elevation, forested drainage bottoms to high elevation, sparsely
timbered cirque basins. Two natal den sites were located in subalpine
cirque areas on north facing talus slopes suggesting that this type of
habitat is critical to wolverines in central Idaho (Copeland 1996).

Female wolverines are very sensitive to disturbance during mid-February
through May while they are searching for, establishing, and occupying
their natal dens. Seeing people and their tracks near an existing den
was enough disturbance to cause a female wolverine to move her kits to a
different site. During this time females are lactating, and disturbance,
which leads to increased energy expenditure, can be very detrimental. It
is a critical time for females because they must maintain energy levels
in order to properly nourish their kits during a time when food is
scarce (Copeland 1996).

**Fisher** (*Martes pennanti*) - There are trapping records of fisher
from the early 1980\'s on the west side of the Sawtooth NRA in the South
Fork Payette and North Fork Boise drainages, and one record in Stanley
Basin. A recent sighting was made approximately ten miles north of the
Sawtooth NRA. No records of fishers exist on the Ketchum or Fairfield
Ranger Districts.

Fishers are found in mature to old-growth forests with high canopy
closure and generally avoid large openings. They are associated with
mesic forest conditions and forested riparian areas. The average home
range of an adult male fisher is approximately 16 square miles. They eat
small mammals, birds, fish, amphibians, insects, carrion, fruits, nuts,
and berries (Douglas and Strickland 1987).

**Common Loon** (*Gavia immer*) - No confirmed breeding has occurred in
the Sawtooth NRA. Loons use the morainal lakes during spring and fall
migrations and these lakes provide suitable habitat for breeding. No
common loons or their habitat is known to occur on the Fairfield or
Ketchum Ranger Districts.

Common loons breed on large (usually greater than nine acres), clear
lakes at elevations of 5,000 to 9,000 feet. A territory generally
contains a secluded shoreline area that protects the nest from wave
action and an area of shallow water with emergent vegetation within a
protected cove or bay for chick rearing. Loons avoid lakes with high
levels of human activity for breeding. During migration, loons will
forage at staging lakes along their way. Fish are the primary prey, but
loons will also eat amphibians, crustaceans, aquatic insects, and some
vegetation (Ritter 1989).

**Mountain Quail** (*Oreortyx pictus*) -- A sighting of mountain quail
was made by UFSWS personnel in October 2000 along the South Fork of the
Boise River on the Fairfield Ranger District. Previous to this sighting,
it was unknown that any mountain quail populations existed on the
Sawtooth National Forest, and no surveys for mountain quail have been
conducted on the Forest. There are no known populations on the Sawtooth
NRA or the Kertchum Ranger District. A population exists on the Boise
Forest approximately 20 miles from the Sawtooth NRA.

Mountain quail are found in dense brush, coniferous forests, and around
the edges of mountain meadows from 1,500- 10,000 feet elevation.
Important year-round habitat needs consist of tall, dense shrubs and
water. This species eats a variety of seeds and fruits. The mating
season begins in April and extends into mid-July. Nests are within a few
hundred feet of water because the chicks need water soon after hatching.

**Northern Goshawk** (*Accipiter gentilis*) -- Several nesting goshawks
have been found on the north end of the Sawtooth National Forest on each
district and their territories identified. Several territories exist
near trails.

Goshawk home ranges in mixed conifer forests have been described as
6,000 acres in size and comprised of a nest area (approximately 30
acres), a post fledging-family area (PFA) of approximately 420 acres,
and a foraging area (approximately 5,400 acres) (Reynolds et al. 1992).
Nest areas generally have high tree canopy cover (50 - 60 percent) and a
high density of large trees (averaging 20 inch dbh). The PFA provides
cover and prey for the fledglings while developing their flying and
hunting skills. These areas should have canopy cover of greater than 50
percent with well-developed understories. Goshawks prey on a wide
variety of forest-dwelling birds and mammals such as grouse,
woodpeckers, squirrels, and rabbits. Goshawks tend to use mature forests
for foraging, but also need other habitat elements which provide the
necessary requirements for their prey such as snags, downed logs, small
openings, herbaceous and shrubby understories (Reynolds et al. 1992).

Goshawks do not necessarily migrate long distances, but may move off
their breeding territories during winter in order to find food. They
tend to move to lower elevations with less snow cover during the winter,
and return to breeding territories in March or April.

**Boreal Owl** (*Aegolius funereus*) - Boreal owl surveys have been
conducted in several areas on the north end of the Sawtooth National
Forest. Many observations of boreal owls have been made on the Sawtooth
NRA and Ketchum Ranger District. One observation of a boreal owl was
made on the Fairfield Ranger District.

Boreal owls are known to occur in spruce/fir, Douglas-fir, and mixed
conifer forests above 5,000 feet elevation. They are cavity-dependent
and generally use old woodpecker cavities for their nest sites. Home
ranges of boreal owls during the breeding season in central Idaho have
been documented at approximately 3,000 acres. They feed on forest
dwelling small mammals such as voles and shrews (Johnsgard 1988). Boreal
owls depend on woodpecker cavities, which usually occur in dead trees
for their nest sites. Males arrive at potential breeding territories in
late winter (mid-February) and begin calling to attract females by late
February or early March. Very little is known about how disturbance
during this time affects breeding.

**Flammulated Owl** (*Otus flammeolus*) - Flammulated owl surveys have
been conducted in several areas on the Ketchum and Fairfield Ranger
Districts. Few surveys have been conducted on the Sawtooth NRA, although
habitat occurs. Several observations of flammulated owls have been made
on the Fairfield and Ketchum Ranger Districts.

Flammulated owls are know to occur in mature ponderosa pine and mature
Douglas fir forests with an abundance of snags or live trees with
cavities for nesting. Flammulated owls eat mainly invertebrates such as
various insects, beetles, grasshoppers, and moths. Prey is more abundant
and accessible in open forest stands with grass and shrub understories
(Johnsgard 1988). This species is truly migratory and does not arrive on
its breeding territories until May in central Idaho.

**Great Gray Owl** (*Strix nebulosa*) - Surveys for great gray owls have
been conducted on the Sawtooth NRA in Stanley Basin. Breeding owls have
been observed within Stanley Basin in lodgepole pine adjacent to wet
meadows. Two sightings on the Sawtooth NRA outside of Stanley Basin were
reported during the summer of 2000, but no breeding confirmed in these
locations. Great Gray owls are not known to occur on the Fairfield or
Ketchum Ranger Districts.

Great gray owls use mixed coniferous and hardwood forests usually
bordering small openings or meadows. They do not build their own nests
and must use existing nests built by other species, debris platforms, or
tops of broken off snags. They forage in openings or meadows. Important
aspects of foraging habitat include high prey density, perch
availability, and forests that are open enough to allow the owls to move
freely. Great gray owls forage on small mammals, particularly voles and
pocket gophers. This species does not truly migrate but exhibits
irregular irruptive behavior moving to areas with low snow accumulation
and high prey density during winter (Johnsgard 1988).

**Northern Three-toed Woodpecker** (*Picoides tridactylus*) - Many
observations of three-toed woodpeckers have been made on the Sawtooth
NRA and a few areas on the Ketchum Ranger District. Beetle outbreak on
the Sawtooth NRA has corresponded to an increased use by three-toed
woodpeckers. Habitat for the species is present throughout the Sawtooth
NRA and in a few locations on the Ketchum Ranger District. No
observations have been made on the Fairfield Ranger District, but some
amount of potential habitat exists.

Three-toed woodpeckers are found in northern coniferous forests,
primarily associated with mature forests with outbreaks of bark beetles.
They forage mainly in dead trees and a large percentage of their diet is
wood-boring insect larvae. They excavate cavities in snags or
occasionally live trees (Short 1982). This species may make small
movements off its breeding territory in the winter to find food, but is
generally a resident. Breeding begins in May in central Idaho.

**White-headed Woodpecker** (*Picoides albolarvatus*) - Habitat for the
white-headed woodpecker occurs on the west side of the Sawtooth NRA and
Fairfield Ranger Districts where ponderosa pine stands are present. No
surveys have been conducted on the Sawtooth NRA and no confirmed
breeding of this species has been documented there. Observations of
white-headed woodpeckers have been made on the west side of the
Fairfield Ranger District near Featherville. No habitat for this species
exists on the Ketchum Ranger District.

White-headed woodpeckers are found in open, mature mixed conifer
forests, mainly ponderosa pine and mixed ponderosa pine/Douglas fir
forests in Idaho (Frederick and Moore 1991). They feed on pine seeds and
insects under bark and on branches (Ligon 1973). Nests are usually
excavated in large diameter, dead trees in moderate to advanced decay
(Bull et al. 1986). Breeding begins in late April in central Idaho.

**Spotted Frog** (*Rana pretiosa*) - Surveys for spotted frogs have been
conducted in many areas on the Sawtooth NRA, Ketchum, and Fairfield
Ranger Districts. Spotted frogs have been observed in several locations
on each district.

Spotted frogs occur in areas where permanent water is present such as
marshes, ponds, or riparian areas. Large woody debris in streams is an
important habitat component for frogs, which use wood extensively for
cover. Spotted frogs hibernate during winter and emerge when open water
becomes available, generally during spring thaw. A water temperature of
40 degrees Fahrenheit seems to be the critical temperature for emergence
from hibernation (Morris and Tanner 1969). Spotted frogs breed from late
February to early July and egg masses are deposited in shallow, quiet
water, unattached from vegetation. Spotted frogs may move considerable
distances from water following the breeding season, often frequenting
mixed conifer and subalpine forests, grasslands, and brushlands of sage
and rabbit brush if puddles, seeps or other water is available. Adults
feed on invertebrates, generally within 0.5 meter of shore on dry days.
During and after rains, they may move away from permanent water to feed
in wet vegetation or ephemeral puddles (Licht 1986).

**Wood River Sculpin** (*Cottus leiopomus*) -- The Wood River sculpin is
endemic to the Big Wood and Little Wood drainages of central Idaho.
Surveys for this species have been conducted along the mainstem of the
Big Wood River and several tributary streams on the Sawtooth NRA. Bruns
and Minshall (1979), Griffith (1996), and surveys conducted by the Idaho
Department of Environmental Quality and IDFG have reported Wood River
sculpin in numerous locations within the Big Wood River drainage on the
Sawtooth NRA.

Little is know about the specific habitat requirements of Wood River
sculpin, but freshwater sculpin are generally found in clear streams
with clean rock or gravel bottoms and require cool water with high
oxygen content. Sculpin are relatively intolerant of water pollution and
their presence in a stream generally indicates high water quality. They
are bottom dwellers, feeding on benthic insect larvae and hiding under
rocks and debris when not active. Spawning usually occurs in the spring
with nests scooped out beneath stones or debris (Simpson and Wallace
1982). Griffith (1996) speculates that sculpin may be less sensitive to
streambank and riparian conditions than salmonids, but notes that fine
sediment embeddedness, evident in low gradient channels, appeared to be
associated with lower Wood River sculpin abundance. Griffith found
optimal sculpin habitat to be in moderate gradients with water
velocities between 1.5 and 3.0 feet/second, and no sculpin were
identified in steeper reaches. Merkley and Griffith (1993), sampling
during mid-summer, found Wood River sculpin to be much less abundant in
pools (generally with high proportions of fine sediment) than in riffles
in the Big Wood River and several tributary streams. On the other hand,
Griffith sampled sites on Eagle Creek at low water temperature (during
October and November) and found that nearly all individual sculpin were
confined to pools, speculating that pools may function as winter
refugia.

**Westslope Cutthroat Trout** (*Oncorhynchus clarki lewisi) -* The
westslope cutthroat trout is one of thirteen subspecies of cutthroat
trout native to the inland western United States. Three life-history
forms are identified for westslope cutthroat including adfluvial,
fluvial, and resident. All forms may occur in a single basin, with
resident forms in the headwaters and migratory forms at mid and lower
elevations. Spawning occurs from March to July depending on elevation
and temperature, when temperatures near 10 °C. Migratory forms may
travel 25-50 miles to spawn in tributary streams. Juveniles spend 1-4
years in their natal tributaries before migrating to a main river or
lake. Sexual maturity occurs at 4-6 years.

Westslope cutthroat trout occur in relatively cold and nutrient poor
waters (Liknes and Graham 1988). Growth appears to be influenced by
stream and lake productivity. Substrate composition has a strong
influence on survival. Negative relationships have been demonstrated
between high embeddedness and emergence success, embryo survival, and
juvenile abundance. The distribution and abundance of larger westslope
cutthroat is associated with high quality and quantity of pools. Pools
are important for winter habitat. Other types of instream cover are
important habitat features year round.

It has recently been estimated that westslope cutthroat trout occur in
85% of their historical range (Lee et al. 1997). Though still widely
distributed, few healthy populations remain. Some of the few remaining
healthy populations occur in Central Idaho. This subspecies occurs
within the Sawtooth National Recreation Area throughout the Salmon and
Payette river watersheds. Idaho Department of Fish and Game has stocked
cutthroat trout of various subspecies in the Sawtooth Wilderness and
Boulder and White Cloud Mountains in high lakes since the early part of
this century (1920s). In recent decades, the Department began stocking
westslope cutthroat subspecies in these lakes. Because many of these
lakes did not have trout present naturally, stocking has resulted in a
local range expansion, as well as compromising of genetic purity where
subspecies other than westslope were placed.

Competition with and predation from non-native fish species have had a
widespread negative effect on westslope cutthroat trout. Brown trout,
brook trout, and rainbow trout, in combination with changes in water
quality and quantity, have been deleterious to westslope cutthroat.
Brook trout are thought to have replaced westslope cutthroat in some
headwater streams (Behnke 1992). The mechanism is not known, but it is
thought that brook trout may displace westslope cutthroat or take over
when cutthroat have declined from some other cause. In drainages
occupied by both westslope cutthroat and nonnative rainbow, segregation
may occur with cutthroat confined to the upper reaches of the drainage.
Segregation does not always occur however and hybridization has been
documented (Behnke and Zarn 1976, Rieman and Apperson 1989).

Overfishing has also been identified by several researchers as a factor
of decline (MacPhee 1966, Behnke 1992) for westslope cutthroat. This
subspecies is extremely susceptible to angling pressure. Rieman and
Apperson (1989) documented a depensatory effect in fishing (mortality
increases as population size decreases) and speculated that harvest
could lead to elimination of some populations.

Habitat loss and degradation are other important factors in the decline
of westslope cutthroat. In an Idaho study, among depressed populations
of cutthroat, habitat loss was the main cause of decline in 87 percent
of the stream reaches evaluated (Rieman and Apperson 1989). Land
management practices have contributed to disturbance of stream banks and
riparian areas as well vegetation loss in upland areas, which result in
altered stream flows, increased erosion and sediment, and increased
temperature.

On April 5, 2000, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service announced
their 12-month finding regarding the petition it had received to list
the westslope cutthroat trout as threatened throughout its range under
the Endangered Species Act. T he service concluded after review of all
available scientific and commercial information, that the listing of
westslope cutthroat trout was not warranted.

Both resident and migratory/fluvial life forms are thought to be present
on the SNRA. A few strong local populations are known to persist,
however, little is known about most. The most persistent groups are
likely located within headwater segments tributaries. In recent years,
IDFG has been actively managing Valley Creek to restore cutthroat
including the physical removal of brook trout. Meanwhile, no strong
local populations exist.

**Greater Sage-Grouse** (*Centrocercus urophasianus*) -- Sage grouse
have been observed on the Sawtooth NRA, Ketchum, and Fairfield Ranger
Districts in late summer/early fall in open, sagebrush habitat generally
within the vicinity of water sources (springs). It is unknown if any
breeding, early brood rearing, or wintering of sage grouse occurs
currently on any of the Districts. No records of sage grouse using the
Fairfield and Ketchum Ranger Districts exist during these seasonal
stages. Sage grouse are known to nest and winter in sagebrush habitats
to the south of the Fairfield and Ketchum Ranger Districts on BLM and
private land. Historically sage grouse occurred in the breeding season
in the Sawtooth Valley, but wintered elsewhere.

The importance of sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) as habitat for sage grouse
is well documented (Patterson 1952, Connelly et al. 2000, etc.). Nesting
success, early-brood rearing, and wintering are all tied to sagebrush.
During late brood-rearing (July-October) sage grouse can be found in
grasslands, agricultural fields, and even alpine peaks, but are
generally within a mile of sagebrush habitat. Sage grouse can be
migratory or non-migratory (Connelly et al. 2000). Individuals on the
Fairfield and Ketchum Ranger Districts are considered migratory and
likely nest, raise young broods (ages 0-6 weeks old), and winter to the
south of the District on BLM and private lands. Forb abundance is an
important habitat factor for nesting and brood rearing habitat. Insect
availability is also a key component for brood rearing habitat. Wet
meadows and riparian areas provide critical brood rearing habitat due to
presence of forbs and insects (Wambolt et al. 2002, Connelly et al.
2000).

Declines in sage grouse populations have been documented range-wide, as
high as 45-80% since the 1950's (Braun 1998). Reasons for this decline
is thought to be from cumulative factors, particularly the reduction of
sagebrush habitat due to wildfire, changes in natural fire frequencies
related to annual exotic grass invasions, agricultural and urban
development, and mining. Other factors include habitat degradation from
overgrazing, hydrological alterations affecting brood rearing habitat,
fences, powerlines, wind turbines, etc. (Wambolt et al. 2002, Connelly
et al. 2000, Braun 1998).

**Pygmy Rabbit** (*Brachylagus idahoensis*) -- No observations of pygmy
rabbits have been made on the Sawtooth NRA, Ketchum, or Fairfield Ranger
Districts, but surveys have not been conducted. A University of Idaho
research project was initiated in 2003, conducting surveys for pygmy
rabbits in areas mapped as having the highest potential using GIS
techniques and habitat characteristics from known species locations
(Rachlow and Svancara 2003). Some potential habitat for the species
exists on the Sawtooth NRA, Fairfield, and Ketchum Ranger Districts.
Research technicians located pygmy rabbits on BLM and private lands
approximately ten miles south of the Fairfield Ranger District.

Pygmy rabbits are considered a sagebrush obligate species. They tend to
utilize areas with taller and denser sagebrush and since they excavate
burrows, they have specificity for certain soil of depth and texture
that allows for easier excavation. Populations and distribution of pygmy
rabbits declined in the 1900's due to loss and fragmentation of suitable
habitat for this species (Rachlow and Svancara 2003).

**Peregrine Falcon** (*Falco peregrinus*) - Currently, there are three
known peregrine falcon eyries on the Sawtooth National Forest located on
the Sawtooth NRA. The Sawtooth NRA has extensive potential nesting
habitat for this species. No known peregrine falcon eyries occur on the
Ketchum or Fairfield Ranger Districts although potential habitat is
present. Peregrine falcons have been observed on the Fairfield Ranger
District and to the south on the Camas Prairie during both the fall
migration period and during the nesting season. Biologists have
suspected nesting has occurred on the Fairfield Ranger District but it
has never been confirmed. In 2003-2005, young peregrine falcons were
hacked out to the south of the District on the IDFG's Centennial Marsh
and will hopefully lead to future breeding peregrines on the District.

Peregrine falcons require the presence of tall cliffs, approximately 150
feet in height, with adequate ledges for nesting and perching. An
adequate prey base consisting of small to medium-sized birds within
approximately 10 miles of the nest cliff is also needed (Johnsgard
1990).

**White Cloud milkvetch** (*Astragalus vexilliflexus* var*. nubilus)*
**-** White Cloud milkvetch is an endemic species that occurs in the
White Cloud Mountains within the SNRA. There are only 9 known
populations of this species, all of which occur on the SNRA.

It is a perennial, low growing cushion plant with irregularly shaped
pale yellow flowers with purple tinged keels that are almost hidden in
the silvery foliage. It flowers in July and August.

White Cloud milkvetch occurs at high elevations, along ridge crests and
upper slopes between 8,400 and 9,900 feet. Primary habitat is exposed
alpine talus slopes with sparse vegetation, underlain with volcanic,
granitic, and metamorphic rock (Mancuso and Moseley 1990). One trail was
rerouted near Frog Lake in 2004 to prevent degradation to the
population.

Stanley Whitlow-grass (*Draba trichocarpa)* - Stanley whitlow grass is
an endemic species in the Stanley Basin with 14 element occurrences.
Nine of the occurrences are within the Sawtooth National Recreation
Area, four are partially on private and SNRA, and one is on private
land.

Stanley whitlow grass is a perennial forb with a low, dense, cushion
growth form. It has small bright yellow flowers that bloom from June to
August. Leaves are about 1/8 inch long and covered with coarse glandular
hairs. Old leaves are often persistent.

Stanley whitlow grass occurs on granitic soils on exposed rocky slopes
and rock outcroppings between 6,000 and 7,000 feet elevation (Moseley
1998). The southerly facing, moderately steep outcrops have bedrock
close to the surface and open, low growing vegetation. The outcrops are
typically surrounded by mountain big sage (*Artemsia tridentate* spp.
*vaseyana*) habitat.

Guardian Buckwheat (*Eriogonum meledonum)* -- Guardian buckwheat is a
narrow endemic known from 8 element occurrences in the Stanley Basin.
Seven of the occurrences are within the Sawtooth National Recreation
Area, one occurrence is partially on SNRA and partially on private, and
one is completely on private land.

Guardian buckwheat is a low growing subshrub that forms densely thick
mats. Plants produce bright yellow flowers on pom-pom like heads at the
top of leafless stems. Leaves are basal, small, narrowly elliptic to
oblong, and covered with grayish fuzzy hair. It flowers from June to
July.

Guardian buckwheat is found on granitic soils on exposed rocky slopes
and rock outcroppings between 6,000 and 7,000 feet elevation (Moseley
1998). The southerly facing, moderately steep outcrops have bedrock
close to the surface and open, low growing vegetation. The outcrops are
typically surrounded by mountain big sage (*Artemsia tridentate* spp.
*vaseyana*) habitat.

**Bugleg goldenweed (***Haplopappus insecticruris)* - Bugleg goldenweed
is an endemic species to in south central Idaho. There are several known
occurrences within the Sawtooth National Forest.

Bugleg goldenweed is a perennial sunflower. It has 8 to 24 inches woody
stems that arise out of a basal rosette of leaves that are roughly
serrated. It flowers in July and August with several yellow flowers per
stem and uniformly colored involucral bracts.

Bugleg goldenweed is found on dry ground with sagebrush in vernally wet
grasslands and meadows underlain by shallow basalt soils between and
heavy clay often in sites of past and ongoing disturbance. It is found
between 5,000 and 6,500 feet (Lee 1985).

**Least phacelia** (*Phacelia minutissima) --* There is one historic
occurrence of least phacelia on Soldier Mountain on the Fairfield Ranger
District.

Least phacelia is a dwarf, erect annual. It is .75-4 inches in height
with simple or sometimes branching stems. The leaves are entire, reverse
lance-shaped (oblanceolate), and about 1 inch long and 1/2 inch wide on
the lower part of the plant. The plant is hairy and glandular. The
flower stalk uncoils like a fiddlehead (helicoid cyme) and produces
lavender/pale blue flowers in late June and July.

Least phacelia is a regional endemic species occurring in meadow-forb
complexes associated with aspen stands between 5,000 and 8,000 feet
(Atwood 1995).

**Marsh\'s bluegrass** (*Poa abbreviata marshii) --* There is one
historic occurrence of Marsh's bluegrass located at head of Boulder
Creek in the Boulder Mountains within the SNRA. Marsh's bluegrass is a
high elevation grass found in alpine meadows above timberline.

**Stanley thlaspi mustard (***Thlaspi aileeniae) --* Stanley thlaspi
mustard is an endemic species to the intermountane valleys of central
Idaho. There are 18 known occurrences from upper Marsh Creek south
through the Stanley Basin and Sawtooth Valley to the upper Big Wood
Valley near Easley Creek. Eight of theses occurrences are within the
Sawtooth National Forest.

It is a perennial low growing plant with several stems less than 2
inches tall arising from a basal rosette of fleshy linear leaves.
Flowers have 4 white petals and are arranged in clusters at top of stem.
Flowering from May to June. Fruits are obovate to nearly elliptical
siliques.

Stanley thlaspi mustard is found on loose bare sandy soil on steep
slopes among small rocks on sagebrush/fescue flats (both *Artemisia
arbuscula* ssp. *thermopola* and *Artemisia tridentata* ssp. *vaseyana*)
and alluvial terraces in the Big Wood drainage. Elevation of known
populations ranges from 6,000 to 11,000 feet (Moseley 1998).

**C. [Region Four "Proposed" Sensitive Species]{.underline}**

The following species have been recommended to the Regional Office for
inclusion on the Regional Forester's Senstive Species list. It is
anticipated that this list will be updated in 2006.

Northern sagewort (Artemisia campestris ssp. borealis var. purshii) -
There is one know occurrence within the Sawtooth National Forest. It is
located on Railroad Ridge in the White Cloud Mountains within the SNRA.
Northern sagewwort is a widespread, circumboreal taxon that extends
south in North America to Oregon, Arizona, Michigan, and Vermont. It
ranges from the high mountains of northern Washington to northern
Montana and Colorado (Hitchcock and Cronquist 1973) but is known in
Idaho only from the White Cloud peaks.

Northern sagewort is a mildly scented, non-woody perennial with several
branching stems arising from a taproot. It produces a basal rosette of
leaves. Leaves are pinnatifid, bipinnatifid, or dissected moderately to
scarcely serieous. Inflorescence is dense and spikelike. Flowers bloom
from July to September.

The population of Northern sagewort in the White Cloud Mountains is
found in xeric alpine fellfield habitat with SE aspect, 0-15% slope,
open light, between 4,000 and 12,000 feet elevation (Dittberner,
Phillip, Olson, Michael 1983). Substrate is gravelly, moderately
unstable, and granitic glacial till deposits.

Challis Milkvetch (Astragalus amblytropis) -- Challis milkvetch is a
locally endemic species to east-central Idaho. It is found along the
canyon of the Salmon and East Fork Salmon River and their tributary
creeks between Clayton and Salmon. There are several occurrences in the
area, two occurrences are within the Sawtooth National Recreation Area
and five are directly adjacent on BLM and private lands.

Challis milkvetch is a small perennial forb that produces branching
stems from a taproot. The stems are reddish and lie flat on the ground.
Leaves are pinnately compound. Leaflet surfaces are covered with hair.
Flowers are pale yellow to cream with lilac veins. Sepals are covered
with white hairs and form a tube that becomes papery with age. Flowers
from May to July. Fruits are pods, at first they are pale green then
turn straw colored and lustrous.

Challis milkvetch appears to be restricted to the arid region formed by
the rain shadow of the White Cloud and Salmon River mountain ranges to
the west and north. It is restricted edaphically to the Challis
volcanics soils (Rittenhoust 1990). Its habitat is steep unstable south
and west-facing talus slopes and road cuts ranging in elevation from
4500-6500 feet. The xerophytic slopes typically have little vegetation
cover.

Prairie Moonwort (Botrychium campestre) -- This species of moonwort was
collected in the White Cloud Mountains on the SNRA. No other occurrences
are known on the Sawtooth National Forest.

A small perennial fern with leaf blade divided into dissimilar
vegetative and spore-bearing segments. Vegetative leaf stalk segment
.5-1.5 inches long, once-pinnately compound with 4-6 pairs of linear to
oblong smooth-margined leaflets. Spore-bearing leaf segment attached
above midpoint of leaf stalk, about equal in length to vegetative
segment.

Prairie moonwort is found in grasslands and moist meadows at a wide
range of elevations.

Least Moonwort (Botrychium simplex) -- Least moonwort is known to occur
in two locations on the SNRA. The Stanley Lake meadow under lodgepole
pine and Elk Meadows.

A tiny somewhat fleshy perennial fern that grows 1-5 inches tall, and
produces a sterile leaf and a fertile stalk. The sterile leaf is highly
variable in appearance, it can be simple, but more commonly is divided
into three main branches (ternate). Each branch can further divide into
2-4 pairs of seg­ments (pinnae). These segments are fan-shaped, have
entire margins, and overlap one another. Generally, the sterile leaf
attaches to stalk at or below ground level. The fertile stalk can range
from 1-4 inches long, with yellow spore clusters (sporangia).

Least moonwort grows in moist to dry soils in a wide variety of habitats
ranging from conifer woods and meadows to rocky places between 4,000 and
6,000 feet. It typically is found in deep shade and duff, making it even
more inconspicuous and difficult to find (Lorain 1990).

Brewer's Sedge (Carex breweri ssp. paddoensis) -- There are five known
occurrences of Brewer's sedge within the SNRA.

Brewer's sedge has stems that rise from creeping rhizomes. Its leaves
are slender, stiff, deeply channeled, and crowed near base of stem. The
terminal end of the spike is short and inconspicuous. Its flowering
period is July-August.

Brewer's sedge is found in wet or dry soil or talus at high elevations
in the mountains near or above timberline.

Pale Sedge (Carex livida) --In Idaho there are 15 populations in four
areas. Pale sedge has ten known element occurrences within the SNRA.

Pale sedge is a perennial sedge growing 4-20 inches tall from long,
slender rhizomes. Its stems arise either singly or in sparse clumps, and
may be surrounded by basal sheaths from previous years. Leaves are thin
and narrow, pale bluish-gray, have a waxy coating and are mostly basal.
The terminal spike has only female flowers, and the male flowers are
separately present in lateral spikes (Moseley et al. 1994). Flowering
period is May to July.

Pale sedge habitat is calcareous sphagnum peatlands, fens, bogs, and
swampy-forested riparian types. Elevations are from mid to high
elevation subalpine type. Elevations range from 2,800 to upper subalpine
elevations above 6,000+ feet.

Mt. Shasta sedge (Carex straminformis) -- Mt. Shasta sedge is know from
nine occurrences in south-central Idaho, five of the occurrences are
within the Sawtooth National Forest.

Mt. Shasta sedge grows in dense tufts up to 16 inches tall. Its leaves
are short, firm, flat and narrow and crowd near the base and much
shorter than the yellowish stems (culms). Three to ten flower spikes are
produced. Male and female flowers are both present. These flowers crowd
closely to form a short, 1/2-inch compact greenish head (Moseley 1993).

Mt. Shasta sedge is found on open slopes, often near persistent snow
banks at high altitudes, near or above timberline, between 9,000-10,300
feet.

Yellowstone Draba (Draba incerta)- The distribution of Yellowstone draba
is from Alaska to the Olympic and Cascade mountains of Washington,
Idaho. Utah and Wyoming. A total of 26 element occurrences of
Yellowstone draba are known to occur. There are historical reports of
occurrences of this species on Galena Summit on SNRA, but have not been
relocated.

It is a caespitose perennial of the mustard family Brassicaceae,
(Cruciferae) forms loose cushions. The 7-25 mm long by 1.5-3.5 mm broad,
linear-oblanceolate leaves are not strongly imbricate. Leaf surfaces are
covered with short-stalked stellate hairs with simple or forked hairs
often occurring on the leaf margins. Flowers are yellow fading to white.
Petals are 4-5 mm long and silicles are ovate to elliptic 4-12 x 1.5-3
mm with pubescent simple or forked trichomes.

Yellowstone draba is found on high mountain ridgecrests and talus slopes
with rocky, sandy or volcanic substrates in the subalpine to alpine
zone. In Idaho reported from elevations of about 7,000 feet near
Burgdorf to 10,000 feet in the Beaverhead Mountains. Associated species
include Phlox pulvinata, Cymopterus bipinnatus, Sedum lanceolatum, and
Potentilla diversifolia (Fox & Moseley, 1991).

Pointed draba (Draba globosa) - Pointed draba is known from three
occurrences in the White Cloud Mountains within the SNRA.

Pointed draba is a low growing perennial mustard often forming dense
cushions. Its flower stem is leafless; flowers are in clusters of 2-5
small, yellow flowers. Flowering period Is June-August. Its leaves are
thick with a few stiff hairs on margin, otherwise smooth.

Pointed draba is found on alpine fellfields and northeast facing, dry
ledges above 10,000 feet on gravelly soil derived from granite
substrate.

Spoon-leaved sundew (Drosera intermedia) -- There are three known
occurrences of spoon leaved sundew in the state of Idaho. Two of the
occurrences are within the SNRA.

Spoon-leaved sundew is a small low growing insectivorous perennial herb.
It produces a basal rosette of 10-30 leaves that are covered with long,
reddish glandular tipped hairs. The color of the leaves varies from
yellow-green to dark green to red. The spoon-shaped leaf blade is
produced at the end of a long leaf stalk (petiole). The plant lives by
eating insects it ensnares in sticky secretions produced by red tipped
stalked glands covering the upper side of the leaves. The flower stalk
originates as a roll in the middle of the rosette, and unrolls upward as
it grows; it produces 1-10 tiny white flowers on one side of the stalk
(Moseley et al. 1994).

Spoon-leaved sundew is found on acidic soils, often in peat and sphagnum
bogs, springs and the edges of lakes between 5,000 and 7,000 feet
elevation.

Blandow's helodium (Helodium blandowii) -- There are two known
occurrences of within the SNRA.

Blandow's helodium is a robust yellow-green moss with erect flattened
branches that make a feather-like pattern. Stems are cover densely with
green unbranched filaments (paraphylia). Its reproductive stalk and
capsule grows from the side of the stem (Christy and Wagner 1996).

Blandow's helodium is known to form mats and hummocks in montane
peatlands, bogs and fens. It grows under sedges and shrubs in mires or
along streams between 6,000-7,500 feet elevation.

Kellogg's bitterroot (Lewisia kelloggii) - Kellogg's bitterroot has
multiple occurrences in Idaho. There are three (possibly four) within
the SNRA.

It is a small perennial herb with deep fleshy roots. It has thick,
leathery dark green leaves that are notched at the tip and ar­ranged in
basal rosettes. Average diameter of rosettes is ap­proximately 2-3 inches
across. It produces a single white flower on short stems in the center
of the rosette (Steele et al. 1981).

Kellogg's bitterroot is found in at elevations between 5,400 and 9,500
feet on fractured bedrock, commonly near late snow banks, on upper
slopes and ridge tops. Sites are relatively sparse but support a diverse
assemblage of high elevation forbs and can have an overstory of several
species of conifer (Foster et al. 1997).

Kruckeberg's sword-fern (Polystichum krukebergii) -- There is one
historic occurrence of Kruckeberg's swordfern recorded on McGowen Peak
within the SNRA.

Kruckeberg's sword-fern is an evergreen fern with leaves tufted on a
short, stout, scaly erect creeping rhizome. Its leaves are 4-16 inches
long with 20-40 spiny tipped leaflets on each side of the leaf stem.

Kruckeberg's sword-fern is found on cliff crevices and talus slopes at
middle to upper elevations in the mountains.

Jone's primrose (Primula incana) -- Jones' primrose is known from three
occurrences in Idaho. There are two known Jones' primrose occurrences
within the SNRA.

Jones' primrose has 3-12 small, white to lilac flowers clustered on a
2-16 inch stem above a rosette of basal leaves. Its petal lobes are
deeply notched and its leaves and stem are grayish-green. It blooms
May-July.

Jones' primrose is found on streambanks and moist meadows in moist
alkaline soils of valley bottoms often where hummocky.

Farr's willow (Salix ferriae) -- There are three occurrences of Farr's
willow in Idaho. There is one known element occurrence of Farr's willow
within the SNRA.

Farr's willow is a branching shrub 1 -- 4 feet tall. Young twigs are
slightly hairy at first then becoming smooth. Its leaves are small,
slightly hairy at first with whitish undersides and waxy surface.
Pistillate catkins 1-3 cm long and staminate catkins .8-1.5 cm long on
leafy flowering branchlets 5-8 mm long, appearing with the leaves.
Flowering bracts brown or black, occasionally yellowish at base,
pubescent with long silky hairs or glabrous, persistent in fruit.
Capsules glabrous, 4-6 mm long on stalks .2-1mm long. It blooms July and
August.

Habitat for Farr's willow is identified as moist to wet subalpine
meadows streambanks, and lakeshores, between 8,100-9,600 feet elevation.
Often found in willow thickets dominated by Salix drummondiana, S.
boothii, and S. wolfii on volcanic silts along medium sized streams and
on hummocks in Picea engelmanii-Pinus contora swamp forests.

Wedge-leaf saxifrage (Saxifraga adscendens ssp. Oregonensis) -- There
are four wedge leaf saxifrage element occurrences within the Sawtooth
National Forest and two directly adjacent to the forest on the
Salmon-Challis National Forest. Ten occurrences are known from
south-central Idaho.

Wedge-leaf saxifrage is a short-lived perennial forb. It has a 1-4 inch
tall single stem rising above basal rosette of oblong leaves. The leaves
are attached directly to the stem, or nearly so, with a small petiole.
The leaf blades may be entire, 3-toothed, or shallowly lobed at tip.
Both stem and foliage have red glandular hairs. It produces white
flowers in July and August (Spahr et al. 1991).

Wedge leaf saxifrage is found on northerly-facing slopes on rock ledges
and crevices that remain wet due to their proximity with creeks or
alpine rivulets and along streams in subalpine forests and gravelly
alpine meadows (Moseley 1993).

Nodding saxifrage (Saxifraga cernua) -- There is one known element
occurrence of nodding saxifrage within the Sawtooth National Forest and
one adjacent on the Salmon-Challis National Forest. There are nine
occurrences in south-central and east-central Idaho.

Nodding saxifrage is a short-lived perennial forb. It has a 1-4 inch
tall single stem rising above basal rosette of reniform and evenly lobed
leaves (Spahr et al. 1991). It produces white flowers in July and
August. Bulbils develop in axils of upper stem leaves and replace lower
flowers in inflorescence.

Nodding saxifrage habitat is high elevation, north-facing slopes that
are continuously moist it is found on moist ledges and rock crevices
with moss and along streams in subalpine forests and gravelly alpine
meadows (Moseley 1993).

Petalless campion (Silene uralensis ssp. montana) - There are no know
occurrences of petalless campion within the Sawtooth National Forest.

Petalless campion is found in alpine habitat above timberline.

**D. Sawtooth National Forest Watch Species**

**Tall Swamp Onion** (*Allium validum) --*There are 13 element
occurrences known from south-central Idaho. Two of which occur on the
Fairfield Ranger District, Sawtooth National Forest

Tall swamp onion is a tall perennial (up to 3 ft) with blue-green leaves
and terminal cluster of bright pink flowers.

Habitats include mid to high elevation riparian areas, forested seeps,
margins of streams in subalpine fir habitat, and boggy subalpine lake
edges. Elevations range from 5500-8100 feet. Threats to this species
include: alteration of hydrology, trails, roads, and mechanical
activities**.**

**Park Milkvetch** (Astragalus leptaleus) --Park milkvetch is endemic to
the Rocky Mountains, where it occurs sporadically and apparently never
in abundance. It is most widespread in Colorado, with several disjunct
stations north in the Rockies to western Wyoming, east-central Idaho,
western Montana, and reportedly from Alberta (Hitchcock 1961; Barneby
1964; Isley 1985). At least three collections of park milkvetch were
made in Idaho during the 1940's; all were along the Big Lost River,
between Mackey and Chilly. In 1988, Caryl Elzinga extended the known
Idaho range of park milkvetch to the East Fork Salmon River drainage,
with the discovery of three populations along Road Creek. In 1991, Idaho
Conservation data Center, increased the number of known populations in
the Big Lost and East Fork Salmon drainages, and extended the known
distribution in the state 50 miles to the east, with the discovery of
populations along Birch Creek and along Texas Creek, in the Lemhi
Valley. As of the 1991 field season, park milkvetch is known from 14
extant sites in Idaho.

Park milkvetch is weak, delicate and diffuse. It has bright green
leaflets. Two or three white flowers at the middle of the stem and most
distinguishing, slightly uncompressed, one-celled pods that are not
visibly stipitate. The stripe, if present, is concealed by the calyx.
Flowering Period is July -- August.

Astragalus leptaleus is most similar to A. alpinus, but at least five
other riparian legumes, four milkvetches and an Oxytropis, occur in the
riparian communities and could be confused with A. leptaleus. Oxytropis
deflexa can be distinguished from A. leptaleus by the abruptly narrowed
point on its keel and laack of leaves on stems. A. diversifolius is a
robust plant and its terminal leaflet is confluent with the rachis in
contrast to the jointed leaflets of A. leptaleus. A. agrestis has purple
flowers that are crowed into ovoid heads and banner over 15 mm long. A.
eucosmus has deep purple flowers, its keel is 2.5-6 mm long, pods are
pendulous and herbage is dark green. A. alpinus has racemes of 7-23
flowers occurring at the ends of the stems and usually exceeding the
leaves, petals are lavender. A. leptaleus has racemes, 2-5 flowered,
occurring at the middle of the stem, the leaves far surpassing the
raceme, peatls are white with purple keel tip.

Habitat is best characterized as a mesic ecotone between saturated
riparian communities and dry, upland sagebrush-steppe. The ecotone
occurs in dryer portions of riparian areas, on the tops and sides of
hummocks and along the dry fringe of Geyer's willow/bluegrass or
graminoid-dominated communities. The substrate is dark loamy, mineral
soil that is dry at the surface, but somewhat moist just below the
surface. Sites are more or less falt and open, although some occurances
are in the partial shade of Salix geyeriana and occasionally S. boothii.
Habitat elevation range is between 6100-7300 feet.

**Lemhi Milkvetch** (Astragalus aquilonius) -- Lemhi milkvetch is
endemic to east-central Idaho, where it is known from the lower slopes
of the Salmon River valley and East Fork Salmon River, from near Ellis
to the vicinity of Clayton, the southern end of the Lemhi Range, the
Lemhi River valley around Lemhi, and scattered locations in the
Pahsimeroi and Lost River. Although the type collection was made by
Hitchcock and Muhlick in the Lemhi River valley, and hence the common
name Lemhi milkvetch, its center of distribution is in the Challis area
from the west slope of the Pahsimeroi Mountains, up the main Salmon
River to Clayton and up the East Fork Salmon River to Herd Creek.

Lemhi milkvetch is an herbaceous, short-lived perennial with numerous
trailing stems; the compound leaves with 9-23 leaflets, each 5-16 mm
long, oblong to oblanceolate. The flowers about 1 cm long,

greenish-white, the keel often purplish tipped; pods sessile, inflated,
green and not mottled, 1-celled, and glabrous to minutely hairy.

Lemhi milkvetch is found on dry, gentle to often steep and unstable
slopes, talus, washes, alluvial debris, and flats. It occurs on various,
but often southerly aspects having gravelly and sandy, to ashy and
occasionally clayey soils. Associated shrub-steppe vegetation is
*Artemisia tridentata* ssp. *wyomingensis*, *Atriplex confertiflora*,
*Pseudoroegneria spicata*, *Elymus elymoides*, *Poa secunda*, and
*Leymus salinus* ssp. *salmonis*. Along the Salmon River it is often
associated with two other Challis region endemics, *Astragalus
amblytropis* and *Oxytropis besseyi* var. *salmonensis*.

**Beautiful bryum** *(Bryum calobryoides*) - No known population exists
on the Sawtooth National Forest, although potential habitat does exist.

Beautiful bryum is a small bright green moss found in meadows and on
damp cliff sides on soil types varying from basic to acidic rock to
moist soils at subalpine-alpine elevations above 5000 feet.

**Buxbaum\'s sedge** (*Carex buxbaumii*) **--** There are 51 known
element occurrences of this species in Idaho (Idaho CDC 2003). Eleven
occurrences are on the Sawtooth National Forest.

This species is a perennial stoloniferous sedge with culms up to 10 dm
tall. It is found in swamps, meadows, peatlands, bogs, marshes and other
wetlands. Elevations range from 6400-9500 feet. Populations are found in
loose colonies around edge of wetland habitats. Threats to this species
include: alterations of hydrological regimes and invasive species

**Maritime sedge** *(Carex incurviformis* var. *incurviformis*) - No
known occurrences within the Sawtooth National Forest. One occurrence
known from Idaho at Kane Lake Cirque at the northern end of the Pioneer
Mountains, on Salmon Challis National Forest, about 13 miles northeast
of Ketchum.

Maritime sedge is a perennial sedge. Its culms are 2-4 cm tall, with
woody long-creeping rhizomes. Leaves 4-6, clustered near base of stem,
inrolled near tip and are equal or longer than the inflorescence.
Inflorescence are a globe or egg-shaped head composed of 2 or more
densely aggregated spikes. Staminate flowers are inconspicuous and
located above pistillate flowers. Pistillate flower scales brown with
wide membranous margins. Perigynium 3.25 mm long, glossy dark brown with
2 stigmas and 2-sided achenes. Flowering period is July-August.

Suitable habitat for maritime sedge is alpine and subalpine moist tundra
and wet rock ledges. Associated species include *Erigeron humilis*,
*Saxifraga adscendens*, *S. cernua* var. *oregonesis*. Habitat ranges in
elevation between 10000-12200 feet.

**Idaho douglasia** *(Douglasia idahoensis*) *--* Idaho douglasia is an
endemic species to central Idaho. There are no known populations on the
Sawtooth National Forest, although potential habitat does exist.

It is found on north and east facing unstable sub-alpine slopes and
ridges on recently decomposed granitic soils; associated with whitebark
pine and subalpine fir forests between 7,200 and 9,000 feet (Moseley
1988).

**Giant hellaborine Orchid** (*Epipactis gigantea)-* Giant helleborine
orchid is distributed throughout western North America, but considered
uncommon within its range. There are several known occurrences of giant
heleborine orchid on the Fairfield Ranger District.

Tall orchid with 3 - 15 greenish - brown flowers usually on one side of
the upper stem. Leaves are alternate, smooth and becoming larger going
up the stem. Flowers June to July.

Giant hellaborine orchid is found in open sunny wet areas along
streambanks, lake margins, seeps and springs, and especially near hot
springs between 3,000 and 5,600 feet. Hot spring habitat is often
localized along a larger watercourse and associated with various types
of riparian vegetation. Often in low elevation desert regions it is
found in non-thermal springs and seep areas. Soils substrates are
usually well-decomposed granite or limestone (Mancuso 1991).

#######  VI. EXISTING CONDITION

**[Fisheries]{.underline}**

**Middle Fork and North Fork Boise River Subbasin (17050111)** - The
North and Middle Fork Boise River subbasin originates in the Sawtooth
Wilderness and drains southwest into Arrowrock Reservoir. Lands
administered by the Forest Service account for more than 99 percent of
the land base.

#### 

#### Mining, livestock grazing, recreation, road management, and timber harvest have influenced conditions in this subbasin. These actions have resulted in sediment delivery to streams, altered riparian vegetation, loss of potential wood sources, altered stream channels, and disrupted connectivity. In some locations, impacts have increased sedimentation and nutrient levels. High levels of natural sediment from erodible granitic parent material exacerbate these impacts. Several large uncharacteristic wildfires have occurred throughout the subbasin with extensive landslides and debris torrents damaging several subwatersheds. Valley bottom roads are known to extensively exist.

**South Fork Boise River Subbasin (Hydrologic Unit 17050113) -** Lands
administered by the Forest Service account for about 82 percent of the
land base. Mining, livestock grazing, recreation, road management, and
timber harvest have influenced conditions in this subbasin. These
actions have resulted in sediment delivery to streams, altered riparian
vegetation, loss of potential wood sources, altered stream channels, and
disrupted connectivity. In some locations, impacts have increased
sedimentation and nutrient levels. High levels of natural sediment from
erodible granitic parent material exacerbate these impacts. Valley
bottom roads are known to extensively exist.

**South Fork Payette River Subbasin (Hydrologic Unit 17050120) -** Lands
administered by the Forest Service account for about 98 percent of the
land base. Land uses on private and Federal land include livestock
grazing, recreation, road management, and timber harvest. Cattle grazing
is concentrated in the lower elevations and sheep generally graze at the
mid to high elevations. Dispersed recreation occurs near many rivers and
streams.

Livestock grazing, recreation, road management, and timber harvest have
influenced conditions in this subbasin. These actions have resulted in
sediment delivery to streams, altered riparian vegetation, loss of
potential wood sources, altered stream channels, and disrupted
connectivity. In some locations, impacts have increased sedimentation
and nutrient levels. Extensive uncharacteristic wildfires have occurred
with numerous landslides and debris torrents damaging several
subwatersheds. High levels of natural sediment from erodible granitic
parent material intensify these impacts.

**Upper Salmon River Subbasin (Hydrologic Unit 17060201) -** Federal
ownership comprises 93 percent of the subbasin. Forest Service
administered lands account for an estimated 69 percent of the subbasin
(Sawtooth National Recreation Area -35 percent; Salmon-Challis NF - 34
percent). The BLM is the other federal landowner in the subbasin
(Challis Resource Area - 24 percent).

Virtually all of the private and State inholdings lie along the Salmon
River or Valley Creek corridors. This subbasin contains many small
irrigation diversions, and impoundments on both public and private land.
State and Federal lands are managed for roads, recreation, grazing, and
special uses including water diversions. Many subwatersheds have
experienced past mining activities. Historically, hydraulic and placer
mining were widely used; they were succeeded by shaft and adit mines.

Conditions in this subbasin have been influenced by livestock grazing
(primarily cattle), irrigation dams and ditch networks, residential
development, recreation, road construction and maintenance, and timber
harvest. These actions have resulted in sediment delivery to streams,
altered riparian vegetation, loss potential wood sources, altered stream
channels and flows and elimination of connectivity and access.

**Big Wood River Subbasin (Hydrologic Unit 17040219**) - Forest Service
administered lands account for about 36% of the subbasin. The subbasin
also contains private, BLM, and State of Idaho lands. The primary uses
and activities in this area have been dispersed and developed
recreation, livestock grazing, mining, and timber management. The trends
in land use in the Big Wood River Subbasin indicate that agricultural
lands are quickly being changed into development areas for the larger
cities. Encroachment of forestlands and rangelands is also being noticed
as the population in the subbasin increases.

Watershed conditions are largely influenced by actions on non-Federal
land. Conditions in this subbasin have been influenced by livestock
grazing (primarily cattle), municipal water uses, irrigation dams and
ditch networks, residential development, recreation, and road
construction/maintenance. These actions have resulted in sediment
delivery to streams, altered riparian vegetation, loss potential wood
sources, altered stream channels and flows and elimination of
connectivity and access.

There are many trails in the area, providing a variety of motorized and
non-motorized opportunities. Illegal off-trail use by motorized vehicles
in some areas---such as Silver Creek and the Galena Lodge area---has
resulted in landscape scarring, impacts on other users, impacts to
vegetation, flow channeling, and increased erosion.

**Little Wood River Subbasin (Hydrologic Unit 17040221) -** Forest
Service administered lands account for about 10% of the subbasin that
are in the headwaters.

Land uses on private include livestock grazing (primarily cattle),
residential development, recreation, road construction, and road
maintenance. Dispersed and developed recreation occurs near rivers and
the Little Wood Reservoir. This subbasin contains many small irrigation
dams, diversions and impoundments on both public and private land. State
and Federal lands are managed for timber harvest, roads, recreation,
grazing, and special uses including water diversions.

Watershed conditions are largely influenced by actions on non-Federal
land. Conditions in this subbasin have been influenced by livestock
grazing (primarily sheep and cattle), irrigation dams and ditch
networks, recreation, road construction and maintenance, and limited
timber harvest. These actions have resulted in sediment delivery to
streams, altered riparian vegetation, loss potential wood sources,
altered stream channels and flows and elimination of connectivity and
access.

Camas Creek Subbasin (Hydrologic Unit 17040220) - Forest Service
administered lands account for about 13% of the subbasin. Forest Service
administered lands within the subbasin comprise primarily the upper
portions of the Soldier Creek and Willow Creek drainages north of
Fairfield, Idaho.

Watershed conditions are largely influenced by actions on non-Federal
land. Conditions in this subbasin have been influenced by livestock
grazing, agriculture, irrigation dams and ditch networks, mining,
dispersed recreation, and road construction and maintenance. These
actions have resulted in sediment delivery to streams, altered riparian
vegetation, loss potential wood sources, altered stream channels and
flows and elimination of connectivity and access.

Table 5. Summary of Baseline Conditions for all Subbasins

+---------------+------+----+----+-----+------+------+------+-------+
| **Subbasin**  | **   |    |    |     |      |      |      |       |
|               | Path |    |    |     |      |      |      |       |
|               | ways |    |    |     |      |      |      |       |
|               | ^    |    |    |     |      |      |      |       |
|               | 1^** |    |    |     |      |      |      |       |
+---------------+------+----+----+-----+------+------+------+-------+
| **4th level   | **Po | *  | *  | **H | *    | **F  | **W  | **I   |
| H.U.C. and    | pula | *W | *H | abi | *Cha | low/ | ater | ntegr |
| Name**        | tion | at | ab | tat | nnel | Hyd  | shed | ation |
|               | Char | er | it | E   | co   | rolo | cond | of    |
|               | act. | q  | at | lem | ndit | gy** | itio | sp    |
|               | ^    | ua | Ac | ent | ions |      | ns** | ecies |
|               | 2^** | li | ce | s** | and  |      |      | and   |
|               |      | ty | ss |     | dy   |      |      | ha    |
|               |      | ** | ** |     | nami |      |      | bitat |
|               |      |    |    |     | cs** |      |      | co    |
|               |      |    |    |     |      |      |      | nditi |
|               |      |    |    |     |      |      |      | ons** |
+---------------+------+----+----+-----+------+------+------+-------+
| **Boise River |      |    |    |     |      |      |      |       |
| Basin**       |      |    |    |     |      |      |      |       |
+---------------+------+----+----+-----+------+------+------+-------+
| 17050111      | FR   | FR | F  | FR  | FR   | FR   | FR   | FR    |
|               |      |    | UR |     |      |      |      |       |
| North &       |      |    |    |     |      |      |      |       |
| Middle FK.    |      |    |    |     |      |      |      |       |
| Boise         |      |    |    |     |      |      |      |       |
+---------------+------+----+----+-----+------+------+------+-------+
| 17050113      | FR   | FR | F  | FR  | FR   | FR   | FR   | FR    |
|               |      |    | UR |     |      |      |      |       |
| South Fork    |      |    |    |     |      |      |      |       |
| Boise River   |      |    |    |     |      |      |      |       |
+---------------+------+----+----+-----+------+------+------+-------+
| **Payette     |      |    |    |     |      |      |      |       |
| River Basin** |      |    |    |     |      |      |      |       |
+---------------+------+----+----+-----+------+------+------+-------+
| 17050120      | FR   | FR | F  | FR  | FR   | FR   | FR   | FR    |
|               |      |    | UR |     |      |      |      |       |
| South Fork    |      |    |    |     |      |      |      |       |
| Payette       |      |    |    |     |      |      |      |       |
+---------------+------+----+----+-----+------+------+------+-------+
| **Upper       |      |    |    |     |      |      |      |       |
| Snake**       |      |    |    |     |      |      |      |       |
+---------------+------+----+----+-----+------+------+------+-------+
| 17040219      | \--  | FA | FR | FR  | FR   | FUR  | FA   | FR    |
|               |      |    |    |     |      |      |      |       |
| Big Wood      |      |    |    |     |      |      |      |       |
| River         |      |    |    |     |      |      |      |       |
+---------------+------+----+----+-----+------+------+------+-------+
| 17040221      | \--  | FR | FR | FR  | FR   | FR   | FR   | FR    |
|               |      |    |    |     |      |      |      |       |
| Little Wood   |      |    |    |     |      |      |      |       |
| River         |      |    |    |     |      |      |      |       |
+---------------+------+----+----+-----+------+------+------+-------+
| 17040220      | \--  | FR | FR | FR  | FR   | FR   | FR   | FR    |
|               |      |    |    |     |      |      |      |       |
| Camas Creek   |      |    |    |     |      |      |      |       |
+---------------+------+----+----+-----+------+------+------+-------+
| **Salmon      |      |    |    |     |      |      |      |       |
| River Basin** |      |    |    |     |      |      |      |       |
+---------------+------+----+----+-----+------+------+------+-------+
| 17060201      | FUR  | FR | F  | FR  | FR   | FR   | FR   | FR    |
|               |      |    | UR |     |      |      |      |       |
| Upper Salmon  |      |    |    |     |      |      |      |       |
+---------------+------+----+----+-----+------+------+------+-------+

^1^Ratings are for non-wilderness portions of these subbasins only.

The wilderness portions are all considered to be functioning
appropriately.

^2^ For bull trout only.

FR = functioning at risk

FA = functioning appropriately

FUR = functioning at an unacceptable risk

> **VII. EFFECTS OF PROPOSED ACTION ON LISTED, CANIDATE, AND SENSITIVE
> SPECIES**

**Aquatic Resources**

**Effects Common to all Fifth Fields**

The intent of trail maintenance, reconstruction, and reroutes is to
prevent the deterioration of trails due to natural erosion and regular
use. The amount of risk to aquatic resources associated with trail
activities is generally proportional to the amount of maintenance
needed, the trail's location (i.e. paralleling a stream for a great
distance), and number of stream crossings.

General effects to aquatic resources from trail maintenance,
reconstruction, and reroutes include: (1) altering upland and riparian
soil and vegetation conditions that may lead to increased erosion and
runoff, loss of streamside vegetation and wood recruitment, and reduced
water quality; (2) causing instream changes around stream fords that may
affect channel morphology, water quality, stream flows, substrate, and
wood debris; and (3) the potential for hazardous materials (e.g. fuel,
oil, or other fluids associated with equipment, paint, and treated
lumber) that can be spilled into streams. The following general effects
will be discussed in relation to LRMP direction and specific
programmatic trail design criteria (PDCs).

**Water Quality (Sediment)** - Tread maintenance, construction, and
reconstruction can increase sediment when small slide or slumps are
removed, culverts to improve drainage or over small non-fish bearing
streams are replaced or installed, tread maintenance is completed, and
new trail tread for reroutes is created. The degree of impact is
dependent on the amount of ground disturbed at the site, distance of the
trail from a stream, slope steepness, and amount of filtering vegetation
between the trail and stream.

Overall trail maintenance activities are designed to reduce erosion, but
can result in localized sediment delivery to streams. Project design
criteria (PDCs) will reduce sediment by minimizing trail berms that
route water down trails, directing slough and tread disposal away from
streams, and making sure drainage structures direct water and sediment
away from stream crossings and fords.

LRMP management direction will provide a high degree of protection to
aquatic resources because trail activities will have to maintain or
improve watershed condition indicators (SWST01). This implies that trail
activities will need to work toward reducing sediment transport to
streams so not to retard the attainment of properly functioning
conditions or to improve conditions when impaired. Trail activities that
occur within or draining into 303(d) listed water bodies must also be
designed and implemented so that they contribute to, or do not prevent
recovery of these water bodies with respect to the parameter(s) for
which they are listed (SWST07).

Trail reroutes in RCAs have the potential for larger sediment increases
to streams. However, trail reroutes or realignments in RCAs will need to
implement practices to minimize ground disturbance, retain sediments on
site, and promote rapid revegetation. Trail reroutes or realignments
will be located outside of RCAs where reasonable and practical
alternatives exist (REST02). Trail realignments will also not add trails
within RCAs unless an overall expected benefit to riparian resources
could be demonstrated.

Finally, if larger sediment increases occur projects will need to
demonstrate demonstrable short- or long-term benefits to watershed
resource conditions (SWST04).

**Water Quality (Hazardous Materials)** -- Use of power equipment (e.g.
chainsaws, etc.) may increase the potential for hazardous materials
(e.g. fuel, oil, or other fluids) to be spilled into streams. Most of
these fluids if spilled in sufficient quantities are toxic to aquatic
organisms.

The risk from hazardous material spills should be minimized by the type
of activity authorized under this programmatic and through the
implementation of LRMP management direction and PDCs. Trail activities
typically only carry enough oil and gas to complete a few days of work.
Therefore, there should not be large quantities of hazardous materials
to spill. Aquatic species and water quality should also be protected
because the storage of fuels and other toxicants or refueling within
RCAs will typically not be authorized unless there are no other
alternatives (SWST11). If a spill occurs, sorbent pads (capable of
absorbing petroleum products) are required to be kept on hand during
maintenance activities.

In general, the potential for effects to fish and water quality from
paint associated with bridges is low, since most trail bridges on the
Sawtooth National Forest are made of native materials or treated timbers
and are not painted. When lead paint needs to be removed, maintenance
activities will use containment barriers below treated structures so
paint chips will not fall in the water.

Some bridges have been constructed using oil based preservatives that
fills or coats the wood's surface. There are three oil-type
preservatives that are commonly used in aquatic applications:
**Creosote,** **Copper Naphthenate** and **Pentachlorophenol**.

Creosote-treated wood can lose toxic compounds called polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons or PAH. Creosote-treated wood leaches relatively
rapidly in freshwater and throughout the life of the structure. The
initial release is seen as a hydrocarbon sheen on the water surface.
Goyette and Brooks (1998) have shown that pile-sourced PAHs in the water
column are of low concentration, and their occurrence is intermittent
and of short duration. This is because PAHs are not water soluble. Of
much greater concern for aquatic ecosystems is the accumulation of PAHs
in the sediments surrounding piles. PAHs can accumulate in sediments to
levels of 10 to 20 parts per million (ppm) that have been associated
with cancer in fish.

Goyette and Brooks (1998) have hypothesized that PAHs are transported
through the water column in particulate form. This hypothesis suggests
that microliter-sized particles of creosote fall through the water
column and slowly work their way downward through interstices in
sediments. These creosote particles may be formed when treated wood is
subjected to intense solar exposure associated with elevated air
temperatures.

Copper naphthenate is an oil-borne preservative that is the reaction
product of copper oxide and naphthenic acids. It is used primarily for
above-water components and for hand dressing of end cuts. Copper
Naphthenate will leach primarily in the first few weeks after
installation, although some metals will continue to be lost at very low
levels for months. Copper and other metals can accumulate in low
concentrations in sediment below bridges.

Pentachlorophenol (Penta) from treated wood may be dissolved in the
water column and sorbed to matter in bottom sediments. Penta readily
degrades in the environment by chemical, microbiological, and
photochemical processes. If present in large enough quantities, Penta
may be toxic to fish and other aquatic life. Invertebrate abundance
appeared to be more influenced by sediment composition than by
pentachlorophenol levels (Brooks 1999b).

Small quantities of each wood preservative will leach or migrate from
treated wood structures into the water column and surrounding sediments.
However, the environmental risk from each preservative is dependent on
what is used; how it is installed, and how much contact treated wood
will have with the water. Since this programmatic does not cover bridge
installation, effects from treated wood would be limited to the removal
and replacement of small quantities of bridge timbers (e.g. primarily
decking and railings). Most timbers will not be replaced directly in the
water column and therefore leaching should be minimized. However, some
leaching from rain, snow, and direct sunlight may still occur.

Creosote-treated wood appears to have the highest risks to streams,
followed by copper naphthenate, and pentachlorophenol. Therefore
creosote-treated wood is not recommended for use in freshwater. PDCs
will further minimize risks by making sure treated wood is inspected
when it arrives to make sure that materials do not display excessive
bleeding (oil-type) or surface deposits. Any cutting or drilling of
treated wood should be done away from the water when practical. Any
application of sealers on cut or drilled wood should be applied away
from water. Finally, if drilling, cutting, sealing must occur over
water, a containment barrier must be used below the bridge.

**Habitat Elements (Large Woody Debris) -** Trail maintenance,
construction, and reconstruction may affect the size and quanity of
large wood material in riparian areas and stream channels when downed
trees that block a trail are cut or hazard trees are felled. The
greatest potential for reductions to large wood delivery to stream
channels is within one site potential tree height of the channel (USDA
et al. 1993). Reduced numbers and size of wood material can influence
stream channel morphology and instream habitat. Cutting downed trees
reduces a tree's length and severs the anchoring root wad from its bole.
This may cause remaining pieces to be too short and/or light to be
stable. The size of downed wood in streams is critical to its ability to
remain stable in the stream and provide ecological benefits. Cut trees
that occur in streams or high flow channels may be washed downstream
during high flows. These smaller, unstable pieces are less likely to
support features needed to maintain channel functions and habitat for
aquatic species (e.g. overhead cover, low-velocity refugia, etc.).

Forest plan direction and project design criteria (PDCs) should reduce
many of the above-described effects to streams. When fallen trees across
trails and fords or upstream of culverts and bridges are cleared,
methods will be used to keep trees as large as possible, when safe and
feasible. Trees that have fallen across trails and/or accumulated at
stream fords will only have that portion of the material obstructing
trail removed, leaving the majority of the bole in the stream channel.
Woody materials that have accumulated above trail culverts or bridges
should be placed downstream of the structure where it is safe and
feasible. Finally, trees and snags that are felled within Riparian
Conservation Areas (RCAs) must be left unless determined not to be
necessary for achieving soil, water, riparian, and aquatic desired
conditions (SWST10).

The combination of LRMP management direction and PDCs should help to
maintain large pieces of wood with attached root wads in streams and
floodplains. This will provide greater structural and habitat stability
to streams depending on the streams' size. However, it may only be safe
and feasible to move smaller downed trees. Past experience has shown
that some downed trees are too large to effectively move with hand tools
or a winch. This will result in the cutting of some downed trees causing
localized areas of smaller, less functional log lengths.

PDCs that address hazard trees will use directional falling techniques
to mimic the natural pattern and distribution of downed wood within the
area. Other alternatives (e.g. blasting or toppling with a winch) to
cutting hazard trees will also be used. These methods should provide
more intact trees with root wads for wildlife and fish habitat.

Trail realignment or reroutes would be located outside of RCAs where
reasonable and practical alternatives exist (REST02). Trail realignments
would also not add trails within RCAs unless an overall expected benefit
to riparian resources could be demonstrated as determined by the
district biologists.

If the LRMP direction and PDCs proves to be ineffective in maintaining
the quantity and size of wood near streams and are shown to be degrading
habitat, then trails would be considered for relocation or closure
(REGU07).

**Channel Condition and Dynamics -** Trail maintenance, construction,
and reconstruction may affect channel features (e.g. sediment storage,
substrate, pools, etc.) when rock is excavated from gravel deposits,
woody material is cut or moved, stream banks are stabilized, ford
approaches and crossings are maintained, and when bridges and culverts
are maintained.

Borrowing from streams is not permitted under this programmatic.
Therefore, effects to channels and instream habitat would not occur.
Borrowing may occur within 150 feet of streams, but only in areas that
have flat terrain and where there is at least 30 feet of vegetation to
filter sediment from reaching the channel. Effects to stream channels
and habitat from cutting and moving wood are discussed under the woody
debris effects section of this programmatic.

Streambank stabilization should not change bank integrity or affect
instream habitat. PDCs only allow minor streambank stabilization (less
than 5 feet) using rock, wood or vegetation to occur where the stream
has eroded portions of the trail bed. All materials will be placed and
adjusted by hand annually as needed.

Maintenance at stream fords may consist of removing accumulated material
(rocks, logs, etc.) at the crossing, hardening approaches and crossings
with rocks, installing drainage structures on approaches to minimize
trail generated sediment delivery. Most of these activities are designed
to prevent resource impacts by maintaining a ford that is safe and easy
to cross. PDCs will minimize effects by ensuring that proper bankfull
width and grade are maintained so not to create low-water fish barriers
or areas that are more likely to accumulate debris. Trail activities
would also have to meet the intent of LRMP management direction (SWST01)
to ensure actions do not further degrade and eventually improve channel
width and instream habitat where impaired at the reach scale.

Many trail fords are located where stream gradients are low, and the
very actions of removing large rocks and maintaining a flat gradient at
the crossing point may result in deposition of gravel materials, thus
encouraging the use of these sites by spawning salmonids. Work on fords
when redds or spawning fish are present can result in redd disturbance
or disruption of spawning activity. PDCs will minimize these effects by
restricting when instream work (July 1 - August 1, where adult ESA
listed fish or their spawning habitat may be present). Outside of this
period, instream work may proceed, but only where spawning surveys have
been conducted by a trained observer, just prior to the activity and no
spawning or evidence of incubating eggs is observed in the vicinity of
the project. Ideally a fisheries biologist would check every ford, but
this is not feasible given current staffing. Coordination between
fisheries and recreation will be essential so maps of known distribution
and training of redd identification can be provided.

Streamside work (e.g. bank protection, trail tread maintenance, etc.)
can disturb rearing or staging fish. However, these effects would not be
outside the normal disturbances experienced as a result of normal trail
use and does not result in a biologically significant impact to
individuals or populations.

**Flow/Hydrology** - Trail reroutes or realignments may increase
ditchlines causing greater surface or groundwater interception and
localized changing in surface hydrology. PDCs, however, should minimize
these effects by designing and maintaining proper drainage structures
with adequate spacing of waterbars and not draining or filling wet
areas. Furthermore, abandoned sections of trails would likely be
reclaimed to discourage use, decreasing existing ditchlines when
present.

**Watershed Condition (Riparian Vegetation)** - Brushing generally
prunes or cuts sapling and seedling trees, woody vegetation (e.g. alder,
willow etc.), and shrubs as flush to the ground surface as possible
within the trail's clearing limits. Brushing does not, however, prune
larger overstory trees that provide shade. Brushing on trails along
streams has the potential to cut riparian vegetation needed to maintain
bank stability, shade, and organic material to streams. The felling of
hazard trees in RCAs may also increase solar radiation to streams where
trails parallel streams.

The PDCs should minimize the above effects. Brushing would be minimized
near streams, wetlands, and other water features by leaving as much of
an uncut buffer as possible. This should help to maintain riparian
vegetation to meet understory shading and bank stability needs. There
may be situations where brushing still removes understory riparian
vegetation for safety. However, this removal is anticipated to be
localized and is not expected affect stream shading and bank stability.

The felling of hazard trees is not expected to increase water
temperature because only a few hazard trees are cut per year along any
one trail.

**Disturbance** - Blasting may cause mortality to fish, eggs, and fry
from concussion transmitted through bedrock. The magnitude of this risk
is dependent on the amount and type of explosives, whether explosives
were drilled into bedrock or not, the depth of drilling, the geology of
the area, and the proximity of blasting to fish-bearing streams. Lesser
effects from blasting include disturbance of fish from concussion and
fly rock. Normally such disturbance would have no long-term effects on
fish, but where adults are staging prior to spawning or where spawning
activity has commenced, repeated disturbance may cause fish to abandon
redds, cease spawning activity, or disrupt migration to preferred
spawning areas.

Close adherence to the outlined PDCs should minimize risks to fish from
blasting. Subsurface blasting requiring mechanized or hand drilling will
be avoided within 300 feet of T&E fish-bearing streams. The buffer
restrictions outlined in the PDCs, which apply to single shots of a
given weight of explosive or single shots in a multiple charge if each
shot is separated by an eight millisecond or longer delay, have been
analyzed by Wright and Hopky (1998), and determined to protect fish from
both swim bladder effects and egg disturbances (USDA FS and USDI BLM
2003, Supplement to Programmatic BA for Road Maintenance on Public Lands
Administered by the Salmon-Challis Forest, and BLM Salmon, Challis, and
Idaho Falls Field Offices in the Upper Salmon River Basin and Lost River
Subbasin). A 300 foot buffer from the blasting sites to the nearest
stream would be effective in reducing the risks of an explosive charge
up to 25 pounds. This amount, however, would rarely be used to maintain
or improve a trail's tread. Therefore, the chances of shock waves or
concussion to fish would be even less than those analyzed by Wright and
Hopky (1998) with the applied buffer.

Limited exceptions to the buffers may be granted, but only following
evaluation by a fisheries biologist. If blasting is needed closer than
300 feet from a fish bearing stream, then timing restrictions, reduction
of charge weights, and non-explosive alternatives such as Betonamit
should be considered.

Instream work around fords, culverts, and bridges can only be
implemented during July 1 - August 1, where adult ESA listed fish or
their spawning habitat may be present. Work in streamside areas where
ESA listed fish may be staging can be implemented only from May 15 to
August 1 or after October 15. Outside of this period, instream work may
proceed only where spawning surveys have been conducted by a trained
observer, just prior to the activity, and no spawning is observed in the
vicinity of the project.

With application of the PDCs, effects to fish from blasting are expected
to be negligible.

**Effects Specific to Individual Subbasins**

Project design criteria and LRMP management direction will minimize most
effects to aquatic species and their habitat. However, there may be
instances where it is not safe or feasible to move downed trees across
stream fords or trails or fall hazard trees toward streams. As described
previously, some downed trees will be too large to move resulting
smaller, less functional log lengths. This may affect channel and
habitat features and reduce wood recruitment to streams.

![](media/image14.jpeg){width="5.25in" height="4.25in"}To evaluate the
potential for these effects several factors were examined. First, the
total miles of trail in RCAs were calculated for each 6^th^ field to
determine which areas had the highest trail densities in RCAs. Then each
6^th^ field was examined spatially to determine if the trail system
paralleled streams for a great enough distance to affect wood. If a
trail did not parallel a stream, the subwatershed was not further
assessed. Finally, subwatersheds with highest amounts of paralleling
trails were evaluated using potential vegetation group (PVGs) coverage
and 2004 digital ortho-photos (1 meter resolution) to determine if trail
routes went through overstory trees that could be affected.

**Sawtooth National Recreation Area**

**Upper Salmon**

Few subwatersheds in the Upper Salmon subbasin have high trail densities
in RCAs (Appendix B, Figure 17). Big Casino Creek (Upper Canyon), Big
Lake Creek (EF Salmon River), Little Boulder Creek (EF Salmon River),
Wickiup-Sheep (EF Salmon River), and Swimm-Martin (Warm Spring Creek)
have the highest trail densities in RCAs with over 3 miles/mi2. However
upon further evaluation, the majority of these trail systems did not go
through stands of overstory trees. Most occurred on drier, south facing
slopes with smaller patches of conifer or other overstory trees. Others
traveled through dry sage brush vegetation. Most of these streams have
thick willow vegetation and are not controlled by large wood debris
(Figure 14). One exception to this is in Martin and Garland Creeks in
the Swimm-Martin subwatershed. Both subwatersheds have conifer dominated
overstories and trails parallel close to the stream for some distance.
As a result, these streams may have a higher risk of wood being affected
by trail activities. These streams are above the range of anadromous
fish, but may contain bull trout. Localized impacts to wood, channel and
habitat features may occur in these streams and should be reviewed
closer in the field through the programmatic coordination and
monitoring. However to be consistent with LRMP management direction,
trail activities must strive to maintain or improve watershed condition
indicators (SWST01). If PDCs prove to be ineffective in maintaining the
quantity and size of wood near streams and are shown to be degrading
habitat, then trails would be considered for relocation or closure
(REGU07). District rangers would determine relocations or closures after
review and discussion from their recreational staff and biologists.

**S.F. Payette**

![](media/image15.jpeg){width="4.75in" height="4.125196850393701in"}Only
the Upper South Fork Payette River subwatershed has a high trail density
(3.24 mi/mi2) in RCAs (Appendix B, Figure 18) in this subbasin. Benedict
Creek and the mainstem of the Payette River have the highest trail
densities within this subwatershed. However upon closer review, the
majority of each trail system does not parallel either stream posing a
low risk to wood debris.

**Middle and North Fork Boise River**

Several subwatersheds in the Middle and North Fork Boise subbasin had
high trail densities in RCAs (Appendix B, Figure 19). Little Queens
River, Mattingly-Leggit, and Upper MF Boise River subwatersheds had
higher trail densities in RCAs with over 2.7 miles/mi2. Queens River had
a slightly lower trail density in RCAs (2.11 mi/mi2), but a high portion
of the trail system parallels the stream. Therefore it was considered a
moderate to high risk to wood. Upon further evaluation, the majority of
these trail systems do not travel through dense stands of overstory
conifers or other trees. Much of the overstory vegetation is patchy and
reflects characteristics of higher, alpine terrain with many avalanche
chutes. Therefore, there is a low risk to altering wood size and
function.

**Fairfield Ranger District**

**South Fork Boise River**

Several subwatersheds in the S.F. Boise subbasin have high trail
densities in RCAs (Appendix B, Figure 20). Big Peak Creek, Narrow-Bluff,
NF Big Smoky Creek, Paradise Creek, Skillern-Calf, Upper Big Smoky
Creek, West Fork Big Smoky Creek (Big Smoky Creek 5^th^ Field); Middle
Fork Lime Creek, North Fork Lime Creek, South Fork Lime-Hearn, Upper SF
Lime Creek (Lime Creek 5^th^ Field); Ross Fork Creek (Upper SF Boise
River 5^th^ Field), and Big Water-Virginia, Boardman Creek, Kelley
Creek, Skeleton Creek, Willow Creek (Willow Creek 5^th^ Field) have the
highest trail densities in RCAs ranging from 3 to 5.6 miles/mi2.

Upon further evaluation, trails in several streams (NF Big Smoky Creek,
West Fork Big Smoky Creek, North Fork Lime Creek, and Skeleton Creek)
were found not to parallel the channel for any great distance. The
majority of the remaining high trail density subwatersheds were found to
not have trail routes that went through stands of overstory trees. Most
occurred on drier, south facing slopes with smaller patches of conifer
or other overstory trees. Others traveled through dry sage brush
vegetation. Most of these streams had thick willow vegetation and where
not controlled by large wood debris (Figure 15).

Four subwatersheds (Paradise, Skillern-Calf, Ross Fork, and Kelley
Creeks) were found to have high trail RCA densities, large amounts of
trail paralleling the channel, and the majority of trail routes going
through conifer dominated overstories. Streams in these subwatersheds
may have a higher risk of wood being affected by trail activities. Bull
trout have not been found in Paradise, Skillern-Calf or Kelley Creeks,
but have been located in Ross Fork. Localized impacts to wood, channel
and habitat features may occur in these streams and should be reviewed
closer in the field through the programmatic coordination and
monitoring. However, effects to wood should not cause large scale
changes if they are to be consistent with LRMP management direction.
Trail activities must to strive to maintain or improve watershed
condition indicators (SWST01). If PDCs prove to be ineffective in
maintaining the quantity and size of wood near streams and are shown to
be degrading habitat, then trails would be considered for relocation or
closure (REGU07).

**Camas Creek**

Only the Elk-Frickle, Phillips-Wardrop, and Upper Soldier Creek
subwatersheds have trail densities in RCAs above 3.00 mi/mi2 (Appendix
B, Figure 21) in this subbasin. Upon closer review, however, most of
these trail systems do not parallel the stream and poses a low risk to
wood debris. Only trails in Upper Soldier Creek closely parallel
streams. But these trails do not travel through stands of overstory
trees. Therefore, there is a low risk to altering wood size and function
in the Camas Creek subbasin.

**Ketchum Ranger District**

![](media/image16.jpeg){width="4.5in"
height="3.9925196850393703in"}**Big Wood River**

Ten subwatersheds have trail densities in RCAs above 3.00 mi/mi2
(Appendix B, Figure 22) in this subbasin. Seven of these subwatersheds
(NF Big Wood-Murdock, Greenhorn Creek, Adams-Big Wood, Sun Valley-Trail,
Upper Trail Creek, Prairie Creek and Castle Creek) have trail routes
that closely parallel stream channels for an extended distance. Upon
closer review, however, none of the trail routes traveled through stands
of overstory trees. Like other subbasins, most trails traveled through
drier, south facing slopes with only smaller conifer patches or sage
brush vegetation. Therefore, there is a low risk to altering wood size
and function in the Big Wood River subbasin.

**Little Wood River**

Two subwatersheds (Copper Creek and Baugh Creek) have trail densities in
RCAs above 3.00 mi/mi2 (Appendix B, Figure 23) in this subbasin. Both
have trail routes that closely parallel stream channels for an extended
distance. However, the trail routes do not travel through stands of
overstory trees. Most trails traveled through drier, south facing slopes
with only smaller conifer patches or sage brush vegetation. Therefore,
there is a low risk to altering wood size and function in the Little
Wood River subbasin.

**Table 6. Effects of Programmatic Actions to Matrix Indicators**

+-------------------+---------+----------+-----------+----------------+
| > **PATHWAYS**    | > **    |          |           | **Effects**    |
| >                 | Current |          |           | ^d^ **and      |
| > **Indicators    | > Co    |          |           | Trend**        |
| > ^a^**           | ndition |          |           | ^e,\ f^        |
|                   | > ^c    |          |           |                |
|                   | ,\ f^** |          |           |                |
+-------------------+---------+----------+-----------+----------------+
|                   | > *     | **Fun    | > **Func  |                |
|                   | *Functi | ctioning | tioning** |                |
|                   | oning** | At**     |           |                |
|                   |         |          | **At      |                |
|                   | **A     | **Risk** | Una       |                |
|                   | ppropri |          | cceptable |                |
|                   | ately** |          | Risk**    |                |
+-------------------+---------+----------+-----------+----------------+
| > **Bull Trout**  | > 0     | > 3      | > 1       |                |
| >                 | > Su    | > S      | >         |                |
| > **Population    | bbasins | ubbasins |  Subbasin |                |
| >                 |         |          |           |                |
| Characacteristics |         |          |           |                |
| > ^b^**           |         |          |           |                |
+-------------------+---------+----------+-----------+----------------+
| > Subpopulation   | > \--   | > \--    | > \--     | N →→→          |
| > Size            |         |          |           |                |
+-------------------+---------+----------+-----------+----------------+
| > Growth and      | > \--   | > \--    | > \--     | N →→→          |
| > Survival        |         |          |           |                |
+-------------------+---------+----------+-----------+----------------+
| > Life History    | > \--   | > \--    | > \--     | N →→→          |
+-------------------+---------+----------+-----------+----------------+
| > Genetic         | > \--   | > \--    | > \--     | N →→→          |
| > Integrity       |         |          |           |                |
+-------------------+---------+----------+-----------+----------------+
| > **Water         | > 0     | > 7      | > 0       |                |
| > Quality**       | > Su    | > S      | >         |                |
|                   | bbasins | ubbasins | Subbasins |                |
+-------------------+---------+----------+-----------+----------------+
| > Temperature     | > \--   | > \--    | > \--     | N →→→          |
+-------------------+---------+----------+-----------+----------------+
| > Sediment        | > \--   | > \--    | > \--     | M ↑\*→\*→\*    |
+-------------------+---------+----------+-----------+----------------+
| > Chemical        | > \--   | > \--    | > \--     | N →→→          |
| >                 |         |          |           |                |
| Concen./Nutrients |         |          |           |                |
+-------------------+---------+----------+-----------+----------------+
| > **Habitat**     | > 0     | > 3      | > 4       |                |
| > **Access**      | > Su    | > S      | >         |                |
|                   | bbasins | ubbasins | Subbasins |                |
+-------------------+---------+----------+-----------+----------------+
| > Physical        | > \--   | > \--    | > \--     | N →→→          |
| > Barriers        |         |          |           |                |
+-------------------+---------+----------+-----------+----------------+
| > **Habitat**     | > 0     | > 7      | > 0       |                |
| > **Elements**    | > Su    | > S      | >         |                |
|                   | bbasins | ubbasins | Subbasins |                |
+-------------------+---------+----------+-----------+----------------+
| > Substrate       | > \--   | > \--    | > \--     | N →→→          |
+-------------------+---------+----------+-----------+----------------+
| > Large Woody     | > \--   | > \--    | > \--     | M ↓\*→\*→\*    |
| > Debris          |         |          |           |                |
+-------------------+---------+----------+-----------+----------------+
| > Pool Character  | > \--   | > \--    | > \--     | N →→→          |
| > and Quality     |         |          |           |                |
+-------------------+---------+----------+-----------+----------------+
| > Off Channel     | > \--   | > \--    | > \--     | N →→→          |
| > Habitat         |         |          |           |                |
+-------------------+---------+----------+-----------+----------------+
| > Refugia         | > \--   | > \--    | > \--     | N →→→          |
+-------------------+---------+----------+-----------+----------------+
| > **Channel Cond. | > 0     | > 7      | > 0       |                |
| > /Dynamics**     | > Su    | > S      | >         |                |
|                   | bbasins | ubbasins | Subbasins |                |
+-------------------+---------+----------+-----------+----------------+
| > Width/Depth     | > \--   | > \--    | > \--     | M ↓\*→\*→\*    |
| > Ratios          |         |          |           |                |
+-------------------+---------+----------+-----------+----------------+
| > Streambank      | > \--   | > \--    | > \--     | > M ↓\*→\*→\*  |
| > Condition       |         |          |           |                |
+-------------------+---------+----------+-----------+----------------+
| > Floodplain      | > \--   | > \--    | > \--     | > N →→→        |
| > Connectivity    |         |          |           |                |
+-------------------+---------+----------+-----------+----------------+
| > **Flow/**       | > O     | > 6      | > 1       |                |
| > **Hydrology**   | > Su    | > S      | >         |                |
|                   | bbasins | ubbasins |  Subbasin |                |
+-------------------+---------+----------+-----------+----------------+
| > Changes in      | > \--   | > \--    | > \--     | > N →→→        |
| > Peak/Base Flows |         |          |           |                |
+-------------------+---------+----------+-----------+----------------+
| > Drainage        | > \--   | > \--    | > \--     | > M ↑\*→\*→\*  |
| > Network         |         |          |           |                |
| > Increase        |         |          |           |                |
+-------------------+---------+----------+-----------+----------------+
| > **Watershed**   | > 1     | > 6      | > 0       |                |
| > **Conditions**  | > S     | > S      | >         |                |
|                   | ubbasin | ubbasins | Subbasins |                |
+-------------------+---------+----------+-----------+----------------+
| > Road            | > \--   | > \--    | > \--     | > N →→→        |
| /Density/Location |         |          |           |                |
+-------------------+---------+----------+-----------+----------------+
| > Distrubance     | > \--   | > \--    | > \--     | N →→→          |
| > history         |         |          |           |                |
+-------------------+---------+----------+-----------+----------------+
| > Disturbance     | > \--   | > \--    | > \--     | > N →→→        |
| > Regime/History  |         |          |           |                |
+-------------------+---------+----------+-----------+----------------+
| > Riparian        |         | > \--    |           | > M ↓\*→\*→\*  |
| > Reserves        |         |          |           |                |
+-------------------+---------+----------+-----------+----------------+

a\. Matrix checklist adapted from USFWS and NMFS 1998.

b\. Evaluated only for those subbasins with bull trout

c\. FA = Functioning Appropriately, FR = Functioning at Risk, FUR =
Functioning at Unacceptable Risk, N = Not Applicable

d\. This displays the potential effects of the action on habitats or
individuals, and not on the status of the entire local
population/watershed. I = Improve, M = Maintain, D = Degrade, N = No
Influence

e\. Trends of positive (↑), negative (↓) or neutral (→) are listed as
they reflect "temporary" (less than 3 years), "short term" (3 to 15
years), and "long term" (greater than 15 years) periods, respectively.
\* = negligible effect

f\. See attached for narrative explanation of baseline and effects
determinations

Does any direct or indirect effect of the action "Improve", "Maintain",
or "Degrade" a population or habitat indicator? Yes, No

> If "No" (i.e. all are "No Influence"), document the "No Effect" by
> attaching the description of the action(s). If "Yes", continue.

Would any indicator be "Degraded" as a result of any direct or indirect
effect of the action(s)? Yes, No

> If "No" the determination leads to "Not Likely to Adversely Affect",
> but consider cumulative effects. If "Yes", continue.

Are the effects that degrade indicator conditions, inconsequential, or
temporary in nature, or not likely to degrade habitat in the long term?
Yes, No

If "Yes" the determination leads to "Not Likely to Adversely Affect". If
"No", consider mitigation to remove probable adverse effect(s).

**Wildlife Resources**

**[Direct/Indirect Effects to Federally Listed Species]{.underline}**

**Gray Wolf** (*Canis lupus*)

With adherence to programmatic design criteria described in section IV,
minimal effects to wolves or their habitat would result from the
proposed activities. Summer trail maintenance described in this document
would be conducted to maintain or improve resource conditions where
trails are located. Some of the proposed activities may temporarily
influence distribution of deer and elk that occur in an area, but would
not likely affect the number of animals. Activities would not disturb
wolves at known dens sites as per design criteria. No increased risk of
mortality to wolves would likely result from the proposed activities.
Individual wolves may be temporarily disturbed by proposed activities at
other locations, but would **not jeopardize** populations on the
Sawtooth National Forest.

**Bald Eagle** (*Haliaeetus leucocephalus*)

With adherence to programmatic design criteria described in section IV,
minimal effects to bald eagles would result from the proposed
activities. During the breeding season (prior to July 31), routine
annual trail maintenance would be conducted in a manner as to not
disturb known bald eagle nests and blasting would not occur within 1
mile of known bald eagle nests. Trail reroutes proposed near known bald
eagle nests would only be allowed after the nesting season and if the
trail was moved further from the nest than the current, existing trail.
Trail maintenance activities covered in this analysis would not result
in increases in recreational use of trails greater than current
conditions. Proposed activities would not result in loss or decrease in
condition of habitat, affect prey species, or increase the risk of
mortality to bald eagles. Proposed activities may cause temporary
disturbance to bald eagles at locations away from known nests or after
the nesting season and therefore **may affect, but** **not likely
adversely affect** bald eagles or their viability or persistence on the
Sawtooth National Forest.

**Canada Lynx** (*Lynx canadensis*)

Effects of summer and winter trail maintenance to lynx were previously
covered in the 2003 Biological Assessments of Ongoing Activities. Summer
trail and trailhead maintenance was determined to have **no effect** on
lynx. Maintenance and grooming of winter trails was determined to **may
affect, but not likely adversely affect** lynx. No change in these
activities is proposed and therefore no further analysis is required for
these activities.

Realignment of trails outside the existing tread as proposed in section
IV was not covered in the 2003 Biological Assessments for Ongoing
Activities. Effects of these activities are evaluated in relation to
baseline conditions of all LAUs on the north end of the Sawtooth
National Forest using an effects matrix. The effects matrix and
determinations is located in Table 7.

## Table 7. Canada Lynx

## Key and Checklist for Documenting Anticipated Effects, 

## and Determination for Federal Actions

Agency/Unit: [USFS/Sawtooth NF/ Fairfield RD, Ketchum RD, and Sawtooth
NRA]{.underline}

Ongoing Projects Lynx Biological Assessment: [Fairfield, Wood River,
Canyon East Fork Salmon, Sawtooth Valley, Valley Creek, Westside
Wilderness]{.underline}

Lynx Analysis Unit(s): [All LAU's on the Fairfield, Ketchum, and
Sawtooth NRA Ranger Districts]{.underline}

Baseline Assessment Year: [2002]{.underline}

Project Name: [Routine Programmatic Trail Maintenance and Reconstruction
Activities]{.underline}

Type of Action (s): [Trail reroutes/realignment, up to 5 miles/
District/ year]{.underline}

+--------------+-----+------------------------------------------------+
|              | **E |                                                |
|              | ffe |                                                |
|              | cts |                                                |
|              | of  |                                                |
|              | the |                                                |
|              | Ac  |                                                |
|              | tio |                                                |
|              | n(s |                                                |
|              | )** |                                                |
+--------------+-----+------------------------------------------------+
| # Pa         | **  | **Discussion of Effects**                      |
| thways^a^ an | Eff |                                                |
| d Indicators | ect |                                                |
|              | s^b |                                                |
|              | ^** |                                                |
+--------------+-----+------------------------------------------------+
| **LAU        |     |                                                |
| Population   |     |                                                |
| Cha          |     |                                                |
| racteristics |     |                                                |
| for Lynx and |     |                                                |
| Prey**       |     |                                                |
+--------------+-----+------------------------------------------------+
| > Lynx       | ### | Implementation of trail realignment projects   |
| > Occurrence | ### | as proposed in Chapter IV, with adherence to   |
|              | # M | design criteria, would not likely affect the   |
|              |     | potential for lynx to occur on the Sawtooth    |
|              |     | National Forest. Design criteria include       |
|              |     | protection of known dens (if discovered) from  |
|              |     | disturbance from trail reroutes. Also proposed |
|              |     | trail realignments would be evaluated in       |
|              |     | relation to lynx denning habitat. If an        |
|              |     | existing trail section is within field         |
|              |     | verified denning habitat, and the proposed     |
|              |     | reroute is greater than ¼ mile away from the   |
|              |     | existing trail, a separate analysis (BA) would |
|              |     | be required. All efforts would be made to      |
|              |     | locate trails outside of denning habitat. It   |
|              |     | would be possible for individual lynx to be    |
|              |     | temporarily disturbed by trail reroute         |
|              |     | activities but this would not affect the       |
|              |     | viability or likelihood of lynx to persist on  |
|              |     | the Sawtooth National Forest.                  |
+--------------+-----+------------------------------------------------+
| >            | ### | Snowshoe hare tracks and individuals have been |
| Availability | ### | observed in many locations across the north    |
| > and        | # M | end of the Sawtooth National Forest.           |
| >            |     | Implementation of proposed trail realignments  |
| Distribution |     | as outlined in Chapter IV may have some        |
| > of Primary |     | short-term disturbance to snowshoe hares       |
| > Prey --    |     | during new trail construction but would not    |
| > Snowshoe   |     | likely affect snowshoe hare populations or     |
| > Hare       |     | availability.                                  |
+--------------+-----+------------------------------------------------+
| >            | ### | Red squirrels, ruffed grouse, and blue grouse  |
| Availability | ### | have been observed in many locations across    |
| > and        | # M | the north end of the Sawtooth National Forest. |
| >            |     | Implementation of proposed trail realignments  |
| Distribution |     | as outlined in Chapter IV may have some        |
| > of         |     | short-term disturbance to these species during |
| > Alternate  |     | new trail construction but would not likely    |
| > Prey --    |     | affect their populations or availability.      |
| > Red        |     |                                                |
| > Squirrel,  |     |                                                |
| > Grouse     |     |                                                |
+--------------+-----+------------------------------------------------+
| ### *Hab     |     | ###                                            |
| itat Access* |     |                                                |
+--------------+-----+------------------------------------------------+
| > Migrato    | ##  | Implementation of proposed trail realignments  |
| ry/Dispersal | ### | as outlined in Chapter IV would not affect     |
| > Barriers   | ### | migratory/dispersal barriers from the current  |
|              |  ** | condition (no increase in disturbance and no   |
|              | N** | change in habitat).                            |
+--------------+-----+------------------------------------------------+
| > Road       | ##  | No increase or reductions in roads is          |
| > Density    | ### | proposed.                                      |
|              | ### |                                                |
|              |  ** |                                                |
|              | N** |                                                |
+--------------+-----+------------------------------------------------+
| >            | ##  | Proposed activities would not influence any    |
| Connectivity | ### | change in connectivity between LAU's.          |
| > with Lynx  | ### |                                                |
| > Habitat in |  ** |                                                |
| > Adjacent   | N** |                                                |
| > LAUs       |     |                                                |
+--------------+-----+------------------------------------------------+
| ### Habi     |     |                                                |
| tat Elements |     |                                                |
+--------------+-----+------------------------------------------------+
| > Condition  | ##  | Implementation of trail realignment projects   |
| > of         | ### | as proposed in Chapter IV, with adherence to   |
| > Foraging   | ### | design criteria, would not likely change the   |
| > Habitat    |  ** | condition of foraging habitat from current.    |
|              | M** |                                                |
+--------------+-----+------------------------------------------------+
| > Condition  | ##  | Implementation of trail realignment projects   |
| > of Denning | ### | as proposed in Chapter IV, with adherence to   |
| > Habitat    | ### | design criteria, would not likely affect lynx  |
|              |  ** | denning habitat. Some small amount of mapped   |
|              | M** | lynx denning habitat could potentially be      |
|              |     | altered. If the existing trail section is      |
|              |     | within field verified denning habitat and the  |
|              |     | reroute is ¼ mile or less from the existing    |
|              |     | trail, then no further analysis would be       |
|              |     | necessary. All efforts will be made to locate  |
|              |     | trails outside of denning habitat. Where this  |
|              |     | criterion cannot be met, a specific separate   |
|              |     | analysis will need to be prepared.             |
+--------------+-----+------------------------------------------------+
| > Habitat    | ##  | The proposed programmatic trail maintenance    |
| > Unsuitable | ### | and reconstruction/realignment project, with   |
|              | ### | adherence to design criteria, would not change |
|              |  ** | any suitable habitat into unsuitable.          |
|              | M** |                                                |
+--------------+-----+------------------------------------------------+
| ### Distur   |     |                                                |
| bance Regime |     |                                                |
+--------------+-----+------------------------------------------------+
| >            | ##  | Implementation of trail realignment projects   |
|  Disturbance | ### | as proposed in Chapter IV would have no        |
|              | ### | influence on disturbance regimes.              |
|              |  ** |                                                |
|              | N** |                                                |
+--------------+-----+------------------------------------------------+
| > Winter     | ##  | Realignments of winter trails through lynx     |
| > Recreation | ### | habitat or increase in winter trail length     |
| > Use        | ### | would require separate analysis. Therefore no  |
|              |  ** | increase in winter recreation would occur as a |
|              | N** | result of the proposed activities.             |
+--------------+-----+------------------------------------------------+
| > Summer     | ##  | No increase in summer recreation over current  |
| > Recreation | ### | condition is expected as a result of the       |
| > Use        | ### | proposed activities. As per design criteria,   |
|              |  ** | trail reroutes that would likely result in     |
|              | M** | increased recreational use of trails and a     |
|              |     | corresponding increase in cumulative effects   |
|              |     | and disturbance to wildlife would require a    |
|              |     | separate analysis.                             |
+--------------+-----+------------------------------------------------+
| ######       |     |                                                |
|  Integration |     |                                                |
|  of Pathways |     |                                                |
+--------------+-----+------------------------------------------------+
| >            | ##  | Implementation of trail realignment projects   |
|  Integration | ### | as proposed in Chapter IV, with adherence to   |
| > of         | ### | design criteria, would not likely affect lynx  |
| >            |  ** | populations or viability. Trail realignments   |
|  population, | M** | are not expected to alter habitat or increase  |
| > habitat,   |     | disturbance to individual lynx to any          |
| > and        |     | significant level.                             |
| >            |     |                                                |
|  disturbance |     |                                                |
| > indicators |     |                                                |
+--------------+-----+------------------------------------------------+

> KEY:
>
> ^a^Lynx matrix checklist endorsed by Sawtooth National Forest Level 1
> Team, June, 2001.
>
> ^b^This displays the potential effects of the action on habitats or
> individuals.

I = Improve, M = Maintain, D = Degrade, N = No Influence

1\. Does the project/activity meet the objectives and standards
identified within the Sawtooth Forest Land and Resource Management Plan
and the Lynx Conservation Assessment and Strategy? Yes, No

2\. Does any direct or indirect effect of the action "Improve",
"Maintain", or "Degrade" a population or habitat indicator? Yes, No

> If "No" (all indicators are "No Influence"), document the "No Effect".
> If "Yes", Go to 3.

3\. Would any indicator be "Degraded" as a result of any direct or
indirect effect of the action(s? Yes, No

> If "No" (all indicators are combination of "Maintain" and "No
> influence") then the determination may be No Effect or NLAA.
> Biologists make determination based on professional judgment with
> rationale explained under the Integration indicator.
>
> If "Yes" go to 4.

4\. Are the effects that degrade indicator conditions, temporary (0-3
years) or short term (3-15 years) in nature, in other words not likely
to degrade habitat in the long term (\>15 years)? Yes, No

If "Yes", the determination results in "Not Likely to Adversely Affect".
If "No", consider mitigation to reduce or remove probable adverse
effects, otherwise LAA.

List mitigation (if applicable) and describe effect of mitigation on
indicators (rationale describing how mitigation would make the
determination move from LAA to NLAA or NLAA to No Effect). Note: include
measures that would change the determination from LAA to NLAA or from
NLAA to No Effect. These will be measures that were not included in the
project description previously.

Determination of direct, indirect, and cumulative effects of action, as
described, including mitigation on Canada Lynx and critical habitat (if
designated):

  ------------- --------------------- --------------------- ----------------------
                                      [May                  
                                      Affect]{.underline}   

                [No                   [Not Likely to        [Likely to Adversely
                Effect]{.underline}   Adversely             Affect]{.underline}
                                      Affect]{.underline}   

  **Canada                            **X**                 
  Lynx**                                                    
  ------------- --------------------- --------------------- ----------------------

Prepared by: [David Skinner]{.underline} Date: [4-18-06]{.underline}

**[Region 4 Sensitive Species]{.underline}**

**Spotted Bat** (*Euderma maculatum*)

With adherence to programmatic design criteria described in section IV,
minimal effects to spotted bats or their habitat would likely result
from the proposed activities. Summer trail maintenance described in this
document would be conducted to maintain or improve resource conditions
where trails are located. Some of the work may temporarily disturb bats
but not during critical seasons (wintering or breeding). Foraging would
not likely be affected. Blasting and snag removal could potentially
affect some roosting habitat for the species and individuals could
potentially be impacted. However, this would not lead to a trend towards
federal listing.

**Townsend\'s Big-eared Bat** (*Corynorhinus townsendii*)

With adherence to programmatic design criteria described in section IV,
minimal effects to Townsend big-eared bats or their habitat would likely
result from the proposed activities. Summer trail maintenance described
in this document would be conducted to maintain or improve resource
conditions where trails are located. Some of the work may temporarily
disturb bats but not during critical seasons (wintering or breeding).
Foraging would not likely be affected. Blasting and snag removal could
potentially affect some roosting habitat for the species and individuals
could potentially be impacted. However, this would not lead to a trend
towards federal listing.

**Wolverine** (*Gulo gulo*)

With adherence to programmatic design criteria described in section IV,
minimal effects to wolverines or their habitat would likely result from
the proposed activities. Summer trail maintenance described in this
document would be conducted to maintain or improve resource conditions
where trails are located. Some of the work could potentially,
temporarily disturb wolverines but not during the critical breeding
season (mid-February through May) or at known dens in the breeding
season. Winter trails, where maintenance and grooming could occur in the
winter and early spring, are not located in predicted wolverine denning
habitat. Blasting would not be allowed prior to July 15 within ½ mile of
predicted wolverine denning habitat or within 1 mile of a known den,
thus avoiding disturbance to wolverines during the breeding period.

Trail reroutes proposed near known wolverine dens would only be allowed
after the breeding season and if the trail was moved further from the
den than the current, existing trail. Trail maintenance activities
covered in this analysis would not result in increases in recreational
use of trails greater than current conditions. Proposed activities would
not result in loss or decrease in condition of habitat, affect prey
species, or increase the risk of mortality to wolverines. Blasting and
trail maintenance completed away from known dens or in potential denning
habitat after July 15, could result in temporary disturbance to
individuals, but would not lead to a trend towards federal listing.

**Fisher** (*Martes pennanti*)

With adherence to programmatic design criteria described in section IV,
minimal effects to fishers or their habitat would likely result from the
proposed activities. Summer trail maintenance described in this document
would be conducted to maintain or improve resource conditions where
trails are located. Due to the low probability of occurrence of fishers
on the north end of the Sawtooth National Forest, it is unlikely that
proposed activities would disturb individual fishers, affect their
habitat, prey species, or increase the risk of mortality to fishers.

**Common Loon** (*Gavia immer*)

With adherence to programmatic design criteria described in section IV,
minimal effects to common loons or their habitat would likely result
from the proposed activities. Summer trail maintenance described in this
document would be conducted to maintain or improve resource conditions
where trails are located. Trail maintenance, reconstruction, or
realignment as described in section IV would not likely disturb
individual loons or affect their habitat. Loon foraging would be
unaffected by proposed activities, and no increase risk of mortality to
loons would be expected.

**Northern Goshawk** (*Accipiter gentilis*)

With adherence to programmatic design criteria described in section IV,
minimal effects to goshawks would result from the proposed activities.
During the breeding season (prior to July 31), routine annual trail
maintenance would be conducted in a manner as to not disturb known
goshawk nests and blasting would not occur within 1 mile of known
goshawk nests during the nesting season. Trail reroutes proposed near
known goshawk nests would only be allowed after the nesting season and
if the trail was moved further from the nest than the current, existing
trail. Surveys for goshawks would likely be completed in an area
proposed for a new trail reroute in order to avoid building of new trail
adjacent to a goshawk nest. Trail maintenance activities covered in this
analysis would not result in increases in recreational use of trails
greater than current conditions. With adherence to design criteria,
proposed activities would not result in loss or decrease in condition of
habitat, affect prey species, or increase the risk of mortality to
goshawks. Proposed activities may cause temporary disturbance to
goshawks at locations away from known nests or after nesting season, but
would not likely lead to a trend towards federal listing.

**Boreal Owl** (*Aegolius funereus*)

With adherence to programmatic design criteria described in section IV,
minimal effects to boreal owls would result from the proposed
activities. Routine, annual summer trail maintenance activities occur
after the nesting season for boreal owls. Winter trail maintenance that
removed snags in February and March could potentially impact individual
owls if the owls happened to nest directly adjacent to these trails.
Some winter trail grooming occurs in occupied boreal owl habitat.

Snags felled as a result of summer trail maintenance or realignment
activities could potentially remove boreal owl nests but would not
impact individuals during the nesting season. Temporary disturbance to
individual boreal owls could occur during proposed activities but would
not result in loss or decrease in condition of habitat or affect prey
species. Proposed activities could impact individual boreal owls, but
would not lead to a trend toward federal listing.

**Flammulated Owl** (*Otus flammeolus*)

With adherence to programmatic design criteria described in section IV,
minimal effects to flammulated owls would result from the proposed
activities. Routine, annual summer trail maintenance activities occur
during the nesting season for flammulated owls but would not likely
disturb individual owls unless the owls nested directly along the trail
being worked on. Routine maintenance would not likely disturb owls
except if a flammulated owl nest snag is felled. This should not occur
with adherence the design criterion:

> Look for active nests/nest cavities prior to falling snags. If an
> active nest or nest cavity is found within a snag, delay falling until
> after July 31.

Trail realignment would occur only after July 15 and should avoid the
nesting season for flammulated owls. Surveys for flammulated owls would
likely be completed in an area proposed for trail reroutes to avoid
building of new trail adjacent to owl nests. Trail maintenance
activities covered in this analysis would not result in increases in
recreational use of trails greater than current conditions. With
adherence to design criteria, proposed activities would not result in
loss or decrease in condition of habitat or affect prey species.
Individual flammulated owls could potentially be affected if a snag was
felled that contained an active flammulated owl nest, but would not lead
to a trend toward federal listing for the species.

**Great Gray Owl** (*Strix nebulosa*)

With adherence to programmatic design criteria described in section IV,
minimal effects to great gray owls would result from the proposed
activities. Trail reroutes proposed near known great gray owls would
only be allowed after the nesting season and if the trail was moved
further from the nest than the current, existing trail. Surveys for
great gray owls would likely be completed in an area proposed for a new
trail reroute in order to avoid building of new trail adjacent to a
nest. Trail maintenance activities covered in this analysis would not
result in increases in recreational use of trails greater than current
conditions. With adherence to design criteria, proposed activities would
not result in loss or decrease in condition of habitat, affect prey
species, or increase the risk of mortality to great gray owls. Proposed
activities may cause temporary disturbance to great gray owls, but would
not likely lead to a trend towards federal listing.

**Northern Three-toed Woodpecker** (*Picoides tridactylus*)

With adherence to programmatic design criteria described in section IV,
minimal effects to three-toed woodpeckers would result from the proposed
activities. Routine, annual summer trail maintenance activities occur
during the nesting season for three-toed woodpeckers but would not
likely disturb individuals unless the woodpeckers nested directly along
the trail being worked on. Routine maintenance would not likely disturb
the woodpeckers except if a nest snag is felled. This should not occur
with adherence the design criterion:

> Look for active nests/nest cavities prior to falling snags. If an
> active nest or nest cavity is found within a snag, delay falling until
> after July 31.

Trail realignment would occur only after July 15 and should avoid the
nesting season for three-toed woodpeckers. The following design
criterion would help avoid cutting of potential woodpecker nest snags
during trail relocations:

> Where possible, preserve snags during trail reroutes, and avoid
> reconstructing trails through areas of concentrated dead and downed
> trees.

Trail maintenance activities covered in this analysis would not result
in increases in recreational use of trails greater than current
conditions. With adherence to design criteria, proposed activities would
not result in loss or decrease in condition of habitat for three-toed
woodpeckers or affect foraging. Individual three-toed woodpeckers could
potentially be affected if a snag was felled that contained an active
nest, but would not lead to a trend toward federal listing for the
species.

**White-headed Woodpecker** (*Picoides albolarvatus*)

With adherence to programmatic design criteria described in section IV,
minimal effects to white-headed woodpeckers would result from the
proposed activities. Routine, annual summer trail maintenance activities
occur during the nesting season for white-headed woodpeckers but would
not likely disturb individuals unless the woodpeckers nested directly
along the trail being worked on. Routine maintenance would not likely
disturb the woodpeckers except if a nest snag is felled. This should not
occur with adherence the design criterion:

> Look for active nests/nest cavities prior to falling snags. If an
> active nest or nest cavity is found within a snag, delay falling until
> after July 31.

Trail realignment would occur only after July 15 and should avoid the
nesting season for white-headed woodpeckers. The following design
criterion would help avoid cutting of potential woodpecker nest snags
during trail relocations:

> Where possible, preserve snags during trail reroutes, and avoid
> reconstructing trails through areas of concentrated dead and downed
> trees.

Trail maintenance activities covered in this analysis would not result
in increases in recreational use of trails greater than current
conditions. With adherence to design criteria, proposed activities would
not result in loss or decrease in condition of habitat for white-headed
woodpeckers or affect foraging. Individual white-headed woodpeckers
could potentially be affected if a snag was felled that contained an
active nest, but would not lead to a trend toward federal listing for
the species.

**Spotted Frog** (*Rana pretiosa*)

With adherence to programmatic design criteria described in section IV,
minimal effects to spotted frogs or their habitat would likely result
from the proposed activities. Summer trail maintenance described in this
document would be conducted to maintain or improve resource conditions
where trails are located. Trail maintenance, reconstruction, or
realignment as described in section IV would not likely impact
individual frogs unless the frogs occurred where and when the trail was
being worked on.

Wildlife specialist field reviews would help locate proposed trail
realignments away from potential spotted frog habitat to the extent
feasible. Individual frogs may be impacted with implementation of
proposed activities, but this would not lead to a trend towards federal
listing.

**Mountain Quail** (*Oreortyx pictus*)

With adherence to programmatic design criteria described in section IV,
minimal effects to mountain quail or their habitat would likely result
from the proposed activities. Summer trail maintenance described in this
document would be conducted to maintain or improve resource conditions
where trails are located. Trail maintenance, reconstruction, or
realignment as described in section IV would not likely disturb mountain
quail unless the quail occurred where and when the trail was being
worked on. Any disturbance to mountain quail would be temporary in
nature. Trail reroutes would not impact mounatin quail nesting since
these activities would only occur after the nesting season.

Trail maintenance activities covered in this analysis would not result
in increases in recreational use of trails greater than current
conditions. With adherence to design criteria, proposed activities would
not result in loss or decrease in condition of habitat, affect foraging,
or increase the risk of mortality to mountain quail.

**Greater Sage-Grouse** (*Centrocercus urophasianus*)

With adherence to programmatic design criteria described in section IV,
minimal effects to sage grouse or their habitat would likely result from
the proposed activities. Trail maintenance, reconstruction, or
realignment as described in section IV would not likely disturb sage
grouse unless the grouse occurred where and when the trail was being
worked on. Any disturbance to sage grouse would be temporary in nature.

Proposed trail reroutes would not impact nesting sage grouse since trail
reroutes would only occur after the nesting season (after July 15). No
known sage grouse leks (strutting grounds) currently occur on national
forest lands covered by this analysis (north end of the Sawtooth
National Forest). If leks are documented in the future, trail reroutes
would not be allowed through the lek or closer to the lek from existing
trail. No known wintering of sage grouse occurs on national forest lands
therefore winter trail activities would not impact wintering sage
grouse.

Trail maintenance activities covered in this analysis would not result
in increases in recreational use of trails greater than current
conditions. With adherence to design criteria, proposed activities would
not result in loss or decrease in condition of habitat, affect foraging,
or increase the risk of mortality to greater sage-grouse.

**Pygmy Rabbit** (*Brachylagus idahoensis*)

With adherence to programmatic design criteria described in section IV,
minimal effects to pygmy rabbits or their habitat would likely result
from the proposed activities. Summer trail maintenance described in this
document would be conducted to maintain or improve resource conditions
where trails are located. Trail maintenance, reconstruction, or
realignment as described in section IV would not likely impact pygymy
rabbits unless the rabbits occurred where and when the trail was being
worked on. Currently, no known pygmy rabbit populations are known to
occur on the north end of the Sawtooth National Forest.

Trail maintenance activities covered in this analysis would not result
in increases in recreational use of trails greater than current
conditions. With adherence to design criteria, proposed activities would
not result in loss or decrease in condition of habitat, affect foraging,
or increase the risk of mortality to pygmy rabbits.

**Peregrine Falcon** (*Falco peregrinus*)

With adherence to programmatic design criteria described in section IV,
minimal effects to peregrine falcons would result from the proposed
activities. During the breeding season (prior to July 31), routine
annual trail maintenance would be conducted in a manner as to not
disturb known peregrine falcon eyries and blasting would not occur
within 1 mile of known peregrine falcon eyries.

Trail reroutes proposed near known peregrine falcon eyries would only be
allowed after the nesting season and if the trail was moved further from
the nest than the current, existing trail. Trail maintenance activities
covered in this analysis would not result in increases in recreational
use of trails greater than current conditions. Proposed activities would
not result in loss or decrease in condition of habitat, affect prey
species, or increase the risk of mortality to peregrine falcons.
Proposed activities may cause temporary disturbance to peregrine falcons
away from known nests or after the nesting season but would not lead to
a trend toward federal listing.

> **VIII. CUMULATIVE EFFECTS**

The Endangered Species Act (ESA) defines cumulative effects (50 CFR
402.2) as the additive effects of state and private activities that are
reasonably certain to occur in the watershed where the Federal Action
occurs. Under the ESA, an analysis of cumulative effects on ESA-listed
species and their critical habitat is relevant only in determining
whether the continued existence of a species would be jeopardized or
whether critical habitat would be adversely modified or destroyed.

As described previously in Section VIII, most effects from programmatic
trail activities on fisheries are expected to be localized around or
just downstream of each trail route. Fine sediment may move further
downstream, but is not anticipated to affect or change habitat
conditions. Effects are not aniticpated to reach state or private lands
downstream and therefore would not be cumulative to those activites.
Most state or private lands occur in the valley bottoms of the Big Wood,
Little Wood, Camas Creek, S.F. Boise, and Upper Salmon subbasins several
miles downstream of existing trail routes. Smaller pockets of private
land (mining claims) also occur in some headwater areas in each of these
subbasins. There are no state or private lands directly downstream of
trails in the M.F. and N.F. Boise River or the S.F. Payette.

Since, ESA-listed species would not likely be adversely affected and
critical habitat would not be negatively affected by the proposed
activities with adherence to design criteria listed in section IV, a
cumulative effects analysis under the ESA is not relevant.

The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) defines cumulative effects
as all past, present, and foreseeable future actions within the analysis
area. The primary federal activities that have impacted habitat on the
Fairfield and Ketchum Ranger District, and SNRA are past and current
livestock grazing, motorized use of roads, firewood gathering, past and
current timber harvest, past and current mining activities, and
developed and dispersed recreation.

With adherence to design criteria listed in section IV, the proposed
activities may affect, but not likely adversely affect T and E species
on the north end of the Sawtooth National Forest. With adherence to
design criteria listed in section IV, the proposed activities may impact
certain individuals of Region 4 Forest Service sensitive species but
would not lead to trend towards federal listing for those species. The
proposped activities would therefore minorly add to cumulative effects
to these species on the Sawtooth National Forest.

**IX. DETERMINATIONS AND RATIONALES**

**Fisheries**

Based on the assessment of direct, indirect, and cumulative effects,
implementation of the proposed action is **not likely to adversely
affect** Snake River spring/summer Chinook salmon, Snake River steelhead
trout, Snake River sockeye salmon, and Columbia River bull trout. In
addition, the proposed action is **not likely to adversely affect**
designated critical habitat for Snake River spring/summer Chinook
salmon, Snake River steelhead trout, and Snake River sockeye salmon.

The Magnuson-Stevens Act defines adverse effects as any impact, which
reduces the quality and/or quantity of essential fish habitat. Adverse
effects include direct, indirect, and site-specific or habitat wide
impacts, including individual, cumulative or synergistic consequences of
actions. Based on the assessment of direct, indirect, and cumulative
effects, implementation of proposed action **will not have any adverse
effects** on essential fish habitat.

Based on the assessment of direct, indirect, and cumulative effects,
implementation of the proposed action "**may impact individuals or
habitat, but will not likely contribute to a trend towards Federal
listing or cause a loss of viability to the population or species**" for
Westslope cutthroat trout and Wood River Sculpin.

These determinations are based on the following rationale:

1.  Increased sediment production is expected to be negligible because
    PDCs address risks and trail maintenance in general is designed to
    reduce erosion by improving tread condition and drainage.

2.  The risk of toxin introduction is low because: (1) trail activities
    typically do not carry large quantities of oil and gas; (2) storage
    of fuels and other toxicants or refueling within RCAs will typically
    not be authorized; (3) sorbent pads will be kept on hand; and (4)
    most trail bridges will not require paint removal because they are
    made of native materials or treated timbers.

3.  The majority of these trail systems do not go through stands of
    overstory trees. Most trails occur on drier, south facing slopes
    with smaller patches of conifer or other overstory trees. Others
    traveled through dry sage brush vegetation. A few subwatersheds have
    trails that parallel streams under conifer canopies that may result
    in localized trail impacts to wood by trail activities. PDCs,
    however, should help to maintain large pieces of wood with attached
    root wads in streams and floodplains. Trail activities must also
    strive to maintain or improve watershed condition indicators
    (SWST01). If PDCs prove to be ineffective in maintaining the
    quantity and size of wood near streams and are shown to be degrading
    habitat, then trails would be considered for relocation or closure
    (REGU07).

4.  Effects to channel morphology and amount of spawning habitat
    available are considered negligible because PDCs do not allow
    borrowing from streams and only minor streambank stabilization (less
    than 5 feet) by hand is allowed. PDCs will also minimize effects at
    stream fords by ensuring that proper bankfull width and grade are
    maintained.

5.  Effects associated with blasting have been addressed through PDCs.
    Direct effects from harassment of adult staging or spawning fish
    will not occur due to time restrictions in streamside areas.
    Therefore, take effects from blasting and other trail maintenance
    activity are expected to be insignificant.

**Wildlife**

**[Endangered Species Act Listed]{.underline}**

Implementation of the proposed activities **may affect, but** **not
likely adversely affect** gray wolf, bald eagle and Canada lynx. These
determinations are based on the conclusions (discussed in Section VII)
that individuals of the species and their respective habitats, prey
base, or reproductive success would be minimally affected by the
proposed action.

**[Region Four Sensitive Species]{.underline}**

Implementation of the proposed action will have **no impact** on the
fisher, common loon, mountain quail, greater sage-grouse, or pygmy
rabbit. These determinations are based on the conclusion that the
project will not remove or lessen the quality of any habitat components
or disrupt breeding for these species.

Implementation of the proposed project **may impact individuals** **or
habitat** of the spotted bat, Townsend's big-eared bat, wolverine,
northern goshawk, boreal owl, flammulated owl, great gray owl, northern
three-toed woodpecker, white-headed woodpecker, spotted frog, and
peregrine falcon **but will not likely contribute to a trend towards
federal listing** or cause a loss of viability to the population or
species. These determinations are based on the conclusion that the
action may remove a limited amount of potential roost snags for bats and
a limited amount of foraging, roosting, and nesting trees for
woodpeckers and raptors, but will not affect foraging efficiency for any
of the species. Reproductive success of individual woodpeckers and owls
that use nest cavities could potentially be impacted. Some spotted frog
habitat may be filled at bogs and stream crossings. Temporary
disturbance and displacement could occur to wolverines and peregrine
falcons, but would not affect reproductive success or foraging
efficiency.

**Botany**

**[Endangered Species Act Listed]{.underline}**

Based on the assessment of direct, indirect, and cumulative effects,
implementation of the proposed action will have **no effect** on Ute
ladies'-tresses orchid or slender moonwort.

**[Region Four Sensitive Species]{.underline}**

Based on the assessment of direct, indirect, and cumulative effects,
implementation of the proposed action will have **no impact** White
Cloud milkvetch, Stanley\'s whitlow-grass, guardian buckwheat, Stanley
thalspi, bugleg goldenweed, least phacelia, Marsh's bluegrass.

**[Region Four Proposed Sensitive Species]{.underline}**

Based on the assessment of direct, indirect, and cumulative effects,
implementation of the proposed action will have **no impact** on the
northern sagewort, Challis milkvetch, prairie moonwort, least moonwort,
Brewer\'s sedge, pale sedge, Mt. Shasta sedge, pointed draba,
Yellowstone draba, spoon-leaved sundew, Blandow\'s helodium, Kellogg's
bitterroot, Krukeberg's sword-fern, Jones\' primrose, Farr\'s willow,
wedge-leaf saxifrage, nodding saxifrage, or petalless campion.

**[Sawtooth National Forest Watch Species]{.underline}**

Based on the assessment of direct, indirect, and cumulative effects,
implementation of the proposed action will have **no impact** on tall
swamp onion, beautiful bryum, Buxbaum's sedge, maritime sedge, park
milkvetch Idaho douglasia, Lemhi milkvetch, and giant helliborne orchid.

These determinations are based on the following rationale:

Neither individual plants nor potential habitat for these species are
know to occur within or adjacent to the proposed project areas.
Predominantly the proposed actions will be completed within areas
currently disturbed. Actions that may occur outside of currently
disturbed areas will be surveyed by a Forest Service Botanist for the
occurrence of or potential habitat of these species. If ESA listed,
Sensitive, or Watch plant species are located during surveys, mitigation
measures would be provided by a Forest Service Botanist to protect
species and potential habitat.

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[]{.mark}

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**Appendix A -- LRMP Management Direction and Project Design Criteria
(PDCs)**

### Existing Forest Plan Direction

+------+---+---+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| TE   |   | M |                                                               |
| ST06 |   | a |                                                               |
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|      |   | a |                                                               |
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|      |   | a |                                                               |
|      |   | c |                                                               |
|      |   | t |                                                               |
|      |   | i |                                                               |
|      |   | o |                                                               |
|      |   | n |                                                               |
|      |   | s |                                                               |
|      |   | s |                                                               |
|      |   | h |                                                               |
|      |   | a |                                                               |
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|      |   | a |                                                               |
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|      |   | m |                                                               |
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|      |   | n |                                                               |
|      |   | i |                                                               |
|      |   | m |                                                               |
|      |   | i |                                                               |
|      |   | z |                                                               |
|      |   | e |                                                               |
|      |   | a |                                                               |
|      |   | d |                                                               |
|      |   | v |                                                               |
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|      |   | r |                                                               |
|      |   | s |                                                               |
|      |   | e |                                                               |
|      |   | e |                                                               |
|      |   | f |                                                               |
|      |   | f |                                                               |
|      |   | e |                                                               |
|      |   | c |                                                               |
|      |   | t |                                                               |
|      |   | s |                                                               |
|      |   | t |                                                               |
|      |   | o |                                                               |
|      |   | l |                                                               |
|      |   | i |                                                               |
|      |   | s |                                                               |
|      |   | t |                                                               |
|      |   | e |                                                               |
|      |   | d |                                                               |
|      |   | s |                                                               |
|      |   | p |                                                               |
|      |   | e |                                                               |
|      |   | c |                                                               |
|      |   | i |                                                               |
|      |   | e |                                                               |
|      |   | s |                                                               |
|      |   | a |                                                               |
|      |   | n |                                                               |
|      |   | d |                                                               |
|      |   | t |                                                               |
|      |   | h |                                                               |
|      |   | e |                                                               |
|      |   | i |                                                               |
|      |   | r |                                                               |
|      |   | h |                                                               |
|      |   | a |                                                               |
|      |   | b |                                                               |
|      |   | i |                                                               |
|      |   | t |                                                               |
|      |   | a |                                                               |
|      |   | t |                                                               |
|      |   | s |                                                               |
|      |   | . |                                                               |
|      |   | F |                                                               |
|      |   | o |                                                               |
|      |   | r |                                                               |
|      |   | l |                                                               |
|      |   | i |                                                               |
|      |   | s |                                                               |
|      |   | t |                                                               |
|      |   | e |                                                               |
|      |   | d |                                                               |
|      |   | f |                                                               |
|      |   | i |                                                               |
|      |   | s |                                                               |
|      |   | h |                                                               |
|      |   | s |                                                               |
|      |   | p |                                                               |
|      |   | e |                                                               |
|      |   | c |                                                               |
|      |   | i |                                                               |
|      |   | e |                                                               |
|      |   | s |                                                               |
|      |   | , |                                                               |
|      |   | u |                                                               |
|      |   | s |                                                               |
|      |   | e |                                                               |
|      |   | A |                                                               |
|      |   | p |                                                               |
|      |   | p |                                                               |
|      |   | e |                                                               |
|      |   | n |                                                               |
|      |   | d |                                                               |
|      |   | i |                                                               |
|      |   | x |                                                               |
|      |   | B |                                                               |
|      |   | f |                                                               |
|      |   | o |                                                               |
|      |   | r |                                                               |
|      |   | d |                                                               |
|      |   | e |                                                               |
|      |   | t |                                                               |
|      |   | e |                                                               |
|      |   | r |                                                               |
|      |   | m |                                                               |
|      |   | i |                                                               |
|      |   | n |                                                               |
|      |   | i |                                                               |
|      |   | n |                                                               |
|      |   | g |                                                               |
|      |   | c |                                                               |
|      |   | o |                                                               |
|      |   | m |                                                               |
|      |   | p |                                                               |
|      |   | l |                                                               |
|      |   | i |                                                               |
|      |   | a |                                                               |
|      |   | n |                                                               |
|      |   | c |                                                               |
|      |   | e |                                                               |
|      |   | w |                                                               |
|      |   | i |                                                               |
|      |   | t |                                                               |
|      |   | h |                                                               |
|      |   | t |                                                               |
|      |   | h |                                                               |
|      |   | i |                                                               |
|      |   | s |                                                               |
|      |   | s |                                                               |
|      |   | t |                                                               |
|      |   | a |                                                               |
|      |   | n |                                                               |
|      |   | d |                                                               |
|      |   | a |                                                               |
|      |   | r |                                                               |
|      |   | d |                                                               |
|      |   | . |                                                               |
+------+---+---+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| TE   |   | A |                                                               |
| ST08 |   | v |                                                               |
|      |   | o |                                                               |
|      |   | i |                                                               |
|      |   | d |                                                               |
|      |   | m |                                                               |
|      |   | a |                                                               |
|      |   | n |                                                               |
|      |   | a |                                                               |
|      |   | g |                                                               |
|      |   | e |                                                               |
|      |   | m |                                                               |
|      |   | e |                                                               |
|      |   | n |                                                               |
|      |   | t |                                                               |
|      |   | a |                                                               |
|      |   | c |                                                               |
|      |   | t |                                                               |
|      |   | i |                                                               |
|      |   | o |                                                               |
|      |   | n |                                                               |
|      |   | s |                                                               |
|      |   | w |                                                               |
|      |   | i |                                                               |
|      |   | t |                                                               |
|      |   | h |                                                               |
|      |   | i |                                                               |
|      |   | n |                                                               |
|      |   | o |                                                               |
|      |   | c |                                                               |
|      |   | c |                                                               |
|      |   | u |                                                               |
|      |   | p |                                                               |
|      |   | i |                                                               |
|      |   | e |                                                               |
|      |   | d |                                                               |
|      |   | T |                                                               |
|      |   | E |                                                               |
|      |   | P |                                                               |
|      |   | C |                                                               |
|      |   | p |                                                               |
|      |   | l |                                                               |
|      |   | a |                                                               |
|      |   | n |                                                               |
|      |   | t |                                                               |
|      |   | s |                                                               |
|      |   | p |                                                               |
|      |   | e |                                                               |
|      |   | c |                                                               |
|      |   | i |                                                               |
|      |   | e |                                                               |
|      |   | s |                                                               |
|      |   | h |                                                               |
|      |   | a |                                                               |
|      |   | b |                                                               |
|      |   | i |                                                               |
|      |   | t |                                                               |
|      |   | a |                                                               |
|      |   | t |                                                               |
|      |   | t |                                                               |
|      |   | h |                                                               |
|      |   | a |                                                               |
|      |   | t |                                                               |
|      |   | w |                                                               |
|      |   | o |                                                               |
|      |   | u |                                                               |
|      |   | l |                                                               |
|      |   | d |                                                               |
|      |   | a |                                                               |
|      |   | d |                                                               |
|      |   | v |                                                               |
|      |   | e |                                                               |
|      |   | r |                                                               |
|      |   | s |                                                               |
|      |   | e |                                                               |
|      |   | l |                                                               |
|      |   | y |                                                               |
|      |   | a |                                                               |
|      |   | f |                                                               |
|      |   | f |                                                               |
|      |   | e |                                                               |
|      |   | c |                                                               |
|      |   | t |                                                               |
|      |   | t |                                                               |
|      |   | h |                                                               |
|      |   | e |                                                               |
|      |   | l |                                                               |
|      |   | o |                                                               |
|      |   | n |                                                               |
|      |   | g |                                                               |
|      |   | - |                                                               |
|      |   | t |                                                               |
|      |   | e |                                                               |
|      |   | r |                                                               |
|      |   | m |                                                               |
|      |   | p |                                                               |
|      |   | e |                                                               |
|      |   | r |                                                               |
|      |   | s |                                                               |
|      |   | i |                                                               |
|      |   | s |                                                               |
|      |   | t |                                                               |
|      |   | e |                                                               |
|      |   | n |                                                               |
|      |   | c |                                                               |
|      |   | e |                                                               |
|      |   | o |                                                               |
|      |   | f |                                                               |
|      |   | t |                                                               |
|      |   | h |                                                               |
|      |   | o |                                                               |
|      |   | s |                                                               |
|      |   | e |                                                               |
|      |   | s |                                                               |
|      |   | p |                                                               |
|      |   | e |                                                               |
|      |   | c |                                                               |
|      |   | i |                                                               |
|      |   | e |                                                               |
|      |   | s |                                                               |
+------+---+---+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| TE   |   | I |                                                               |
| ST09 |   | n |                                                               |
|      |   | r |                                                               |
|      |   | e |                                                               |
|      |   | v |                                                               |
|      |   | e |                                                               |
|      |   | g |                                                               |
|      |   | e |                                                               |
|      |   | t |                                                               |
|      |   | a |                                                               |
|      |   | t |                                                               |
|      |   | i |                                                               |
|      |   | o |                                                               |
|      |   | n |                                                               |
|      |   | a |                                                               |
|      |   | n |                                                               |
|      |   | d |                                                               |
|      |   | s |                                                               |
|      |   | e |                                                               |
|      |   | e |                                                               |
|      |   | d |                                                               |
|      |   | i |                                                               |
|      |   | n |                                                               |
|      |   | g |                                                               |
|      |   | p |                                                               |
|      |   | r |                                                               |
|      |   | o |                                                               |
|      |   | j |                                                               |
|      |   | e |                                                               |
|      |   | c |                                                               |
|      |   | t |                                                               |
|      |   | s |                                                               |
|      |   | i |                                                               |
|      |   | n |                                                               |
|      |   | o |                                                               |
|      |   | c |                                                               |
|      |   | c |                                                               |
|      |   | u |                                                               |
|      |   | p |                                                               |
|      |   | i |                                                               |
|      |   | e |                                                               |
|      |   | d |                                                               |
|      |   | T |                                                               |
|      |   | E |                                                               |
|      |   | P |                                                               |
|      |   | C |                                                               |
|      |   | p |                                                               |
|      |   | l |                                                               |
|      |   | a |                                                               |
|      |   | n |                                                               |
|      |   | t |                                                               |
|      |   | h |                                                               |
|      |   | a |                                                               |
|      |   | b |                                                               |
|      |   | i |                                                               |
|      |   | t |                                                               |
|      |   | a |                                                               |
|      |   | t |                                                               |
|      |   | , |                                                               |
|      |   | a |                                                               |
|      |   | F |                                                               |
|      |   | o |                                                               |
|      |   | r |                                                               |
|      |   | e |                                                               |
|      |   | s |                                                               |
|      |   | t |                                                               |
|      |   | b |                                                               |
|      |   | o |                                                               |
|      |   | t |                                                               |
|      |   | a |                                                               |
|      |   | n |                                                               |
|      |   | i |                                                               |
|      |   | s |                                                               |
|      |   | t |                                                               |
|      |   | s |                                                               |
|      |   | h |                                                               |
|      |   | a |                                                               |
|      |   | l |                                                               |
|      |   | l |                                                               |
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|      |   | t |                                                               |
|      |   | a |                                                               |
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|      |   | d |                                                               |
|      |   | s |                                                               |
|      |   | t |                                                               |
|      |   | i |                                                               |
|      |   | l |                                                               |
|      |   | l |                                                               |
|      |   | c |                                                               |
|      |   | o |                                                               |
|      |   | m |                                                               |
|      |   | p |                                                               |
|      |   | l |                                                               |
|      |   | y |                                                               |
|      |   | w |                                                               |
|      |   | i |                                                               |
|      |   | t |                                                               |
|      |   | h |                                                               |
|      |   | t |                                                               |
|      |   | h |                                                               |
|      |   | i |                                                               |
|      |   | s |                                                               |
|      |   | s |                                                               |
|      |   | t |                                                               |
|      |   | a |                                                               |
|      |   | n |                                                               |
|      |   | d |                                                               |
|      |   | a |                                                               |
|      |   | r |                                                               |
|      |   | d |                                                               |
|      |   | . |                                                               |
+------+---+---+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| SW   |   |   | Management actions shall be designed in a manner that         |
| ST01 |   |   | maintains or restores water quality to fully support          |
|      |   |   | beneficial uses and native and desired non-native fish        |
|      |   |   | species and their habitat, except as allowed under SWRA       |
|      |   |   | Standard 4 below. Use the MATRIX located in Appendix B to     |
|      |   |   | assist in determining compliance with this standard.          |
+------+---+---+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| SW   |   |   | Management actions will neither degrade nor retard attainment |
| ST04 |   |   | of properly functioning soil, water, riparian, and aquatic    |
|      |   |   | desired conditions, except:                                   |
|      |   |   |                                                               |
|      |   |   | a)  Where outweighed by demonstrable short- or long-term      |
|      |   |   |     benefits to watershed resource conditions; or             |
|      |   |   |                                                               |
|      |   |   | b)  Where the Forest Service has limited authority (e.g.,     |
|      |   |   |     access roads, hydropower, etc.). In these cases, the      |
|      |   |   |     Forest Service shall work with permittee(s) to minimize   |
|      |   |   |     the degradation of watershed resource conditions.         |
|      |   |   |                                                               |
|      |   |   | Use the MATRIX located in Appendix B to assist in determining |
|      |   |   | compliance with this standard.                                |
+------+---+---+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| SW   |   |   | Trees or snags that are felled within RCAs must be left       |
| ST10 |   |   | unless determined not to be necessary for achieving soil,     |
|      |   |   | water, riparian, and aquatic desired conditions. Felled trees |
|      |   |   | or snags left in RCAs shall be left intact unless resource    |
|      |   |   | protection (e.g., the risk of insect infestation is           |
|      |   |   | unacceptable) or public safety requires bucking them into     |
|      |   |   | smaller pieces.                                               |
+------+---+---+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| SW   |   |   | Do not authorize storage of fuels and other toxicants or      |
| ST11 |   |   | refueling within RCAs unless there are no other alternatives. |
|      |   |   | Storage of fuels and other toxicants or refueling sites       |
|      |   |   | within RCAs shall be approved by the responsible official and |
|      |   |   | have an approved spill containment plan commensurate with the |
|      |   |   | amount of fuel.                                               |
+------+---+---+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| SW   |   | T |                                                               |
| GU11 |   | r |                                                               |
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|      |   | a |                                                               |
|      |   | z |                                                               |
|      |   | a |                                                               |
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|      |   | a |                                                               |
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|      |   | i |                                                               |
|      |   | a |                                                               |
|      |   | l |                                                               |
|      |   | s |                                                               |
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|      |   | F |                                                               |
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|      |   | a |                                                               |
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|      |   | a |                                                               |
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|      |   | w |                                                               |
|      |   | i |                                                               |
|      |   | t |                                                               |
|      |   | h |                                                               |
|      |   | 4 |                                                               |
|      |   | 9 |                                                               |
|      |   | C |                                                               |
|      |   | F |                                                               |
|      |   | R |                                                               |
|      |   | 1 |                                                               |
|      |   | 7 |                                                               |
|      |   | 1 |                                                               |
|      |   | i |                                                               |
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|      |   | t |                                                               |
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|      |   | R |                                                               |
|      |   | C |                                                               |
|      |   | A |                                                               |
|      |   | s |                                                               |
|      |   | . |                                                               |
+------+---+---+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| WI   |   | M |                                                               |
| ST03 |   | i |                                                               |
|      |   | t |                                                               |
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|      |   | . |                                                               |
+------+---+---+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| WI   |   | M |                                                               |
| ST04 |   | i |                                                               |
|      |   | t |                                                               |
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|      |   | w |                                                               |
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+------+---+---+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| WI   |   | I |                                                               |
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|      |   | n |                                                               |
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|      |   | . |                                                               |
+------+---+---+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| BT   | M |   |                                                               |
| ST01 | a |   |                                                               |
|      | n |   |                                                               |
|      | a |   |                                                               |
|      | g |   |                                                               |
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|      | m |   |                                                               |
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|      | n |   |                                                               |
|      | t |   |                                                               |
|      | a |   |                                                               |
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|      | t |   |                                                               |
|      | i |   |                                                               |
|      | o |   |                                                               |
|      | n |   |                                                               |
|      | s |   |                                                               |
|      | t |   |                                                               |
|      | h |   |                                                               |
|      | a |   |                                                               |
|      | t |   |                                                               |
|      | o |   |                                                               |
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|      | r |   |                                                               |
|      | w |   |                                                               |
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|      | t |   |                                                               |
|      | h |   |                                                               |
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|      | n |   |                                                               |
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|      | a |   |                                                               |
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|      | a |   |                                                               |
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|      | m |   |                                                               |
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|      | a |   |                                                               |
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|      | a |   |                                                               |
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|      | a |   |                                                               |
|      | b |   |                                                               |
|      | i |   |                                                               |
|      | t |   |                                                               |
|      | a |   |                                                               |
|      | t |   |                                                               |
|      | i |   |                                                               |
|      | s |   |                                                               |
|      | m |   |                                                               |
|      | a |   |                                                               |
|      | i |   |                                                               |
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|      | a |   |                                                               |
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|      | d |   |                                                               |
|      | i |   |                                                               |
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|      | i |   |                                                               |
|      | o |   |                                                               |
|      | n |   |                                                               |
|      | s |   |                                                               |
|      | , |   |                                                               |
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|      | r |   |                                                               |
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|      | t |   |                                                               |
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|      | d |   |                                                               |
|      | w |   |                                                               |
|      | h |   |                                                               |
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|      | r |   |                                                               |
|      | e |   |                                                               |
|      | d |   |                                                               |
|      | e |   |                                                               |
|      | g |   |                                                               |
|      | r |   |                                                               |
|      | a |   |                                                               |
|      | d |   |                                                               |
|      | e |   |                                                               |
|      | d |   |                                                               |
|      | . |   |                                                               |
+------+---+---+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| BT   | I |   |                                                               |
| ST05 | n |   |                                                               |
|      | r |   |                                                               |
|      | e |   |                                                               |
|      | v |   |                                                               |
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|      | g |   |                                                               |
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|      | t |   |                                                               |
|      | a |   |                                                               |
|      | t |   |                                                               |
|      | i |   |                                                               |
|      | o |   |                                                               |
|      | n |   |                                                               |
|      | a |   |                                                               |
|      | n |   |                                                               |
|      | d |   |                                                               |
|      | s |   |                                                               |
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|      | e |   |                                                               |
|      | d |   |                                                               |
|      | i |   |                                                               |
|      | n |   |                                                               |
|      | g |   |                                                               |
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|      | r |   |                                                               |
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|      | e |   |                                                               |
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|      | t |   |                                                               |
|      | s |   |                                                               |
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|      | n |   |                                                               |
|      | o |   |                                                               |
|      | c |   |                                                               |
|      | c |   |                                                               |
|      | u |   |                                                               |
|      | p |   |                                                               |
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|      | d |   |                                                               |
|      | s |   |                                                               |
|      | e |   |                                                               |
|      | n |   |                                                               |
|      | s |   |                                                               |
|      | i |   |                                                               |
|      | t |   |                                                               |
|      | i |   |                                                               |
|      | v |   |                                                               |
|      | e |   |                                                               |
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+------+---+---+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| BT   | W |   |                                                               |
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|      | . |   |                                                               |
+------+---+---+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| NP   |   | A |                                                               |
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|      |   | c |                                                               |
|      |   | e |                                                               |
|      |   | . |                                                               |
+------+---+---+---------------------------------------------------------------+

### 

**Appendix B - Wood Debris Risks Tables and Maps by Subbasin**

**Sawtooth National Recreation Area**

**Upper Salmon**

Table 8. Risks to Wood Debris from Trail Activities by Subwatershed in
the Upper Salmon Subbasin

  --------- ------------------- ------------------------ ------- -------------- ---------- -----------
  HU4NAME   HU5NAME             HUC6NAME                 Trail   Miles of       Does the   Does the
                                                         Miles   Trail/Square   Trail      Trail go
                                                         in RCAs Mile of RCA    System     through
                                                                                Parallel   Stands with
                                                                                Streams    Overstory
                                                                                           Trees

  Upper     Alturas Lake Creek  Alturas Lake             6.69    0.97           L          NA
  Salmon                                                                                   

                                Cabin-Vat                2.82    1.42           L          NA

                                [Pettit Lake             3.72    1.83           M          L
                                Creek]{.mark}                                              

                                Yellow Belly Lake Creek  5.53    2.57           L          NA

            Basin-Casino        [Big Casino              4.86    4.04           M          L
                                Creek]{.mark}                                              

                                East Basin-Kelly         0.00    0.00           NA         NA

                                Harden-Rough             1.95    0.95           L          NA

                                [Joes-Little             5.58    2.86           M          L
                                Casino]{.mark}                                             

                                Muley-Elk                0.00    0.00           NA         NA

                                Nip and Tuck-Sunny       3.64    1.98           L          NA

            Bayhorse-Sullivan   Sullivan-Clayton         1.76    1.63           L          NA

            Big Lake-Boulder    Big Boulder Creek        5.10    1.49           L          L

                                [Big Lake Creek]{.mark}  8.27    3.52           M          L

                                Bluett-Baker             0.70    2.39           L          NA

                                Little Boulder Creek     5.61    3.06           L          NA

                                [Wickiup-Sheep]{.mark}   4.99    5.01           M          L

            Redfish-Champion    Boundary-Cleveland       2.03    1.06           L          NA

                                Champion Creek           5.73    2.92           L          NA

                                Fisher Creek             0.02    0.02           L          NA

                                Fishhook Creek           1.28    0.79           L          NA

                                Fourth of July Creek     1.65    0.78           L          NA

                                Gold-Williams            3.86    1.30           L          NA

                                Hell Roaring-Mays        4.12    1.84           L          NA

                                Huckleberry Creek        6.07    2.28           L          NA

                                Redfish-Little Redfish   2.90    0.58           L          NA

                                Upper Redfish Lake Creek 4.34    1.55           L          NA

            Squaw-Slate         Beaver-Peach             3.39    0.26           L          NA

                                French-Spring            2.06    1.18           L          NA

                                Holman-Mill              5.15    0.00           NA         NA

                                Slate Creek              7.67    1.98           L          NA

                                Thompson Creek           0.00    0.00           NA         NA

            Upper EF Salmon     Germania Creek           14.28   2.51           M          NA
            River                                                                          

                                Upper EF Salmon          9.86    1.84           L          NA

                                West Pass Creek          1.22    0.56           L          NA

            Upper Salmon River  Beaver Creek             0.46    0.27           L          NA

                                Pole Creek               4.81    2.69           L          NA

                                Sawtooth City-Frenchman  0.60    0.47           L          NA

                                Smiley Creek             2.47    1.49           L          NA

                                Upper Salmon River       0.43    0.24           L          NA

                                Warm-Taylor              0.38    0.18           L          NA

            Valley Creek        Elk Creek                5.07    1.67           L          NA

                                Iron-Goat                3.98    0.86           L          NA

                                Meadow Creek             2.95    1.84           L          NA

                                Park-Hanna               1.88    1.08           L          NA

                                Stanley Creek            3.44    1.45           L          NA

                                Stanley Lake Creek       6.61    2.34           L          NA

            Warm Spring Creek   Prospect-Robinson Bar    5.50    1.89           L          NA

                                [Swimm-Martin]{.mark}    11.17   3.05           M          M

                                Upper Warm Spring Creek  11.96   2.90           L          NA
  --------- ------------------- ------------------------ ------- -------------- ---------- -----------

![](media/image17.jpeg){width="6.374409448818898in"
height="5.874409448818898in"}\* L = Low, M = Moderate, H = High and NA =
Not Assessed; Highlighted names correspond to those subwatersheds with a
moderate to high (yellow in table and orange on map) and high (red)
risk.

**Table 9. Risks to Wood Debris from Trail Activities by Subwatershed in
the SF Payette Subbasin**

  --------- ----------- --------------- ------- -------------- ---------- -----------
  HU4NAME   HU5NAME     HUC6NAME        Trail   Miles of       Does the   Does the
                                        Miles   Trail/Square   Trail      Trail go
                                        in RCAs Mile of RCA    System     through
                                                               Parallel   Stands with
                                                               Streams    Overstory
                                                                          Trees

  South     Upper SF    Baron Creek     4.62    1.69           L          NA
  Fork      Payette                                                       
  Payette   River                                                         

                        Goat Creek      0.17    0.01           L          NA

                        Mink-Lake       2.51    0.99           L          NA

                        Pinchot-Fall    1.51    0.75           L          NA

                        Upper SF        9.76    3.24           L          NA
                        Payette River                                     

            Wapiti      Grandjean       2.86    1.46           L          NA
  --------- ----------- --------------- ------- -------------- ---------- -----------

\* L = Low, M = Moderate, H = High and NA = Not Assessed

![](media/image18.jpeg){width="4.959842519685039in"
height="6.288976377952756in"}

**Table 10. Risks to Wood Debris from Trail Activities by Subwatershed
in the MF/NF Boise Subbasin**

  --------- ----------- --------------------------- ------- -------------- ---------- -----------
  HU4NAME   HU5NAME     HUC6NAME                    Trail   Miles of       Does the   Does the
                                                    Miles   Trail/Square   Trail      Trail go
                                                    in RCAs Mile of RCA    System     through
                                                                           Parallel   Stands with
                                                                           Streams    Overstory
                                                                                      Trees

  North and Upper MF    Little Queens River         4.39    3.35           L          NA
  Middle    Boise River                                                               
  Fork                                                                                
  Boise                                                                               

                        [Mattingly-Leggit]{.mark}   7.46    3.73           M          L

                        [Queens River]{.mark}       8.90    2.21           H          L

                        [Upper MF Boise             9.64    2.66           M          L
                        River]{.mark}                                                 

                        [Johnson Creek]{.mark}      3.93    2.11           M          L

                        Silver-Cow                  0.14    0.30           L          NA

                        Upper N Fk Boise River      2.28    0.62           L          NA
  --------- ----------- --------------------------- ------- -------------- ---------- -----------

\* L = Low, M = Moderate, H = High and NA = Not Assessed; Highlighted
names correspond to those subwatersheds with a moderate to high (yellow
in table and orange on map) and high (red) risk.

![](media/image19.jpeg){width="5.625196850393701in"
height="5.625196850393701in"}

**Table 11. Risks to Wood Debris from Trail Activities by Subwatershed
in the SF Boise Subbasin**

  --------- ----------------- ------------------------ ------- -------------- ---------- -----------
  HU4NAME   HU5NAME           HUC6NAME                 Trail   Miles of       Does the   Does the
                                                       Miles   Trail/Square   Trail      Trail go
                                                       in RCAs Mile of RCA    System     through
                                                                              Parallel   Stands with
                                                                              Streams    Overstory
                                                                                         Trees

  South     Big Smoky Creek   [Big Peak Creek]{.mark}  13.84   3.69           H          L
  Fork                                                                                   
  Boise                                                                                  
  River                                                                                  

                              [Narrow-Bluff]{.mark}    11.43   5.17           H          L

                              NF Big Smoky Creek       4.33    2.33           L          NA 

                              [Paradise Creek]{.mark}  10.20   4.45           H          M

                              [Skillern-Calf]{.mark}   16.76   5.61           H          M

                              [Upper Big Smoky         5.97    3.11           M          L
                              Creek]{.mark}                                              

                              West Fork Big Smoky      7.75    3.22           L          NA
                              Creek                                                      

            Lime Creek        [Lower Lime]{.mark}      1.70    1.45           M          L

                              [Middle Fork Lime        9.26    3.58           M          L
                              Creek]{.mark}                                              

                              North Fork Lime Creek    7.18    3.27           L          NA 

                              [South Fork              16.80   4.41           H          L
                              Lime-Hearn]{.mark}                                         

                              [Upper SF Lime           8.15    3.41           M          NA
                              Creek]{.mark}                                              

            Little Smoky      Basalt Creek             5.13    2.29           L          NA
            Creek                                                                        

                              Lick-Five Points         2.56    0.78           L          NA

                              Red Rock-Carrie          7.36    1.91           L          NA

                              Upper Little Smoky Creek 12.62   1.92           L          NA

                              Worswick-Grindstone      2.64    1.08           L          NA

            Upper SF Boise    Bear Creek               1.70    0.81           L          NA
            River                                                                        

                              Emma-Axolotl             4.16    1.24           L          NA

                              [Johnson Creek]{.mark}   4.38    2.22           L          NA

                              [Ross Fork Creek]{.mark} 16.23   4.04           H          M

                              [Skunk-Elk]{.mark}       13.85   2.81           M          L

            Willow-Boardman   Abbot-Shake              8.55    1.45           L          NA 

                              [Big                     19.15   4.94           H          L
                              Water-Virginia]{.mark}                                     

                              [Boardman Creek]{.mark}  9.67    3.13           M          M

                              Houseman-Beaver          8.47    2.25           L          NA

                              [Kelley Creek]{.mark}    7.00    5.56           H          M

                              Miller-Bowns-Salt        1.34    0.52           L          NA

                              Skeleton Creek           12.08   3.62           L          NA

                              [Willow Creek]{.mark}    12.83   3.79           M          L
  --------- ----------------- ------------------------ ------- -------------- ---------- -----------

\* L = Low, M = Moderate, H = High and NA = Not Assessed; Highlighted
names correspond to those subwatersheds with a moderate to high (yellow
in table and orange on map) and high (red) risk.

![](media/image20.jpeg){width="6.5in" height="6.75in"}

**Table 12. Risks to Wood Debris from Trail Activities by Subwatershed
in the Camas Creek Subbasin**

  --------- ---------------- ------------------ ------- -------------- ---------- -----------
  HU4NAME   HU5NAME          HUC6NAME           Trail   Miles of       Does the   Does the
                                                Miles   Trail/Square   Trail      Trail go
                                                in RCAs Mile of RCA    System     through
                                                                       Parallel   Stands with
                                                                       Streams    Overstory
                                                                                  Trees

  Camas     Chimney-Cow      Arnold Spring      0.00    0.00           NA         NA
  Creek                      Creek                                                

                             Chimney Creek      0.29    0.00           NA         NA

                             Cow Creek          0.09    0.82           L          NA

            Corral-Dairy     East Fork          0.20    0.33           L          NA
                             Threemile Creek                                      

                             Threemile Creek    0.37    1.16           L          NA

                             Upper Corral Creek 0.46    0.00           NA         NA

            Deer-Kelly-Elk   Deer-Chicken       0.16    0.67           L          NA

                             Elk-Fricke         2.13    3.62           L          NA

                             Mill Canyon Creek  0.00    0.00           NA         NA

            Soldier-Spring   Phillips-Wardrop   14.45   3.54           L          NA

                             [Upper Soldier     11.54   3.97           H          L
                             Creek]{.mark}                                        

            Upper Camas      Camas-Malad River  0.00    0.00           NA         NA
            Creek                                                                 

                             Wild Horse-Camas   0.00    0.00           NA         NA
                             Prairie                                              

            Willow Creek     Beaver Creek       0.08    0.00           NA         NA

                             Cherry-Mckay       0.16    0.16           L          NA

                             Upper Willow Creek 8.13    1.74           L          NA
  --------- ---------------- ------------------ ------- -------------- ---------- -----------

\* L = Low, M = Moderate, H = High and NA = Not Assessed; Highlighted
names correspond to those subwatersheds with a moderate to high (yellow
in table and orange on map) and high (red) risk.

![](media/image21.jpeg){width="6.625196850393701in"
height="4.207086614173228in"}

**Table 13. Risks to Wood Debris from Trail Activities by Subwatershed
in the Big Wood River Subbasin**

  --------- -------------- ---------------------- ------- -------------- ---------- -----------
  HU4NAME   HU5NAME        HUC6NAME               Trail   Miles of       Does the   Does the
                                                  Miles   Trail/Square   Trail      Trail go
                                                  in RCAs Mile of RCA    System     through
                                                                         Parallel   Stands with
                                                                         Streams    Overstory
                                                                                    Trees

  Big Wood  Baker-NF Big   Baker Creek            13.03   2.88           L          NA 
  River     Wood                                                                    

                           Easley-Headquarters    8.83    2.68           L          NA  

                           [NF Big                5.46    3.52           M          L
                           Wood-Murdock]{.mark}                                     

                           Upper NF Big Wood      5.62    3.12           L          NA
                           River                                                    

            Deer-Quigley   Croy Creek             0.00    0.00           NA         NA

                           [Greenhorn             10.30   4.99           H          L
                           Creek]{.mark}                                            

                           Indian Creek           0.00    0.00           NA         NA

                           Quigley Creek          0.00    0.00           NA         NA

                           [Upper Deer            7.14    2.88           H          L
                           Creek]{.mark}                                            

                           Wolftone-North Fork    7.70    1.26           L          NA
                           Deer                                                     

            EF Wood River  Cove Creek             8.54    0.00           NA         NA

                           Federal                3.23    1.68           L          NA
                           Gulch-Paymaster                                          

                           [Hyndman Creek]{.mark} 8.56    2.95           H          L

                           Triumph-Milligan       0.00    0.00           NA          NA

            Trail-Adams    [Adams-Big             7.73    10.41          H          L
                           Wood]{.mark}                                             

                           Antelope-Wilson        0.10    0.05           L          NA

                           Cold Spring-Clear      0.05    0.38           L          NA

                           Corral Creek           1.05    1.24           L          NA

                           Eagle Creek            0.00    0.00           NA         NA

                           Elkhorn Creek          0.73    1.66           L          NA

                           Fox-Leroux             6.89    3.89           L          NA

                           Lake Creek             0.79    0.59           L          NA

                           [Sun                   1.67    5.70           H          L
                           Valley-Trail]{.mark}                                     

                           [Upper Trail           5.29    3.40           M          L
                           Creek]{.mark}                                            

            Upper Big Wood Owl-Big Wood River     13.71   3.39           L          NA
            River                                                                   

                           [Prairie Creek]{.mark} 7.34    4.30           M          L

                           Snow-King              4.25    1.55           L          NA 

            Warm Springs   [Barr                  4.20    2.10           M          L
            Creek          Gulch-Rooks]{.mark}                                      

                           [Castle Creek]{.mark}  5.97    3.55           H          L

                           Thompson Creek         0.45    0.26           L          NA 

                           [Upper Warm Springs    8.19    1.55           M          L
                           Creek]{.mark}                                            

                           Warfield-West FK Warm  6.60    2.73           L          NA 
                           Spring                                                   
  --------- -------------- ---------------------- ------- -------------- ---------- -----------

\* L = Low, M = Moderate, H = High and NA = Not Assessed; Highlighted
names correspond to those subwatersheds with a moderate to high (yellow
in table and orange on map) and high (red) risk.

![](media/image22.jpeg){width="7.375196850393701in"
height="7.375196850393701in"}

**Table 14. Risks to Wood Debris from Trail Activities by Subwatershed
in the Little Wood River Subbasin**

  --------- ----------- ---------------- ------- -------------- ---------- -----------
  HU4NAME   HU5NAME     HUC6NAME         Trail   Miles of       Does the   Does the
                                         Miles   Trail/Square   Trail      Trail go
                                         in RCAs Mile of RCA    System     through
                                                                Parallel   Stands with
                                                                Streams    Overstory
                                                                           Trees

  Little    Muldoon     [Copper          4.66    1.87           H          L
  Wood      Creek       Creek]{.mark}                                      
  River                                                                    

                        Thompson-Lower   0.00    0.00           NA          NA
                        Muldoon                                            

                        Upper Friedman   0.00    0.00           NA          NA
                        Creek                                              

                        Upper Muldoon    0.00    0.00           NA          NA
                        Creek                                              

            Upper       [Baugh           10.77   5.78           H          L
            Little Wood Creek]{.mark}                                      
            River                                                          

                        Grays-Lane       5.20    1.64           L           NA

                        Slide Canyon     2.46    1.89           L           NA
                        Creek                                              

                        Upper Little     6.60    1.87           L          L
                        Wood River                                         
  --------- ----------- ---------------- ------- -------------- ---------- -----------

![](media/image23.jpeg){width="5.9992125984251965in"
height="4.922834645669291in"}\* L = Low, M = Moderate, H = High and NA =
Not Assessed; Highlighted names correspond to those subwatersheds with a
moderate to high (yellow in table and orange on map) and high (red)
risk.

**Appendix C - Stream Crossing Structure Replacement Design Criteria**

**Stream Simulation.** Stream simulation designs are intended to mimic
the natural stream processes at a culvert removal site or at a stream
crossing within a culvert, open-bottom arch, ford, or under a bridge.
Fish passage, sediment transport, flood and debris conveyance within the
structure are intended to imitate the stream conditions upstream and
downstream of the crossing as close to natural conditions as the
structure type allows. Stream simulation requires a high level of
information regarding stream hydrology, geomorphology, and engineering.
It is critical that a hydrological/geomorphological evaluation of the
project site be completed to determine project design, and potential
impacts of the project at the site and along the stream channel.

Stream simulation parameters for programmatic actions are defined by the
San Dimas Stream Simulation Design Training Manual (USDA FS San Dimas
Technology and Development Center (SDTDC) 2004). Parameters are the same
for occupied and unoccupied habitats in intermittent and perennial
channels unless otherwise indicated.

For occupied habitat, specific objectives of activities include:

-   Simulate bed material and structure, bankfull cross-section, and
    slope of the natural channel to provide diverse avenues for passage
    by organisms moving in a natural channel

-   Provide for some of the culvert bed material to be mobile

-   Design project to accommodate valley and floodplain processes,
    100-year flows, sediment and debris movement, and stream meander
    migration

-   Control velocity with roughness and slope to within swimming ability
    and duration of specific species of fish

-   Minimize delay of movement of listed species

-   Provide for ecological connectivity

-   Wildlife passage

For unoccupied habitat in perennial and intermittent channels, specific
objectives include:

-   Simulate bankfull cross-section and slope of the natural channel

-   Design project to accommodate valley and floodplain processes

-   For all crossings, design project to accommodate 100-year flows, or
    alternatively, provide for site-specifically analyzed recurrence
    flows

-   For crossings determined to pose a substantial risk, design project
    to accommodate 100-year flows and associated sediment and debris
    movement

-   Provide for ecological connectivity

**Grade Control**. Grade control treatment may be included in project
design based on site limitations (i.e. channel slope or bed material
type), material availability, economics, land use, design competence or
familiarity, and/or regulatory restrictions. Treatment alternatives that
control grade so that incision is prevented (Castro 2003) can include
large roughness element grade controls, rock and log weir grade
controls, constructed step-pool and cascade grade controls, and sizing
the culvert to contain the floodplain.

**Structure Width.** Required widths for all structures replaced under
this programmatic BA shall be greater than or equal to the bankfull
channel widths. Structure should be wide enough to remove the hydraulic
signature of the structure on the stream, and to sustain general bed
shape, channel forms, and elevation. Bankfull cross section shape and
dimensions should be similar to natural channel reference reaches and
fit with stream reaches adjacent to crossing site (reference reach
lengths for perennial streams should be at least twenty times the stream
width upstream and downstream of the stream crossing).

Structure widths greater than bankfull widths are suggested by NMFS
(NMFS 2003, in draft), and Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife
(Bates 2003). Required structure widths in occupied habitats under this
BA shall be greater than bankfull widths only when the following
conditions exist or are desired:

-   when required to pass debris;

-   when necessary to minimize effect to meander pattern in low-gradient
    channels; and

-   when site-specific conditions dictate additional width (to be
    described in pre-project review).

**Culvert Length**. Culverts should be designed to be long enough to
avoid fill failures or chronic erosion from fill.

**Embedment.** Culverts should be embedded 20% or more if desired, which
puts the stream bed at the widest part of the culvert. Embedment shall
be deep enough to account for scour, grade adjustments, footings, and
bed integrity.

**Bridges.** No abutments shall be placed within the bankfull channel.
Exposed riprap shall not be placed within the bankfull channel unless
necessary to achieve passage objectives, maintain channel features, and
protect structures. Installation of multiple-span bridges is not
included.

**Trail Fords**. The Culvert Design Team (including a trail building
specialist for this category) will design ford and trail approaches
during project planning to ensure long term stability and minimize the
potential for sediment entry. Design will prevent creation of a
low-water barrier to fish passage, by having similar grade and bankfull
width as the channel while maintaining adequate water velocities to
allow fish passage. Design will minimize ground disturbance and
excessive grade (less than 15 percent) on the approach and exit, and
avoid existing or potential spawning locations. Trail fords will be 24
inches (foot and stock use only) to 50 inches (ATV use) in width, (USDA
FS 2000, Trail Construction and Maintenance Handbook). Trail approaches
and fords will typically be hardened with rocks, but will not be located
in potential spawning areas. Trail fords may include grade control
structures. Adequate drainage on approaches will reduce hydrologic
connectivity and minimize trail-generated sediment delivery.

D. Excluded Projects

The following list of project types would not be included in the
proposed programmatic actions, or covered by this programmatic BA.

-   Projects in streams currently inhabited by sockeye salmon (inlet and
    outlet streams of Petit, Alturas, and Redfish Lakes). (Projects may
    occur in streams that were historically inhabited by sockeye).

-   Any projects that would facilitate the expansion of brook trout into
    occupied (or potentially occupied should passage be restored) bull
    trout habitat

-   Projects with structure widths less than bankfull width

-   Maintenance of projects conducted under this BA, outside of that
    described in Section II.B., and reconstruction of projects not
    meeting objectives of this BA

-   Placement of any kind of baffled culvert

-   Culvert retrofitting (*e.g*., fish ladders inside culverts)

-   Multiple-span bridges (bridges requiring instream piers)

-   Projects with spawning listed fish or their redds within the area
    that would be directly disturbed or disrupted by project actions

-   Projects not conducted during low flow conditions

-   Actions that are components of larger projects for which a
    determination of "Likely to Adversely Affect ESA-listed species" has
    been made

-   Any newly constructed stream crossing that does not replace or
    remove an existing stream crossing

Mitigations, construction phases, and requirements and restrictions
specific to construction phases are described in detail in following
sections (Section II.F Mitigations - Fish, G. Mitigations-Wildlife, and
H. Construction Phases -- Site Preparation through Project Completion).

E. Culvert Design Team

**Culvert Design Team Membership**. The design and construction of
naturalized stream crossings requires expertise in engineering,
hydrology, fluvial geomorphology, contract administration, and fisheries
and wildlife biology. The Culvert Design Teams that undertake projects
under this BA will be comprised of individuals with this expertise. The
degree of involvement of individual team members will vary, depending on
whether the project is in occupied or unoccupied habitat, within
perennial or intermittent channels, and depending on the information
required during particular planning phases. In the following sections,
the term "Culvert Design Team" can mean one, several, or all members of
the team, depending on the information required.

**Guidance for Project Prioritization**. Prioritization of projects may
tie to partner availability, funding sources, components of other
projects, existing recovery plans, LRMPs and LUPs, and the Aquatic
Framework of the Interior Columbia Basin Strategy. Prioritization
factors may include biological and physical parameters that define the
potential for restoring access and function to habitats for ESA-listed
species. Increased prioritization may be placed on projects that will
implement identified recovery actions from (draft) recovery plans.
Culvert Design Teams may also consider watershed assessments,
transportation analysis, quantity and quality of habitat, number of fish
species affected, presence of exotic fish species, risk of headcutting,
risk of failure, culvert condition, funding restrictions, and planning
status.

**Project Design.** Culvert Design Teams will conduct full field reviews
of potential sites in occupied habitats, identifying those biological
and physical characteristics that need to be met by the design process.
Culvert Design Teams will consider existing and desired environmental
conditions, and will recommend alternatives that can be feasibly
incorporated into project design to rehabilitate natural conditions that
support ESA-listed fish.

The Culvert Design Teams will oversee the collection of project site
data essential for the design of a stream simulation structure in
occupied habitats and perennial channels, and the design of structures
in intermittent channels. This includes information that describes
physical watershed and stream processes and provides parameters for
designing crossing structures. The information will include potential
for landslide and debris flows, flood flows, channel character and
stability, floodplain character, and flooding potential. This
information will help Culvert Design Teams consider and develop feasible
project alternatives and project-specific plans for the selected
alternative.

**Pre-project Documentation**. The Culvert Design Teams will notify
Level 1 Teams of all proposed actions to be covered under this
programmatic BA through the NEPA and/or Level 1 Team processes,
conveying that the proposed actions meet conditions outlined in this BA
and subsequent BOs (see section II.I. Annual Monitoring and Reporting
Requirements). The Culvert Design Teams will document project design,
review, and implementation of each of the projects in occupied habitat
(up to 12 per year per administrative unit). The Culvert Design Teams
will provide the following to Level 1 Teams in an annual Level 1 Team
meeting:

-   List of all projects proposed to be completed during the upcoming
    field season under this programmatic BA (occupied and unoccupied
    habitats, perennial and intermittent channels)

-   Maps showing location of proposed projects

-   A pre-project checklist (see Appendix C) for each project within
    occupied habitat (or group of projects) documenting:

    -   Project(s) name, stream name

    -   Category of project (from this BA)

    -   Date , and projected date of implementation

    -   Administrative unit office(s) and general location of project(s)

    -   Relevant bull trout core areas; relevant steelhead and/or
        Chinook salmon Technical Recovery Team (TRT) populations (see
        Appendix B)

    -   Culvert Design Team members and positions, including Line
        Officer

    -   Map with UTMs, latitude/longitude, or range/township/section(s)

    -   Project site photos

    -   Project design specifications, including:

        -   width and slope of existing structure

        -   bankfull width and natural slope of stream channel

        -   proposed structure type

        -   width and slope of proposed structure

    -   NEPA document (if applicable)

    -   Plan for spill prevention, containment, control, and prevention

    -   Checklist of ESA-listed species and critical habitat within
        project area

    -   Fish passage (coarse screen filter value from San Dimas
        protocol - red, gray, green)

    -   Checklist of required mitigations (see Table 5)

NMFS and USFWS Level 1 Team members will assure that copies of
pre-project checklists are submitted to and housed at the NMFS Idaho
Habitat Branch and USFWS Snake River Offices.

**Post-project Documentation and Monitoring**. Culvert Design Teams will
notify Level 1 Teams of completed actions in occupied habitat covered
under this programmatic BA through the Level 1 Team process. For
projects within occupied habitat, monitoring will be conducted a minimum
of once within a year of project completion, after any subsequent high
flow events such as 10-year or 100-year floods, and at time intervals
specified within NEPA documents or during post-project review. The Level
1 Team will conduct annual field monitoring reviews of randomly selected
projects within occupied habitat from previous years and will include
personnel from the BLM and USFS (engineers, hydrologists,
geomorphologists, and/or fisheries biologists), USFWS, and NMFS. Formats
for annual field reviews will be developed by individual Level 1 Teams.

The Culvert Design Teams will provide the following to Level 1 Teams in
an annual Level 1 Team meeting:

-   List of projects in occupied habitat completed during the past field
    season under this programmatic BA

-   Maps showing location of projects completed during the past field
    season

-   A post-project monitoring checklist (see Appendix C ) for each
    project completed within occupied habitat (or group of projects)
    during the immediately past field season. This checklist will be
    identical to the pre-project checklist, and will also include:

    -   width and slope of new structure

    -   bankfull width and natural slope of stream channel

    -   miles of stream opened up to fish passage

    -   species, number, and life stage of ESA-listed fish handled,
        injured or killed; area dewatered, method of fish collection

    -   headcutting above and below projects area

    -   substrate retention, recruitment, and size

    -   erosion from sites associated with project

    -   success of fish passage rehabilitation (coarse screen filter
        value from San Dimas protocol - red, gray, green)

    -   Checklist of mitigations implemented (See Table 5)

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-   List of projects and monitoring information for projects that were
    monitored during the past field season, that were completed previous
    to the past field season. Monitoring information should include:

    -   Photos

    -   Field observations after high flow events

    -   Success of fish passage rehabilitation

    -   Headcutting, erosion, or scour associated with project

    -   Success of revegetation

    -   Substrate retention, recruitment, size

NMFS and USFWS Level 1 Team members will assure that copies of
post-project checklists are submitted to and housed at the NMFS Idaho
Habitat Branch and USFWS Snake River Offices.

Mitigation Measures -Fish

This section describes mitigation measures that will be applied to
programmatic projects during design and implementation by the action
agencies. These measures are designed to minimize potential detrimental
effects to listed fish species, critical habitat, and Essential Fish
Habitat. All measures are mandatory where relevant, though many measures
contain alternatives for accomplishing the underlying objectives of the
measure.

Mitigation measures apply to all projects unless specified. Measures
specific to occupied and/or unoccupied habitats, and to perennial and/or
intermittent streams, are indicated below. Construction phases to
implement programmatic projects are described in detail in Section II.
H. Construction Phases -- Site Preparation through Project Completion.

This summary list of mitigation measures is referred to in the following
discussion.

F1. Buffers

F2. Low-water Work Windows

F3. Fish Avoidance

F4. Pollution Control Measures

a\. Clean Water Act

b\. Spill Prevention, Containment, and Reporting

c\. Minimize Exposure to Heavy Equipment Fuel/Oil Leakage

F5. Aquatic Invasive Control Measures

F6. Erosion Control Measures

a\. Minimize Site Preparation Impacts

b\. Minimize Earthmoving-related Erosion

c\. Minimize Temporary Stream Crossing Sedimentation

d\. Minimize Sedimentation through Dewatering

e\. Flow Re-introduction

f\. Site Rehabilitation

**F1. Buffers.** The Culvert Design Team will recommend site-specific
riparian buffers for specific activities to avoid delivery of sediment
or contaminants to streams (see F4, F5, and F6). The Team may designate
buffers of different widths for different activities such as site
preparation, equipment work areas, equipment staging areas, equipment
fueling and maintenance areas, earthmoving, and stockpile areas. These
widths may vary due to presence of occupied or unoccupied habitat,
perennial or intermittent channels, floodplain width, riparian
characteristics, size of stream, depth of stream valley, and other
site-specific characteristics. For administrative units still within
PACFISH/INFISH direction, all equipment fueling, maintenance, and
staging areas will be outside of RCAs unless no other option is
available. When no option is available, the Culvert Design Team will
consult with Level 1 Teams to identify adequate avoidance and
minimization measures for the site.

**F2. Low-water Work Windows.** All projects will be conducted during
low flow conditions, which typically occur from late summer through fall
(specific low flow periods will be determined by a hydrologist). The
State of Idaho stream alteration permit will provide in-channel work
window suggestions to avoid adverse effects to ESA-listed fish species
for specific locations. All projects will be completed within one work
season.

**F3. Fish Avoidance.** A fish biologist or designee will conduct all of
the following fish survey evaluations and work area clearing operations.
Once those evaluations are completed it is not necessary for a fish
biologist to be on site during all project actions.

A fish biologist will direct or conduct a planning survey of the project
stream during project planning to determine if ESA-listed fish species
inhabit the project area. If the stream is intermittent, the planning
survey will be conducted when water is in the channel. If the project
stream in the general vicinity of the project site is found to be
occupied by ESA-listed fish species or is within 600 feet upstream of
occupied habitat, instream work should be conducted only during low
flows and/or within the recommended inchannel work windows identified in
stream alteration permits, using all fish avoidance and other mitigation
measures listed below.

If the stream in the general vicinity of the project site is found to be
occupied by ESA-listed fish species, a fish biologist or designee will
conduct a pre-work survey of the project site again, immediately prior
to any instream work. Should migrating adults, spawning listed fish, or
their redds be observed within the area that would be directly
mechanically disturbed or disrupted by project actions or 600 feet
downstream, the project does not fit within these programmatic BA
guidelines (see section II.D: Excluded Projects). The Culvert Design
Team will coordinate with the Level 1 Team on a recommended course of
action, which could include initiation of site-specific consultation or
emergency consultation. This potential delay will be built into contract
language for instream project activities.

During the pre-work survey, should non-spawning, non-migrating listed
fish be observed within the area (or 600 feet downstream) that would be
directly mechanically disturbed or disrupted by project actions, the
Culvert Design Team will determine whether passive movement of fish can
be achieved by slow dewatering, or whether less passive methods to clear
the project site of fish should be used. Passive movement of fish can
usually be achieved by slow dewatering in steeper channels, and less
passive methods are rarely used in culvert projects on the Payette
National Forest (Dave Burns, Payette National Forest fisheries
Biologist, McCall, Idaho, personal communication). Should less passive
methods be warranted, a fish biologist will attempt to clear the area of
fish before the site is dewatered and the flow is bypassed. This could
be accomplished by a variety of methods, including seining, dipping, or
electroshocking, depending on specific site conditions. Under normal
conditions, block nets will be installed, fish will be captured and
relocated, streamflow will be diverted around the project area, and
block nets will be removed all in the same day. On very rare occasions,
block nets may remain in the stream overnight when the fish capture and
diversion activities require additional time to complete. All handling
of fish, using any method, will be conducted by or under the direction
of a fisheries biologist, using methods directed by the following:

-   NMFS Guidelines for Electrofishing Waters Containing Salmonids
    Listed Under the Endangered Species Act (NMFS 2000, see Appendix F)

-   NMFS steelhead collection permits (if applicable)

-   Idaho Department of Fish and Game Scientific Collection Permit (or
    Nevada equivalent)

**F4. Pollution Control Measures**

> **a. Follow State Water Quality Guidelines (Clean Water Act**).
> Project actions will follow all provisions of the Clean Water Act and
> provisions for maintenance of water quality standards as described by
> Idaho Department of Environmental Quality (IDEQ) (or its Nevada
> equivalent). Programmatic projects will be in compliance with all
> applicable state and Federal laws and processes (*e.g*., Section 404
> permits). Culvert Design Team engineers and/or hydrologists will
> summarize specific pertinent guidelines for each project.
>
> The Clean Water Act requires States to set water quality standards
> sufficient to protect designated and existing beneficial uses. In
> Idaho, \"Sediment shall not exceed quantities\...\....which impair
> designated beneficial uses. Determinations of impairment shall be
> based on water quality monitoring and surveillance and the information
> utilized as described in Section 350.\" (Idaho Administrative
> Procedures Act (IDAPA) 58.01.02 .200.08). In Idaho State Water Quality
> Standards for Aquatic Life (Section 250), "Turbidity shall not exceed
> background turbidity by more than 50 NTUs instantaneously (at any
> point in time) (IDAPA Idaho Code 58.01.02.350.01.a). In Section 350
> (Rules Governing Nonpoint Source Activities), \"Best management
> practices should be designed, implemented, and maintained to provide
> full protection or maintenance of beneficial uses. Violations of water
> quality standards which occur in spite of implementation of best
> management practices will not be subject to enforcement action.
> However, if subsequent water quality monitoring and surveillance
> \.....indicate water quality standards are not met due to nonpoint
> source impacts , even with the use of current best management
> practices, the practices will be evaluated and modified as necessary
> by the appropriate agencies in accordance with the provisions of the
> Administrative Procedures Act.\" (IDAPA 58.01.02.350.01.a).
>
> **b. Spill Prevention, Containment, and Reporting.** All vehicles
> carrying fuel will have specific equipment and materials needed to
> contain or clean up any incidental spills at the project site.
> Equipment and materials will be specific to each project site, and can
> include spill kits appropriately sized for specific quantities of
> fuel, shovels, absorbent pads, straw bales, containment structures and
> liners, and/or booms. Storing and refueling areas will be located in
> staging areas away from streams in areas where a spill would not have
> the potential to reach live water. Containment structures may be
> necessary if prevention of spilled material from reaching live water
> cannot be assured. All pumps and generators used within PACFISH/INFISH
> RCAs (for administrative units operating within PACFISH/INFISH
> direction), or RCA equivalents (for administrative units within the
> SWIEG), will have appropriate spill containment structures and/or
> absorbent pads in place during use.
>
> Should quantities of stored fuel for a project exceed 660 gallons in a
> single tank; or exceed 1320 gallons for all storage combined;
> contractors and agency operators will be required to have a standard
> EPA written Spill Prevention Control and Containment (SPCC) Plan
> onsite, which describes measures to prevent or reduce impacts from
> potential spills (from fuel, hydraulic fluid, etc.) (40 CFR 112, Oil
> Pollution Act relating to SPCC Plans).
>
> For all culvert projects which involve fuel storage and refueling
> actions conducted under this BA, a written spill plan is required.
> This spill plan shall be developed, recommended and/or approved by the
> Culvert Design Team (or members thereof). The plan will contain a
> description of the specific hazardous materials, procedures, and spill
> containment that will be used, including inventory, storage, and
> handling.
>
> Federal and Idaho state regulations regarding spills will be followed:
> Any spills resulting in a detectable sheen on water shall be reported
> to the EPA National Response Center (1-800-424-8802). Any spills over
> 25 gallons will be reported to the IDEQ (1-800-632-800) (or Nevada
> equivalent), and cleanup will be initiated within 24 hours of the
> spill.
>
> **c. Minimize Exposure to Heavy Equipment Fuel/Oil Leakage**. Methods
> to minimize fuel/oil leakage from construction equipment into the
> stream channel include the following:
>
> ***i.*** All equipment used for instream work will be cleaned of
> external oil, grease, dirt and mud; and leaks repaired; prior to
> arriving at the project site. All equipment will be inspected by the
> COR before unloading at site. Any leaks or accumulations of grease
> will be corrected before entering streams or areas that drain directly
> to streams or wetlands.
>
> ***ii**.* Equipment used for in-stream or riparian work (including
> chainsaws and other hand power tools) will be fueled and serviced in
> an established staging area (site-specifically recommended by Culvert
> Design Team). When not in use, vehicles will be stored in the
> designated staging area. The staging area should be in an area that
> will not deliver fuel, oil, etc. to streams.
>
> ***iii.*** Oil-absorbing floating booms, and other equipment such as
> pads and absorbent "peanuts" appropriate for the size of the stream,
> will be available on-site during all phases of construction. For very
> small streams with few pools or slack water, booms may not be
> effective. More pads and straw bales to anchor booms may be necessary.
> Booms will be placed in a location that facilitates an immediate
> response to potential petroleum leakage.

**F5. Aquatic Invasive Control Measures.** Many streams have invasive
aquatic species such as the New Zealand Mudsnail and Whirling Disease.
Many of these species are practically invisible to the naked eye and
impossible to detect if attached to heavy equipment. To ensure that
equipment is not contaminated, any visible plants, mud and dirt will be
removed by washing any equipment likely to come into contact with water
offsite, well away from streams. Equipment will be dried thoroughly
after decontamination.

Programmatic projects that would facilitate brook trout expansion into
occupied bull trout habitat will not be included under this BA. Projects
in streams known or suspected to contain non-native, invasive,
competitive fish species (*e.g.,* brook trout) that would not facilitate
brook trout expansion into occupied bull trout habitat, will require
evaluation by Culvert Design Team during project planning. Culvert
Design Teams will discuss individual situations with Level 1 Teams.
Discussions between the two teams will evaluate the applicability of
individual projects in conforming to this BA at that time.

**F6. Erosion Control Measures**

> **a. Minimize Site Preparation Impacts**
>
> ***i.*** Site clearing, staging areas, access routes, and stockpile
> areas will be recommended by the Culvert Design Team in a manner that
> minimizes overall disturbance, minimizes disturbance to riparian
> vegetation, and that precludes erosion into stream channels.
>
> ***ii.*** If trees need to be removed to facilitate culvert or bridge
> placement, they will be stockpiled for use in channel rehabilitation.
>
> ***iii.*** When the Culvert Design Team recommends that sediment
> barriers are necessary, barriers will be placed around potentially
> disturbed sites to prevent sediment from entering a stream directly or
> indirectly, including by way of roads and ditches.
>
> ***iv.*** A supply of erosion control materials (*e.g.* silt fence and
> straw bales) will be kept on hand to respond to sediment emergencies.
> Sterile straw or certified "weed free" straw will be used to prevent
> introduction of noxious weeds.
>
> **b. Minimize Earthmoving-Related Erosion**
>
> ***i.*** Additional sediment or erosion barriers (additional to those
> recommended above, in Section F6.a.iii.) may be recommended by the
> Culvert Design Team once construction commences. These could include
> sediment, straw bale retentions, and off channel sediment settling
> ponds. Inchannel sediment abatement barriers will capture sediment
> that is liberated during rewatering of dewatered channels, barriers
> will be removed, and captured sediment will be disposed of so it is
> not reintroduced into stream channels. Such barriers will be
> maintained throughout the related construction and removed only when
> construction is complete and erosion control is assured.
>
> ***ii**.* Instream rocks or bedrock within occupied habitat should be
> broken without blasting, using non-explosive alternatives such as
> Betonamit ([www.betonamit.co.za/](http://www.betonamit.co.za/)). This
> noiseless, shock-free, non-toxic product is poured into pre-drilled
> holes and after a few hours exerts tremendous expansive pressure such
> that even the hardest rock will be broken into smaller more manageable
> pieces. This alternative has been analyzed and approved in other
> programmatic consultations within the analysis area (USDA FS and USDI
> BLM 2003, Supplement to Programmatic BA for Road Maintenance on Public
> Lands Administered by the Salmon-Challis Forest, and BLM Salmon,
> Challis, and Idaho Falls Field Offices in the Upper Salmon River Basin
> and Lost River Subbasin).
>
> However, it may be impossible in advance to determine if impenetrable
> rock, resistant to non-explosive alternatives, will be encountered
> within necessary excavation depths in occupied habitat. Impenetrable
> rock may only be discovered after onsite excavation actually begins,
> and may be resistant to non-explosive alternatives. Should this be the
> case, instream explosive blasting within occupied (but dewatered)
> habitat is covered by this BA, with the following mitigations.
> Blasting will occur in dewatered or dry channels only, and only
> outside of the following buffer restrictions, which are based on the
> weight of explosive charge. The following buffer restrictions, which
> apply to single shots of a given weight of explosive or single shots
> in a multiple charge if each shot is separated by an eight millisecond
> or longer delay, have been analyzed (Wright and Hopky 1998),
> determined to protect fish from both swimbladder effects and egg
> disturbances, and have been approved in other programmatic
> consultations within the analysis area (see Effects Section VI.B.)
> (USDA FS and USDI BLM 2003, Supplement to Programmatic BA for Road
> Maintenance on Public Lands Administered by the Salmon-Challis Forest,
> and BLM Salmon, Challis, and Idaho Falls Field Offices in the Upper
> Salmon River Basin and Lost River Subbasin). Buffer widths apply to
> the distance between the blasting activity and the nearest occupied
> stream bypass entrance or exit.
>
> According to the buffers, a charge of 2.0 pounds requires an 80 foot
> buffer, which would ensure that effects do not extend outside of the
> dewatered section of channel (average 175 feet). Assuming the charge
> would be located in the middle of the dewatered area, effects would
> not be anticipated beyond 80 feet on either side of the charge, and
> therefore effects would remain within the dewatered area. This BA does
> not cover the extension of the dewatered area for the sole purpose of
> increasing the available buffer in order to accommodate larger charge
> weights. If a larger charge and therefore longer dewatered area is
> needed to complete the action, or if explosives are necessary within
> the buffers, the Level 1 Team will be consulted on a recommended
> course of action.
>
> **Buffers for use of explosives in unoccupied habitats in perennial
> and intermittent channels in occupied watersheds. From USDA FS and
> USDI BLM 2003, Supplement to Programmatic BA for Road Maintenance on
> Public Lands Administered by the Salmon-Challis Forest, and BLM
> Salmon, Challis, and Idaho Falls Field Offices in the Upper Salmon
> River Basin and Lost River Subbasin:**

  -------------------------- --------------------------------------------
  Explosive Charge Weight    Distance from stream necessary to protect
  (pounds)                   fish from swimbladder effects and egg
                             disturbances (feet)

  0.5                        30

  1.0                        50

  2.0                        80

  5.0                        120

  10.0                       170

  25.0                       270

  100.0                      530

  500.0                      1180
  -------------------------- --------------------------------------------

> ***iii**.* The Culvert Design Team will delineate construction impact
> areas on project plans. Work will be confined to the minimum area
> necessary to complete the project.
>
> ***iv.*** A supply of erosion control materials (*e.g*., silt fence
> and straw bales) will be used to respond to sediment emergencies.
> Sterile straw or "weed free" certified straw bales will be used to
> prevent introduction of noxious weeds.
>
> ***v.*** All project operations will cease, except efforts to minimize
> storm or high flow erosion, under precipitation and high flow
> conditions that result in uncontrollable erosion in the construction
> area.
>
> ***vi.*** Native streambed materials may be conserved and stockpiled
> above the bankfull elevation for later use in channel rehabilitation
> and filling culverts. To prevent contamination from fine soils, these
> materials will be kept separate from other stockpiled material which
> is not native to the streambed. If a bridge or arch is being
> constructed, there may be no need to newly disturb native materials.
>
> **c. Minimize Temporary Stream Crossing Sedimentation**
>
> ***i.*** Stream channels in occupied habitat will be dewatered prior
> to heavy equipment operating within project sites.
>
> ***ii.*** Existing roadways or travel paths will be used to access or
> cross streams whenever reasonable.
>
> ***iii.*** In unoccupied habitats only, equipment will only enter the
> flowing water portion of the stream channel at designated temporary
> stream crossings (recommended by an aquatic specialist from the
> Culvert Design Team).
>
> ***iv.*** Temporary crossings will not increase risks of channel
> re-routing due to high water conditions (unoccupied habitats only).
>
> ***v.*** Temporary crossings shall be minimized and conducted at right
> angles to the main channel where possible (unoccupied habitats only).
>
> ***vi.*** Should the Culvert Design Team determine during planning
> that the stream bottom needs further protection from channel
> disturbance and subsequent temporary sediment, temporary stream
> crossing structures such as rubber mats or temporary bridges may be
> implemented.

d.  **Minimize Sedimentation through Dewatering**

> ***i.*** In***-***channel project sites will be dewatered and
> completely bypassed prior to excavation.
>
> ***ii.*** Any water intake structure (pump) authorized under this BA
> will have a fish screen installed, operated and maintained in
> accordance to NMFS fish screen criteria (NMFS 1995, and Appendix F)
>
> ***iii.*** Flow will be diverted with pumps or structures such as
> cofferdams, constructed of non-erodible material, such as sandbags,
> bladder bags, or other means that divert water. Diversion dams will
> not be constructed with material mined from the stream or floodplain.
>
> ***iv.*** The temporary bypass system may be constructed with
> non-erodible material, such as a pipe or a plastic-lined channel, both
> of which will be sized to accommodate the predicted peak flow rate
> (including possible storm intensities) during construction. In cases
> of channel rerouting, water may be diverted to one side of the
> existing channel.
>
> ***v.*** Flow will be dissipated at the outfall of the bypass system
> to diffuse erosive energy. The outflow will be placed in an area that
> minimizes or prevents damage to riparian vegetation. If the diversion
> inlet is not screened (to allow for downstream passage of fish), the
> diversion outlet will be placed in a location that facilitates safe
> reentry of fish into the stream channel (a fish biologist will oversee
> these measures).
>
> ***vi.*** When necessary, water from the de-watered work area will
> either be pumped to a temporary storage and treatment site, or into
> upland areas, to allow subsequent filtration through vegetation prior
> to water reentering the stream channel.
>
> **e. Flow Reintroduction**
>
> ***i.*** In perennial channels, the reconstructed stream channel will
> be "pre-washed", into a reach equipped with sediment capture devices
> such as Sedimat, prior to reintroduction of flow to the stream.
>
> ***ii.*** In perennial streams, the construction site will be
> rewatered slowly to prevent loss of surface water downstream as the
> construction site streambed absorbs water and to minimize a sudden
> increase in turbidity.
>
> ***iii.*** Inchannel sediment abatement barriers such as Sedimat will
> capture sediment that is liberated during rewatering of dewatered
> channels, barriers will be appropriately cleaned out and removed, and
> captured sediment will be disposed of so it is not reintroduced into
> stream channels. Such barriers shall be maintained throughout the
> related construction and removed only when construction is complete
> and erosion control is assured.
>
> **f. Site Rehabilitation**
>
> ***i.*** Upon project completion, project-related waste will be
> removed. Rehabilitation of all disturbed areas will be conducted in a
> manner that results in conditions similar to pre-work conditions
> through spreading of stockpiled materials (large woody debris),
> seeding, and/or planting with native seed mixes or plants. If native
> stock is not available, soil-stabilizing vegetation (seed or plants)
> will be used that does not lead to propagation of exotic species.
>
> ***ii.*** For culvert removal or bridge projects, the stream channel
> cross-section and gradient will be reconstructed within the area
> formerly occupied by a culvert in a manner that reflects more natural
> conditions found up and downstream. Large wood and/or boulders may be
> placed in the reconstructed stream channel and floodplain (with
> approval by the Culvert Design Team). (See Section II.C. Design
> Parameters, Stream Simulation).
>
> ***iii.*** No herbicide application will occur as part of the
> permitted action.
>
> ***iv.*** When deemed necessary by the Culvert Design Team or aquatic
> specialist, compacted access roads, staging areas, and stockpile areas
> will be mechanically loosened.
>
> ***v.*** Trees will be retained at project sites wherever possible.
> In-stream or floodplain rehabilitation materials such as large wood
> and boulders will mimic as much as possible those found in the project
> vicinity. Such materials may be salvaged from the project site or
> hauled in from offsite but cannot be taken from streams, wetlands, or
> other sensitive areas. (See Section II.C. Design Parameters, Stream
> Simulation).
>
> ***vi.*** Trees (greater than 8 inches dbh) will not be felled in the
> riparian area for site rehabilitation purposes unless necessary for
> safety. If necessary for safety, trees may be felled toward the stream
> and left in place or placed in the stream channel or floodplain when
> recommended by the Culvert Design Team.
>
> ***vii.*** Site rehabilitation activities (with the exception of
> further years' seeding and revegetation) will be completed prior to
> the end of the current field season.

G. Mitigation Measures - Wildlife and Plants

This section describes mitigation measures that will be applied to
programmatic projects during design and implementation by the action
agencies. These measures are designed to minimize potential detrimental
effects to listed wildlife and plant species and their habitat. All
measures are mandatory where relevant, though some measures contain
alternatives for accomplishing the underlying objectives of the measure.

**G1. Bald Eagle**

> **a.** No known bald eagle nest trees, perch trees, or roost trees
> will be felled or modified.
>
> **b.** Work activities will not take place within 0.25 mile of
> nests/roosts during periods of eagle use, unless surveys demonstrate
> that the nest or roost is not being used. Critical nesting periods
> generally fall between 1 January and 31 August.
>
> **c.** Key wintering areas will be protected from disturbance from
> approximately 15 November to 15 March.
>
> **d.** Direction will be met from Forest or District draft or final
> site management plans for eagle nest or roost sites where available.
> If no plans are available, site management plans will be initiated.

**G2. Yellow-Billed Cuckoo**

> **a.** Activities will avoid fragmentation, degradation, or
> destruction of riparian habitat known to support yellow-billed
> cuckoos.
>
> **b.** Major activities will avoid work in occupied riparian areas
> known to support yellow-billed cuckoos during the breeding season
> (from May through August).

**G3. Canada Lynx**

> **a.** Activities will not be implemented within located within 270
> yards of known active lynx dens (based on sight distance and
> attenuation of sound in forested environments).
>
> **b.** No suitable habitat will be degraded or removed.

**G4. Gray Wolf**

> **a.** Most of the action area is within the Central Idaho wolf
> introduction experimental area. Within this area, direction from
> consultation efforts is not permitted to \"cause major changes to
> existing private or public land-use restrictions... after six breeding
> pairs of wolves are established in this \[including Central Idaho\]
> experimental area.\" Additionally, \"When six or more wolf packs are
> documented in the experimental population area outside of the national
> parks and national wildlife refuges, there would be no land-use
> restrictions, including areas around den sites or other critical
> area.\" (Federal Register, Vol. 59, No. 224/Tuesday, November 22,
> 1994). At this time, these conditions have been met, thus measures
> related to wolf conservation are not anticipated to occur.
>
> **b.** The portion of the action area on BLM lands in Nevada does not
> fall into the Central Idaho experimental area where more than six
> breeding pairs have been established. Wolves have not been observed
> there, and if denning or rendezvous areas are identified in the
> vicinity of a proposed action that falls within this programmatic BA
> (a very unlikely scenario), that action would fall outside of the
> scope of this programmatic BA and would need separate consultation.

**G5. Idaho Ground Squirrel (Northern and Southern).** Any squirrel
activity sites, den or burrows encountered at a work site will be
flagged and avoided during construction. Squirrel activity within 200
feet of work sites will be reported to the Level 1 Team, which will
recommended a course of action, which could include initiation of
site-specific consultation or emergency consultation.

G6. Columbia Basin Spotted Frog (Great Basin populations)

> a\. In areas that are known to or could poten­tially support Columbia
> Basin spotted frog habitat, the action agency will per­form
> pre-construction surveys to determine if this species is present at
> these and other locations (staging areas) that may support this
> species.
>
> **b.** Work sites containing Columbia Basin spotted frogs will use
> fish mitigation measures identified in previous section to prevent
> adverse effects to the aquatic environment. A biologist may attempt to
> clear the project site of frogs before the site is dewatered and the
> flow is bypassed, using seining or dipnetting.
>
> **c.** Construction will be timed to occur during the dry season or
> estivation period to minimize take of dispersing frogs.

**G7. Plants**

> **a.** If, after pre-field review, the botanist determines that a
> known site of a candidate or listed plant is within 0.25-mile of the
> project action area or that suitable or potential habitat may be
> affected by project activities, the project site will be evaluated
> through a site visit and vegetation survey conducted by a botanist.
> This visit and survey will be conducted at the appropriate time of
> year to identify the species and determine whether individual listed
> plants or potential habitat are present, and may be adversely affected
> by project activities.
>
> **b.** If one or more listed species are present and may be affected
> by the project, the project may require protective measures, the Level
> 1 Team will be notified, and consultation with the U.S. Fish and
> Wildlife Service under Section 7 of the ESA must be initiated.
>
> **c.** Due to soil disturbance that will occur, and use of heavy
> equipment that could carry seeds and plant parts into project areas,
> all appropriate measures for cleaning equipment and vehicles will be
> incorporated into contract or equipment rental agreements to avoid
> introduction of invasive and/or expansion of non plants and noxious
> weeds into project areas (see previous Section II. F5. Aquatic
> Invasive Control Measures).
>
> **d.** In areas of known noxious weed infestations, annual weed
> monitoring and treatment will be carried out.